Extraction of phenolic compounds from grape pomace using ohmic heating: Chemical composition, bioactivity and bioaccessibility

This study addresses the effectiveness of ohmic heating technology (OH) for the sustainable recovery of phenolic compounds from Grape Pomace (GP) by hydroethanolic extraction. GP extracts biological potential was evaluated in terms of antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and preventive effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS). To understand if GP extracts can be used as a functional ingredient, simulated gastrointestinal digestion was performed to evaluate the bioaccessibility. OH-assisted hydroethanolic extraction proved to be an effective process for the recovery of GP phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity. The digestion process increased the concentration of total phenolics and the biotransformation of high-molecular phenolics (anthocyanins, flavonoids and resveratrol) in simpler phenolic acids, improving bioaccessibility. GP extract displayed a selective action against cancer cells (Caco-2 and HeLa) and promoted ROS prevention. The results highlighted the ability of OH to extract bioactives from GP and its potential application as a nutraceutical or for functional food formulations.

Integral valorisation of tomato by-products towards bioactive compounds recovery: Human health benefits

The tomato processing industry is one of the world's most important markets. This industry aims to optimise production, minimise energy costs and waste streams while ensuring high-quality products. This sector produces substantial amounts of by-products frequently disposed of as waste rather than reintroducing them with a new intent into the supply chain. However, these by-products are rich in bioactive compounds (BC), including carotenoids, fibre, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties, and cardiovascular protection. Reusing these compounds is favourable to reducing the environmental impact and enables the development of added-value products with various possible uses such as food and feed additives, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, etc. This review summarises relevant issues towards the recovery and valorisation of BC from industrial tomato by-products within a circular economy context.

Cellulose morphology and enzymatic reactivity: A modified solute exclusion technique

An expeditious and accurate simplification of Stone and Scallan's solute exclusion technique was developed, thereby avoiding several sources of experimental error coupled with the determination of cellulose pore volume. Using this method, it is shown that cellulolytic enzymes do not enter into the micropores of five studied celluloses. These results suggestes that hydrolysis occurs initially at the external surface of the fibers. This surface area was calculated with the help of adsorption isotherms of bovine serum albumin. The obtained values for the different samples agree with the microscopically observed cellulose morphology. The correlation obtained by several authors relating cellulose porosity and its digestibility is explained as a consequence of the lower crystallinity and easier fragmentation of the more porous celluloses during hydrolysis. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

ENZYMATIC PRODUCTION OF ETHYL OLEATE ESTER USING A LIPASE FROM CANDIDA ANTARCTICA B

Lipases are biocatalysts of great importance in different areas, being able to catalyze reactions in aqueous or organic media. Furthermore, these enzymes are capable of using several substrates being stable in a wide range of pH and temperatures. Lipases promote the esterification between fatty acids and ethanol producing oleate esters. The aim of this work is to produce ethyl oleate ester by enzymatic esterification of oleic acid with ethanol. A lipase from Candida antarctica type B was used at a temperature of 55 °C. The reaction was conducted using oleic acid, sodium sulfate anhydrous, lipase and ethanol, with a ratio of oleic acid (0.03 mol or 10 ml), lipase (0.1 mol or 0.01 g), sodium sulfate anhydrous (5 g) and ethanol 99 % (100 ml). Several reaction times were studied, namely 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H and 13C) and Infrared spectra confirmed the production of ethyl oleate ester for the studied conditions. The highest ethyl oleate production yield was obtained for 96 hours reaction time. Ethyl oleate esters have been reported to possess interesting applications in several industrial fields, such as food, aromatics, cosmetics, detergents, flavors and pharmaceuticals.

Improved pectinase production in Penicillium griseoroseum recombinant strains

AIMS

To obtain recombinant strains of Penicillium griseoroseum that produce high levels of pectin lyase (PL) and polygalacturonase (PG) simultaneously.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A strain with high production of PL was transformed with the plasmid pAN52pgg2, containing the gene encoding PG of P. griseoroseum, under control of the gpd promoter gene from Aspergillus nidulans. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that all strain had at least one copy of pAN52pgg2 integrated into the genome. The recombinant strain P. griseoroseum T20 produced levels of PL and PG that were 266- and 27-fold greater, respectively, than the wild-type strain. Furthermore, the extracellular protein profile of recombinant T20 showed two protein bands of c. 36 and 38 kDa, associated with PL and PG, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This recombinant strain T20 produces PL and PG using carbon sources of low costs, and an enzyme preparation that is free of cellulolytic and proteolytic activities.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

PL and PG play an important role in the degradation of pectin. Owing to their use in the juice and wines industries, there is a growing interest in the inexpensive production of these enzymes. This work describes an efficient system of protein expression and secretion using the fungus P. griseoroseum.

The effect of bovine milk lactoferrin on human breast cancer cell lines

The evidence that biologically active food components are key environmental factors affecting the incidence of many chronic diseases is overwhelming. However, the full extent of such components in our diet is unknown, as is our understanding of their mechanisms of action. Beyond the interaction of these food components with the gut and intestinal immune functions, whey proteins such as lactoferrin are being tested as anticancer agents. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein that has been reported to inhibit several types of cancer. In the present work, the effects of bovine milk lactoferrin on human breast cancer HS578T and T47D cells were studied. The cells were either untreated or treated with lactoferrin concentrations ranging from 0.125 to 125 μM. Lactoferrin decreased the cell viability of HS578T and T47D by 47 and 54%, respectively, and increased apoptosis about 2-fold for both cell lines. Proliferation rates decreased by 40.3 and 63.9% for HS578T and T47D, respectively. For the T47D line, cell migration decreased in the presence of the protein. Although the mechanisms of action are not fully known, the results gathered in this work suggest that lactoferrin interferes with some of the most important steps involved in cancer development.

Poly(dimethyl siloxane) surface modification by low pressure plasma to improve its characteristics towards biomedical applications

Poly(dimethyl siloxane) elastomer, (PDMS) is widely used as a biomaterial. However, PDMS is very hydrophobic and easily colonized by several bacteria and yeasts. Consequently, surface modification has been used to improve its wettability and reduce bacterial adhesion. The aim of this work was to modify the PDMS surface in order to improve its hydrophilicity and bacterial cell repulsion to be used as a biomaterial. Plasma was used to activate the PDMS surface and sequentially promote the attachment of a synthetic surfactant, Pluronic F-68, or a polymer, Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl methacrylate, PEGMA. Bare PDMS, PDMS argon plasma activated, PDMS coated with Pluronic F-68 and PEGMA-grafted PDMS were characterized by contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The influence of the surface modifications on blood compatibility of the materials was evaluated by thrombosis and haemolysis assays. The cytotoxicity of these materials was tested for mouse macrophages. After modification, AFM results suggest the presence of a distinct layer at the surface and by the contact angle measures it was observed an increase of hydrophilicity. XPS analysis indicates an increase of the oxygen content at the surface as a result of the modification. All the studied materials revealed no toxicity and were found to be non-haemolytic or in some cases slightly haemolytic. Therefore, plasma was found to be an effective technique for the PDMS surface modification.

Antimicrobial and antiadhesive properties of a biosurfactant isolated from Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei A20

AIMS

The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial and antiadhesive properties of a biosurfactant isolated from Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei A20 against several micro-organisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Antimicrobial and antiadhesive activities were determined using the microdilution method in 96-well culture plates. The biosurfactant showed antimicrobial activity against all the micro-organisms assayed, and for twelve of the eighteen micro-organisms (including the pathogenic Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus agalactiae), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were achieved for biosurfactant concentrations between 25 and 50 mg ml(-1). Furthermore, the biosurfactant showed antiadhesive activity against most of the micro-organisms evaluated.

CONCLUSIONS

As far as we know, this is the first compilation of data on antimicrobial and antiadhesive activities of biosurfactants obtained from lactobacilli against such a broad group of micro-organisms. Although the antiadhesive activity of biosurfactants isolated from lactic acid bacteria has been widely reported, their antimicrobial activity is quite unusual and has been described only in a few strains.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The results obtained in this study regarding the antimicrobial and antiadhesive properties of this biosurfactant opens future prospects for its use against micro-organisms responsible for diseases and infections in the urinary, vaginal and gastrointestinal tracts, as well as in the skin, making it a suitable alternative to conventional antibiotics.

WITHDRAWN: Apoptosis of human tumor cell lines by a lectin (futalin) of Artocarpus incisa seeds

This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.

Improving alternate flow mixing by obstacles located along a micro-channel

An essential requirement for any practical fully integrated lab-on-a-chip device is the ability to mix two or more fluids thoroughly and efficiently, i.e., in a reasonable amount of time. This paper presents a way to improve mixing in microfluidic systems combining alternate flows with obstacles using passive mixers. Numerical simulations show that the layers of high and low solute concentration, created by the alternate flow, are split into smaller chunks of fluid, due to the obstacles inserted in the mixing channel, increasing the contact area between high and low concentration regions and decreasing the critical mixing length. This improvement can lead to shorter mixing channels and to low-cost mixers fabricated by planar lithographic technology.

Purification of a lectin from Eugenia uniflora L. seeds and its potential antibacterial activity

AIMS

The aim of this work was to analyse the antimicrobial properties of a purified lectin from Eugenia uniflora L. seeds.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The E. uniflora lectin (EuniSL) was isolated from the seed extract and purified by ion-exchange chromatography in DEAE-Sephadex with a purification factor of 11.68. The purified lectin showed a single band on denaturing electrophoresis, with a molecular mass of 67 kDa. EuniSL agglutinated rabbit and human erythrocytes with a higher specificity for rabbit erythrocytes. The haemagglutination was not inhibited by the tested carbohydrates but glycoproteins exerted a strong inhibitory action. The lectin proved to be thermo resistant with the highest stability at pH 6.5 and divalent ions did not affect its activity. EuniSL demonstrated a remarkable nonselective antibacterial activity. EuniSL strongly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp. with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.5 microg ml(-1), and moderately inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus sp. and Escherichia coli with a MIC of 16.5 microg ml(-1).

CONCLUSIONS

EuniSL was found to be effective against bacteria.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The strong antibacterial activity of the studied lectin indicates a high potential for clinical microbiology and therapeutic applications.

Proof-of-concept of a novel micro-bioreactor for fast development of industrial bioprocesses

The experimental performance of a novel micro-bioreactor envisaged for parallel screening and development of industrial bioprocesses has been tested in this work. The micro-bioreactor with an internal volume of 4.5 mL is operated under oscillatory flow mixing (OFM), where a controllable mixing and mass transfer rates are achieved under batch or continuous laminar flow conditions. Several batch fermentations with a flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain were carried out at initial glucose concentrations (S(0)) range of approximately 5-20 g/L and compared to yeast growth kinetics in a stirred tank (ST) bioreactor. Aerobic fermentations were monitored ex situ in terms of pH, DO, glucose consumption, and biomass and ethanol production (wherever applicable). An average biomass production increase of 83% was obtained in the micro-bioreactor when compared with the ST, with less 93.6% air requirements. It also corresponded to a 214% increase on biomass production when compared with growth in a shaken flask (SF) at S(0) = 20 g/L. Further anaerobic fermentations at the same initial glucose concentration ranges gave the opportunity to use state-of-the-art fiber optics technology for on-line and real-time monitoring of this bioprocess. Time profiles of biomass concentration (measured as optical density (OD)) were very similar in the ST bioreactor and in the micro-bioreactor, with a highly reproducible yeast growth in these two scale-down platforms.

Interference in adhesion of bacteria and yeasts isolated from explanted voice prostheses to silicone rubber by rhamnolipid biosurfactants

AIMS

The effects and extent of adhesion of four different bacterial and two yeast strains isolated from explanted voice prostheses to silicone rubber with and without an adsorbed rhamnolipid biosurfactant layer obtained from Pseudomonasaeruginosa DS10-129 was studied.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The ability of rhamnolipid biosurfactant to inhibit adhesion of micro-organisms to silicone rubber was investigated in a parallel-plate flow chamber. The anti-adhesive activity of the biosurfactant at different concentrations was significant against all the strains and depended on the micro-organism tested. The results showed an effective reduction in the initial deposition rates, and the number of bacterial cells adhering after 4 h, for all micro-organisms tested at the 4 g l(-1) undiluted rhamnolipid solution. Maximum initial reduction of adhesion rate (an average of 66%) occurred for Streptococcus salivarius GB 24/9 and Candida tropicalis GB 9/9. The number of cells adhering after 4 h on silicone rubber conditioned with biosurfactant was reduced to 48% for Staphylococcus epidermidis GB 9/6, Strep. salivarius GB 24/9, Staphylococcus aureus GB 2/1 and C. tropicalis GB 9/9 in comparison to controls. Perfusing the flow chamber with biosurfactant containing solution followed by the passage of a liquid-air interface, to investigate detachment of micro-organisms adhering to silicone rubber, produced high detachment (96%) of adhered cells for all micro-organisms studied, except for Staph. aureus GB 2/1 (67%).

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

It is concluded that biosurfactant represent suitable compounds that should be considered in developing future strategies to prevent the microbial colonization of silicone rubber voice prostheses.

Application of a Novel Oscillatory Flow Micro-bioreactor to the Production of γ-decalactone in a Two Immiscible Liquid Phase Medium

A novel micro-bioreactor based on the oscillatory flow technology was applied to the scale-down of the biotechnological production of gamma-decalactone. A decrease up to 50% of the time required to obtain the maximum concentration of the compound was observed, when compared with other scaled-down platforms (stirred tank bioreactor or shake flask). A three-fold increase in gamma-decalactone productivity was obtained by increasing oscillatory mixing intensity from Re(o) approximately 482 to Re(o) approximately 1447. This was presumably related to the effective contribution of the reactor geometry to enhanced mass transfer rates between the two immiscible liquid phases involved in the process by increasing the interfacial area.

Laccase activity from the fungus Trametes hirsuta using an air-lift bioreactor

AIM

To produce high laccase activities from the white-rot fungus Trametes hirsuta in an in-house air-lift bioreactor (ALB).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Trametes hirsuta was grown in a 6-l ALB. A fed-batch strategy with glycerol as an addition resulted in maximum laccase activity of 19,400 U l(-1), which was the highest reported from the fungus.

CONCLUSION

The ALB configuration with additional glycerol resulted in high laccase activities.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

This study provides useful information on how to produce high concentrations of laccase.

Decalactone production by Yarrowia lipolytica under increased O2 transfer rates

Yarrowia lipolytica converts methyl ricinoleate to gamma-decalactone, a high-value fruity aroma compound. The highest amount of 3-hydroxy-gamma-decalactone produced by the yeast (263 mg l(-1)) occurred by increasing the k(L)a up to 120 h(-1) at atmospheric pressure; above it, its concentration decreased, suggesting a predominance of the activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Cultures were grown under high-pressure, i.e., under increased O(2) solubility, but, although growth was accelerated, gamma-decalactone production decreased. However, by applying 0.5 MPa during growth and biotransformation gave increased concentrations of dec-2-en-4-olide and dec-3-en-4-olide (70 mg l(-1)).

Recovery of the proteose peptone component 3 from cheese whey in Reppal PES 100/polyethylene glycol aqueous two-phase systems

Recovery of the proteose peptone component 3 from cheese whey was optimal using a 16% (w/w) Reppal PES 100--24% (w/w) PEG 600 aqueous two-phase system, at pH 7, giving a mass recovery yield of 99% and a purity of 83% for proteose peptone component 3 in the upper phase. Using the above system a partition coefficient of 30.7 and a purification factor of 6.9 were achieved.

Construction of a flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain secreting high levels of Aspergillus niger beta-galactosidase

A flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain secreting Aspergillus niger beta-galactosidase activity was constructed by transforming S. cerevisiae NCYC869-A3 strain with plasmid pVK1.1 harboring the A. niger beta-galactosidase gene, lacA, under the control of the ADH1 promoter and terminator. Compared to other recombinant S. cerevisiae strains, this recombinant yeast has higher levels of extracellular beta-galactosidase activity. In shake-flask cultures, the beta-galactosidase activity detected in the supernatant was 20 times higher than that obtained with previously constructed strains (Domingues et al. 2000a). In bioreactor culture, with cheese-whey permeate as substrate, a yield of 878.0 nkat/gsubstrate was obtained. The recombinant strain is an attractive alternative to other fungal beta-galactosidase production systems as the enzyme is produced in a rather pure form. Moreover, the use of flocculating yeast cells allows for enzyme production with high productivity in continuous fermentation systems with facilitated downstream processing.

Immobilized particles in gel matrix-type porous media. Homogeneous porous media model

Diffusion in pure gels and gels with immobilized cells was analyzed. A model of diffusion assuming a homogeneous cell distribution in gel was improved by introducing a tortuosity value. By theoretical analysis and numerical modeling it was shown that the tortuosity of a gel with immobilized cells is the product of two factors: (1) tortuosity generated by the cells, Tc, and (2) tortuosity of the gel matrix, Tg, both variables being a function of cell volume fraction, phi(c). Total tortuosity is thus T(Sigma) = TcTg. On the basis of this approach, it was possible to analyze diffusivity data for gels with immobilized cells. It was shown that, in these systems, the diffusivity eta = D(e)/D(0) is a complex function of (1) diffusivity in the gel, eta(g), and (2) diffusivity in immobilized cells, eta(c). The developed model allowed for the description of the dependence of D(e)/D(0) on phi(c). Comparison with numerous published experimental data showed a good fit. Observed deviations might be explained by nonhomogeneous cell distributions inside the gel matrix.

Alcohol production from cheese whey permeate using genetically modified flocculent yeast cells

Alcoholic fermentation of cheese whey permeate was investigated using a recombinant flocculating Saccharomyces cerevisiae, expressing the LAC4 (coding for beta-galactosidase) and LAC12 (coding for lactose permease) genes of Kluyveromyces marxianus enabling for lactose metabolization. Data on yeast fermentation and growth on cheese whey permeate from a Portuguese dairy industry is presented. For cheese whey permeate having a lactose concentration of 50 gL(-1), total lactose consumption was observed with a conversion yield of ethanol close to the expected theoretical value. Using a continuously operating 5.5-L bioreactor, ethanol productivity near 10 g L(-1) h(-1) (corresponding to 0.45 h(-1) dilution rate) was obtained, which raises new perspectives for the economic feasibility of whey alcoholic fermentation. The use of 2-times concentrated cheese whey permeate, corresponding to 100 gL(-1) of lactose concentration, was also considered allowing for obtaining a fermentation product with 5% (w/v) alcohol.

Effect of airflow rate on yields of Steinernema carpocapse Az 20 in liquid culture in an external-loop airlift bioreactor

Maximization of the contact between males and females is a key factor in the production of the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in a bioreactor.%The influence of the airflow rate in male and female distribution and mass production in an external-loop bioreactor with a deceleration zone was studied. When operating at an airflow rate of 0.05 vvm, a high retention of females in the deceleration zone of the bioreactor was observed and a larger nematode productivity was obtained. At this aeration rate there was a higher proportion of males in that zone, which together with the lower circulation rate, increases the probability of encounters, thereby explaining the increase in productivity.

Pancreatic pseudocyst treated by laparoscopic Roux-en-Y cystojejunostomy. Report of a case and review of the literature

Advances in laparoscopic surgical technique and instrumentation have furthered our ability to perform more complex laparoscopic procedures. We report the case of a 45-year-old man in whom a giant pancreatic pseudocyst developed after biliary pancreatitis. He underwent laparoscopic internal drainage by a Roux-en-Y cyst-jejunal anastomosis after unsuccessful percutaneous drainage. The surgical technique and a review of the current literature is presented. We conclude that although laparoscopic internal drainage technically is feasible in selected cases, additional data are required to define the role of this surgical approach in the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts.

Construction of a flocculent brewer's yeast strain secreting Aspergillus niger beta-galactosidase

One way of improving heterologous protein production is to use high cell density systems, one of the most attractive being the flocculating yeast production system. Also, lactose is available in large amounts as a waste product from cheese production processes. The construction of flocculent and non-flocculent brewer's yeast strains secreting beta-galactosidase and growing on lactose is presented. A plasmid was constructed coding for an extracellular beta-galactosidase of Aspergillus niger and having, as selective marker, the yeast CUP1 gene conferring resistance to copper. This selective marker allows for the transformation of wild-type yeasts. This work represents an important step towards the study of heterologous protein secretion by flocculent cells.

Contamination of a high-cell-density continuous bioreactor

Continuous fermentations were carried out with a recombinant flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain in an airlift bioreactor. Once operating under steady state at a dilution rate of 0.45 h(-1), the bioreactor was contaminated with Escherichia coli cells. The faster growing E. coli strain was washed out of the bioreactor and the recombinant, slower growing flocculating S. cerevisiae strain remained as the only species detected in the bioreactor. Flocculation, besides allowing for the realization of high-cell-density systems with corresponding unusual high productivity, may be used as a selective property for controlling some contamination problems associated with prolonged continuous operation.

An alternative technique for creating the gastrojejunostomy in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: experience with 28 consecutive patients

BACKGROUND

This study illustrates our experience in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP) using a new technique for creating the gastro-jejunostomy.

METHODS

Between April and November 1999, 28 patients underwent LRYGBP. In the first 10 patients the transoral route with endoscopic guidance was utilized for placement of the anvil in the gastric pouch. A new totally intra-peritoneal approach was utilized in the next 18 patients, avoiding the trans-oral route.

RESULTS

There were 23 women and 5 men with an average age of 36 years (range 24-51). The mean BMI was 47, with range 41-64. Of the patients, 82% had one or more associated co-morbid conditions (hypertension, diabetes, sleep apnea, arthritis). Average operative time in the first 10 patients using the trans-oral route with endoscopic guidance was 340 minutes (range 240-390 min). The next 18 patients underwent totally intra-peritoneal anvil placement with a 240-minute average operating time (range 150-310 min). There were no open conversions or mortalities. There were 4 complications, including 2 wound infections, one urinary tract infection, and one intra-abdominal abscess. The two wound infections occurred in the first 10 patients that underwent trans-oral introduction of the anvil.

CONCLUSIONS

LRYGBP was a safe and feasible operation. We believe that our technique is easily reproducible, avoiding the trans-oral route for introducing the anvil. This technique may also decrease operative time and possibly the incidence of wound infections, although we are still in the learning curve and final conclusions cannot be made.

Thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct

OBJECTIVE

When nonoperative treatment of chylothorax fails, thoracic duct ligation is usually performed through a thoracotomy. We describe two cases of persistent chylothorax, in a child and an adult, successfully treated with thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct.

METHODS

A 4-year-old girl developed a right chylothorax following a Fontan procedure. Aggressive nonoperative management failed to eliminate the persistent chyle loss. A 72-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic man was involved in a motor vehicle accident, in which he sustained multiple fractured ribs, a right hemopneumothorax, a right femoral shaft fracture, and a T-11 thoracic vertebral fracture. Subsequently, he developed a right chylothorax, which did not respond to nonoperative management. Both patients were successfully treated with thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct.

RESULTS

The child had significant decrease of chyle drainage following surgery. Increased drainage that appeared after the introduction of full feedings five days postoperatively was controlled with the somatostatin analog octreotide. The chest tube was removed two weeks after surgery. After two years' follow-up, she has had no recurrence of chylothorax. The adult had no chyle drainage following surgery. He was maintained on a medium-chain triglyceride diet postoperatively for two weeks. The chest tube was removed four days after surgery. After six months' follow-up, he has had no recurrence of chylothorax.

CONCLUSIONS

Thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct provides a safe and effective treatment of chylothorax and may avoid thoracotomy and its associated morbidity.

Continuous ethanol fermentation of lactose by a recombinant flocculating Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain

Alcohol fermentation of lactose was investigated using a recombinant flocculating Saccharomyces cerevisiae, expressing the LAC4 (coding for beta-galactosidase) and LAC12 (coding for lactose permease) genes of Kluyveromyces marxianus. Data on yeast fermentation and growth on a medium containing lactose as the sole carbon source are presented. In the range of studied lactose concentrations, total lactose consumption was observed with a conversion yield of ethanol close to the expected theoretical value. For the continuously operating bioreactor, an ethanol productivity of 11 g L(-1) h(-1) (corresponding to a feed lactose concentration of 50 g L(-1) and a dilution rate of 0.55 h(-1)) was obtained, which is 7 times larger than the continuous conventional systems. The system stability was confirmed by keeping it in operation for 6 months.

Construction of a flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermenting lactose

A flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with the ability to express both the LAC4 (coding for beta-galactosidase) and LAC12 (coding for lactose permease) genes of Kluyveromyces marxianus was constructed. This recombinant strain is not only able to grow on lactose, but it can also ferment this substrate. To our knowledge this is the first time that a recombinant S. cervisiae has been found to ferment lactose in a way comparable to that of the existing lactose-fermenting yeast strains. Moreover, the flocculating capacity of the strain used in this work gives the process several advantages. On the one hand, it allows for operation in a continuous mode at high cell concentration, thus increasing the system's overall productivity; on the other hand, the biomass concentration in the effluent is reduced, thus decreasing product separation/purification costs.

Cutinase purification on poly(ethylene glycol)-hydroxypropyl starch aqueous two-phase systems

The partition behaviour of cutinase on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-hydroxypropyl starch aqueous two-phase systems was characterized. The effect of molecular mass of PEG, the pH of the system and tie-line length on cutinase partition coefficient and cutinase yield to the top phase was investigated for systems prepared with a purified hydroxypropyl starch (Reppal PES 100) and a crude one (HPS). The effect of the presence of different salts, such as sodium chloride, sodium sulphate and ammonium sulphate, on cutinase partition was also studied. The results lead to the conclusion that aqueous two-phase systems composed of PEG and hydroxypropyl starch are not efficient in the purification of cutinase. In the majority of cases, the partition coefficients were very close to 1, with pH being the factor which affects most cutinase partition. Partition coefficients were significantly improved when salts were added to the systems. For PEG 4000-Reppal PES 100 [at pH 4.0; 0.5 M (NH4)2SO4], the partition coefficient for cutinase was 3.7, while a value of 12 was obtained for PEG 4000-HPS (at pH 4.0; 1 M NaCl). An isoelectric point (pI) of 7.8 was confirmed for cutinase by constructing a cross partition graphic from the results obtained in the experiments with different salts.

On-line estimation of biomass through pH control analysis in aerobic yeast fermentation systems

The amount of acid or base consumed in yeast cultures has been recently assigned to the pathway of nitrogen assimilation under respiratory conditions with no contribution by carbon metabolism (Castrillo et al., 1995). In this investigation, experiments under respirofermentative conditions have shown that production or consumption of ethanol does not contribute significantly to the specific rate of proton production (qH+), thus extending the previously obtained relationships for all aerobic conditions in which other major acid/base contributions are not involved. Tests in batch and chemostat culture confirm the validity of qH+ as a formal control parameter in aerobic fermentations.

Enzyme purification with aqueous two-phase systems: comparison between systems composed of pure polymers and systems composed of crude polymers

The main drawback when using aqueous two-phase systems for macromolecule purification is the high cost of most polymers used. The purification of an enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase, from a crude extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was tested in systems composed of poly(ethylene glycol) and a crude hydroxypropyl starch or Reppal PES 100, a purified fraction of hydroxypropyl starch. Purification factors measured for the enzyme were very similar in both systems (between 0.8 and 1.4 for both systems in the upper phase). However, systems composed of Reppal PES present a greater recovery of enzyme, between 77% and 100% versus 60% and 100%, while systems composed of crude hydroxypropyl starch exhibit a larger delta log K for the tested ligand, 1.26 versus 0.81.

Infected pseudarthrosis - A review of 75 cases Pseudarthroses infectées - Révision de 75 cas

The authors have reviewed 75 cases of infected Pseudarthrosis treated over the last five years (1989-1993) in the Septic Osteo Articular Pathology Unit (UP.S.O.A.) in the Orthopaedic Service of the Coimbra University Hospitals (H. U. C.).The primary objective was to cure infection, and the method of treatment was based on external fixation, applied at a distance from the focus. Once infection was resolved and as long as there was bone contact, the external fixators were removed and a plaster cast was applied (two months), followed by nailing.Where there was no bone contact, external fixation was maintained. Corticotomy was performed at a distance and transportation effected until consolidation was obtained. If this did not take place, treatment was with plaster cast followed by nailing.Of the cases treated, 65 were male and the average age was 32.5 years. Infection was cured in 73 patients. Twleve patients continued treatment for aseptic pseudarthrosis.

Effect of cultural and nutritional conditions on the control of flocculation expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The effect of cultural (temperature and pH) and nutritional conditions (nitrogen and carbon source) on the flocculation expression of three strains was studied. The strains' flocculation ability was determined by placing the cells in a stationary phase of growth in standard flocculation conditions. The flocculation ability of strain NCYC 1195, recently classified in the literature as the NewFlo phenotype, was more sensitive to growth temperature than Flo1 phenotype strains (NCYC 869 and NRRL Y265). The initial pH of the culture medium did not affect the flocculation ability of Flo1 phenotype strains but in the case of strain NCYC 1195 flocculation was repressed when the initial pH of the culture medium was below 3.5. Flocculation in strain NCYC 1195 was also repressed in defined culture medium; this inhibition was not related to a deficiency in any particular nitrogen source, but rather to the poor buffering capacity of the defined medium. All strains showed strong flocculation when grown in glucose, but were nonflocculent in glycerol. It was clearly demonstrated that the phenotypic expression of flocculation could be induced or repressed by changing cultural and nutritional conditions. Two distinct behaviours were also displayed with regard to the effect of the cultural conditions upon flocculation, namely the effect of pH. These different behaviours can be used to distinguish the two flocculation phenotypes.

Evaluation of crude hydroxypropyl starch as a bioseparation aqueous-phase-forming polymer

A new aqueous two-phase system based on crude hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is described. Unlike other polymer-polymer aqueous two-phase systems, the HPS used is commercially available. Previous works have characterized almost exclusively purified carbohydrates or their derivatives, having neglected the large amount of gums and carbohydrates already used in the paper, food, or textile industries. Two-phase aqueous polymer systems based on such commercial polymers may have as a drawback their degree of purity, which may affect the separation procedure. However, their lower cost should encourage studies on their use in aqueous two-phase polymer extraction. The influence of temperature, pH, and ionic strength on the partition of several different molecular weight and isoelectric point proteins and whole cells was studied. The results obtained were compared with corresponding dextran-PEG systems, Aquaphase PPT-PEG systems, crude dextran-PEG systems, maltodextrin-PEG systems, and Klucel L-pluronic systems. Protein partition coefficient results exhibited higher values than those in corresponding systems. It is shown that this system, based on a crude hydroxypropyl starch, is highly attractive as an initial purification step.

Interaction between flocculent and nonflocculent cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Interaction between nonflocculent and flocculent cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Adhesion experiments were done using three types of nonflocculent cells and a flocculent one. Two types of nonflocculent cells were obtained from the flocculent strain by changing environmental growth conditions. The integration of nonflocculent cells in the flocs was observed by two different methods: measurement of the sedimentation capacity of mixtures and microscopic observation of stained nonflocculent cells blended with flocculent cells. It was possible to verify that cell-cell interaction corresponds to a true stable binding and not to a simple entrapment inside the floc matrix.

Strain-dependent thermosensitivity influencing intracellular differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi in cell culture

Temperature strongly influenced morphogenesis of intracellular trypomastigotes in cell culture infected with 2 different strains of T. cruzi. With the Gilmar strain the amastigote-to-trypomastigote differentiation readily occurred at 33 and 37 C, whereas the CL strain differentiation took place at 33C but was inhibited at 37 C. The possiblity of this selective thermosensitivity resulting from mutational adaptation of the parasite is discussed.