1
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Molinska P, Tarzia A, Male L, Jelfs KE, Lewis JEM. Diastereoselective Self-Assembly of Low-Symmetry Pd n L 2n Nanocages through Coordination-Sphere Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315451. [PMID: 37888946 PMCID: PMC10952360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are popular host architectures assembled from ligands and metal ions/nodes. Assembling structurally complex, low-symmetry MOCs with anisotropic cavities can be limited by the formation of statistical isomer libraries. We set out to investigate the use of primary coordination-sphere engineering (CSE) to bias isomer selectivity within homo- and heteroleptic Pdn L2n cages. Unexpected differences in selectivities between alternative donor groups led us to recognise the significant impact of the second coordination sphere on isomer stabilities. From this, molecular-level insight into the origins of selectivity between cis and trans diastereoisomers was gained, highlighting the importance of both host-guest and host-solvent interactions, in addition to ligand design. This detailed understanding allows precision engineering of low-symmetry MOC assemblies without wholesale redesign of the ligand framework, and fundamentally provides a theoretical scaffold for the development of stimuli-responsive, shape-shifting MOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Molinska
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 2410129TorinoItaly
| | - Louise Male
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City CampusWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
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2
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Xu L, Haynes CJE, Lewis JEM. Metallocycles and metallocages. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37283191 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt90077k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Cally J E Haynes
- Chemistry Department, UCL, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - James E M Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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3
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Abstract
Heteroleptic metal-organic cages, formed through integrative self-assembly of ligand mixtures, are highly attractive as reduced symmetry supramolecular hosts. Ensuring high-fidelity, non-statistical self-assembly, however, presents a significant challenge in molecular engineering due to the inherent difficulty in predicting thermodynamic energy landscapes. In this work, two conceptual strategies are described that circumvent this issue, using ligand design strategies to access structurally sophisticated metal-organic hosts. Using these approaches, it was possible to realise cavity environments described by two inequivalent, unsymmetrical ligand frameworks, representing a significant step forward in the construction of highly anisotropic confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. M. Lewis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B15 2TTUK,Previous address: Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College London82 Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
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4
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Hoyas Pérez N, Sherin PS, Posligua V, Greenfield JL, Fuchter MJ, Jelfs KE, Kuimova MK, Lewis JEM. Emerging properties from mechanical tethering within a post-synthetically functionalised catenane scaffold. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11368-11375. [DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04101d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a post-synthetic modification strategy we have prepared a series of functionalised [2]catenanes to study the impact of mechanically-enforced proximity on functional group properties, including emission, electrochemistry and photoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Hoyas Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Peter S. Sherin
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Victor Posligua
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jake L. Greenfield
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Matthew J. Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Marina K. Kuimova
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
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5
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Lewis JEM. Molecular engineering of confined space in metal–organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13873-13886. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05560k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The host–guest chemistry of metal–organic cages can be modified through tailoring of structural aspects such as size, shape and functionality. In this review, strategies, opportunities and challenges of such molecular engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. M. Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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6
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Tarzia A, Lewis JEM, Jelfs KE. High‐Throughput Computational Evaluation of Low Symmetry Pd
2
L
4
Cages to Aid in System Design**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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7
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Tarzia A, Lewis JEM, Jelfs KE. High-Throughput Computational Evaluation of Low Symmetry Pd 2 L 4 Cages to Aid in System Design*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20879-20887. [PMID: 34254713 PMCID: PMC8518684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical ditopic ligands can self-assemble into reduced-symmetry Pd2 L4 metallo-cages with anisotropic cavities, with implications for high specificity and affinity guest-binding. Mixtures of cage isomers can form, however, resulting in undesirable system heterogeneity. It is paramount to be able to design components that preferentially form a single isomer. Previous data suggested that computational methods could predict with reasonable accuracy whether unsymmetrical ligands would preferentially self-assemble into single cage isomers under constraints of geometrical mismatch. We successfully apply a collaborative computational and experimental workflow to mitigate costly trial-and-error synthetic approaches. Our rapid computational workflow constructs unsymmetrical ligands and their Pd2 L4 cage isomers, ranking the likelihood for exclusively forming cis-Pd2 L4 assemblies. From this narrowed search space, we successfully synthesised four new, low-symmetry, cis-Pd2 L4 cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWhite City Campus, Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWhite City Campus, Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWhite City Campus, Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
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8
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Cirulli M, Salvadori E, Zhang Z, Dommett M, Tuna F, Bamberger H, Lewis JEM, Kaur A, Tizzard GJ, van Slageren J, Crespo‐Otero R, Goldup SM, Roessler MM. Rotaxane Co II Complexes as Field-Induced Single-Ion Magnets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16051-16058. [PMID: 33901329 PMCID: PMC8361961 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically chelating ligands have untapped potential for the engineering of metal ion properties. Here we demonstrate this principle in the context of CoII -based single-ion magnets. Using multi-frequency EPR, susceptibility and magnetization measurements we found that these complexes show some of the highest zero field splittings reported for five-coordinate CoII complexes to date. The predictable coordination behaviour of the interlocked ligands allowed the magnetic properties of their CoII complexes to be evaluated computationally a priori and our combined experimental and theoretical approach enabled us to rationalize the observed trends. The predictable magnetic behaviour of the rotaxane CoII complexes demonstrates that interlocked ligands offer a new strategy to design metal complexes with interesting functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cirulli
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TorinoVia Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
| | - Zhi‐Hui Zhang
- ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSO 17 1BJUK
| | - Michael Dommett
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Floriana Tuna
- Department of Chemistry and Photon Science InstituteUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 0PLUK
| | - Heiko Bamberger
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSO 17 1BJUK
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | | | - Graham J. Tizzard
- EPSRC National Crystallographic ServiceUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Rachel Crespo‐Otero
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | | | - Maxie M. Roessler
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
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9
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Cirulli M, Salvadori E, Zhang Z, Dommett M, Tuna F, Bamberger H, Lewis JEM, Kaur A, Tizzard GJ, Slageren J, Crespo‐Otero R, Goldup SM, Roessler MM. Rotaxane Co
II
Complexes as Field‐Induced Single‐Ion Magnets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cirulli
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
- Department of Chemistry University of Torino Via Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Zhi‐Hui Zhang
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield SO 17 1BJ UK
| | - Michael Dommett
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Floriana Tuna
- Department of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 0PL UK
| | - Heiko Bamberger
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield SO 17 1BJ UK
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield SO 17 1BJ UK
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- EPSRC National Crystallographic Service University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Joris Slageren
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Rachel Crespo‐Otero
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | | | - Maxie M. Roessler
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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10
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Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) have emerged as a diverse class of molecular hosts with potential utility across a vast spectrum of applications. With advances in single-crystal X-ray diffraction and economic methods of computational structure optimisation, cavity sizes can be readily determined. In combination with a chemist's intuition, educated guesses about the likelihood of particular guests being bound within these porous structures can be made. Whilst practically very useful, simple rules-of-thumb, such as Rebek's 55% rule, fail to take into account structural flexibility inherent to MOCs that can allow hosts to significantly adapt their internal cavity. An often unappreciated facet of MOC structures is that, even though relatively rigid building blocks may be employed, conformational freedom can enable large structural changes. If it could be exploited, this flexibility might lead to behavior analogous to the induced-fit of substrates within the active sites of enzymes. To this end, in-roads have already been made to prepare MOCs incorporating ligands with large degrees of conformational freedom. Whilst this may make the constitution of MOCs harder to predict, it has the potential to lead to highly sophisticated and functional synthetic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Yu S, Kupryakov A, Lewis JEM, Martí-Centelles V, Goldup SM, Pozzo JL, Jonusauskas G, McClenaghan ND. Damming an electronic energy reservoir: ion-regulated electronic energy shuttling in a [2]rotaxane. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9196-9200. [PMID: 34276950 PMCID: PMC8261707 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02225c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the first example of bidirectional reversible electronic energy transfer (REET) between the mechanically bonded components of a rotaxane. Our prototypical system was designed such that photoexcitation of a chromophore in the axle results in temporary storage of electronic energy in a quasi-isoenergetic “reservoir” chromophore in the macrocycle. Over time, the emissive state of the axle is repopulated from this reservoir, resulting in long-lived, delayed luminescence. Importantly, we show that cation binding in the cavity formed by the mechanical bond perturbs the axle chromophore energy levels, modulating the REET process, and ultimately providing a luminescence read-out of cation binding. Modulation of REET processes represents an unexplored mechanism in luminescent molecular sensor development. Delayed emission due to reversible electronic energy transfer (REET) between chromophores in the axle and macrocycle components of a rotaxane is demonstrated. The REET process can be modulated by metal ion binding in the cavity of the rotaxane.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Yu
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, University of Bordeaux/CNRS Talence France .,Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Arkady Kupryakov
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux/CNRS Talence France
| | - James E M Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK .,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub 82 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | | | - Stephen M Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Jean-Luc Pozzo
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, University of Bordeaux/CNRS Talence France
| | - Gediminas Jonusauskas
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux/CNRS Talence France
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12
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Kench T, Summers PA, Kuimova MK, Lewis JEM, Vilar R. Rotaxanes as Cages to Control DNA Binding, Cytotoxicity, and Cellular Uptake of a Small Molecule*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10928-10934. [PMID: 33577711 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of many drugs can be limited by undesirable properties, such as poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, and "off-target" interactions. To combat this, various drug carriers have been investigated to enhance the pharmacological profile of therapeutic agents. In this work, we demonstrate the use of mechanical protection to "cage" a DNA-targeting metallodrug within a photodegradable rotaxane. More specifically, we report the synthesis of rotaxanes incorporating as a stoppering unit a known G-quadruplex DNA binder, namely a PtII -salphen complex. This compound cannot interact with DNA when it is part of the mechanically interlocked assembly. The second rotaxane stopper can be cleaved by either light or an esterase, releasing the PtII -salphen complex. This system shows enhanced cell permeability and limited cytotoxicity within osteosarcoma cells compared to the free drug. Light activation leads to a dramatic increase in cytotoxicity, arising from the translocation of PtII -salphen to the nucleus and its binding to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kench
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Peter A Summers
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Marina K Kuimova
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - James E M Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Ramon Vilar
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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13
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Kench T, Summers PA, Kuimova MK, Lewis JEM, Vilar R. Rotaxanes as Cages to Control DNA Binding, Cytotoxicity, and Cellular Uptake of a Small Molecule**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kench
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Peter A. Summers
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Marina K. Kuimova
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Ramon Vilar
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
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14
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Abstract
Although many impressive metallo-supramolecular architectures have been reported, they tend towards high symmetry structures and avoid extraneous functionality to ensure high fidelity in the self-assembly process. This minimalist approach, however, limits the range of accessible structures and thus their potential applications. Herein is described the synthesis of a family of ditopic ligands wherein the ligand scaffolds are both low symmetry and incorporate exohedral functional moieties. Key to this design is the use of CuI -catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) chemistry, as the triazole is capable of acting as both a coordinating heterocycle and a tether between the ligand framework and functional unit simultaneously. A common precursor was used to generate ligands with various functionalities, allowing control of electronic properties whilst maintaining the core structure of the resultant cis-Pd2 L4 nanocage assemblies. The isostructural nature of the scaffold frameworks enabled formation of combinatorial libraries from the self-assembly of ligand mixtures, generating a statistical mixture of multi-functional, low symmetry architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. M. Lewis
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
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15
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Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules have fascinated chemists for decades. Initially a tantalising synthetic challenge, interlocked molecules have continued to capture the imagination for their aesthetics and, increasingly, for their potential as molecular machines and use in materials applications. Whilst preliminary statistical attempts to prepare these molecules were exceedingly inefficient, a raft of template-directed strategies have now been realised, providing a vast toolbox from which chemists can access interlocked structures in excellent yields. For many envisaged applications it is desirable to move away from small, discrete interlocked molecules and turn to oligomers and polymers instead, either due to the need for multiple mechanical bonds within the desired material, or to exploit an extended scaffold for the organisation and arrangement of individual mechanically interlocked units. In this tutorial-style review we outline the synthetic strategies that have been employed for the synthesis of mechanically interlocked oligomers and polymers, including oligo-/polymerisation of (pseudo)interlocked precursors, metal-organic self-assembly, the use of orthogonal template motifs, iterative approaches and grafting onto polymer backbones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Hoyas Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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16
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Lewis JEM, Crowley JD. Metallo‐Supramolecular Self‐Assembly with Reduced‐Symmetry Ligands. Chempluschem 2020; 85:815-827. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James E. M. Lewis
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ United Kingdom
| | - James. D. Crowley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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17
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Ngo HT, Lewis JEM, Payne DT, D’Souza F, Hill JP, Ariga K, Yoshikawa G, Goldup SM. Rotaxanation as a sequestering template to preclude incidental metal insertion in complex oligochromophores. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7447-7450. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09681g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rotaxane as sacrificial template to avoid metal insertion in porphyrinoids during copper catalyzed click reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Thien Ngo
- Olfactory Sensors Group
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN)
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Ibaraki 305-0044
- Japan
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Daniel T. Payne
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS)
- National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | | | - Jonathan P. Hill
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Ibaraki 305-0044
- Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Ibaraki 305-0044
- Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science
| | - Genki Yoshikawa
- Olfactory Sensors Group
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN)
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Ibaraki 305-0044
- Japan
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18
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Abstract
A dynamic rotaxane ligand self-assembles with palladium(ii) ions to form a metallo-[5]rotaxane with a porous cage at its core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kei Gwan Wong
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Nadia Hoyas Pérez
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
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19
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Lewis JEM, Tarzia A, White AJP, Jelfs KE. Conformational control of Pd 2L 4 assemblies with unsymmetrical ligands. Chem Sci 2019; 11:677-683. [PMID: 34123040 PMCID: PMC8146399 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05534g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing interest in the potential utility of metallo-supramolecular architectures for applications as diverse as catalysis and drug delivery, the ability to develop more complex assemblies is keenly sought after. Despite this, symmetrical ligands have been utilised almost exclusively to simplify the self-assembly process as without a significant driving foa mixture of isomeric products will be obtained. Although a small number of unsymmetrical ligands have been shown to serendipitously form well-defined metallo-supramolecular assemblies, a more systematic study could provide generally applicable information to assist in the design of lower symmetry architectures. Pd2L4 cages are a popular class of metallo-supramolecular assembly; research seeking to introduce added complexity into their structure to further their functionality has resulted in a handful of examples of heteroleptic structures, whilst the use of unsymmetrical ligands remains underexplored. Herein we show that it is possible to design unsymmetrical ligands in which either steric or geometric constraints, or both, can be incorporated into ligand frameworks to ensure exclusive formation of single isomers of three-dimensional Pd2L4 metallo-supramolecular assemblies with high fidelity. In this manner it is possible to access Pd2L4 cage architectures of reduced symmetry, a concept that could allow for the controlled spatial segregation of different functionalities within these systems. The introduction of steric directing groups was also seen to have a profound effect on the cage structures, suggesting that simple ligand modifications could be used to engineer structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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20
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Denis M, Lewis JEM, Modicom F, Goldup SM. An Auxiliary Approach for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Topologically Chiral Catenanes. Chem 2019; 5:1512-1520. [PMID: 31294128 PMCID: PMC6588264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Catenanes, molecules in which two rings are threaded through one another like links in a chain, can form as two structures related like an object and its mirror image but otherwise identical if the individual rings lack bilateral symmetry. These structures are described as “topologically chiral” because, unlike most chiral molecules, it is not possible to convert one mirror-image form to the other under the rules of mathematical topology. Although intriguing and discussed as early as 1961, to date all methods of accessing molecules containing only this topological stereogenic element require the separation of the mirror-image forms via chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography, which has limited their investigation to date. Here, we present a simple method that uses a readily available source of chiral information to allow the stereoselective synthesis of topologically chiral catenanes. First stereoselective synthesis of a topologically chiral catenane First absolute stereochemical assignment of a topologically chiral catenane First example of an auxiliary approach to topologically chiral catenanes
Chiral molecules have occupied a special place in chemistry since Pasteur reported the painstaking separation of mirror-image crystals of tartaric acid salts in 1848. In the 21st century, chiral molecules remain a major scientific focus because of their importance in biology and their emerging applications in materials science. However, topologically chiral molecules, such as the catenanes described here, have received little attention because they are hard to make; preparative chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography allows the separation of their mirror-image forms but only on a very small scale. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of topologically chiral catenanes by using standard synthetic techniques, marking their transition from “inaccessible curiosities” to valid synthetic targets for investigation in catalysis, sensing, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. Furthermore, this work will inspire efforts to access other neglected classes of chiral interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Denis
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - James E M Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Florian Modicom
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Abstract
A self-templation strategy was used to synthesise isophthalamide [2]catenanes of various sizes in up to 51% yield without the need for metal ions as templates or mediators of covalent bond formation. Using this strategy a bis-monodentate catenane was prepared incorporating exohedral pyridine units. Upon complexation of this ligand with AgOTf a one-dimensional coordination polymer was obtained in the solid state in which both macrocycles of the catenane are involved in binding to the metal nodes, resulting in a rare example of a coordination assembly in which mechanical bonds are incorporated into the structure backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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22
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Cirulli M, Kaur A, Lewis JEM, Zhang Z, Kitchen JA, Goldup SM, Roessler MM. Rotaxane-Based Transition Metal Complexes: Effect of the Mechanical Bond on Structure and Electronic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:879-889. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cirulli
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Jonathan A. Kitchen
- Chemistry, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Maxie M. Roessler
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
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Abstract
We describe a simple and high yielding active template synthesis of [2]catenanes. In addition to mechanical bond formation using a single premacrocycle bearing an azide and alkyne moiety, our method is also suitable for the co-macrocyclization of readily available bis-alkyne and bis-azide comonomers and even short alkyne/azide components which oligomerize prior to mechanical bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Florian Modicom
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
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Abstract
The use of metal ions to template the synthesis of catenanes by Sauvage and co-workers was a pivotal moment in the development of the field of interlocked molecules. In this Review Article we shall examine the different roles metal-ligand interactions play in modern syntheses of interlocked molecules and materials, with a particular focus on seminal contributions and the advantages and disadvantages of employing metal ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules have a long and rich history as ligands thanks to the key role coordination chemistry has played in the development of high yielding passive template syntheses of rotaxanes and catenanes. In this Feature Article, we highlight the effect of the mechanical bond on the properties of metal ions bound within the sterically hindered environment of the macrocycle cavity, and discuss the emerging applications of interlocked ligands in catalysis, sensing and supramolecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Marzia Galli
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Ngo TH, Labuta J, Lim GN, Webre WA, D'Souza F, Karr PA, Lewis JEM, Hill JP, Ariga K, Goldup SM. Porphyrinoid rotaxanes: building a mechanical picket fence. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6679-6685. [PMID: 30155230 PMCID: PMC6103255 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03165c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on recent progress in the synthesis of functional porphyrins for a range of applications using the Cu-mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, we describe the active template CuAAC synthesis of interlocked triazole functionalised porphyrinoids in excellent yield. By synthesising interlocked analogues of previously studied porphyrin-corrole conjugates, we demonstrate that this approach gives access to rotaxanes in which the detailed electronic properties of the axle component are unchanged but whose steric properties are transformed by the mechanical "picket fence" provided by the threaded rings. Our results suggest that interlocked functionalised porphyrins, readily available using the AT-CuAAC approach, are sterically hindered scaffolds for the development of new catalysts and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Ngo
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS) , WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan .
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - J Labuta
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS-SENGEN) , National Institute for Materials Science , Sengen 1-2-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0047 , Japan
| | - G N Lim
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , 305070 , Denton , TX 76203 , USA .
| | - W A Webre
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , 305070 , Denton , TX 76203 , USA .
| | - F D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , 305070 , Denton , TX 76203 , USA .
| | - P A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics , Wayne State College , 111 Main Street , Wayne , Nebraska 68787 , USA
| | - J E M Lewis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , University Road , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - J P Hill
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - K Ariga
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - S M Goldup
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , University Road , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
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Preston D, White KF, Lewis JEM, Vasdev RAS, Abrahams BF, Crowley JD. Solid-State Gas Adsorption Studies with Discrete Palladium(II) [Pd 2 (L) 4 ] 4+ Cages. Chemistry 2017; 23:10559-10567. [PMID: 28508442 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The need for effective CO2 capture systems remains high, and due to their tunability, metallosupramolecular architectures are an attractive option for gas sorption. While the use of extended metal organic frameworks for gas adsorption has been extensively explored, the exploitation of discrete metallocage architectures to bind gases remains in its infancy. Herein the solid state gas adsorption properties of a series of [Pd2 (L)4 ]4+ lantern shaped coordination cages (L = variants of 2,6-bis(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)pyridine), which had solvent accessible internal cavities suitable for gas binding, have been investigated. The cages showed little interaction with dinitrogen gas but were able to take up CO2 . The best performing cage reversibly sorbed 1.4 mol CO2 per mol cage at 298 K, and 2.3 mol CO2 per mol cage at 258 K (1 bar). The enthalpy of binding was calculated to be 25-35 kJ mol-1 , across the number of equivalents bound, while DFT calculations on the CO2 binding in the cage gave ΔE for the cage-CO2 interaction of 23-28 kJ mol-1 , across the same range. DFT modelling suggested that the binding mode is a hydrogen bond between the carbonyl oxygen of CO2 and the internally directed hydrogen atoms of the cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith F White
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - James E M Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Roan A S Vasdev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Brendan F Abrahams
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Preston D, White KF, Lewis JEM, Vasdev RAS, Abrahams BF, Crowley JD. Inside Back Cover: Solid-State Gas Adsorption Studies with Discrete Palladium(II) [Pd2
(L)4
]4+
Cages (Chem. Eur. J. 44/2017). Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Keith F. White
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Roan A. S. Vasdev
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Brendan F. Abrahams
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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30
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Abstract
Despite significant advances in the last three decades towards high yielding syntheses of rotaxanes, the preparation of systems constructed from more than two components remains a challenge. Herein we build upon our previous report of an active template copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) rotaxane synthesis with a diyne in which, following the formation of the first mechanical bond, the steric bulk of the macrocycle tempers the reactivity of the second alkyne unit. We have now extended this approach to the use of 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene in order to successively prepare [2]-, [3]- and [4]rotaxanes without the need for protecting group chemistry. Whilst the first two iterations proceeded in good yield, the steric shielding that affords this selectivity also significantly reduces the efficacy of the active template (AT)-CuAAC reaction of the third alkyne towards the preparation of [4]rotaxanes, resulting in severely diminished yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Joby Winn
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Abstract
We present an operationally simple iterative coupling strategy for the synthesis of oligomeric homo- and hetero[n]rotaxanes with precise control over the position of each macrocycle. The exceptional yield of the AT-CuAAC reaction, combined with optimized conditions that allow the rapid synthesis of the target oligomers, opens the door to the study of precision-engineered oligomeric interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Joby Winn
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Luca Cera
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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Lewis JEM, Bordoli RJ, Denis M, Fletcher CJ, Galli M, Neal EA, Rochette EM, Goldup SM. High yielding synthesis of 2,2'-bipyridine macrocycles, versatile intermediates in the synthesis of rotaxanes. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3154-3161. [PMID: 29997807 PMCID: PMC6005271 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00011h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an operationally simple approach to 2,2'-bipyridine macrocycles. Our method uses simple starting materials to produce these previously hard to access rotaxane precursors in remarkable yields (typically >65%) across a range of scales (0.1-5 mmol). All of the macrocycles reported are efficiently converted (>90%) to rotaxanes under AT-CuAAC conditions. With the requisite macrocycles finally available in sufficient quantities, we further demonstrate their long term utility through the first gram-scale synthesis of an AT-CuAAC [2]rotaxane and extend this powerful methodology to produce novel Sauvage-type molecular shuttles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E M Lewis
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - R J Bordoli
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , London , E1 4NS , UK
| | - M Denis
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - C J Fletcher
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - M Galli
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - E A Neal
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , London , E1 4NS , UK
| | - E M Rochette
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - S M Goldup
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
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Elliott ABS, Lewis JEM, van der Salm H, McAdam CJ, Crowley JD, Gordon KC. Luminescent Cages: Pendant Emissive Units on [Pd2L4]4+ “Click” Cages. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:3440-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago,
P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Holly van der Salm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago,
P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - C. John McAdam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago,
P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago,
P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago,
P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Preston D, McNeill SM, Lewis JEM, Giles GI, Crowley JD. Enhanced kinetic stability of [Pd2L4]4+ cages through ligand substitution. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:8050-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00133e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Pd2(tripy)4]4+ cage architectures (where tripy = 2,6-bis(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)pyridine) were made more kinetically robust in the presence of range of nucleophiles by the addition of amino groups in either the 2-(2A-tripy) or 3-(3A-tripy) positions of the tripy ligands' terminal pyridines, with the [Pd2(2A-tripy)4]4+ cage proving the most stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Otago
- Dunedin
- New Zealand
| | - Samantha M. McNeill
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- University of Otago
- Dunedin
- New Zealand
| | | | - Gregory. I. Giles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- University of Otago
- Dunedin
- New Zealand
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Galli M, Lewis JEM, Goldup SM. A Stimuli-Responsive Rotaxane-Gold Catalyst: Regulation of Activity and Diastereoselectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13545-9. [PMID: 26387887 PMCID: PMC4678423 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A rotaxane-based Au catalyst was developed and the effect of the mechanical bond on its behavior was studied. Unlike the non-interlocked thread, the rotaxane requires a catalytically innocent cofactor, the identity of which significantly influences both the yield and diastereoselectivity of the reaction. Under optimized conditions, Au(I) (the catalyst), Ag(I) (to abstract the Cl(-) ligand), and Cu(I) (the cofactor) combine to produce a catalyst with excellent activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Galli
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - James E M Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK).
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Galli M, Lewis JEM, Goldup SM. A Stimuli-Responsive Rotaxane-Gold Catalyst: Regulation of Activity and Diastereoselectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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McNeill SM, Preston D, Lewis JEM, Robert A, Knerr-Rupp K, Graham DO, Wright JR, Giles GI, Crowley JD. Biologically active [Pd2L4](4+) quadruply-stranded helicates: stability and cytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:11129-36. [PMID: 25997516 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01259g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is emerging interest in the anti-proliferative effects of metallosupramolecular systems due to the different size and shape of these metallo-architectures compared to traditional small molecule drugs. Palladium(II)-containing systems are the most abundant class of metallosupramolecular complexes, yet their biological activity has hardly been examined. Here a small series of [Pd2(L)4](BF4)4 quadruply-stranded, dipalladium(II) architectures were screened for their cytotoxic effects against three cancer cell lines and one non-malignant line. The helicates exhibited a range of cytotoxic properties, with the most cytotoxic complex [Pd2(hextrz)4](BF4)4 possessing low micromolar IC50 values against all of the cell lines tested, while the other helicates displayed moderate or no cytotoxicity. Against the MDA-MB-231 cell line, which is resistant to platinum-based drugs, [Pd2(hextrz)4](BF4)4 was 7-fold more active than cisplatin. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that the [Pd2(hextrz)4](BF4)4 helicate does not induce cell death in the same way as clinically used metal complexes such as cisplatin. Rather than interacting with DNA, the helicate appears to disrupt the cell membrane. These studies represent the first biological characterisation of quadruply-stranded helicate architectures, and provide insight into the design requirements for the development of biologically active and stable palladium(II)-containing metallosupramolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M McNeill
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Noor A, Maloney DL, Lewis JEM, Lo WKC, Crowley JD. Inside Cover: Acid-Base Driven Ligand Exchange with Palladium(II) “Click” Complexes (Asian J. Org. Chem. 3/2015). ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201590005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Noor A, Huff GS, Kumar SV, Lewis JEM, Paterson BM, Schieber C, Donnelly PS, Brooks HJL, Gordon KC, Moratti SC, Crowley JD. [Re(CO)3]+ Complexes of exo-Functionalized Tridentate “Click” Macrocycles: Synthesis, Stability, Photophysical Properties, Bioconjugation, and Antibacterial Activity. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500664v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brett M. Paterson
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Christine Schieber
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
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Lewis JEM, Elliott ABS, McAdam CJ, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. ‘Click’ to functionalise: synthesis, characterisation and enhancement of the physical properties of a series of exo- and endo-functionalised Pd2L4nanocages. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00434e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Facile CuAAC ‘click’ chemistry has been utilised toexo-functionalise Pd2L4host nanocages with electrochemically active, emissive and solubilising groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasia B. S. Elliott
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Otago
- Dunedin, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- New Zealand
| | - C. John McAdam
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Otago
- Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Otago
- Dunedin, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- New Zealand
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Anderson CB, Elliott ABS, Lewis JEM, McAdam CJ, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. fac-Re(CO)3 complexes of 2,6-bis(4-substituted-1,2,3-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pyridine "click" ligands: synthesis, characterisation and photophysical properties. Dalton Trans 2013; 41:14625-32. [PMID: 23104300 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31569f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of the 4-n-propyl and 4-phenyl substituted fac-Re(CO)(3) complexes of the tridentate "click" ligand (2,6-bis(4-substituted-1,2,3-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pyridine) are described. The complexes were obtained by refluxing methanol solutions of [Re(CO)(5)Cl], AgPF(6) and either the 4-propyl or 4-phenyl substituted ligand for 16 h. The ligands and the two rhenium(I) complexes were characterised by elemental analysis, HR-ESMS, ATR-IR, (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy and the molecular structures of both complexes were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The electronic structure of the fac-Re(CO)(3) "click" complexes was probed using UV-Vis, Raman and emission spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and DFT calculations. Altering the electronic nature of the ligand's substituent, from aromatic to alkyl, had little effect on the absorption/emission maxima and electrochemical properties of the complexes indicating that the 1,2,3-triazole unit may insulate the metal centre from the electronic modification at the ligands' periphery. Both Re(I) complexes were found to be weakly emitting with short excited state lifetimes. The electrochemistry of the complexes is defined by quasi-reversible Re oxidation and irreversible triazole-based ligand reduction processes.
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Abstract
A series of copper(ii) complexes of the ligand 2,6-bis(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)pyridine have been synthesised and characterised by 1H and DOSY NMR, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopies, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. In solution these systems display almost identical spectroscopic properties, however the solid state structures are shown to vary widely, depending upon the choice of anion. The tetrafluoroborate salt was revealed to be a discrete Cu2L4 cage-like helicate. The tosylate salt, whilst of the same Cu2L4 stoichiometry, was shown to be a coordination polymer. Finally the nitrate salt structure was observed to be a discrete Cu2L2 metallocycle.
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Lewis JEM, John McAdam C, Gardiner MG, Crowley JD. A facile “click” approach to functionalised metallosupramolecular architectures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3398-400. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lewis JEM, Gavey EL, Cameron SA, Crowley JD. Stimuli-responsive Pd2L4metallosupramolecular cages: towards targeted cisplatin drug delivery. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc00899h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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