1
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Bay LK, Gilmour J, Muir B, Hardisty PE. Management approaches to conserve Australia's marine ecosystem under climate change. Science 2023; 381:631-636. [PMID: 37561873 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Australia's coastal marine ecosystems have a deep cultural significance to Indigenous Australians, include multiple World Heritage sites, and support the nation's rapidly growing blue economy. Yet, increasing local pressures and global climate change are expected to undermine the biological, social, cultural, and economic value of these ecosystems within a human generation. Mitigating the causes of climate change is the most urgent action to secure their future; however, conventional and new management actions will play roles in preserving ecosystem function and value until that is achieved. This includes strategies codeveloped with Indigenous Australians that are guided by traditional ecological knowledge and a modeling and decision support framework. We provide examples of developments at one of Australia's most iconic ecosystems, the Great Barrier Reef, where recent, large block funding supports research, governance, and engagement to accelerate the development of tools for management under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line K Bay
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - James Gilmour
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Bob Muir
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul E Hardisty
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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2
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Zhang J, Richards ZT, Adam AAS, Chan CX, Shinzato C, Gilmour J, Thomas L, Strugnell JM, Miller DJ, Cooke I. Evolutionary responses of a reef-building coral to climate change at the end of the last glacial maximum. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac201. [PMID: 36219871 PMCID: PMC9578555 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change threatens the survival of coral reefs on a global scale, primarily through mass bleaching and mortality as a result of marine heatwaves. While these short-term effects are clear, predicting the fate of coral reefs over the coming century is a major challenge. One way to understand the longer-term effects of rapid climate change is to examine the response of coral populations to past climate shifts. Coastal and shallow-water marine ecosystems such as coral reefs have been reshaped many times by sea-level changes during the Pleistocene, yet, few studies have directly linked this with its consequences on population demographics, dispersal, and adaptation. Here we use powerful analytical techniques, afforded by haplotype phased whole-genomes, to establish such links for the reef-building coral, Acropora digitifera. We show that three genetically distinct populations are present in northwestern Australia, and that their rapid divergence since the last glacial maximum (LGM) can be explained by a combination of founder-effects and restricted gene flow. Signatures of selective sweeps, too strong to be explained by demographic history, are present in all three populations and overlap with genes that show different patterns of functional enrichment between inshore and offshore habitats. In contrast to rapid divergence in the host, we find that photosymbiont communities are largely undifferentiated between corals from all three locations, spanning almost 1000 km, indicating that selection on host genes and not acquisition of novel symbionts, has been the primary driver of adaptation for this species in northwestern Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Zoe T Richards
- Coral Conservation and Research Group, Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Collections and Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia
| | - Arne A S Adam
- Coral Conservation and Research Group, Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Cheong Xin Chan
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chuya Shinzato
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo277-8564, Chiba, Japan
| | - James Gilmour
- Australia Institute of Marine Science, Indian Oceans Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Luke Thomas
- Australia Institute of Marine Science, Indian Oceans Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Oceans Graduate School, The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jan M Strugnell
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - David J Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan 904-0495
| | - Ira Cooke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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3
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Abeysiri Wickrama Liyanaarachchige PT, Fisher R, Thompson H, Menendez P, Gilmour J, McGree JM. Adaptive monitoring of coral health at Scott Reef where data exhibit nonlinear and disturbed trends over time. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9233. [PMID: 36110888 PMCID: PMC9465202 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Time series data are often observed in ecological monitoring. Frequently, such data exhibit nonlinear trends over time potentially due to complex relationships between observed and auxiliary variables, and there may also be sudden declines over time due to major disturbances. This poses substantial challenges for modeling such data and also for adaptive monitoring. To address this, we propose methods for finding adaptive designs for monitoring in such settings. This work is motivated by a monitoring program that has been established at Scott Reef; a coral reef off the Western coast of Australia. Data collected for monitoring the health of Scott Reef are considered, and semiparametric and interrupted time series modeling approaches are adopted to describe how these data vary over time. New methods are then proposed that enable adaptive monitoring designs to be found based on such modeling approaches. These methods are then applied to find future monitoring designs at Scott Reef where it was found that future information gain is expected to be similar across a variety of different sites, suggesting that no particular location needs to be prioritized at Scott Reef for the next monitoring phase. In addition, it was found that omitting some sampling sites/reef locations was possible without substantial loss in expected information gain, depending upon the disturbances that were observed. The resulting adaptive designs are used to form recommendations for future monitoring in this region, and for reefs where changes in the current monitoring practices are being sought. As the methods used and developed throughout this study are generic in nature, this research has the potential to improve ecological monitoring more broadly where complex data are being collected over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pubudu Thilan Abeysiri Wickrama Liyanaarachchige
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers (ACEMS) Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Department of Mathematics University of Ruhuna Matara Sri Lanka
| | - Rebecca Fisher
- Australian Institute of Marine Science Crawley Western Australia Australia.,Oceans Institute University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Helen Thompson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Patricia Menendez
- Department of Econometric and Business Statistics Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - James Gilmour
- Australian Institute of Marine Science Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - James M McGree
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers (ACEMS) Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
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4
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Kibirige CN, Manak M, King D, Abel B, Hack H, Wooding D, Liu Y, Fernandez N, Dalel J, Kaye S, Imami N, Jagodzinski L, Gilmour J. Author Correction: Development of a sensitive, quantitative assay with broad subtype specificity for detection of total HIV-1 nucleic acids in plasma and PBMC. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11792. [PMID: 35821052 PMCID: PMC9276778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C N Kibirige
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - M Manak
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,Turesol Consulting, 314 S. Henderson Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA
| | - D King
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - B Abel
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - H Hack
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - D Wooding
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Y Liu
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - N Fernandez
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - J Dalel
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Steve Kaye
- Molecular Diagnostics Unit, Imperial College London, Jeferiss Trust Laboratory, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - N Imami
- Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - L Jagodzinski
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - J Gilmour
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
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5
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Adam AAS, Thomas L, Underwood J, Gilmour J, Richards ZT. Population connectivity and genetic offset in the spawning coral Acropora digitifera in Western Australia. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3533-3547. [PMID: 35567512 PMCID: PMC9328316 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change has caused widespread loss of species biodiversity and ecosystem productivity across the globe, particularly on tropical coral reefs. Predicting the future vulnerability of reef-building corals, the foundation species of coral reef ecosystems, is crucial for cost-effective conservation planning in the Anthropocene. In this study, we combine regional population genetic connectivity and seascape analyses to explore patterns of genetic offset (the mismatch of gene-environmental associations under future climate conditions) in Acropora digitifera across 12 degrees of latitude in Western Australia. Our data revealed a pattern of restricted gene flow and limited genetic connectivity among geographically distant reef systems. Environmental association analyses identified a suite of loci strongly associated with the regional temperature variation. These loci helped forecast future genetic offset in gradient forest and generalised dissimilarity models. These analyses predicted pronounced differences in the response of different reef systems in Western Australia to rising temperatures. Under the most optimistic future warming scenario (RCP 2.6), we predicted a general pattern of increasing genetic offset with latitude. Under the extreme climate scenario (RCP 8.5 in 2090-2100), coral populations at the Ningaloo World Heritage Area were predicted to experience a higher mismatch between current allele frequencies and those required to cope with local environmental change, compared to populations in the inshore Kimberley region. The study suggests complex and spatially heterogeneous patterns of climate-change vulnerability in coral populations across Western Australia, reinforcing the notion that regionally tailored conservation efforts will be most effective at managing coral reef resilience into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne A S Adam
- Coral Conservation and Research Group, Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, IOMRC, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Luke Thomas
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, IOMRC, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia.,The UWA Oceans Institute, Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Jim Underwood
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, IOMRC, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - James Gilmour
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, IOMRC, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Zoe T Richards
- Coral Conservation and Research Group, Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia.,Collections and Research, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia
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6
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Kibirige CN, Manak M, King D, Abel B, Hack H, Wooding D, Liu Y, Fernandez N, Dalel J, Kaye S, Imami N, Jagodzinski L, Gilmour J. Author Correction: Development of a sensitive, quantitative assay with broad subtype specificity for detection of total HIV-1 nucleic acids in plasma and PBMC. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1980. [PMID: 35105930 PMCID: PMC8807713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. N. Kibirige
- grid.428062.a0000 0004 0497 2835IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH UK
| | - M. Manak
- grid.201075.10000 0004 0614 9826Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA ,Present Address: Turesol Consulting, 314 S. Henderson Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406 USA
| | - D. King
- grid.428062.a0000 0004 0497 2835IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH UK
| | - B. Abel
- grid.428062.a0000 0004 0497 2835IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH UK
| | - H. Hack
- grid.201075.10000 0004 0614 9826Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA ,grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - D. Wooding
- grid.428062.a0000 0004 0497 2835IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH UK
| | - Y. Liu
- grid.201075.10000 0004 0614 9826Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA ,grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - N. Fernandez
- grid.428062.a0000 0004 0497 2835IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH UK
| | - J. Dalel
- grid.428062.a0000 0004 0497 2835IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH UK
| | - Steve Kaye
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Molecular Diagnostics Unit, Imperial College London, Jefferiss Trust Laboratory, St. Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - N. Imami
- grid.428062.a0000 0004 0497 2835Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH UK
| | - L. Jagodzinski
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA ,grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - J. Gilmour
- grid.428062.a0000 0004 0497 2835IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH UK
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7
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Kibirige CN, Manak M, King D, Abel B, Hack H, Wooding D, Liu Y, Fernandez N, Dalel J, Kaye S, Imami N, Jagodzinski L, Gilmour J. Development of a sensitive, quantitative assay with broad subtype specificity for detection of total HIV-1 nucleic acids in plasma and PBMC. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1550. [PMID: 35091568 PMCID: PMC8799642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An LTR-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was modified and optimized for the quantification of total HIV-1 nucleic acids in plasma and PBMC. TaqMan qPCR primers and probes were designed against the NCBI/LANL HIV-1 compendium database by analyzing sequences used in assays for sensitive cross-clade detection of HIV-1 as reported in the literature and elucidating regions of improved cross-subtype specificity. Inosine and mixed nucleotide bases were included at polymorphic sites. Real-time RT-qPCR and qPCR were performed on plasma viral RNA and cellular lysates. A step-up amplification approach to allow binding of primers across polymorphic regions showed improved sensitivity compared to universal cycling. Unlike a lead competing laboratory-developed assay, all major HIV-1 subtypes, and a wide range of recombinants from a 127-member diversity panel were detected and accurately quantified in spiked plasmas. Semi-nested PCR increased detection sensitivity even further. The assay was able to detect down to 88 copies/mL of HIV-1 in plasma with 95% efficiency or the equivalent of a single infected cell. The PCR assay will be valuable in studies that monitor very low viral levels including residual or break through HIV-1 in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, in HIV-1 cure, and in other research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Kibirige
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - M Manak
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- Turesol Consulting, 314 S. Henderson Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA
| | - D King
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - B Abel
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - H Hack
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - D Wooding
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Y Liu
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - N Fernandez
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - J Dalel
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Steve Kaye
- Molecular Diagnostics Unit, Imperial College London, Jefferiss Trust Laboratory, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - N Imami
- Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - L Jagodzinski
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - J Gilmour
- IAVI, Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
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8
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Hebding J, Wingfield L, Negreskul Y, Gilmour J. 1369 Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Emergency General Surgery During the Covid-19 Pandemic Versus Control Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab259.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, the surgical community has attempted to address whether it is safe to continue surgery. The aim of this research was to review evidence on emergency general patients operated on during the pandemic compared to patients undergoing emergency surgery during non-pandemic times to determine if operating during the Covid-19 pandemic led to an increased risk of death, length of hospital stay and complications.
Method
A systematic review of the literature was performed. PubMed, Cochrane, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Springer Link, Elsevier, and reference lists were analysed for inclusion on 2 January 2021.
Results
Nine studies and 5,022 patients were included. There were no significant differences in the control group vs pandemic group in mean age (52.3yrs vs 51.9yrs, p = 0.67) or gender (44.4% females vs 49.3%, p = 0.173). Pooled analysis of control vs pandemic showed a mortality rate of 1.26% vs 3.06% (CI:-6.58–6.58, p = 1.00). Mean length of hospital stay was 7.9 vs 7.7 days in control v. pandemic (CI: -2.93-3.33, p = 0.87) and post-operative complication rate of 20.2% vs 25.7% (CI -6.4-25.0, p = 0.20), (control vs pandemic). The pandemic group had significantly more operative management (47.0% vs 40.0%, p = 0.03) with no significant difference in laparoscopic vs open technique (46.0% vs 43.6%, p = 0.20).
Conclusions
This meta-analysis shows there is no statistically significant difference in mortality rate, length of hospital stay and postoperative complication rate between the pandemic and control cohorts in emergency general surgery patients. This data suggests that general emergency surgery should continue in spite of the pandemic with appropriate precautions in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hebding
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Y Negreskul
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J Gilmour
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Negreskul Y, Wingfield L, Mandal I, Gilmour J. 1451 Early Experiences with Covid-19 In Surgical Patients at The Start of The Global Pandemic. Br J Surg 2021. [PMCID: PMC8524573 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab259.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Covid-19 is a global threat which had emerged rapidly over the course of last year and is particularly deleterious to those with multiple co-morbidities. While limited data is available on the outcomes of emergency surgical patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, initial reports suggest prolonged post-operative course. Early Covid-19 diagnosis and understanding its impact on outcomes are essential for appropriate management of emergency surgical patients. We aim to report a tertiary hospital’s experiences with the first UK patients infected with Covid-19 at the time of surgery.
Method
A limited consecutive, case series (n = 4) was completed in March-April 2020 in a single tertiary centre with a review of case notes, image, and laboratory results.
Results
All patients presented with acute abdominal pathology (appendicitis, incarcerated umbilical hernia and small bowel obstruction). One patient had a laparoscopy whilst the rest underwent open procedures. All patients suffered from multiple co-morbidities and were on average 71 years-old (57-87). Initial SARS-CoV-2 PCR was negative in 3 patients. However, their clinical features, imaging findings and haematological profiles (raised inflammatory markers with lymphopenia) were in keeping with a diagnosis of Covid-19. All patients had a protracted hospital course with an average hospital stay of 22 days (15-30). 3 patients required unplanned ITU (ITU stay: 4-30 days). The length of ITU stay did not correlate with the procedure complexity.
Conclusions
These initial cases suggest that Covid-19 complicates post-operative recovery. Multimodal approach including PCR testing, imaging and haematological profiles is essential to identify patients at risk of post-operative deterioration and thus plan care accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Negreskul
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L Wingfield
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - I Mandal
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J Gilmour
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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Birt MJ, Cure K, Wilson S, Newman SJ, Harvey ES, Meekan M, Speed C, Heyward A, Goetze J, Gilmour J. Isolated reefs support stable fish communities with high abundances of regionally fished species. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4701-4718. [PMID: 33976841 PMCID: PMC8093692 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic impacts at isolated and inaccessible reefs are often minimal, offering rare opportunities to observe fish assemblages in a relatively undisturbed state. The remote Rowley Shoals are regarded as one of the healthiest reef systems in the Indian Ocean with demonstrated resilience to natural disturbance, no permanent human population nearby, low visitation rates, and large protected areas where fishing prohibitions are enforced. We used baited remote underwater video systems (BRUVS) to quantify fish assemblages and the relative abundance of regionally fished species within the lagoon, on the slope and in the mesophotic habitat at the Rowley Shoals at three times spanning 14 years and compared abundances of regionally fished species and the length distributions of predatory species to other isolated reefs in the northeast Indian Ocean. Fish assemblage composition and the relative abundance of regionally fished species were remarkably stable through time. We recorded high abundances of regionally fished species relative to other isolated reefs, including globally threatened humphead Maori wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) and bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum). Length distributions of fish differed among habitats at the Rowley Shoals, suggesting differences in ontogenetic shifts among species. The Cocos (Keeling) Islands typically had larger-bodied predatory species than at the Rowley Shoals. Differences in geomorphology, lagoonal habitats, and fishing history likely contribute to the differences among remote reefs. Rowley Shoals is a rare example of a reef system demonstrating ecological stability in reef fish assemblages during a time of unprecedented degradation of coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Birt
- The Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Cnr of Fairway and Service Road 4PerthWA6009Australia
| | - Katherine Cure
- The Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Cnr of Fairway and Service Road 4PerthWA6009Australia
| | - Shaun Wilson
- Marine Science ProgramDepartment of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsGovernment of Western Australia17 Dick Perry AveKensingtonWA6151Australia
- Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaIndian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Cnr of Fairway and Service Road 4PerthWA6009Australia
| | - Stephen J. Newman
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research LaboratoriesDepartment of Primary Industries and Regional DevelopmentGovernment of Western AustraliaP.O Box 20North BeachWA6920Australia
| | - Euan S. Harvey
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia
| | - Mark Meekan
- The Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Cnr of Fairway and Service Road 4PerthWA6009Australia
| | - Conrad Speed
- The Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Cnr of Fairway and Service Road 4PerthWA6009Australia
| | - Andrew Heyward
- The Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Cnr of Fairway and Service Road 4PerthWA6009Australia
- Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaIndian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Cnr of Fairway and Service Road 4PerthWA6009Australia
| | - Jordan Goetze
- Marine Science ProgramDepartment of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsGovernment of Western Australia17 Dick Perry AveKensingtonWA6151Australia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia
| | - James Gilmour
- The Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Cnr of Fairway and Service Road 4PerthWA6009Australia
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11
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Puotinen M, Drost E, Lowe R, Depczynski M, Radford B, Heyward A, Gilmour J. Towards modelling the future risk of cyclone wave damage to the world's coral reefs. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:4302-4315. [PMID: 32459881 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical cyclones generate extreme waves that can damage coral reef communities. Recovery typically requires up to a decade, driving the trajectory of coral community structure. Coral reefs have evolved over millennia with cyclones. Increasingly, however, processes of recovery are interrupted and compromised by additional pressures (thermal stress, pollution, diseases, predators). Understanding how cyclones interact with other pressures to threaten coral reefs underpins spatial prioritization of conservation and management interventions. Models that simulate coral responses to cumulative pressures often assume that the worst cyclone wave damage occurs within ~100 km of the track. However, we show major coral loss at exposed sites up to 800 km from a cyclone that was both strong (high sustained wind speeds >=33 m/s) and big (widespread circulation >~300 km), using numerical wave models and field data from northwest Australia. We then calculate the return time of big and strong cyclones, big cyclones of any strength and strong cyclones of any size, for each of 150 coral reef ecoregions using a global data set of past cyclones from 1985 to 2015. For the coral ecoregions that regularly were exposed to cyclones during that time, we find that 75% of them were exposed to at least one cyclone that was both big and strong. Return intervals of big and strong cyclones are already less than 5 years for 13 ecoregions, primarily in the cyclone-prone NW Pacific, and less than 10 years for an additional 14 ecoregions. We identify ecoregions likely at higher risk in future given projected changes in cyclone activity. Robust quantification of the spatial distribution of likely cyclone wave damage is vital not only for understanding past coral response to pressures, but also for predicting how this may change as the climate continues to warm and the relative frequency of the strongest cyclones rises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marji Puotinen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Edwin Drost
- Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ryan Lowe
- Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Martial Depczynski
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ben Radford
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew Heyward
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - James Gilmour
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
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12
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Abstract
Egg size and fecundity are often used as proxies for coral reproductive success and health. The amount of energy a coral invests in reproduction reflects its environmental conditions during gametogenesis. Additionally, assuming resources for reproduction are limited, it is thought that an increase in egg size should result in a decrease in the number of eggs produced i.e. investing in many small eggs or fewer larger eggs. The biannually spawning populations of Scott Reef offer a unique opportunity to compare the egg size and polyp fecundity of corals exposed to different environmental conditions during gametogenesis, prior to spawning in autumn (March) and spring (October). In this study, we investigated the relationship between egg size and polyp fecundity within and between seven Acropora species from 2008 to 2010. We also quantified the fecundity and egg size of four Acropora species that spawn during both autumn and spring (2008–2010). We found no seasonal variability in egg size and fecundity in the species studied here, possibly as a result of a summer light regime being impacted by high cloud cover in cyclone season. There was high natural variability and no apparent trade-off between egg size and fecundity, both within and between each species. These findings challenge the assumption that egg size and fecundity are negatively correlated, or that a simple, energetically constrained trade-off exists between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Foster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - James Gilmour
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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13
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Darling ES, McClanahan TR, Maina J, Gurney GG, Graham NAJ, Januchowski-Hartley F, Cinner JE, Mora C, Hicks CC, Maire E, Puotinen M, Skirving WJ, Adjeroud M, Ahmadia G, Arthur R, Bauman AG, Beger M, Berumen ML, Bigot L, Bouwmeester J, Brenier A, Bridge TCL, Brown E, Campbell SJ, Cannon S, Cauvin B, Chen CA, Claudet J, Denis V, Donner S, Estradivari, Fadli N, Feary DA, Fenner D, Fox H, Franklin EC, Friedlander A, Gilmour J, Goiran C, Guest J, Hobbs JPA, Hoey AS, Houk P, Johnson S, Jupiter SD, Kayal M, Kuo CY, Lamb J, Lee MAC, Low J, Muthiga N, Muttaqin E, Nand Y, Nash KL, Nedlic O, Pandolfi JM, Pardede S, Patankar V, Penin L, Ribas-Deulofeu L, Richards Z, Roberts TE, Rodgers KS, Safuan CDM, Sala E, Shedrawi G, Sin TM, Smallhorn-West P, Smith JE, Sommer B, Steinberg PD, Sutthacheep M, Tan CHJ, Williams GJ, Wilson S, Yeemin T, Bruno JF, Fortin MJ, Krkosek M, Mouillot D. Social–environmental drivers inform strategic management of coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1341-1350. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Mónaco D, Dilernia D, Gartland A, Qin K, Dennis K, Tang J, Gilmour J, Bansal A, Allen S, Goepfert P, Hunter E. A12 Transmitted HLA pre-adapted polymorphisms in the GAG protein influences viral evolution in the new host. Virus Evol 2018. [PMCID: PMC5905476 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey010.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Mónaco
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - A Gartland
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K Qin
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - K Dennis
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Tang
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Gilmour
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), London, UK
| | - A Bansal
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - S Allen
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - P Goepfert
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - E Hunter
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Clark T, Jackson C, Bolkan H, Lewis C, Gilmour J. Adequacy of Informed Consent in Emergency General Surgery: An Audit to Investigate Current Practice in a Busy Surgical Emergency Unit. Int J Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.08.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Hassan AS, Hare J, Kamini G, Yindom LM, Kamali A, Karita E, Kilemba W, Price MA, Borrow P, Bjorkman P, Albert J, Kaleebu P, Allan S, Fast P, Hunter E, Gilmour J, Ndung'u T, Rowland-Jones S, Sanders EJ, Esbjornsson J. A35 Viral evolution and innate immune responses during acute HIV-1 infection and their association with disease pathogenesis. Virus Evol 2017; 3:vew036.034. [PMID: 28845248 PMCID: PMC5565927 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew036.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A S Hassan
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - J Hare
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Lomndon, UK
| | - G Kamini
- Kwazulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban, South Africa
| | - L M Yindom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - A Kamali
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI), Uganda
| | - E Karita
- Rwanda and Lusaka, Rwanda/Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG) Kigali, Zambia
| | - W Kilemba
- Rwanda and Lusaka, Rwanda/Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG) Kigali, Zambia
| | | | - P Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - P Bjorkman
- Department of laboratory medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - J Albert
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - P Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI), Uganda
| | - S Allan
- Rwanda and Lusaka, Rwanda/Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG) Kigali, Zambia
| | | | - E Hunter
- Rwanda and Lusaka, Rwanda/Zambia HIV Research Group (RZHRG) Kigali, Zambia
| | - J Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Lomndon, UK
| | - T Ndung'u
- Kwazulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - E J Sanders
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - J Esbjornsson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
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17
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Abstract
Larval production and recruitment underpin the maintenance of coral populations, but these early life history stages are vulnerable to extreme variation in physical conditions. Environmental managers aim to minimise human impacts during significant periods of larval production and recruitment on reefs, but doing so requires knowledge of the modes and timing of coral reproduction. Most corals are hermaphroditic or gonochoric, with a brooding or broadcast spawning mode of reproduction. Brooding corals are a significant component of some reefs and produce larvae over consecutive months. Broadcast spawning corals are more common and display considerable variation in their patterns of spawning among reefs. Highly synchronous spawning can occur on reefs around Australia, particularly on the Great Barrier Reef. On Australia’s remote north-west coast there have been fewer studies of coral reproduction. The recent industrial expansion into these regions has facilitated research, but the associated data are often contained within confidential reports. Here we combine information in this grey-literature with that available publicly to update our knowledge of coral reproduction in WA, for tens of thousands of corals and hundreds of species from over a dozen reefs spanning 20° of latitude. We identified broad patterns in coral reproduction, but more detailed insights were hindered by biased sampling; most studies focused on species of Acropora sampled over a few months at several reefs. Within the existing data, there was a latitudinal gradient in spawning activity among seasons, with mass spawning during autumn occurring on all reefs (but the temperate south-west). Participation in a smaller, multi-specific spawning during spring decreased from approximately one quarter of corals on the Kimberley Oceanic reefs to little participation at Ningaloo. Within these seasons, spawning was concentrated in March and/or April, and October and/or November, depending on the timing of the full moon. The timing of the full moon determined whether spawning was split over two months, which was common on tropical reefs. There were few data available for non-Acropora corals, which may have different patterns of reproduction. For example, the massive Porites seemed to spawn through spring to autumn on Kimberley Oceanic reefs and during summer in the Pilbara region, where other common corals (e.g. Turbinaria & Pavona) also displayed different patterns of reproduction to the Acropora. The brooding corals (Isopora & Seriatopora) on Kimberley Oceanic reefs appeared to planulate during many months, possibly with peaks from spring to autumn; a similar pattern is likely on other WA reefs. Gaps in knowledge were also due to the difficulty in identifying species and issues with methodology. We briefly discuss some of these issues and suggest an approach to quantifying variation in reproductive output throughout a year.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gilmour
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, The UWA Oceans Institute, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Conrad W Speed
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, The UWA Oceans Institute, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Russ Babcock
- Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Oceans and Atmosphere, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Abbas S, Singh S, Sundran R, Akbari K, Gilmour J, Puttick M. A thorough note: Does a procedure-specific operation note proforma for laparoscopic appendicectomy improve compliance with the Royal College of Surgeons of England Guidelines? International Journal of Surgery Open 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijso.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Howarth D, Gilmour J, Sibal N, Holmes CE, Forester N, McLean L. PB.27. Breast screening with MRI in high-risk women. Breast Cancer Res 2014. [PMCID: PMC4243080 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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20
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Significant controversy persists over the optimum surgical management of oesophageal carcinoma. The authors report on a consecutive personal series of open transthoracic oesophageal resections. METHODS Data relating to resections performed between mid-1993 and the end of 2010 were analysed. Patient and tumour assessment evolved over this period. Preoperative chemotherapy in appropriate cases was introduced in 2002. A laparotomy and right lateral thoracotomy approach (Ivor-Lewis) was used. In all cases the pylorus was not interfered with, no attempt was made to perform a radical lymphadenectomy but surgical strategy was focused on producing an R0 resection and a hand sewn anastomosis was fashioned. RESULTS A total of 165 resections were performed; 130 patients (80%) were male. The median age was 66 years (range: 31-82 years). Eighty per cent had an adenocarcinoma. Sixty-four per cent of the tumours were T3/T4 and sixty-two per cent node positive. Forty patients (24%) had an involved circumferential resection margin (CRM). Five patients (3.0%) had no resection and a quarter (26%) developed morbidity of some form. There was one clinical anastomotic leak (0.6%) and three benign strictures requiring dilation (1.8%). In-hospital mortality was 3.0% (5 patients). Disease specific survival at one, two and five years was 77%, 42% and 36% respectively. Neither CRM involvement nor preoperative chemotherapy influenced survival significantly. No patient required intervention to disrupt the pylorus. CONCLUSIONS Excellent outcomes are achievable following open transthoracic oesophagectomy without radical lymphadenectomy using a hand sewn gastro-oesophageal anastomosis and without disrupting the pylorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Beasley
- Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, UK
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21
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Ashraf A, Kopycinski J, Cheeseman H, Lala F, Czyzewska-Khan J, Spentzou A, Gill DK, Keefer M, Excler J, Fast P, Hayes P, Cox JH, Gilmour J. Vaccine responses to conserved regions of the HIV-1 proteome are associated with an increased capacity to inhibit multiple virus isolates ex vivo. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3441682 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-o64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Ashraf
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Kopycinski
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Cheeseman
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - F Lala
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Czyzewska-Khan
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Spentzou
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - DK Gill
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Keefer
- University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J Excler
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, NY, USA
| | - P Fast
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, NY, USA
| | - P Hayes
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - JH Cox
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, NY, USA
| | - J Gilmour
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Imperial College London, London, UK
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22
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Jackson AG, Kløverpris HN, Handley A, Hayes P, Gilmour J, Atkins M, Walker B, Ackland J, Sullivan M, Goulder P. A first-in-man, double blind, placebo controlled study of the candidate therapeutic vaccine Opal-HIV-Gag(c) in HIV infected patients receiving HAART. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3441710 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-o54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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23
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Kløverpris H, Jackson A, Handley A, Hayes P, Gilmour J, Atkins M, Walker B, Ackland J, Sullivan M, Goulder P. Immune response after vaccination of HIV infected individuals receiving HAART with overlapping gag peptides pulsed on autologous cells. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3441579 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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24
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Mutua G, Omosa-Manyonyi G, Park H, Bergin P, Laufer D, Amornkul PN, Lehrman J, Fast P, Gilmour J, Anzala O, Farah B. Uptake and tolerability of repeated mucosal specimen collection in two Phase 1 AIDS preventive vaccine trials in Kenya. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3441524 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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25
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Stewardson D, Creanor S, Thornley P, Bigg T, Bromage C, Browne A, Cottam D, Dalby D, Gilmour J, Horton J, Roberts E, Westoby L, Burke T. The survival of Class V restorations in general dental practice: part 3, five-year survival. Br Dent J 2012; 212:E14. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Hernández-Jover M, Gilmour J, Schembri N, Sysak T, Holyoake PK, Beilin R, Toribio JALML. Use of stakeholder analysis to inform risk communication and extension strategies for improved biosecurity amongst small-scale pig producers. Prev Vet Med 2012; 104:258-70. [PMID: 22227304 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Extension and communication needs amongst small-scale pig producers, described as pig producers with less than 100 sows, have been previously identified. These producers, who are believed to pose a biosecurity risk to commercial livestock industries, are characterized by a lack of formal networks, mistrust of authorities, poor disease reporting behaviour and motivational diversity, and reliance on other producers, veterinarians and family for pig health and production advice. This paper applies stakeholder identification and analysis tools to determine stakeholders' influence and interest on pig producers' practices. Findings can inform a risk communication process and the development of an extension framework to increase producers' engagement with industry and their compliance with biosecurity standards and legislation in Australia. The process included identification of stakeholders, their issues of concerns regarding small-scale pig producers and biosecurity and their influence and interest in each of these issues. This exercise identified the capacity of different stakeholders to influence the outcomes for each issue and assessed their success or failure to do so. The disconnection identified between the level of interest and influence suggests that government and industry need to work with the small-scale pig producers and with those who have the capacity to influence them. Successful biosecurity risk management will depend on shared responsibility and building trust amongst stakeholders. Flow-on effects may include legitimating the importance of reporting and compliance systems and the co-management of risk. Compliance of small-scale pig producers with biosecurity industry standards and legislation will reduce the risks of entry and spread of exotic diseases in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hernández-Jover
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
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27
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Guimarães-Walker A, Mackie N, McCormack S, Hanke T, Schmidt C, Gilmour J, Barin B, McMichael A, Weber J, Legg K, Babiker A, Hayes P, Gotch F, Smith C, Dally L, Dorrell L, Cebere I, Kay R, Winstone N, Moore S, Goonetilleke N, Fast P. Corrigendum to “Lessons from IAVI-006, a Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the pTHr.HIVA DNA and MVA.HIVA vaccines in a prime-boost strategy to induce HIV-1 specific T-cell responses in healthy volunteers” [Vaccine 26 (2008) 6671–6677]. Vaccine 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Stewardson D, Thornley P, Bigg T, Bromage C, Browne A, Cottam D, Dalby D, Gilmour J, Horton J, Roberts E, Westoby L, Dietrich T, Burke T. The survival of Class V restorations in general dental practice. Part 1, baseline data. Br Dent J 2010; 208:E17; discussion 406-7. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2010.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Parent and teacher data, from questionnaire surveys, suggest that school-identified disruptive children often have pragmatic language deficits of an autistic type. AIMS This replication study aimed to confirm earlier findings, using individual clinical assessment to investigate traits of autism-spectrum disorder in disruptive children. METHOD Persistently disruptive children (n = 26) and a comparison group (n = 22) were recruited from primary schools in a deprived inner-city area. Measures included standardised autism diagnostic interviews (with parents) and tests of IQ, social cognition, theory of mind and attention (with children). RESULTS The disruptive children possessed poorer pragmatic language skills (P<0.0001) and mentalising abilities (P<0.05) than comparisons. Nine disruptive children (35%) met ICD-10 criteria for atypical autism or Asperger syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Many persistently disruptive children have undetected disorders of social communication, which are of potential aetiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Donno
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Vasan S, Hurley A, Schlesinger SJ, Hannaman D, Gardiner DF, Dugin DP, Boente-Carrera MM, Vittorino RM, Caskey M, Andersen J, Huang Y, Cox J, Tarragona T, Gill DK, Cheeseman H, Clark L, Dally L, Smith C, Schmidt C, Park H, Sayeed E, Gilmour J, Fast P, Bernard R, Ho DD. OA05-01. In vivo electroporation enhances the immunogenicity of ADVAX, a DNA-based HIV-1 vaccine candidate, in healthy volunteers. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767553 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-o31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Huang Y, Sato A, Wood B, Gill D, Kochar N, Tarragona T, Sambor A, Wan H, Levine G, Self S, Koup R, Cox J, Bailer R, Gilmour J. P16-19. Statistical design and analysis of the CAVD-VIMC Elispot transfer study 001. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767746 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Stevens G, Chetty P, Stout J, Tarragona T, Stiles T, Molapo S, Roodt C, Khumalo L, Cox J, Gilmour J. P06-07. A GCLP accredited Clinical Trial Laboratory Network in Africa and India: a collaborative effort between IAVI and in country research organizations. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2768002 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Price MA, Allen S, Anzala O, Bekker L, Gilmour J, Kaleebu P, Kamali A, Karita E, Lakhi S, Latka M, Twesigye R, Sanders EJ, Amornkul P, Stevens G, Thomson H. P06-08. Building an African HIV preventive trial network. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2768003 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The study examined a UK sample of 57 young people with Tourette syndrome (TS). AIMS The purpose of this study was to consider the impact of TS on young people's Quality of Life (QoL). METHODS The study used a mixed methods design, combining focus groups and questionnaire data. Child report questionnaires measured QoL and TS symptom severity. RESULTS The results showed that the QoL of children with TS was significantly worse than that of children in a UK normative sample. Analysis of transcripts from the groups identified four main themes; 'TS can be distressing and disabling', 'struggling to fit into society's expectations of normal behaviour', 'needing to control tics' and 'TS is one part of who I am'. CONCLUSIONS Poorer QoL was associated with increased symptom severity in terms of tics, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosis and obsessive compulsive behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cutler
- Islington Community CAMH, Northern Health Centre, 3rd Floor, 580 Holloway Road, London N7 6LB, UK.
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Abstract
HIV prevention mandates an understanding of the mechanisms of mucosal immunity with attention to some unique features of the epidemic and mucosal environment in the developing world. An effective vaccine will have to induce mucosal protection against a highly diverse virus, which is equipped with a number of immune evasion strategies. Its development will require assessment of mucosal immune responses, and it will have to protect a mucosal environment where inflammation and altered immune responses are common because of the presence of other mucosal infections, such as sexually transmitted infections and parasites, and where nutritional status may also be compromised. Ideally, not only prevention methods would protect adults but also provide cover against gastrointestinal transmission through maternal milk. Prevention might also be complemented by microbicides and circumcision, two alternative approaches to mucosal protection. It seems unlikely that a single solution will work in all instances and intervention might have to act at multiple levels and be tailored to local circumstances. We review here some of the mucosal events associated with HIV infection that are most relevant in an African setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pala
- Medical Research Council-Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Austin J, Singhal N, Voigt R, Smaill F, Gill MJ, Walmsley S, Salit I, Gilmour J, Schlech WF, Choudhri S, Rachlis A, Cohen J, Trottier S, Toma E, Phillips P, Ford PM, Woods R, Singer J, Zarowny DP, Cameron DW. A community randomized controlled clinical trial of mixed carotenoids and micronutrient supplementation of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:1266-76. [PMID: 16721396 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This clinical trial aims to evaluate if natural mixed carotenoids supplementation can improve the health and survival of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. DESIGN A placebo-controlled, prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. SETTING Community, tertiary care human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinics of the Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN). PARTICIPANTS Three hundred and thirty-one adults with advanced AIDS on conventional management were recruited during routine clinic visits. INTERVENTIONS All participants, including 166 controls, received daily oral specially formulated multivitamins including vitamin A and trace elements; 165 treatment group participants received additional daily oral natural mixed carotenoids, equivalent to 120,000 IU (72 mg) of beta-carotene daily. Follow-up was quarterly at routine clinic visits. RESULTS Mean (s.d.) follow-up was for 13 (6) months. Thirty-six participants died by 18 months. Serum carotene concentration <1.0 micromol/l was present in 16% participants at baseline. Despite variation in carotene content of the treatment medication, serum carotene concentrations increased significantly to twice the baseline levels to 18 months follow-up in participants who received carotenoids treatment compared with controls (P < 0.0001). Although not statistically significant, mortality was increased in participants who did not receive carotenoids treatment compared with those who did (HR time to death 1.76, 95% CI 0.89, 3.47, P = 0.11). In multivariate analysis, survival was significantly and independently improved in those with higher baseline serum carotene concentrations (P = 0.04) or higher baseline CD4 T-lymphocyte counts (P = 0.005). Adjusted mortality was also significantly and independently increased in those who did not receive carotenoids treatment compared with those who did (HR time to death 3.15, 95% CI 1.10, 8.98, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Low serum carotene concentration is common in AIDS patients and predicts death. Supplementation with micronutrients and natural mixed carotenoids may improve survival by correction of a micronutrient deficiency. Further studies are needed to corroborate findings and elucidate mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Austin
- The Community Research Initiative of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Gilmour J, Stewardson DA, Shugars DA, Burke FJT. An assessment of career satisfaction among a group of general dental practitioners in Staffordshire. Br Dent J 2005; 198:701-4, discussion 693. [PMID: 15951785 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4812387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the level of job satisfaction among general dental practitioners from one area of England, and to assess the association of various personal and work related factors with job satisfaction. DESIGN Postal questionnaire survey. SETTING General dental practices in South Staffordshire, Wolverhampton and Dudley, England. METHOD An anonymous questionnaire posted to all 396 registered dentists in the above areas. RESULTS A 75% response rate was achieved. Data were analysed using non-parametric statistics for any significant differences in the scores for stress, respect, overall professional satisfaction, quality of life and overall job satisfaction according to the different demographic groupings of the dentists (alpha =0.05). Dentists with an area of special interest had higher scores in all categories except quality of life. Overall job satisfaction was higher among private dentists, and those in group practices and in non-rural locations. The highest bi-variate correlation occurred between overall job satisfaction and overall professional satisfaction, delivery of care, income, respect and professional time. CONCLUSIONS Job satisfaction was judged to be good among this group. Stress was the factor associated with the greatest dissatisfaction. This survey produced similar results to preceding US studies, and suggests ways of improving job satisfaction.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing numbers of children are referred to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services because of disruptive behaviour. Recent reviews on the origins of conduct problems indicate that the most severe and persistent forms are found predominantly among males with a range of neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities, which are likely to have biological substrates. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that many children who are identified with conduct disorder actually have a primary deficit in pragmatic language skills, of a quality and degree that is similar to children on the autistic spectrum. We hypothesised that pragmatic difficulties may underlie the antisocial behaviour in a proportion of children who are labelled as conduct disordered. METHODS Using the Children's Communication Checklist (Bishop, 1998), we surveyed 142 children who had been referred for clinical investigation, with a predominant diagnosis of either an autistic spectrum condition (n = 87) or conduct disorder (n = 55), and 60 typically developing comparison children. Among children with conduct disorders, males predominated 9:1. RESULTS On the basis of parent and teacher ratings, two-thirds of those with conduct disorders had pragmatic language impairments and other behavioural features similar in nature and degree to those of children with autism, independent of IQ. In a further study, we surveyed 54 children who had been excluded from elementary schools in a socio-economically disadvantaged inner-London borough and found over two-thirds to have comparable deficits. CONCLUSIONS These findings have both theoretical and practical implications. First, they indicate the presence of communicative problems in a sub-group of children in whom conduct rather than language had been the major concern. Second, they indicate that severe deficits in pragmatic abilities and autistic-like behaviours can coexist with psychiatric conditions other than autism, especially in boys. Third, they imply that the management of many disruptive children could profitably be addressed to ameliorating their social and communicative skill deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gilmour
- Sub-Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University College London, UK.
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Donaghy H, Pozniak A, Gazzard B, Qazi N, Gilmour J, Gotch F, Patterson S. Loss of blood CD11c(+) myeloid and CD11c(-) plasmacytoid dendritic cells in patients with HIV-1 infection correlates with HIV-1 RNA virus load. Blood 2001; 98:2574-6. [PMID: 11588058 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.8.2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood contains at least 2 subpopulations of antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) that can be differentiated by their expression of CD11c. Myeloid DCs (myDCs), which are CD11c(+), trap invading pathogens in the tissues and then migrate to lymphoid tissues where they stimulate pathogen-specific T-cell responses. Plasmacytoid DCs (pcDCs), which are CD11c(-), secrete interferon-alpha in response to viral infections. This study reports that in HIV-1 infection there is a progressive depletion of both these DC populations and that this correlates with an increasing HIV-1 plasma virus load. The median numbers of myDCs and pcDCs were 6978/mL and 9299/mL, respectively, in healthy male controls and 2298/mL and 1640/mL, respectively, in patients with more than 10(5) HIV-1 RNA copies/mL. Both DC populations expressed CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4. The findings suggest that loss of DCs in HIV infection may contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Donaghy
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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40
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Gilmour J, Skuse D, Pembrey M. Hyperphagic short stature and Prader--Willi syndrome: a comparison of behavioural phenotypes, genotypes and indices of stress. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 179:129-37. [PMID: 11483474 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.179.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical features of hyperphagic short stature (HSS) include short stature secondary to growth hormone insufficiency, excessive appetite (hyperphagia) and mild learning disabilities. Affected children characteristically live in conditions of high psychosocial stress. Symptoms resolve when the child is removed from the stressful environment. Family studies indicate a genetic predisposition. AIMS To compare the behavioural and stress profiles of HSS with those of Prader--Willi syndrome (PWS), and to test the hypothesis that the genetic locus that predisposes to HSS co-inherits with the PWS locus at 15q11--13. METHOD Twenty-five children with HSS, mean age 9.1 (s.d. 3.8) years, 28% female, were compared with 30 children with PWS, mean age 8.8 (s.d. 2.8) years, 33% female. RESULTS The clinical profiles were largely similar across the conditions, but no evidence was found in HSS of co-inheritance of the PWS critical region. CONCLUSIONS Hyperphagic short stature is one of the very few behavioural diseases associated with a pathognomonic physiological abnormality. Investigations of the suggested genetic dysregulation, which is so sensitive to environmental influences, may well be of importance in a broader context.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gilmour
- Behavioural Sciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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41
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Patterson S, Rae A, Hockey N, Gilmour J, Gotch F. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are highly susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and release infectious virus. J Virol 2001; 75:6710-3. [PMID: 11413340 PMCID: PMC114396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.14.6710-6713.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pcDC) and myeloid dendritic cells (myDC) are shown to express CD4 and low levels of CCR5 and CXCR4, but only myDC express DC SIGN, a C-type lectin that binds human immunodeficiency virus but does not mediate virus entry. Both DC types were more susceptible to infection with a macrophage than a lymphotropic strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, but pcDC were more readily infected than myDC.
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MESH Headings
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Flow Cytometry
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Lectins/analysis
- Lectins/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type
- Proviruses/isolation & purification
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, CCR5/analysis
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/analysis
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patterson
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Michie
- Department of Paediatrics, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
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43
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Morgan D, Kaleebu P, Whitworth J, Yirrell D, Rutebemberwa A, Shier R, Sebabi B, Gilmour J, Eotu H, Omoding N, Gotch F. The stability between two HIV-1 RNA measurements one year apart and the relationship with HIV subtype in rural Uganda. Int J STD AIDS 2001; 12:116-21. [PMID: 11236100 DOI: 10.1258/0956462011916758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We compared HIV-1 RNA levels using the nucleic acid sequenced based amplification (NASBA) test kit in 2 samples taken one year apart from participants infected with env subtype A or D in a population-based cohort in Uganda. Fifty participants were infected with subtype A and 70 with subtype D. HIV-1 RNA levels were significantly higher in subtype D unadjusted (P=0.001), and after adjusting for age, gender, and CD4 count (P<0.001). Eighty-six participants had HIV-1 RNA measurements in both years and 67 (78%) were within one log10 of their result a year before. There was no relationship between the difference in log viral load and proportion of CD4 change. Individuals infected with subtype D had a higher average increase in viral load and this was statistically significant if adjusted for baseline levels and CD4 count (P=0.015).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Morgan
- Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe.
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Gupta AK, Taborda P, Taborda V, Gilmour J, Rachlis A, Salit I, Gupta MA, MacDonald P, Cooper EA, Summerbell RC. Epidemiology and prevalence of onychomycosis in HIV-positive individuals. Int J Dermatol 2000; 39:746-53. [PMID: 11095193 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive are predisposed to the development of infections including tinea pedis and onychomycosis. While smaller studies have been reported, there has been no large study evaluating the prevalence of onychomycosis in HIV-positive individuals, or comparing the development of onychomycosis in a typical temperate area with that in a typical tropical area. METHODS HIV-positive individuals were evaluated at five clinics: four in Ontario, Canada and one in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The subjects were asked questions to determine the epidemiology of onychomycosis in HIV-positive individuals. The feet were examined and nail material was obtained for mycologic examination to determine the causative organism of onychomycosis. RESULTS A total of 500 subjects were examined (415 men and 85 women; age (mean +/- SE), 39 +/- 0.4 years; 400 Canadian, 100 Brazilian). The racial origins of the Canadian patients were: Caucasian, 83.8%; Asian, 4.3%; African-American, 8.1%; Hispanic, 3.3%; American Indian, 0.3%. The Brazilian origins were: Caucasian, 68.7%; African, 18.1%; mixed race, 13.3%. Abnormal appearing nails and mycologic evidence of onychomycosis were present in 200 (40.0%) and 116 (23.2%), respectively, of 500 subjects. The prevalence of onychomycosis in the Canadian and Brazilian samples was 24.0% (96 of 400) and 20.0% (20 of 100), respectively. The projected prevalence of onychomycosis in HIV-positive individuals in Canada was 19.9% (95% CI: 16.0-23.9%) after taking into account the age and sex distribution of HIV-positive individuals in the population. When nails appeared clinically abnormal, the prevalence of onychomycosis was 50.5% (Canada, 51.3%; Brazil, 45.5%). For comparison, published data indicate that the prevalence of onychomycosis in immunocompetent individuals living in Canada is 6.9%. The clinical presentation of onychomycosis for the whole sample (n=500) was: distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO), 20.0%; white superficial onychomycosis (WSO), 3.6%; proximal subungual onychomycosis (PSO), 1.8% (Canadian and Brazilian samples: DLSO 21.2% vs. 15.0%, WSO 3.3% vs. 5.0%, and PSO 1.5% vs. 3.0%). The distribution of the causative fungal organisms was: dermatophytes: Candida species: nondermatophyte molds, 73:2:2 (Canadian and Brazilian samples: dermatophytes 95.5% vs. 90.9%, Candida species 3.0% vs. 0%, and nondermatophyte molds 1.5% vs. 9.0%). The use of protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, or oral antifungal agents did not make a significant difference in the prevalence of onychomycosis for both the Canadian and Brazilian groups. Patients with onychomycosis were aware of their abnormal appearing nails (chi2(1)=69.7, P<0.001), embarrassed by the appearance of their nails (chi2(1)=29.7, P<0.001), and took measures to hide their nails from other individuals. A higher proportion of individuals with onychomycosis experienced discomfort compared with those without the disease (chi2(1)=9.0, P=0.003). Also, individuals who experienced pain in the nail unit were more likely to have onychomycosis (risk odds ratio (ROR), 2.2; 95% CI: 1.0-4.7, P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of onychomycosis in HIV-positive individuals in the sample of 500 patients was 23.2%. In the Canadian (n=400) and Brazilian (n=100) samples, the corresponding figures were 24% and 20%, respectively, with the predominant causative organisms being dermatophytes. The projected prevalence of onychomycosis in HIV-positive Canadians is 19.9%. Predisposing factors include a CD4 count of approximately 370, a positive family history of onychomycosis, a history of tinea pedis, and walking barefoot around pools. Onychomycosis can be symptomatic, a source of embarrassment, and a potential cause of morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
This review discusses the feasibility of an HIV vaccine and describes the history, efficacy and potential to succeed of old and new vaccine concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gotch
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College of Science and Medicine, London, UK.
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Whitby J, Burgess R, Turner G, Gilmour J, Bridges J. Extinct (129)I in halite from a primitive meteorite: evidence for evaporite formation in the early solar system. Science 2000; 288:1819-21. [PMID: 10846162 DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5472.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Halite crystals from the Zag H3-6 chondrite contain essentially pure (monoisotopic) xenon-129 ((129)Xe) produced in the early history of the solar system by the decay of short-lived iodine-129 ((129)I) (half-life = 15.7 million years). Correlated release of (129)Xe and (128)Xe, produced artificially from (127)I by neutron irradiation, corresponds to an initial ((129)I/(127)I) ratio of (1.35 +/- 0.05) x 10(-4), close to the most primitive early solar system value. If the (129)Xe was produced by in situ decay, then the halite formed from an aqueous fluid within 2 million years of the oldest known solar system minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Whitby
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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Gilmour J, Veldkamp B, Galland RB, Collins R, Lewis MH. Can changes to junior surgical jobs improve training and make a career in surgery more attractive? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2000; 82:154-6. [PMID: 10889779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical training has been extensively revised in recent years and new challenges are emerging due to a shorter length of training with fewer opportunities for hands-on experience. Junior doctors' hours are likely to be reduced further, some even advocate shift systems. How do junior surgical jobs affect the desire of young doctors to become surgeons? How can further improvements be made to make surgical training more attractive and effective? This study aims to answer these questions by asking the junior doctors concerned.
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Gilmour J, Brownlee Y, Foster P, Geekie C, Kelly P, Robertson S, Wade E, Braun HB, Staub U, Michel G, Lazarus JH, Parkes AB. The quantitative measurement of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase by automated microparticle based immunoassays in Hashimoto's disease, Graves' disease and a follow-up study on postpartum thyroid disease. Clin Lab 2000; 46:57-61. [PMID: 10745983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between various autoimmune thyroid diseases and the presence of anti-TPO and anti-Tg antibodies using two novel automated microparticle based immunoassays developed for the AxSYM analyzer. Serum samples from 65 individuals with Hashimoto's Disease, 38 with Graves' Disease and 80 UK blood donors were assayed. In addition, samples were taken from 50 women known to be positive for TPO antibodies, for up to 24 weeks following delivery. Precision for both assays ranges from 5.7-9.1% CV, while analytical sensitivity was determined to be 1.0 IU/ml for Anti-Tg and 0.3 IU/ml for Anti-TPO. The Anti-TPO test showed positive results in 86% of Hashimoto's Disease and 87% of Graves' Disease. The figures obtained for Anti-Tg were 58% and 73% respectively. Specificity was 94% with Anti-TPO and 99% with Anti-Tg. The postpartum women were divided into 2 groups, group A remained symptomless while group B developed thyroid dysfunction. Within the 2 groups, medians calculated at each time point were compared between and within groups using the Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test or the Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA on Ranks. Anti-TPO baseline levels (week 6) were statistically different between both groups (median 36 vs. 167 IU/ml, p = 0.002). In group A, the median values increased from 36 to 87 IU/ml within the observation period, although the difference was not statistically significant. In group B, antibody titres showed a statistically significant increase from 168 IU/ml (week 6) up to 676 IU/ml after 20 weeks (p < 0.001). Anti-Tg baseline levels were not statistically different between the two groups. In group A, the median values did not change significantly over time (range: 47-86 IU/ml) whereas antibody titres in group B showed a statistically significant increase from 79 IU/ml (week 6) to 276 IU/ml after 24 weeks (p = 0.002). Results obtained indicate that these assays provide useful tools for the quantitative determination of autoantibodies in both primary diagnosis as shown with the Hashimoto's disease and Graves' disease samples and patient follow-up as demonstrated with the postpartum samples. The automation and high precision of the assays make them perfectly suited to routine diagnostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gilmour
- Axis-Shield Diagnostics Limited, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS We have used the erosion of telomeric DNA as a measure of cellular division to study the replicative history of isolated T-lymphocyte subpopulations from a group of HIV-infected long-term survivors and age-matched healthy controls. RESULTS In keeping with previous studies, we found that CD45RO+ (memory) T-cells showed greater telomere erosion than CD45RA+ (naive) T-cells. We did not, however, find any significant differences in the telomere lengths of isolated CD4+, CD8+, CD45RA+ or CD45RO+ T-cells between HIV-infected long-term survivors and age-matched controls. Further, we found no evidence of telomerase activation in T-cells from the HIV-infected groups to account for the lack of telomere erosion. CONCLUSIONS Our data show no evidence, through telomere shortening, of clonal exhaustion or replicative senescence due to an increased rate of immune cell turnover in HIV-infected long-term survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tucker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
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Gilmour J. A bewildering time. Nurs Times 1999; 95:52. [PMID: 10732628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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