1
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Dong W, Yang X, Zhang N, Chen P, Sun J, Harnly JM, Zhang M. Study of UV-Vis molar absorptivity variation and quantitation of anthocyanins using molar relative response factor. Food Chem 2024; 444:138653. [PMID: 38335682 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The effects of anthocyanin's substitution groups on the UV-Vis molar absorptivity were examined by analyzing a group of 31 anthocyanidin/anthocyanin reference standards with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD). The substitution groups on aglycones were found to associate with molar absorptivity variations, often neglected in anthocyanin quantitation, resulting in significant analytical errors. A simple yet comprehensive strategy based on the molar relative response factors (MRRFs) and a single master reference calibration (i.e., cyanidin-3-glucoside) was proposed to quantify anthocyanins in red cabbage, blueberry, and strawberry samples with improved analytical accuracy. The results indicate this approach provides an effective, inexpensive, and accurate analytical method for anthocyanins in food materials without using individual reference standards. MRRFs of 617 anthocyanins/anthocyanidins were calculated, and the information is freely available at https://BotanicalDC.online/anthocyanin/. This study could be critical to developing new reference methods for anthocyanin analysis and harmonizing results and data from various sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States; Department of Computer Science, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States.
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Computer Science, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fisk University, Nashville, TN 37208, United States.
| | - Pei Chen
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
| | - James M Harnly
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States.
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2
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Li Y, Zhang M, Pehrsson P, Harnly JM, Chen P, Sun J. A Fast and Simple Solid Phase Extraction-Based Method for Glucosinolate Determination: An Alternative to the ISO-9167 Method. Foods 2024; 13:650. [PMID: 38472763 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLSs) are a well-studied sulfur-containing compound found in Brassicaceae plants that play critical roles in plant resistance and human health. Correctly identifying and reliably quantifying the total and individual GLS content is of great importance. An improved method as an alternative to the ISO 9167-1 (ISO) method is developed in the present study. An efficient extraction and purification procedure is proposed with a commercially available dimethylaminopropyl (DEA)-based weak anion exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge instead of using the self-prepared ion-exchange columns in the ISO method. The GLSs are identified and quantified by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The method demonstrates a comparable quantification of total and individual GLSs on certified rapeseeds and other Brassicaceae vegetables when compared to the ISO method. The developed SPE method is simpler and more efficient, thus allowing for applications to a large sample size with reduced analysis time, improved repeatability and accuracy, and possible automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Li
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Pamela Pehrsson
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - James M Harnly
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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3
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Liu Z, Zhang M, Chen P, Harnly JM, Sun J. Mass Spectrometry-Based Nontargeted and Targeted Analytical Approaches in Fingerprinting and Metabolomics of Food and Agricultural Research. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:11138-11153. [PMID: 35998657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques have been extensively applied in food and agricultural research. This review aims to address the advances and applications of MS-based analytical strategies in nontargeted and targeted analysis and summarizes the recent publications of MS-based techniques, including flow injection MS fingerprinting, chromatography-tandem MS metabolomics, direct analysis using ambient mass spectrometry, as well as development in MS data deconvolution software packages and databases for metabolomic studies. Various nontargeted and targeted approaches are employed in marker compounds identification, material adulteration detection, and the analysis of specific classes of secondary metabolites. In the newly emerged applications, the recent advances in computer tools for the fast deconvolution of MS data in targeted secondary metabolite analysis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Liu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - James M Harnly
- United States Department of Agriculture, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Jianghao Sun
- United States Department of Agriculture, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
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4
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Durazzo A, Sorkin BC, Lucarini M, Gusev PA, Kuszak AJ, Crawford C, Boyd C, Deuster PA, Saldanha LG, Gurley BJ, Pehrsson PR, Harnly JM, Turrini A, Andrews KW, Lindsey AT, Heinrich M, Dwyer JT. Analytical Challenges and Metrological Approaches to Ensuring Dietary Supplement Quality: International Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:714434. [PMID: 35087401 PMCID: PMC8787362 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.714434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased utilization of metrology resources and expanded application of its' approaches in the development of internationally agreed upon measurements can lay the basis for regulatory harmonization, support reproducible research, and advance scientific understanding, especially of dietary supplements and herbal medicines. Yet, metrology is often underappreciated and underutilized in dealing with the many challenges presented by these chemically complex preparations. This article discusses the utility of applying rigorous analytical techniques and adopting metrological principles more widely in studying dietary supplement products and ingredients, particularly medicinal plants and other botanicals. An assessment of current and emerging dietary supplement characterization methods is provided, including targeted and non-targeted techniques, as well as data analysis and evaluation approaches, with a focus on chemometrics, toxicity, dosage form performance, and data management. Quality assessment, statistical methods, and optimized methods for data management are also discussed. Case studies provide examples of applying metrological principles in thorough analytical characterization of supplement composition to clarify their health effects. A new frontier for metrology in dietary supplement science is described, including opportunities to improve methods for analysis and data management, development of relevant standards and good practices, and communication of these developments to researchers and analysts, as well as to regulatory and policy decision makers in the public and private sectors. The promotion of closer interactions between analytical, clinical, and pharmaceutical scientists who are involved in research and product development with metrologists who develop standards and methodological guidelines is critical to advance research on dietary supplement characterization and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara C Sorkin
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Pavel A Gusev
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Adam J Kuszak
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cindy Crawford
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Courtney Boyd
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Patricia A Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Leila G Saldanha
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pamela R Pehrsson
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James M Harnly
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aida Turrini
- CREA - Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Karen W Andrews
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrea T Lindsey
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Heinrich
- UCL School of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna T Dwyer
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
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5
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Geng P, Chen P, Lin LZ, Sun J, Harrington P, Harnly JM. Classification of structural characteristics facilitate identifying steroidal saponins in Alliums using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Collins BJ, Kerns SP, Aillon K, Mueller G, Rider CV, DeRose EF, London RE, Harnly JM, Waidyanatha S. Correction to: Comparison of phytochemical composition of G. biloba extracts using a combination of non-targeted and targeted analytical approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6449-6450. [PMID: 34402966 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Collins
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | | | - Geoffrey Mueller
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Eugene F DeRose
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Robert E London
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - James M Harnly
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Methods and Applications Food Composition Lab, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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7
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Geng P, Sun J, Chen P, Li Y, Peng B, Harnly JM, Bunce J. A systematic approach to determine the impact of elevated CO2 levels on the chemical composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum). J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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8
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Collins BJ, Kerns SP, Aillon K, Mueller G, Rider CV, DeRose EF, London RE, Harnly JM, Waidyanatha S. Comparison of phytochemical composition of Ginkgo biloba extracts using a combination of non-targeted and targeted analytical approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6789-6809. [PMID: 32865633 PMCID: PMC7496025 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) is a dietary supplement derived from an ethanolic extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves. Unfinished bulk GbE is used to make finished products that are sold as dietary supplements. The variable, complex composition of GbE makes it difficult to obtain consistent toxicological assessments of potential risk. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) observed hepatotoxicity in its rodent studies of a commercially available, unfinished GbE product, but the application of these results to the broader GbE supplement market is unclear. Here, we use a combination of non-targeted and targeted chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods to obtain profiles of 24 commercially available finished GbE products and unfinished standardized and unstandardized extracts with and without hydrolysis, then used principal component analysis to group unfinished products according to their similarity to each other and to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference materials (SRM), and the finished products. Unfinished products were grouped into those that were characteristic and uncharacteristic of standardized GbE. Our work demonstrates that different analytical approaches produced similar classifications of characteristic and uncharacteristic products in unhydrolyzed samples, but the distinctions largely disappeared once the samples were hydrolyzed. Using our approach, the NTP GbE was most similar to two unfinished GbE products classified as characteristic, finished products, and the NIST GbE SRM. We propose that a simple analysis for the presence, absence, or amounts of compounds unique to GbE in unhydrolyzed samples could be sufficient to determine a sample’s authenticity. Graphical abstract![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Collins
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | | | - Geoffrey Mueller
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Eugene F DeRose
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Robert E London
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - James M Harnly
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Methods and Applications Food Composition Lab, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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9
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Wallace ED, Todd DA, Harnly JM, Cech NB, Kellogg JJ. Identification of adulteration in botanical samples with untargeted metabolomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4273-4286. [PMID: 32347364 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02678-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adulteration remains an issue in the dietary supplement industry, including botanical supplements. While it is common to employ a targeted analysis to detect known adulterants, this is difficult when little is known about the sample set. With this study, untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (LC-UV) or high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was employed to detect adulteration in botanical dietary supplements. A training set was prepared by combining Hydrastis canadensis L. with a known adulterant, Coptis chinensis Franch., in ratios ranging from 5 to 95% adulteration. The metabolomics datasets were analyzed using both unsupervised (principal component analysis and composite score) and supervised (SIMCA) techniques. Palmatine, a known H. canadensis metabolite, was quantified as a targeted analysis comparison. While the targeted analysis was the most sensitive method tested in detecting adulteration, statistical analyses of the untargeted metabolomics datasets detected adulteration of the goldenseal samples, with SIMCA providing the greatest discriminating potential. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Diane Wallace
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Daniel A Todd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - James M Harnly
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Nadja B Cech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Joshua J Kellogg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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10
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Chen P, Lin LZ, Harnly JM. Mass Spectroscopic Fingerprinting Method for Differentiation Between Scutellaria lateriflora and the Germander (Teucrium canadense and T. chamaedrys) Species. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/93.4.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Scutellaria lateriflora, commonly known as skullcap, is used as an ingredient in numerous herbal products. However, it has been occasionally adulterated/contaminated with Teucrium canadense and T. chamaedrys, commonly known as germander, which contain hepatotoxic diterpenes. Due to the morphological similarities between the two genera, analytical methodologies to distinguish authentic S. lateriflora from the Teucrium species are needed to ensure public safety. In this study, a direct-injection electrospray ionization/MS method was used to generate spectral fingerprints of extracts from 21 skullcap and germander samples at a rate of 90 s/sample. MS fingerprints were analyzed by principal component analysis. The newly developed method offers a rapid and easy way to differentiate between skullcap and germander samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
| | - Long-Ze Lin
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
| | - James M Harnly
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
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11
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Sun J, Chen P, Lin LZ, Harnly JM. A Non-targeted Approach to Chemical Discrimination Between Green Tea Dietary Supplements and Green Tea Leaves by HPLC/MS. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/94.2.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Green tea-based dietary supplements (GTDSs) have gained popularity in the U.S. market in recent years. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition difference of GTDS in comparison with green tea leaves using an HPLC/MS fingerprinting technique coupled with chemometric analysis. Five components that are most responsible for class separation among samples were identified as (-) epicatechin gallate, strictinin, trigalloylglucose, quercetin-3-O-glucosylrhamnosylglucoside, and kaempferol-3-O-galactosyl-rhamnosylglucoside, according to the accurate mass measurements and MS/MS data. The similarity coefficients between the GTDSs in solid form with green tea were 0.55 to 0.91, while for the GTDSs in liquid form they were 0.12 to 0.89, which suggested that chemical composition variance across the GTDSs was significant. Flavonol aglycone concentrations were higher in GTDSs than in tea leaves, indicating the degradation of flavonol glycosides or the oxidation of catechin during the manufacturing and storage processes. In some GTDS samples, compounds were identified that were on the label. The results demonstrate the urgency of QC for GTDS products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Sun
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
| | - Pei Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
| | - Long-Ze Lin
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
| | - James M Harnly
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
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12
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Chen P, Harnly JM, Harrington PDB. Flow Injection Mass Spectroscopic Fingerprinting and Multivariate Analysis for Differentiation of Three Panax Species. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/94.1.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study describes the use of spectral fingerprints acquired by flow injection (FI)-MS and multivariate analysis to differentiate three Panax species: P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng. Data were acquired using both high resolution and unit resolution MS, and were processed using principal component analysis (PCA), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and a fuzzy rule-building expert system (FuRES). Both high and unit resolution MS allowed discrimination among the three Panax species. PLS-DA and FuRES provided classification with 100% accuracy while SIMCA provided classification accuracies of 77 and 88% by high- and low-resolution MS, respectively. The method does not quantify any of the sample components. With FI-MS, the analysis time was less than 2 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - James M Harnly
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Peter de B Harrington
- Ohio University, Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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13
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Abstract
Abstract
Spectral fingerprints of samples of three Panax species (P. quinquefolius L., P. ginseng, and P. notoginseng) were acquired using UV, near-infrared (NIR), and MS. With principal component analysis, all three methods allowed visual discrimination among the three species. All three methods were able to discriminate between white and red ginseng, and showed distinctive subgroupings of red ginseng related to root quality (age/size). Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the relative variance arising from the species, run, and analytical uncertainty, and was used to identify the most information-rich portions of the spectrum for NIR and UV. Accurate classification of the three species was obtained by using partial least squares-discriminant analysis and a fuzzy rule-building expert system. Relatively poor accuracy was obtained using soft independent modeling of class analogy when a single component was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Devanand Luthriau
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Peter de B Harringtonohio
- Ohio University, Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories, Athens, OH 45701
| | - James M Harnly
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
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14
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Geng P, Chen P, Sun J, McCoy JAH, Harnly JM. Authentication of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) dietary supplements based on chemometric evaluation of hydroxycinnamic acid esters and hydroxycinnamic acid amides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7147-7156. [PMID: 31492999 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ester and amide derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acids are found in black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) and other Actaea plants. These two compound groups were evaluated for authentication of black cohosh dietary supplements. The hydroxycinnamic acid esters (HCAE) were profiled by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (UPLC-PDA). The hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAA) were acquired simultaneously by mass spectrometry-multiple reaction monitoring (UPLC-MRM) mode. In contrast with the traditional HCAE method using 8 compounds, profiles of HCAA using only 4 feruloyl dopamine-O-hexosides was more convenient for peak by peak comparison. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to both HCAE and HCAA datasets. Authenticated plant samples of five Actaea species were randomly divided into training and test sets to build and validate the two PLS-DA models. Both models provided reasonable estimates for the classification of A. racemosa and other Actaea plant samples. However, HCAA model performs better in sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Assessment of supplement samples provided quite different results for the solid and liquid dietary supplement samples, indicating the dosage form could affect the composition of marker compounds. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Geng
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Joe-Ann H McCoy
- The North Carolina Arboretum Germplasm Repository, 100 Frederick Law Olmsted Way, Asheville, NC, 28806-9315, USA
| | - James M Harnly
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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15
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Dwyer JT, Bailen RA, Saldanha LG, Gahche JJ, Costello RB, Betz JM, Davis CD, Bailey RL, Potischman N, Ershow AG, Sorkin BC, Kuszak AJ, Rios-Avila L, Chang F, Goshorn J, Andrews KW, Pehrsson PR, Gusev PA, Harnly JM, Hardy CJ, Emenaker NJ, Herrick KA. The Dietary Supplement Label Database: Recent Developments and Applications. J Nutr 2018; 148:1428S-1435S. [PMID: 31249427 PMCID: PMC6597011 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the history, key features, recent enhancements, and common applications of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD). Background and History Although many Americans use dietary supplements, databases of dietary supplements sold in the United States have not been widely available. The DSLD, an easily accessible public-use database was created in 2008 to provide information on dietary supplement composition for use by researchers and consumers. Rationale Accessing current information easily and quickly is crucial for documenting exposures to dietary supplements because they contain nutrients and other bioactive ingredients that may have beneficial or adverse effects on human health. This manuscript details recent developments with the DSLD to achieve this goal and provides examples of how the DSLD has been used. Recent Developments With periodic updates to track changes in product composition and capture new products entering the market, the DSLD currently contains more than 71,000 dietary supplement labels. Following usability testing with consumer and researcher user groups completed in 2016, improvements to the DSLD interface were made. As of 2017, both a desktop and mobile device version are now available. Since its inception in 2008, the use of the DSLD has included research, exposure monitoring, and other purposes by users in the public and private sectors. Future Directions Further refinement of the user interface and search features to facilitate ease of use for stakeholders is planned. Conclusions The DSLD can be used to track changes in product composition and capture new products entering the market. With over 71,000 DS labels it is a unique resource that policymakers, researchers, clinicians, and consumers may find valuable for multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna T Dwyer
- Office of Dietary Supplement, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard A Bailen
- Office of Dietary Supplement, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Leila G Saldanha
- Office of Dietary Supplement, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jaime J Gahche
- Office of Dietary Supplement, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rebecca B Costello
- Office of Dietary Supplement, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joseph M Betz
- Office of Dietary Supplement, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cindy D Davis
- Office of Dietary Supplement, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Regan L Bailey
- Office of Dietary Supplement, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nancy Potischman
- Office of Dietary Supplement, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Abby G Ershow
- Office of Dietary Supplement, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Barbara C Sorkin
- Office of Dietary Supplement, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Adam J Kuszak
- Office of Dietary Supplement, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Luisa Rios-Avila
- Office of Dietary Supplement, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Florence Chang
- National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeanne Goshorn
- National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Karen W Andrews
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Pamela R Pehrsson
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Pavel A Gusev
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - James M Harnly
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Constance J Hardy
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | - Nancy J Emenaker
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kirsten A Herrick
- Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys/Analysis Branch, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD
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Vega FE, Simpkins A, Miranda J, Harnly JM, Infante F, Castillo A, Wakarchuk D, Cossé A. A Potential Repellent Against the Coffee Berry Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). J Insect Sci 2017; 17:122. [PMID: 0 PMCID: PMC5751034 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), continues to pose a formidable challenge to coffee growers worldwide. Because of the cryptic life habit of the insect inside coffee berries, effective pest management strategies have been difficult to develop. A sesquiterpene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, produced by infested coffee berries has been identified as a potential repellent against the coffee berry borer both in laboratory bioassays and a field experiment in Hawaii. Various laboratory bioassays revealed significantly lower levels of infestation in berries treated with different concentrations of the (E,E)-α-farnesene. A field experiment in Hawaii resulted in up to 80% decreased coffee berry borer captures in traps containing a standard 3:1 methanol:ethanol attractant and a bubble cap formulation of (E,E)-α-farnesene compared to traps with just the attractant. (E,E)-α-farnesene was still active 19 wk after installation in the coffee plantation, based on 59% lower insect captures in traps containing the attractant + (E,E)-α-farnesene (1,737 insects) compared to traps containing the attractant (4,253 insects). The easy to install bubble caps are a welcome contrast with other pest management strategies that require spraying. The placement of (E,E)-α-farnesene in bubble caps in coffee plantations when coffee berries first become susceptible to infestations (ca. 90 d post-flowering) might result in lower infestation levels throughout the season, and consequently, increased yields and profits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando E Vega
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
| | - Ann Simpkins
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
| | - Jose Miranda
- Tropical Plant Genetic Resources and Disease Research Unit, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI
| | - James M Harnly
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
| | | | - Alfredo Castillo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | | | - Allard Cossé
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL
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17
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Geng P, Harnly JM, Sun J, Zhang M, Chen P. Feruloyl dopamine-O-hexosides are efficient marker compounds as orthogonal validation for authentication of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)-an UHPLC-HRAM-MS chemometrics study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2591-2600. [PMID: 28160032 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to the complexity and variation of the chemical constituents in authentic black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) and its potential adulterant species, an accurate and feasible method for black cohosh authentication is not easy. A high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) LC-MS fingerprinting method combined with chemometric approach was employed to discover new marker compounds. Seven hydroxycinnamic acid amide (HCAA) glycosides are proposed as potential marker compounds for differentiation of black cohosh from related species, including two Asian species (A. foetida, A. dahurica) and two American species (A. pachypoda, A. podocarpa). These markers were putatively identified by comparing their mass spectral fragmentation behavior with those of their authentic aglycone compounds and phytochemistry reports. Two isomers of feruloyl methyldopamine 4-O-hexoside ([M + H]+ 506) and one feruloyl tyramine 4-O-hexoside ([M + H]+ 476) contributed significantly to the separation of Asian species in principle component analysis (PCA) score plot. The efficacy of the models built on four reasonable combinations of these markers in differentiating black cohosh and its adulterants were evaluated and validated by partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Two models based on these reduced dataset achieved 100% accuracy based on the current sample collection, including the model that used only three feruloyl dopamine-O-hexoside isomers ([M + H]+ 492) and one feruloyl dopamine-O-dihexoside ([M + H-hexosyl]+ at m/z 492). Graphical abstract Hydroxycinnamic acid amide glycosides are proposed as potential marker compounds for authentication of black cohosh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Geng
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - James M Harnly
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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Geng P, Sun J, Zhang M, Li X, Harnly JM, Chen P. Comprehensive characterization of C-glycosyl flavones in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germ using UPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS n and mass defect filtering. J Mass Spectrom 2016; 51:914-930. [PMID: 27373213 PMCID: PMC5067219 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive characterization of C-glycosyl flavones in wheat germ has been conducted using multi-stage high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMSn ) in combination with a mass defect filtering (MDF) technique. MDF performed the initial search of raw data with defined C-glycosyl flavone mass windows and mass defect windows to generate the noise-reduced data focusing on targeted flavonoids. The high specificity of the exact mass measurement permits the unambiguous discrimination of acyl groups (nominal masses of 146, 162 and 176.) from sugar moieties (rhamnose, glucose or galactose and glucuronic acid). A total of 72 flavone C-glycosyl derivatives, including 2 mono-C-glycosides, 34 di-C-glycosides, 15 tri-glycosides, 14 acyl di-C-glycosides and 7 acyl tri-glycosides, were characterized in wheat germ, some of which were considered to be important marker compounds for differentiation of whole grain and refined wheat products. The 7 acylated mono-O-glycosyl-di-C-glycosyl flavones and some acylated di-C-glycosyl flavones are reported in wheat for the first time. The frequent occurrence of numerous isomers is a remarkable feature of wheat germ flavones. Both UV and mass spectra are needed to maximize the structure information obtained for data interpretation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Geng
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Xingnuo Li
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - James M Harnly
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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19
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Roseland JM, Patterson KY, Andrews KW, Phillips KM, Phillips MM, Pehrsson PR, Dufresne GL, Jakobsen J, Gusev PA, Savarala S, Nguyen QV, Makowski AJ, Scheuerell CR, Larouche GP, Wise SA, Harnly JM, Williams JR, Betz JM, Taylor CL. Interlaboratory Trial for Measurement of Vitamin D and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in Foods and a Dietary Supplement Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:3167-3175. [PMID: 27045951 PMCID: PMC4934653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of total vitamin D intake from foods and dietary supplements (DSs) may be incomplete if 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] intake is not included. However, 25(OH)D data for such intake assessments are lacking, no food or DS reference materials (RMs) are available, and comparison of laboratory performance has been needed. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate whether vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 concentrations in food and DS materials could be measured with acceptable reproducibility. Five experienced laboratories from the United States and other countries participated, all using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry but no common analytical protocol; however, various methods were used for determining vitamin D3 in the DS. Five animal-based materials (including three commercially available RMs) and one DS were analyzed. Reproducibility results for the materials were acceptable. Thus, it is possible to obtain consistent results among experienced laboratories for vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 in foods and a DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Roseland
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Kristine Y Patterson
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Karen W Andrews
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Katherine M Phillips
- Virginia Tech, Biochemistry Department (0308), 304 Engel Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Melissa M Phillips
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392
| | - Pamela R Pehrsson
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Guy L Dufresne
- Health Canada, Food and Nutrition Laboratory, 1001, St-Laurent Ouest, Longueuil, Québec, Canada J4K IC7
| | - Jette Jakobsen
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Pavel A Gusev
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Sushma Savarala
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Quynhanh V Nguyen
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | | | | | - Guillaume P Larouche
- Health Canada, Food and Nutrition Laboratory, 1001, St-Laurent Ouest, Longueuil, Québec, Canada J4K IC7
| | - Stephen A Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392
| | - James M Harnly
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Food Composition and Method Development Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 161, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Juhi R Williams
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Joseph M Betz
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd., 3B01, MSC 7517,Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Christine L Taylor
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd., 3B01, MSC 7517,Bethesda, MD 20892
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20
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Wu X, Zhao Y, Bhagwat S, Haytowitz DB, Harnly JM, Pehrsson PR, Chen P. Calculation of Retention Factors for Flavonoids in Cooked Broccoli. FASEB J 2016. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.1176.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Wu
- Nutrient Data LaboratoryUSDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterBeltsvilleMD
| | - Yang Zhao
- Food Composition and Methods Development LaboratoryUSDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterBeltsvilleMD
| | - Seema Bhagwat
- Nutrient Data LaboratoryUSDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterBeltsvilleMD
| | - David B Haytowitz
- Nutrient Data LaboratoryUSDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterBeltsvilleMD
| | - James M Harnly
- Food Composition and Methods Development LaboratoryUSDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterBeltsvilleMD
| | - Pamela R Pehrsson
- Nutrient Data LaboratoryUSDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterBeltsvilleMD
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development LaboratoryUSDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterBeltsvilleMD
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21
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Jang S, Sun J, Chen P, Lakshman S, Molokin A, Harnly JM, Vinyard BT, Urban JF, Davis CD, Solano-Aguilar G. Flavanol-Enriched Cocoa Powder Alters the Intestinal Microbiota, Tissue and Fluid Metabolite Profiles, and Intestinal Gene Expression in Pigs. J Nutr 2016; 146:673-80. [PMID: 26936136 PMCID: PMC4807644 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.222968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of cocoa-derived polyphenols has been associated with several health benefits; however, their effects on the intestinal microbiome and related features of host intestinal health are not adequately understood. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effects of eating flavanol-enriched cocoa powder on the composition of the gut microbiota, tissue metabolite profiles, and intestinal immune status. METHODS Male pigs (5 mo old, 28 kg mean body weight) were supplemented with 0, 2.5, 10, or 20 g flavanol-enriched cocoa powder/d for 27 d. Metabolites in serum, urine, the proximal colon contents, liver, and adipose tissue; bacterial abundance in the intestinal contents and feces; and intestinal tissue gene expression of inflammatory markers and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were then determined. RESULTS O-methyl-epicatechin-glucuronide conjugates dose-dependently increased (P< 0.01) in the urine (35- to 204-fold), serum (6- to 186-fold), and adipose tissue (34- to 1144-fold) of pigs fed cocoa powder. The concentration of 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid isomers in urine decreased as the dose of cocoa powder fed to pigs increased (75-85%,P< 0.05). Compared with the unsupplemented pigs, the abundance ofLactobacillusspecies was greater in the feces (7-fold,P= 0.005) and that ofBifidobacteriumspecies was greater in the proximal colon contents (9-fold,P= 0.01) in pigs fed only 20 or 10 g cocoa powder/d, respectively. Moreover, consumption of cocoa powder reducedTLR9gene expression in ileal Peyer's patches (67-80%,P< 0.05) and mesenteric lymph nodes (43-71%,P< 0.05) of pigs fed 2.5-20 g cocoa powder/d compared with pigs not supplemented with cocoa powder. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that consumption of cocoa powder by pigs can contribute to gut health by enhancing the abundance ofLactobacillusandBifidobacteriumspecies and modulating markers of localized intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory
| | | | | | | | - Bryan T Vinyard
- Biometrical Consulting Services, USDA, Northeast Area, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD; and
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22
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Geng P, Harnly JM, Chen P. Differentiation of bread made with whole grain and refined wheat (T. aestivum) flour using LC/MS-based chromatographic fingerprinting and chemometric approaches. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Geng P, Zhang M, Harnly JM, Luthria DL, Chen P. Use of fuzzy chromatography mass spectrometric (FCMS) fingerprinting and chemometric analysis for differentiation of whole-grain and refined wheat (T. aestivum) flour. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7875-88. [PMID: 26374564 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A fuzzy chromatography mass spectrometric (FCMS) fingerprinting method combined with chemometric analysis has been established for rapid discrimination of whole-grain flour (WF) from refined wheat flour (RF). Bran, germ, endosperm, and WF from three local cultivars or purchased from a grocery store were studied. The state of refinement (whole vs. refined) of wheat flour was differentiated successfully by use of principal-components analysis (PCA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), despite potential confounding introduced by wheat class (red vs. white; hard vs. soft) or resources (different brands). Twelve discriminatory variables were putatively identified. Among these, dihexoside, trihexoside, apigenin glycosides, and citric acid had the highest peak intensity for germ. Variable line plots indicated phospholipids were more abundant in endosperm. Samples of RF and WF from three cultivars (Hard Red, Hard White, and Soft White) were physically mixed to furnish 20, 40, 60, and 80 % WF of each cultivar. SIMCA was able to discriminate between 100 %, 80 %, 60 %, 40 %, and 20 % WF and 100 % RF. Partial least-squares (PLS) regression was used for prediction of RF-to-WF ratios in the mixed samples. When PLS models were used the relative prediction errors for RF-to-WF ratios were less than 6 %. Graphical Abstract Workflow of targeting discriminatory compounds by use of FCMS and chemometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Geng
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building 161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building 161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - James M Harnly
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building 161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Devanand L Luthria
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building 161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building 161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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Geng P, Harnly JM, Chen P. Differentiation of Whole Grain from Refined Wheat (T. aestivum) Flour Using Lipid Profile of Wheat Bran, Germ, and Endosperm with UHPLC-HRAM Mass Spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:6189-6211. [PMID: 26083013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of wheat lipids from milling fractions of bran, germ, and endosperm was performed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution accurate-mass multistage mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRAM-MS(n)) with electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in both positive and negative modes. About 155 lipid compounds, including free fatty acids (FA), oxylipins, alk(en)ylresorcinols (ARs), γ-oryzanol, sphingolipids, triglycerides (TGs), diglycerides (DGs), phospholipids, and galactolipids were characterized from the three milling fractions. Galactolipids and phospholipids were proposed to be potential discriminatory compounds for refined flour, whereas γ-oryzanols, ARs, TGs, and DGs could distinguish whole wheat flour from a refined one based on principal component analysis (PCA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Geng
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - James M Harnly
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
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25
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Balentine DA, Dwyer JT, Erdman JW, Ferruzzi MG, Gaine PC, Harnly JM, Kwik-Uribe CL. Recommendations on reporting requirements for flavonoids in research. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:1113-25. [PMID: 25854881 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous observational and intervention-based human studies support the notion of a beneficial role for dietary flavonoids in human health. Despite these studies, it is not yet possible to make dietary recommendations with regard to the types and amounts of flavonoids to be consumed. The inherent diversity of flavonoid structure, chemistry, and natural distribution in foods lends itself to errors in reporting the types and/or amounts of flavonoids consumed, as well as incomplete recognition of requirements for intervention studies that aim to assess their benefits in a clinical setting. A need exists for guidelines that facilitate the design and reporting of flavonoid research. With a focus on clinical studies, this article 1) outlines limitations commonly encountered in the field of flavonoid research, including the inconsistent use of nomenclature, inappropriate analytic methods, inconsistent use of existing flavonoid databases, and the lack of full consideration in the design of test materials for intervention trials, and 2) provides guidance for future studies with a focus on clinical intervention trials. Adoption of this guidance will facilitate more accurate and interpretable research that will support the development of dietary recommendations regarding the intake of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Balentine
- From Unilever, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (DAB); Tufts University, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA (JTD); University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL (JWE); Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (MGF); The Sugar Association, Washington, DC (PCG); USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD (JMH); and Mars, Incorporated, McLean, VA (CLK-U)
| | - Johanna T Dwyer
- From Unilever, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (DAB); Tufts University, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA (JTD); University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL (JWE); Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (MGF); The Sugar Association, Washington, DC (PCG); USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD (JMH); and Mars, Incorporated, McLean, VA (CLK-U)
| | - John W Erdman
- From Unilever, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (DAB); Tufts University, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA (JTD); University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL (JWE); Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (MGF); The Sugar Association, Washington, DC (PCG); USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD (JMH); and Mars, Incorporated, McLean, VA (CLK-U).
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- From Unilever, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (DAB); Tufts University, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA (JTD); University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL (JWE); Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (MGF); The Sugar Association, Washington, DC (PCG); USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD (JMH); and Mars, Incorporated, McLean, VA (CLK-U)
| | - P Courtney Gaine
- From Unilever, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (DAB); Tufts University, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA (JTD); University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL (JWE); Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (MGF); The Sugar Association, Washington, DC (PCG); USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD (JMH); and Mars, Incorporated, McLean, VA (CLK-U)
| | - James M Harnly
- From Unilever, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (DAB); Tufts University, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA (JTD); University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL (JWE); Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (MGF); The Sugar Association, Washington, DC (PCG); USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD (JMH); and Mars, Incorporated, McLean, VA (CLK-U)
| | - Catherine L Kwik-Uribe
- From Unilever, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (DAB); Tufts University, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA (JTD); University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL (JWE); Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (MGF); The Sugar Association, Washington, DC (PCG); USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD (JMH); and Mars, Incorporated, McLean, VA (CLK-U)
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26
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Angelino D, Dosz EB, Sun J, Hoeflinger JL, Van Tassell ML, Chen P, Harnly JM, Miller MJ, Jeffery EH. Myrosinase-dependent and -independent formation and control of isothiocyanate products of glucosinolate hydrolysis. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:831. [PMID: 26500669 PMCID: PMC4593958 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Brassicales contain a myrosinase enzyme that hydrolyzes glucosinolates to form toxic isothiocyanates (ITC), as a defense against bacteria, fungi, insects and herbivores including man. Low levels of ITC trigger a host defense system in mammals that protects them against chronic diseases. Because humans typically cook their brassica vegetables, destroying myrosinase, there is a great interest in determining how human microbiota can hydrolyze glucosinolates and release them, to provide the health benefits of ITC. ITC are highly reactive electrophiles, binding reversibly to thiols, but accumulating and causing damage when free thiols are not available. We found that addition of excess thiols released protein-thiol-bound ITC, but that the microbiome supports only poor hydrolysis unless exposed to dietary glucosinolates for a period of days. These findings explain why 3-5 servings a week of brassica vegetables may provide health effects, even if they are cooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Angelino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Edward B. Dosz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Hoeflinger
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Maxwell L. Van Tassell
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - James M. Harnly
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Miller
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth H. Jeffery
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth H. Jeffery, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,
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27
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Sun J, Monagas M, Jang S, Molokin A, Harnly JM, Urban JF, Solano-Aguilar G, Chen P. A high fat, high cholesterol diet leads to changes in metabolite patterns in pigs--a metabolomic study. Food Chem 2014; 173:171-8. [PMID: 25466009 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-targeted metabolite profiling can identify biological markers of dietary exposure that lead to a better understanding of interactions between diet and health. In this study, pigs were used as an animal model to discover changes in metabolic profiles between regular basal and high fat/high cholesterol diets. Extracts of plasma, fecal and urine samples from pigs fed high fat or basal regular diets for 11 weeks were analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) and chemometric analysis. Cloud plots from XCMS online were used for class separation of the most discriminatory metabolites. The major metabolites contributing to the discrimination were identified as bile acids (BAs), lipid metabolites, fatty acids, amino acids and phosphatidic acid (PAs), phosphatidylglycerol (PGs), glycerophospholipids (PI), phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and tripeptides. These results suggest the developed approach can be used to identify biomarkers associated with specific feeding diets and possible metabolic disorders related to diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Sun
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Maria Monagas
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, USA
| | - Saebyeol Jang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, USA
| | - Aleksey Molokin
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, USA
| | - James M Harnly
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, USA
| | - Gloria Solano-Aguilar
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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28
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Lin LZ, Sun J, Chen P, Monagas M, Harnly JM. UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMSn profiling method to identify and quantify oligomeric proanthocyanidins in plant products. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:9387-400. [PMID: 25032782 PMCID: PMC4181120 DOI: 10.1021/jf501011y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins were successfully identified by UHPLC-PDA-HRMS(n) in a selection of plant-derived materials (jujube fruit, Fuji apple, fruit pericarps of litchi and mangosteen, dark chocolate, and grape seed and cranberry extracts). The identities of 247 proanthocyanidins were theoretically predicted by computing high-accuracy masses based on the degree of polymerization, flavan-3-ol components, and the number of A type linkages and galloyls. MS(n) fragments allowed characterization on flavan-3-ol based on the monomer, connectivity, and location of A-type bonds. Identification of doubly or triply charged ions of 50 PAs was made on the basis of theoretical calculations. A single catechin standard and molar relative response factors (MRRFs) were used to quantify the well-separated PAs. The ratios of the SIM peak counts were used to quantify each of the unseparated isomers. This is the first report of direct determination of each of the proanthocyanidins in plant-derived foods and proanthocyanidins containing an epifisetinidol unit in grape seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ze Lin
- Food
Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building-161,
BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Food
Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building-161,
BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- Food
Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building-161,
BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Maria
J. Monagas
- United States Pharmacopeia, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - James M. Harnly
- Food
Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building-161,
BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
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29
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Harnly JM, Harrington PB, Botros LL, Jablonski J, Chang C, Bergana M, Wehling P, Downey G, Potts AR, Moore JC. Characterization of near-infrared spectral variance in the authentication of skim and nonfat dry milk powder collection using ANOVA-PCA, pooled-ANOVA, and partial least-squares regression. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:8060-8067. [PMID: 25010570 PMCID: PMC4136717 DOI: 10.1021/jf5013727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Forty-one samples of skim milk powder (SMP) and nonfat dry milk (NFDM) from 8 suppliers, 13 production sites, and 3 processing temperatures were analyzed by NIR diffuse reflectance spectrometry over a period of 3 days. NIR reflectance spectra (1700-2500 nm) were converted to pseudoabsorbance and examined using (a) analysis of variance-principal component analysis (ANOVA-PCA), (b) pooled-ANOVA based on data submatrices, and (c) partial least-squares regression (PLSR) coupled with pooled-ANOVA. ANOVA-PCA score plots showed clear separation of the samples with respect to milk class (SMP or NFDM), day of analysis, production site, processing temperature, and individual samples. Pooled-ANOVA provided statistical levels of significance for the separation of the averages, some of which were many orders of magnitude below 10⁻³. PLSR showed that the correlation with Certificate of Analysis (COA) concentrations varied from a weak coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.32 for moisture to moderate R² values of 0.61 for fat and 0.78 for protein for this multinational study. In this study, pooled-ANOVA was applied for the first time to PLS modeling and demonstrated that even though the calibration models may not be precise, the contribution of the protein peaks in the NIR spectra accounted for the largest proportion of the variation despite the inherent imprecision of the COA values.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Harnly
- Agricultural
Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food
Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building 161, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Peter B. Harrington
- Center
for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Clippinger Laboratories, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979, United States
| | - Lucy L. Botros
- U.S.
Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852-1790, United States
| | - Joseph Jablonski
- Center
for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Food Processing
Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, 6502
South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United
States
| | - Claire Chang
- Center
for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Food Processing
Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, 6502
South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United
States
| | - Marti
Mamula Bergana
- Abbott
Nutrition, Division of Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
| | - Paul Wehling
- General
Mills, Inc., 330 University
Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Gerard Downey
- Teagasc
Food Research Centre Ashtown, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Alan R. Potts
- U.S.
Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852-1790, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- U.S.
Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852-1790, United States
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30
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Lin LZ, Sun J, Chen P, Zhang RW, Fan XE, Li LW, Harnly JM. Profiling of glucosinolates and flavonoids in Rorippa indica (Linn.) Hiern. (Cruciferae) by UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS(n). J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:6118-29. [PMID: 24893216 PMCID: PMC4082396 DOI: 10.1021/jf405538d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS(n) profiling method was used to identify the glucosinolates and flavonoids of Rorippa indica (Cruciferae), a wild vegetable and Chinese herb used to treat cough, diarrhea, and rheumatoid arthritis. Thirty-three glucosinolates, more than 40 flavonol glycosides, and 18 other phenolic and common organic compounds were identified. The glucosinolates and polyphenols were separated by UHPLC. High-resolution deprotonated molecules provided high accuracy mass values that were used to determine formulas and provide putative identification of the glucosinolates and flavonoids. The fragments from multistage mass spectrometry were used to elucidate the structures. The concentrations of the main components were based on UV peak areas and molar relative response factors with a single calibration standard. This study found this plant to be a rich source for glucosinolates, containing 24 new glucosinolates, including 14 glucosylated glucosinolates that were previously unidentified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ze Lin
- Food
Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Building-161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United
States
- (L.-Z.L.) Phone: (301) 504-9136. Fax: (301) 504-8314. E-mail:
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Food
Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Building-161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United
States
| | - Pei Chen
- Food
Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Building-161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United
States
| | - Ren-Wei Zhang
- Longjin Pharmaceutical
Company, Ltd., Wujiadui News Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650228, China
| | - Xiao-E Fan
- Longjin Pharmaceutical
Company, Ltd., Wujiadui News Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650228, China
| | - Lai-Wei Li
- Longjin Pharmaceutical
Company, Ltd., Wujiadui News Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650228, China
| | - James M. Harnly
- Food
Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Building-161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United
States
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31
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Jablonski JE, Moore JC, Harnly JM. Nontargeted detection of adulteration of skim milk powder with foreign proteins using UHPLC-UV. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:5198-206. [PMID: 24811490 DOI: 10.1021/jf404924x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chromatographic profiles of skim milk powder (SMP) and mixtures of SMP with soy (SPI), pea (PPI), brown rice (BRP), and hydrolyzed wheat protein (HWPI) isolates were obtained by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with 215 nm detection. Two data analysis approaches were compared for their utility to classify samples as authentic or adulterated. The t test approach evaluated data points exceeding the 99% confidence limit of the mean authentic SMP chromatogram and used data points from the entire chromatogram. The other approach used the multivariate Q statistic from a SIMCA model of authentic samples to determine adulteration and used a selected retention window to obtain best classifications. Q-Statistic and t test correctly classified adulteration of SMP with SPI at the 1% and 3% levels, respectively, while minimizing false classifications of authentic SMP. Detection of SMP adulterated with PPI, BRP, and HWPI was possible at higher adulteration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Jablonski
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
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32
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Sun J, Xiao Z, Lin LZ, Lester GE, Wang Q, Harnly JM, Chen P. Profiling polyphenols in five Brassica species microgreens by UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS(n.). J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:10960-70. [PMID: 24144328 PMCID: PMC3915300 DOI: 10.1021/jf401802n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Brassica vegetables are known to contain relatively high concentrations of bioactive compounds associated with human health. A comprehensive profiling of polyphenols from five Brassica species microgreens was conducted using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS(n)). A total of 164 polyphenols including 30 anthocyanins, 105 flavonol glycosides, and 29 hydroxycinnamic acid and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives were putatively identified.The putative identifications were based on UHPLC-HRMS(n) analysis using retention times, elution orders, UV-vis and high-resolution mass spectra, and an in-house polyphenol database as well as literature comparisons. This study showed that these five Brassica species microgreens could be considered as good sources of food polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Zhenlei Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Long-ze Lin
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Gene E. Lester
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - James M. Harnly
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
- Corresponding author: Telephone: (301)-504-8144; Fax: (301)-504-8314;
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33
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Botros LL, Jablonski J, Chang C, Bergana MM, Wehling P, Harnly JM, Downey G, Harrington P, Potts AR, Moore JC. Exploring authentic skim and nonfat dry milk powder variance for the development of nontargeted adulterant detection methods using near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:9810-9818. [PMID: 24040827 DOI: 10.1021/jf4023433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A multinational collaborative team led by the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention is currently investigating the potential of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for nontargeted detection of adulterants in skim and nonfat dry milk powder. The development of a compendial method is challenged by the range of authentic or nonadulterated milk powders available worldwide. This paper investigates the sources of variance in 41 authentic bovine skim and nonfat milk powders as detected by NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and chemometrics. Exploratory analysis by principal component analysis and varimax factor rotation revealed significant variance in authentic samples and highlighted outliers from a single manufacturer. Spectral preprocessing and outlier removal methods reduced ambient and measurement sources of variance, most likely linked to changes in moisture together with sampling, preparation, and presentation factors. Results indicate that significant chemical variance exists in different skim and nonfat milk powders that will likely affect the performance of adulterant detection methods by NIR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy L Botros
- U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention , 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852-1790, United States
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34
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Garland DL, Fernandez-Godino R, Kaur I, Speicher KD, Harnly JM, Lambris JD, Speicher DW, Pierce EA. Mouse genetics and proteomic analyses demonstrate a critical role for complement in a model of DHRD/ML, an inherited macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:52-68. [PMID: 23943789 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macular degenerations, inherited and age related, are important causes of vision loss. Human genetic studies have suggested perturbation of the complement system is important in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. The mechanisms underlying the involvement of the complement system are not understood, although complement and inflammation have been implicated in drusen formation. Drusen are an early clinical hallmark of inherited and age-related forms of macular degeneration. We studied one of the earliest stages of macular degeneration which precedes and leads to the formation of drusen, i.e. the formation of basal deposits. The studies were done using a mouse model of the inherited macular dystrophy Doyne Honeycomb Retinal Dystrophy/Malattia Leventinese (DHRD/ML) which is caused by a p.Arg345Trp mutation in EFEMP1. The hallmark of DHRD/ML is the formation of drusen at an early age, and gene targeted Efemp1(R345W/R345W) mice develop extensive basal deposits. Proteomic analyses of Bruch's membrane/choroid and Bruch's membrane in the Efemp1(R345W/R345W) mice indicate that the basal deposits comprise normal extracellular matrix (ECM) components present in abnormal amounts. The proteomic analyses also identified significant changes in proteins with immune-related function, including complement components, in the diseased tissue samples. Genetic ablation of the complement response via generation of Efemp1(R345W/R345W):C3(-/-) double-mutant mice inhibited the formation of basal deposits. The results demonstrate a critical role for the complement system in basal deposit formation, and suggest that complement-mediated recognition of abnormal ECM may participate in basal deposit formation in DHRD/ML and perhaps other macular degenerations.
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Byrdwell WC, Horst RL, Phillips KM, Holden JM, Patterson KY, Harnly JM, Exler J. Vitamin D levels in fish and shellfish determined by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jeyadevi R, Sivasudha T, Rameshkumar A, Harnly JM, Lin LZ. Phenolic profiling by UPLC–MS/MS and hepatoprotective activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum against CCl4 induced liver injury in Wistar rats. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Lin LZ, Harnly JM. Quantitation of flavanols, proanthocyanidins, isoflavones, flavanones, dihydrochalcones, stilbenes, benzoic acid derivatives using ultraviolet absorbance after identification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:5832-40. [PMID: 22577798 PMCID: PMC3706559 DOI: 10.1021/jf3006905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A general method was developed for the systematic quantitation of flavanols, proanthocyanidins, isoflavones, flavanones, dihydrochalcones, stilbenes, and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (mainly hydrolyzable tannins) based on UV band II absorbance arising from the benzoyl structure. The compound structures and the wavelength maximum were well correlated and were divided into four groups: the flavanols and proanthocyanidins at 278 nm, hydrolyzable tannins at 274 nm, flavanones at 288 nm, and isoflavones at 260 nm. Within each group, molar relative response factors (MRRFs) were computed for each compound based on the absorbance ratio of the compound and the group reference standard. Response factors were computed for the compounds as purchased (MRRF), after drying (MRRFD), and as the best predicted value (MRRFP). Concentrations for each compound were computed based on calibration with the group reference standard and the MRRFP. The quantitation of catechins, proanthocyanidins, and gallic acid derivatives in white tea was used as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ze Lin
- Corresponding Author. Tel: 301-504-9136. Fax: 301-504-8314.
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Lin LZ, Harnly JM. LC-PDA-ESI/MS Identification of the Phenolic Components of Three Compositae Spices: Chamomile, Tarragon, and Mexican Arnica. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla L.), tarragon ( Artemisia dracunculus L.) and Mexican arnica ( Heterotheca inuoides) are common compositae spices and herbs found in the US market. They contain flavonoids and hydroxycinnamates that are potentially beneficial to human health. A standardized LC-PDA-ESI/MS profiling method was used to identify 51 flavonoids and 17 hydroxycinnamates. Many of the identifications were confirmed with authentic standards or through references in the literature or the laboratory's database. More than half of the phenol compounds for each spice had not been previously reported. The phenolic profile can be used for plant authentication and to correlate with biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ze Lin
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 161, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-3000, USA
| | - James M. Harnly
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 161, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-3000, USA
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Lin LZ, Harnly JM. LC-PDA-ESI/MS identification of the phenolic components of three compositae spices: chamomile, tarragon, and Mexican arnica. Nat Prod Commun 2012; 7:749-752. [PMID: 22816299 PMCID: PMC3620021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) and Mexican arnica (Heterotheca inuoides) are common compositae spices and herbs found in the US market. They contain flavonoids and hydroxycinnamates that are potentially beneficial to human health. A standardized LC-PDA-ESI/MS profiling method was used to identify 51 flavonoids and 17 hydroxycinnamates. Many of the identifications were confirmed with authentic standards or through references in the literature or the laboratory's database. More than half of the phenol compounds for each spice had not been previously reported. The phenolic profile can be used for plant authentication and to correlate with biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ze Lin
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 161, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-3000, USA.
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Abstract
Spectral fingerprints of samples of three Panax species (P. quinquefolius L., P. ginseng, and P. notoginseng) were acquired using UV, near-infrared (NIR), and MS. With principal component analysis, all three methods allowed visual discrimination among the three species. All three methods were able to discriminate between white and red ginseng, and showed distinctive subgroupings of red ginseng related to root quality (age/size). Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the relative variance arising from the species, run, and analytical uncertainty, and was used to identify the most information-rich portions of the spectrum for NIR and UV. Accurate classification of the three species was obtained by using partial least squares-discriminant analysis and a fuzzy rule-building expert system. Relatively poor accuracy was obtained using soft independent modeling of class analogy when a single component was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Cross AJ, Harnly JM, Ferrucci LM, Risch A, Mayne ST, Sinha R. Developing a heme iron database for meats according to meat type, cooking method and doneness level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:905-913. [PMID: 23459329 DOI: 10.4236/fns.2012.37120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies have demonstrated that iron may be related to carcinogenesis, and human studies found that heme iron can increase the formation of N-nitroso compounds, which are known carcinogens. OBJECTIVES One of the postulated mechanisms linking red meat intake to cancer risk involves iron. Epidemiologic studies attempt to investigate the association between heme iron intake and cancer by applying a standard factor to total iron from meat. However, laboratory studies suggest that heme iron levels in meat vary according to cooking method and doneness level. We measured heme iron in meats cooked by different cooking methods to a range of doneness levels to use in conjunction with a food frequency questionnaire to estimate heme iron intake. METHODS Composite meat samples were made to represent each meat type, cooking method and doneness level. Heme iron was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. RESULTS Steak and hamburgers contained the highest levels of heme iron, pork and chicken thigh meat had slightly lower levels, and chicken breast meat had the lowest. CONCLUSIONS Although heme iron levels varied, there was no clear effect of cooking method or doneness level. We outline the methods used to create a heme iron database to be used in conjunction with food frequency questionnaires to estimate heme iron intake in relation to disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Cross
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852
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Abstract
A qualitative botanical identification method (BIM) is an analytical procedure that returns a binary result (1 = Identified, 0 = Not Identified). A BIM may be used by a buyer, manufacturer, or regulator to determine whether a botanical material being tested is the same as the target (desired) material, or whether it contains excessive nontarget (undesirable) material. The report describes the development and validation of studies for a BIM based on the proportion of replicates identified, or probability of identification (POI), as the basic observed statistic. The statistical procedures proposed for data analysis follow closely those of the probability of detection, and harmonize the statistical concepts and parameters between quantitative and qualitative method validation. Use of POI statistics also harmonizes statistical concepts for botanical, microbiological, toxin, and other analyte identification methods that produce binary results. The POI statistical model provides a tool for graphical representation of response curves for qualitative methods, reporting of descriptive statistics, and application of performance requirements. Single collaborator and multicollaborative study examples are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. LaBudde
- Least Cost Formulations, Ltd, 824 Timberlake Dr, Virginia Beach, VA 23464
- Old Dominion University, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Norfolk, VA 23529
| | - James M. Harnly
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Bldg 161 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705
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43
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Zhao Y, Chen P, Lin L, Harnly JM, Yu LL, Li Z. Tentative identification, quantitation, and principal component analysis of green pu-erh, green, and white teas using UPLC/DAD/MS. Food Chem 2011; 126:1269-1277. [PMID: 25544798 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.), an important drink and a natural medicine for thousands of years, contains many health beneficial compounds. Growing season, geographical region, and fermentation methods create many variations in tea compositions, which contribute to each tea's uniqueness. In this study, a simple, rapid, and efficient ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method combined with diode array detector (DAD) and mass spectroscopic (MS) detection and chemometrics analysis was used to analyse three different types of teas (green pu-erh, green tea, white tea). Using the developed method, 68 compounds were identified and 54 were quantified based on retention times, UV spectra, and MS spectra by referencing to available standards and data in the literatures. The results showed the chemical differences between the tested teas. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to classify and distinguish between tea samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA ; West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; Department of Nutrition & Food Science, 0112 Skinner Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Longze Lin
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - J M Harnly
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, 0112 Skinner Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Zhangwan Li
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Byrdwell WC, Exler J, Gebhardt SE, Harnly JM, Holden JM, Horst RL, Patterson KY, Phillips KM, Wolf WR. Liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and dual parallel mass spectrometric detection for analysis of vitamin D in retail fortified orange juice. J Food Compost Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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45
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Luthria DL, Mukhopadhyay S, Lin LZ, Harnly JM. A comparison of analytical and data preprocessing methods for spectral fingerprinting. Appl Spectrosc 2011; 65:250-9. [PMID: 21352644 PMCID: PMC3620019 DOI: 10.1366/10-06109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Spectral fingerprinting, as a method of discriminating between plant cultivars and growing treatments for a common set of broccoli samples, was compared for six analytical instruments. Spectra were acquired for finely powdered solid samples using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Fourier transform near-infrared (NIR) spectrometry. Spectra were also acquired for unfractionated aqueous methanol extracts of the powders using molecular absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) regions and mass spectrometry with negative (MS-) and positive (MS+) ionization. The spectra were analyzed using nested one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to statistically evaluate the quality of discrimination. All six methods showed statistically significant differences between the cultivars and treatments. The significance of the statistical tests was improved by the judicious selection of spectral regions (IR and NIR), masses (MS+ and MS-), and derivatives (IR, NIR, UV, and VIS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanand L Luthria
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-3000, USA.
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Sun J, Chen P, Lin LZ, Harnly JM. A non-targeted approach to chemical discrimination between green tea dietary supplements and green tea leaves by HPLC/MS. J AOAC Int 2011; 94:487-497. [PMID: 21563682 PMCID: PMC3600169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Green tea-based dietary supplements (GTDSs) have gained popularity in the U.S. market in recent years. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition difference of GTDS in comparison with green tea leaves using an HPLC/MS fingerprinting technique coupled with chemometric analysis. Five components that are most responsible for class separation among samples were identified as (-) epicatechin gallate, strictinin, trigalloylglucose, quercetin-3-O-glucosyl-rhamnosylglucoside, and kaempferol-3-O-galactosyl-rhamnosylglucoside, according to the accurate mass measurements and MS/MS data. The similarity coefficients between the GTDSs in solid form with green tea were 0.55 to 0.91, while for the GTDSs in liquid form they were 0.12 to 0.89, which suggested that chemical composition variance across the GTDSs was significant. Flavonol aglycone concentrations were higher in GTDSs than in tea leaves, indicating the degradation of flavonol glycosides or the oxidation of catechin during the manufacturing and storage processes. In some GTDS samples, compounds were identified that were on the label. The results demonstrate the urgency of QC for GTDS products.
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Chen P, Harnly JM, Harrington PDB. Flow injection mass spectroscopic fingerprinting and multivariate analysis for differentiation of three Panax species. J AOAC Int 2011; 94:90-99. [PMID: 21391484 PMCID: PMC3762700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the use of spectral fingerprints acquired by flow injection(FI)-MS and multivariate analysis to differentiate three Panax species: P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng. Data were acquired using both high resolution and unit resolution MS, and were processed using principal component analysis (PCA), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and a fuzzy rule-building expert system (FuRES). Both high and unit resolution MS allowed discrimination among the three Panax species. PLS-DA and FuRES provided classification with 100% accuracy while SIMCA provided classification accuracies of 77 and 88% by high- and low-resolution MS, respectively. The method does not quantify any of the sample components. With FI-MS, the analysis time was less than 2 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Chen P, Lin LZ, Harnly JM. Mass spectroscopic fingerprinting method for differentiation between Scutellaria lateriflora and the germander (Teucrium canadense and T. chamaedrys) species. J AOAC Int 2010; 93:1148-1154. [PMID: 20922946 PMCID: PMC3762689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria lateriflora, commonly known as skullcap, is used as an ingredient in numerous herbal products. However, it has been occasionally adulterated/contaminated with Teucrium canadense and T. chamaedrys, commonly known as germander, which contain hepatotoxic diterpenes. Due to the morphological similarities between the two genera, analytical methodologies to distinguish authentic S. lateriflora from the Teucrium species are needed to ensure public safety. In this study, a direct-injection electrospray ionization/MS method was used to generate spectral fingerprints of extracts from 21 skullcap and germander samples at a rate of 90 s/sample. MS fingerprints were analyzed by principal component analysis. The newly developed method offers a rapid and easy way to differentiate between skullcap and germander samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Abstract
A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) profiling method was used to characterize the phenolic components of 17 leafy vegetables from Brassica species other than Brassica oleracea. The vegetables studied were mustard green, baby mustard green, gai choy, baby gai choy, yu choy, yu choy tip, bok choy, bok choy tip, baby bok choy, bok choy sum, Taiwan bok choy, Shanghai bok choy, baby Shanghai bok choy, rapini broccoli, turnip green, napa, and baby napa. This work led to the tentative identification of 71 phenolic compounds consisting of kaempferol 3-O-diglucoside-7-O-glucoside derivatives, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-glucoside hydroxycinnamoyl gentiobioses, hydroxycinnamoylmalic acids, and hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids. Ten of the compounds, 3-O-diacyltriglucoside-7-O-glucosides of kaempferol and quercetin, had not been previously reported. The phenolic component profiles of these vegetables were significantly different than those of the leafy vegetables from B. oleracea. This is the first comparative study of these leafy vegetables. Ten of the vegetables had never been previously studied by LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ze Lin
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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Chen P, Harnly JM, Lester GE. Flow injection mass spectral fingerprints demonstrate chemical differences in Rio Red grapefruit with respect to year, harvest time, and conventional versus organic farming. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:4545-53. [PMID: 20337420 PMCID: PMC3762698 DOI: 10.1021/jf904324c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Spectral fingerprints were acquired for Rio Red grapefruit using flow injection electrospray ionization with ion trap and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (FI-ESI-IT-MS and FI-ESI-TOF-MS). Rio Red grapefruits were harvested 3 times a year (early, mid, and late harvests) in 2005 and 2006 from conventionally and organically grown trees. Data analysis using analysis of variance principal component analysis (ANOVA-PCA) demonstrated that, for both MS systems, the chemical patterns were different as a function of farming mode (conventional vs organic), as well as growing year and time of harvest. This was visually obvious with PCA and was shown to be statistically significant using ANOVA. The spectral fingerprints provided a more inclusive view of the chemical composition of the grapefruit and extended previous conclusions regarding the chemical differences between conventionally and organically grown Rio Red grapefruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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