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Sabry MM, El-Halawany AM, Fahmy WG, Eltanany BM, Pont L, Benavente F, Attia AS, Sherbiny FF, Ibrahim RM. Evidence on the inhibitory effect of Brassica plants against Acinetobacter baumannii lipases: phytochemical analysis, in vitro, and molecular docking studies. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:164. [PMID: 38641582 PMCID: PMC11027383 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii are becoming a rising public health problem due to its high degree of acquired and intrinsic resistance mechanisms. Bacterial lipases penetrate and damage host tissues, resulting in multiple infections. Because there are very few effective inhibitors of bacterial lipases, new alternatives for treating A. baumannii infections are urgently needed. In recent years, Brassica vegetables have received a lot of attention since their phytochemical compounds have been directly linked to diverse antimicrobial actions by inhibiting the growth of various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Despite their longstanding antibacterial history, there is currently a lack of scientific evidence to support their role in the management of infections caused by the nosocomial bacterium, A. baumannii. This study aimed to address this gap in knowledge by examining the antibacterial and lipase inhibitory effects of six commonly consumed Brassica greens, Chinese cabbage (CC), curly and Tuscan kale (CK and TK), red and green Pak choi (RP and GP), and Brussels sprouts (BR), against A. baumannii in relation to their chemical profiles. METHODS The secondary metabolites of the six extracts were identified using LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis, and they were subsequently correlated with the lipase inhibitory activity using multivariate data analysis and molecular docking. RESULTS In total, 99 metabolites from various chemical classes were identified in the extracts. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the chemical similarities and variabilities among the specimens, with glucosinolates and phenolic compounds being the major metabolites. RP and GP showed the highest antibacterial activity against A. baumannii, followed by CK. Additionally, four species showed a significant effect on the bacterial growth curves and demonstrated relevant inhibition of A. baumannii lipolytic activity. CK showed the greatest inhibition (26%), followed by RP (21%), GP (21%), and TK (15%). Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) pinpointed 9 metabolites positively correlated with the observed bioactivities. Further, the biomarkers displayed good binding affinities towards lipase active sites ranging from -70.61 to -30.91 kcal/mol, compared to orlistat. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the significance of Brassica vegetables as a novel natural source of potential inhibitors of lipase from A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal M Sabry
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ali M El-Halawany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Walaa G Fahmy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Basma M Eltanany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Laura Pont
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Serra Húnter Program, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, 08007, Spain
| | - Fernando Benavente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Ahmed S Attia
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, 12577, Egypt
| | - Farag F Sherbiny
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr city, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Rana M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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Ibrahim RM, El-Shiekh RA, Mohamed OG, Al-Karmalawy AA, Tripathi A, Abdel-Baki PM. LC/MS-Based Metabolomics Reveals Chemical Variations of Two Broccoli Varieties in Relation to Their Anticholinesterase Activity: In vitro and In silico Studies. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2024:10.1007/s11130-024-01161-2. [PMID: 38607508 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-024-01161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Broccoli is commonly consumed as food and as medicine. However, comprehensive metabolic profiling of two broccoli varieties, Romanesco broccoli (RB) and purple broccoli (PB), in relation to their anticholinergic activity has not been fully disclosed. A total of 110 compounds were tentatively identified using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS metabolomics. Distinctively different metabolomic profiles of the two varieties were revealed by principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, by volcano diagram analysis, it was found that PB had a significantly higher content of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and glucosinolates, indicating the different beneficial health potentials of PB that demonstrated higher antioxidant and anticholinergic activities. Moreover, Pearson's correlation analysis revealed 18 metabolites, mainly phenolic and sulfur compounds, as the main bioactive. The binding affinity of these biomarkers to the active sites of acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase enzymes was further validated using molecular docking studies. Results emphasize the broccoli significance as a functional food and nutraceutical source and highlight its beneficial effects against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M Ibrahim
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Riham A El-Shiekh
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Osama G Mohamed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, 34518, New Damietta, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt
| | - Ashootosh Tripathi
- Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Passent M Abdel-Baki
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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Khalil MNA, Afifi SM, Eltanany BM, Pont L, Benavente F, El-Sonbaty SM, Sedeek MS. Assessment of the effect of drying on Brassica greens via a multiplex approach based on LC-QTOF-MS/MS, molecular networking, and chemometrics along with their antioxidant and anticancer activities. Food Res Int 2024; 180:114053. [PMID: 38395547 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Turnip (Brassica rapa var rapa L.) leaves are a rich source of versatile bioactive phytochemicals with great potential in the food and herbal industries. However, the effect of drying on its constituents has never been studied before. Hereto, three drying techniques were compared, namely, lyophilization (LY), vacuum oven (VO), and shade drying (SD). Chemical profiling utilizing liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) combined with chemometrics showed the different impacts of the drying methods on the phytochemical composition of the alcoholic leaf extracts. Unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of the LC-QTOF-MS/MS data showed distinct distant clustering across the three drying techniques. Loading plots and VIP scores demonstrated that sinapic acid, isorhamnetin glycosides, and sinapoyl malate were key markers for LY samples. Meanwhile, oxygenated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were characteristic for SD samples and oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids and verbascoside were characteristic for VO samples. LY resulted in the highest total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents followed by SD and VO. LY and SD samples had much higher antioxidant activity than VO measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and iron metal chelation assays. According to the anticancer activity, the drying methods were ranked in descending order as SD > LY ≫ VO when tested against colon, breast, liver, and lung cancer cell lines. Among the identified compounds, flavonoids and omega-3 fatty acids were key metabolites responsible for the anticancer activity as revealed by partial least squares (PLS) regression and correlation analyses. In conclusion, compared to LY, SD projected out as a cost-effective drying method without compromising the phytochemical and biological activities of Brassica greens. The current findings lay the foundation for further studies concerned with the valorization of Brassica greens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed N A Khalil
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Sherif M Afifi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Basma M Eltanany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Laura Pont
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Serra Húnter Program, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona 08007, Spain
| | - Fernando Benavente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Sawsan M El-Sonbaty
- Department of Radiation Microbiology, The National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City 11787, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Sedeek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Nazar N, Hussain AI, Rathore HA. Inter-Varietal Variation in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Two Brassica rapa Varieties: Influence on Pro-Inflammatory Mediators. Molecules 2023; 29:117. [PMID: 38202700 PMCID: PMC10779636 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The present research study aims to appraise the potential of polyphenol-rich extracts from two Brassica rapa varieties on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Methanol extracts of peels and pulps of Brassica rapa yellow root (BRYR) and Brassica rapa white root (BRWR) were prepared using the soxhlet extraction technique. All four extracts were analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) for the polyphenols, and results showed that 10 phenolic acids and 4 flavonoids were detected. Gallic acid was the major phenolic acid (174.6-642.3 mg/100 g of dry plant material) while catechin was the major (34.45-358.5 mg/100 g of dry plant material) flavonoid detected in the extracts. The total phenolic contents (TPC) of BRYR peel, BRWR peel, BRYR pulp and BRWR pulp extracts were in the range of 1.21-5.01 mg/g of dry plant material, measured as GAE, whereas the total flavonoid contents (TFC) were found in the range of 0.90-3.95 mg/g of dry plant material, measured as QE. BRYR peel extract exhibited the best DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50, 3.85 µg/mL) and reducing potential as compared with other extracts. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potential was assessed by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, and the analgesic potential was investigated by a hot plate test. Suppression of biochemical inflammatory biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration were also determined. Results showed that BRYR peel extracts reduced paw edema and suppressed the production of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and RF most significantly, followed by BRWR peel, BRYR pulp and BRWR pulp extracts. In addition, histopathology observation also supports the anti-inflammatory effect of peel extracts as being greater than that of root pulp extracts. Moreover, it was observed that the analgesic effect of the root-peel extracts was also more pronounced as compared with root-pulp extracts. It can be concluded that BRYR peel extract has higher phenolic contents and showed higher suppression of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and RF, with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Nazar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Abdullah Ijaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
- Hi-Tech Lab, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hassaan Anwer Rathore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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Ibrahim RM, M. Eltanany B, Pont L, Benavente F, ElBanna SA, Otify AM. Unveiling the functional components and antivirulence activity of mustard leaves using an LC-MS/MS, molecular networking, and multivariate data analysis integrated approach. Food Res Int 2023; 168:112742. [PMID: 37120197 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant extracts have recently received increased attention as alternative sources of antimicrobial agents in the fight against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Non-targeted metabolomics liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry, molecular networking, and chemometrics were used to evaluate the metabolic profiles of red and green leaves of two Brassica juncea (L.) varieties, var. integrifolia (IR and IG) and var. rugosa (RR and RG), as well as to establish a relationship between the elucidated chemical profiles and antivirulence activity. In total, 171 metabolites from different classes were annotated and principal component analysis revealed higher levels of phenolics and glucosinolates in var. integrifolia leaves and color discrimination, whereas fatty acids were enriched in var. rugosa, particularly trihydroxy octadecadienoic acid. All extracts demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, presenting the IR leaves the highest antihemolytic activity against S. aureus (99 % inhibition), followed by RR (84 %), IG (82 %), and RG (37 %) leaves. Antivirulence of IR leaves was further validated by reduction in alpha-hemolysin gene transcription (∼4-fold). Using various multivariate data analyses, compounds positively correlated to bioactivity, primarily phenolic compounds, glucosinolates, and isothiocyanates, were also identified.
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Missinou AA, Ferreira de Carvalho J, Marnet N, Delhaye T, Hamzaoui O, Abdel Sayed D, Guitton Y, Lebreton L, Langrume C, Laperche A, Delourme R, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ, Bouchereau A, Gravot A. Identification and Quantification of Glucosinolates and Phenolics in a Large Panel of Brassica napus Highlight Valuable Genetic Resources for Chemical Ecology and Breeding. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:5245-5261. [PMID: 35420430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolate (GLS) and phenolic contents in Brassicaceae contribute to biotic and abiotic stress responses. Breeding crop accessions harboring agroecologically relevant metabolic profiles require a characterization of the chemical diversity in Brassica germplasm. This work investigates the diversity of specialized metabolites in 281 accessions of B. napus. First, an LC-HRMS2-based approach allowed the annotation of 32 phenolics and 36 GLSs, revealing 13 branched and linear alkyl-GLSs and 4 isomers of hydroxyphenylalkyl-GLSs, many of which have been rarely reported in Brassica. Then, quantitative UPLC-UV-MS-based profiling was performed in leaves and roots for the whole panel. This revealed striking variations in the content of 1-methylpropyl-GLS (glucocochlearin) and a large variation of tetra- and penta-glucosyl kaempferol derivatives among accessions. It also highlighted two main chemotypes related to sinapoyl-O-hexoside and kaempferol-O-trihexoside contents. By offering an unprecedented overview of the phytochemical diversity in B. napus, this work provides a useful resource for chemical ecology and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lionel Lebreton
- Univ Rennes, Institut Agro, INRAE, IGEPP, 35653 Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Anne Laperche
- Univ Rennes, Institut Agro, INRAE, IGEPP, 35653 Le Rheu, France
| | - Régine Delourme
- Univ Rennes, Institut Agro, INRAE, IGEPP, 35653 Le Rheu, France
| | | | | | - Antoine Gravot
- Univ Rennes, Institut Agro, INRAE, IGEPP, 35653 Le Rheu, France
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Wang Y, Huang X, Huang X, Su W, Hao Y, Liu H, Chen R, Song S. BcSOC1 Promotes Bolting and Stem Elongation in Flowering Chinese Cabbage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 35408819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering Chinese cabbage is one of the most economically important stalk vegetables. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying bolting, which is directly related to stalk quality and yield, in this species remain unknown. Previously, we examined five key stem development stages in flowering Chinese cabbage. Here, we identified a gene, BcSOC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1), in flowering Chinese cabbage using transcriptome analysis, whose expression was positively correlated with bolting. Exogenous gibberellin (GA3) and low-temperature treatments significantly upregulated BcSOC1 and promoted early bolting and flowering. Additionally, BcSOC1 overexpression accelerated early flowering and stem elongation in both Arabidopsis and flowering Chinese cabbage, whereas its knockdown dramatically delayed bolting and flowering and inhibited stem elongation in the latter; the inhibition of stem elongation was more notable than delayed flowering. BcSOC1 overexpression also induced cell expansion by upregulating genes encoding cell wall structural proteins, such as BcEXPA11 (cell wall structural proteins and enzymes) and BcXTH3 (xyloglucan endotransglycosidase/hydrolase), upon exogenous GA3 and low-temperature treatments. Moreover, the length of pith cells was correlated with stem height, and BcSOC1 interacted with BcAGL6 (AGAMOUS-LIKE 6) and BcAGL24 (AGAMOUS-LIKE 24). Thus, BcSOC1 plays a vital role in bolting and stem elongation of flowering Chinese cabbage and may play a novel role in regulating stalk development, apart from the conserved function of Arabidopsis SOC1 in flowering alone.
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Abstract
Syringin (1), a natural bioactive glucoside isolated from the root of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. Maxim.) Harms, possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we have accomplished the total syntheses of syringin (1), along with its natural analogues 2-12, from a common starting material, syringaldehyde (13), in 4-8 steps with an overall yields of 11.8-61.3%. The anti-inflammatory activities of these compounds were determined against NO production in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Among them, compounds 1-5, 7, and 9 exhibited different levels of anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Dong
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
- School of Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Min Wu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610052, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Yujiao He
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- School of Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
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Guan H, Huang X, Zhu Y, Xie B, Liu H, Song S, Hao Y, Chen R. Identification of DELLA Genes and Key Stage for GA Sensitivity in Bolting and Flowering of Flowering Chinese Cabbage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12092. [PMID: 34829974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee) is an important and extensively cultivated vegetable in south China, and its stalk development is mainly regulated by gibberellin (GA). DELLA proteins negatively regulate GA signal transduction and may play an important role in determining bolting and flowering. Nevertheless, no systematic study of the DELLA gene family has been undertaken in flowering Chinese cabbage. In the present study, we found that the two-true-leaf spraying of gibberellin A3 (GA3) did not promote bolting but did promote flowering, whereas the three-true-leaf spraying of GA3 promoted both bolting and flowering. In addition, we identified five DELLA genes in flowering Chinese cabbage. All five proteins contained DELLA, VHYNP, VHIID, and SAW conserved domains. Protein-protein interaction results showed that in the presence of GA3, all five DELLA proteins interacted with BcGID1b (GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF 1b) but not with BcGID1a (GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF 1a) or BcGID1c (GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF 1c). Their expression analysis showed that the DELLA genes exhibited tissue-specific expression, and their reversible expression profiles responded to exogenous GA3 depending on the treatment stage. We also found that the DELLA genes showed distinct expression patterns in the two varieties of flowering Chinese cabbage. BcRGL1 may play a major role in the early bud differentiation process of different varieties, affecting bolting and flowering. Taken together, these results provide a theoretical basis for further dissecting the DELLA regulatory mechanism in the bolting and flowering of flowering Chinese cabbage.
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Tian Y, Deng F, Zhao L, Du H, Li T, Lai D, Zhou T, Qing Z. Characterization of extractable components of fresh and fermented Huarong large-leaf mustard and their inhibitory effects on human colon cancer cells. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Zakłos-Szyda M, Pietrzyk N, Kowalska-Baron A, Nowak A, Chałaśkiewicz K, Ratajewski M, Budryn G, Koziołkiewicz M. Phenolics-Rich Extracts of Dietary Plants as Regulators of Fructose Uptake in Caco-2 Cells via GLUT5 Involvement. Molecules 2021; 26:4745. [PMID: 34443333 PMCID: PMC8401051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The latest data link the chronic consumption of large amounts of fructose present in food with the generation of hypertension and disturbances in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, which promote the development of obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. This effect is possible after fructose is absorbed by the small intestine cells and, to a lesser extent, by hepatocytes. Fructose transport is dependent on proteins from the family of glucose transporters (GLUTs), among which GLUT5 selectively absorbs fructose from the intestine. In this study, we examined the effect of four phenolic-rich extracts obtained from A. graveolens, B. juncea, and M. chamomilla on fructose uptake by Caco-2 cells. Extracts from B. juncea and M. chamomilla most effectively reduced fluorescent fructose analogue (NBDF) accumulation in Caco-2, as well as downregulated GLUT5 protein levels. These preparations were able to decrease the mRNA level of genes encoding transcription factors regulating GLUT5 expression-thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP). Active extracts contained large amounts of apigenin and flavonols. The molecular docking simulation suggested that some of identified phenolic constituents can play an important role in the inhibition of GLUT5-mediated fructose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Zakłos-Szyda
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Łódź, Poland; (N.P.); (K.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Nina Pietrzyk
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Łódź, Poland; (N.P.); (K.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Kowalska-Baron
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Chałaśkiewicz
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Łódź, Poland; (N.P.); (K.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Marcin Ratajewski
- Institute of Medical Biology, Laboratory of Epigenetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3a, 90-364 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Grażyna Budryn
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Maria Koziołkiewicz
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Łódź, Poland; (N.P.); (K.C.); (M.K.)
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Nguyen VPT, Stewart JD, Ioannou I, Allais F. Sinapic Acid and Sinapate Esters in Brassica: Innate Accumulation, Biosynthesis, Accessibility via Chemical Synthesis or Recovery From Biomass, and Biological Activities. Front Chem 2021; 9:664602. [PMID: 34055737 PMCID: PMC8161205 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.664602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinapic acid (SinA) and corresponding esters are secondary metabolites abundantly found in plants of Brassica family. Belonging to the family of p-hydroxycinnamic acids, SinA and its esters analogues are present in different plant parts and involved in multiple biological processes in planta. Moreover, these metabolites are also found in relatively large quantities in agro-industrial wastes. Nowadays, these metabolites are increasingly drawing attention due to their bioactivities which include antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-cancer and UV filtering activities. As a result, these metabolites find applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. In this context, this article reviews innate occurrence, biosynthesis, accessibility via chemical synthesis or direct extraction from agro-industrial wastes. Biological activities of SinA and its main corresponding esters will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Thinh Nguyen
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle, France.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jon D Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Irina Ioannou
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle, France
| | - Florent Allais
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle, France.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Dejanovic GM, Asllanaj E, Gamba M, Raguindin PF, Itodo OA, Minder B, Bussler W, Metzger B, Muka T, Glisic M, Kern H. Phytochemical characterization of turnip greens (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa): A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247032. [PMID: 33596258 PMCID: PMC7888597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The Turnip (Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapa) is a leaf and root vegetable grown and consumed worldwide. The consumption of Turnip has been associated with beneficial effects on human health due to their phytochemicals that may control a variety of physiological functions, including antioxidant activity, enzyme regulation, and apoptotic control and the cell cycle. The current systematic review of the literature aims to evaluate both the profile and quantity of phytochemicals commonly found in Turnip greens and to provide perspectives for further investigation. Methods This review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Four bibliographic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web-of-Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched to identify published studies until April 8th, 2020 (date last searched) without data and language restriction. Studies were included if they used samples of Turnip greens (the leaves), and evaluated its phytochemical content. Two reviewers independently evaluated the titles and abstracts according to the selection criteria. For each potentially eligible study, two reviewers assessed the full-texts and independently extracted the data using a predesigned data extraction form. Results Based on the search strategy 5,077 potentially relevant citations were identified and full texts of 37 studies were evaluated, among which 18 studies were eligible to be included in the current review. The majority of included studies were focused on identification of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates (n = 14, 82%), four studies focused on organic acids, and five studies reported phenolic component profile in Turnip greens. Among included studies nine studies (50%) provided information on phytochemical’s content. We found 129 phytochemicals (19 glucosinolates, 33 glucosinolate-breakdown products, 10 organic acids and 59 polyphenolic compounds) reported in Turnip greens. Flavonoids were mainly present as quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin derivatives; while aliphatic forms were the predominant glucosinolate (gluconapin was the most common across five studies, followed by glucobrassicanapin). In general, the phytochemical content varied among the leaves, tops and Turnip roots. Conclusions Emerging evidence suggests the Turnip as a substantial source of diverse bioactive compounds. However, detailed investigation on the pure compounds derived from Turnip green, their bioavailability, transport and metabolism after consumption is further needed. Additional studies on their biological activity are crucial to develop dietary recommendations on the effective dosage and dietary recommendation of Turnip greens for nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana M. Dejanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Eralda Asllanaj
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magda Gamba
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Francis Raguindin
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Oche Adam Itodo
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Minder
- Public Health & Primary Care Library, University Library of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Weston Bussler
- Nutrition Innovation Center, Standard Process Inc., Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Brandon Metzger
- Nutrition Innovation Center, Standard Process Inc., Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Taulant Muka
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marija Glisic
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Hua Kern
- Nutrition Innovation Center, Standard Process Inc., Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
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GÖK V, ÇAĞLAR MY, TOMAR O. Comparison of chemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic acids of autoclaved and unautoclaved ground mustard seeds. Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.09020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sun J, Charron CS, Liu Z, Novotny JA, Harrington PDB, Ross SA, Seifried HE, Chen P. Study on Human Urinary Metabolic Profiles after Consumption of Kale and Daikon Radish using a High-resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Non-targeted and Targeted Metabolomic Approach. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:14307-14318. [PMID: 33205650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, urine samples were collected from healthy human volunteers to determine the metabolic fates of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates after a single meal of kale and daikon radish. The major glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in kale and daikon radish were measured. The urinary metabolome after feeding at different time periods was investigated. A targeted metabolite analysis method was developed based on the known metabolic pathways for glucosinolates and phenolic compounds. Using a targeted approach, a total of 18 metabolites were found in urine: 4 from phenolic compounds and 14 from glucosinolates. Among these metabolites, 4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate, 4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate-cysteine, and 4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenylglucosinolate-N-acetyl cysteine were reported for the first time in human urine. The combination of non-targeted and targeted metabolomic approaches can gain a full metabolite profile for human dietary intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Sun
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Craig S Charron
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Zhihao Liu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Janet A Novotny
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Peter de B Harrington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Sharon A Ross
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Protection Prevention, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Harold E Seifried
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Protection Prevention, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Fangming Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
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Picchi V, Lo Scalzo R, Tava A, Doria F, Argento S, Toscano S, Treccarichi S, Branca F. Phytochemical Characterization and In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Four Brassica Wild Species from Italy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153495. [PMID: 32752002 PMCID: PMC7435896 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated for the first time the variability of antioxidant traits of four Brassica wild species: B. incana, B. macrocarpa, B. villosa, and B. rupestris. The content of the main water-soluble antioxidants (phenolics, ascorbic acid, and total biothiols) and the in vitro antioxidant potential (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and superoxide anion scavenging capacity) were investigated. A total of 28 polyphenolic compounds were identified by LC/MS and quantitated by HPLC/DAD analysis. Kaempferol and quercetin derivatives were the most abundant phenolics compared to hydroxycinnamoyl gentiobiosides. In the ten populations, phenolics ranged from 163.9 to 533.9 mg/100 g dry weight (d.w.), ascorbic acid from 7.6 to 375.8 mg/100 g d.w., and total biothiols from 0.59 to 5.13 mg/100 g d.w. The different classes of phytochemicals were separated using solid-phase extraction at increasing methanol concentrations, and the antioxidant power of fractionated extracts was evaluated. The superoxide anion scavenging activity was significantly correlated to phenolics, particularly to flavonol derivatives, while DPPH was mainly related to ascorbic acid content. The present findings improve the knowledge of the phytochemical composition of Italian Brassica wild species by showing the great diversity of phytochemicals among populations and highlighting their importance as a valuable genetic resource for developing new cultivars with improved bioactive content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Picchi
- CREA Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, via G. Venezian 26, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-239557210
| | - Roberto Lo Scalzo
- CREA Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, via G. Venezian 26, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Aldo Tava
- CREA Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, viale Piacenza 29, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Filippo Doria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Sergio Argento
- CNR Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (ISAFoM), via Empedocle 58, 95128 Catania, Italy;
| | - Stefania Toscano
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Catania, via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.T.); (S.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Simone Treccarichi
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Catania, via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.T.); (S.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Ferdinando Branca
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Catania, via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.T.); (S.T.); (F.B.)
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Marrelli M, Argentieri MP, Avato P, Conforti F. Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Aerial Parts Methanolic Extract: In Vitro Screening of Biological Activity. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E89. [PMID: 31936818 PMCID: PMC7020505 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. is a perennial herb growing wild in the Mediterranean basin. The aim of this work was to assess the fatty acid, terpene, phytosterol, and phenolic composition of the methanolic extract and its sub-fractions using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), High-Performance Liquid Chromathography with Dioide-Array Detector (HPLC-DAD), High-Performance Liquid Chromathography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS), and Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). The potential health benefits of this plant species have been investigated as well. The antioxidant activity was determined in vitro by means of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene bleaching tests. The inhibitory potential towards the production of the pro-inflammatory mediator nitric oxide was verified on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line. A remarkable inhibitory activity was observed for the dichloromethane fraction, with an IC50 value equal to 45.86 ± 1.05 μg/mL, a significant result if compared to indomethacin and the known nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), used as positive controls. Moreover, the ethyl acetate fraction proved to be effective in inhibiting pancreatic lipase, an enzyme that plays a pivotal role in the gastrointestinal digestion of dietary fat, suggesting that this species could potentially be a promising source of useful compounds for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Maria Pia Argentieri
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (M.P.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Pinarosa Avato
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (M.P.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy;
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Koley TK, Khan Z, Oulkar D, Singh B, Maurya A, Singh B, Banerjee K. High resolution LC-MS characterization of phenolic compounds and the evaluation of antioxidant properties of a tropical purple radish genotype. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Bajpai PK, Reichelt M, Augustine R, Gershenzon J, Bisht NC. Heterotic patterns of primary and secondary metabolites in the oilseed crop Brassica juncea. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 123:318-36. [PMID: 30911141 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterosis refers to the superior performance of F1 hybrids over their respective parental inbred lines. Although the genetic and expression basis of heterosis have been previously investigated, the metabolic basis for this phenomenon is poorly understood. In a preliminary morphological study in Brassica juncea, we observed significant heterosis at the 50% flowering stage, wherein both the growth and reproduction of F1 reciprocal hybrids were greater than that of their parents. To identify the possible metabolic causes or consequences of this heterosis, we carried out targeted LC-MS analysis of 48 primary (amino acids and sugars) and secondary metabolites (phytohormones, glucosinolates, flavonoids, and phenolic esters) in five developmental tissues at 50% flowering in hybrids and inbred parents. Principal component analysis (PCA) of metabolites clearly separated inbred lines from their hybrids, particularly in the bud tissues. In general, secondary metabolites displayed more negative heterosis values in comparison to primary metabolites. The tested primary and secondary metabolites displayed both additive and non-additive modes of inheritance in F1 hybrids, wherein the number of metabolites showing an additive mode of inheritance were higher in buds and siliques (52.77-97.14%) compared to leaf tissues (47.37-80%). Partial least regression (PLS) analysis further showed that primary metabolites, in general, displayed higher association with morphological parameters in F1 hybrids. Overall, our results are consistent with a resource-cost model for heterosis in B. juncea, where metabolite allocation in hybrids appears to favor growth, at the expense of secondary metabolism.
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Abstract
Abstract In addition to basic nutrition, plant-based foods provide substantial amounts of bioactive compounds which deliver desirable health benefits. During the last decade, secondary metabolites, also known as phytochemicals, obtained from plants, have aroused special attention by researchers. Amongst such plants, the turnip contains a few valuable components which not only endorse health benefits but also provide healing properties. Various bioactive components, for example peroxidase, kaempferol, phenolic compounds, sulforaphane, organic acids, vitamin K, glucosinolates etc are highlighted in this manuscript. Likewise, numerous minerals, such as copper, manganese and calcium, and organic acids, such as sinapic and ferulic acids and their derivatives, found in different amounts in fresh greens and turnip roots, are also discussed briefly. The current paper is focused on the phenolic compounds, which act as beneficial compounds for human health and can be isolated from plant foods, especially turnip. Due to the presence of bioactive constituents, turnip imparts a positive role with respect to the hepatic injury caused by diabetes, high antioxidant activity and a good hepatoprotective role. The impact of environmental conditions and processing mechanisms on the phenolic compound composition of Brassica vegetables, with special reference to turnip, was also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ali Tahir
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Pakistan
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Marrelli M, Morrone F, Argentieri MP, Gambacorta L, Conforti F, Avato P. Phytochemical and Biological Profile of Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC.: An Inhibitor of Pancreatic Lipase. Molecules 2018; 23:E2829. [PMID: 30384448 PMCID: PMC6278432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic lipase, a key enzyme for lipid absorption, is one of the most important targets for the treatment of obesity, while natural compounds have recently attracted much interest as potential inhibitors of this enzyme. Here, in an attempt to find new effective agents, the methanolic extract from Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC. and its sub-extracts were investigated for their potential inhibitory activity. The ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase was verified through the in vitro evaluation of the prevention of p-nitrophenyl caprylate hydrolysis. The antioxidant activity was also verified by means of DPPH and β-carotene bleaching tests. Compositional profiling revealed that flavonoid glycosides were the main specialized metabolites present in the methanolic extract from the aerial parts of the plant with kaempferol and quercetin representing the two O-glycosylated aglycones. Kaempferol-3-O-β-(2″-O-glucosyl)-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-a-arabinosyl-7-O-rhamnoside were the most abundant flavonols. The crude methanolic extract and the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate sub-extracts showed a strong lipase inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 2.06 ± 0.02, 1.52 ± 0.02 and 1.31 ± 0.02 mg/mL, respectively. The best capacity to scavenge DPPH radical was detected for the ethyl acetate sub-extract (IC50 = 171.9 ± 1.0 µg/mL), which was also effective in protecting linoleic acid from peroxidation (IC50 = 35.69 ± 2.30 µg/mL). Obtained results support the hypothesis that M. arvensis can be a source of bioactive phytochemicals for the pharmacological inhibition of dietary lipids absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Federica Morrone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Maria Pia Argentieri
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", I-70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Lucia Gambacorta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Pinarosa Avato
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", I-70125 Bari, Italy.
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Cuong DM, Kim JK, Bong SJ, Baek SA, Jeon J, Park JS, Park SU. Comparative analysis of glucosinolates and metabolite profiling of green and red mustard ( brassica juncea) hairy roots. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:382. [PMID: 30148032 PMCID: PMC6104223 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, accumulation of glucosinolates and expression of glucosinolates biosynthesis genes in green and red mustard hairy roots were identified and quantified by HPLC and qRT-PCR analyses. The total glucosinolates content of green mustard hairy root (10.09 µg/g dry weight) was 3.88 times higher than that of red mustard hairy root. Indolic glucosinolates (glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, and neoglucobrassicin) in green mustard were found at 30.92, 6.95, and 5.29 times higher than in red mustard hairy root, respectively. Conversely, levels of glucotropaeolin (aromatic glucosinolate) was significantly higher in red mustard than in green mustard. Accumulation of glucoraphasatin, an aliphatic glucosinolate, was only observed only in red mustard hairy roots. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression level of genes related to aliphatic and aromatic glucosinolate biosynthesis were higher in red mustard, exception BjCYP83B. The expression of BjCYP79B2, which encodes a key enzyme involved in the indolic glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway, was higher in green mustard than in red mustard. Additionally, to further distinguish between green mustard and red mustard hairy roots, hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and subjected to principal component analysis. The results indicated that core primary metabolites and glucosinolate levels were higher in the hairy roots of green mustard than in those of red mustard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Manh Cuong
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134 South Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012 South Korea
| | - Sun Ju Bong
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134 South Korea
| | - Seung A Baek
- Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012 South Korea
| | - Jin Jeon
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134 South Korea
| | - Jong Seok Park
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134 South Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134 South Korea
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Lu Q, Lv S, Peng Y, Zhu C, Pan S. Characterization of phenolics and antioxidant abilities of red navel orange “Cara Cara” harvested from five regions of China. International Journal of Food Properties 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1485030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Siyi Lv
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ying Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Siyi Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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Li Z, Lee HW, Liang X, Liang D, Wang Q, Huang D, Ong CN. Profiling of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of 12 Cruciferous Vegetables. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051139. [PMID: 29748497 PMCID: PMC6100362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenolic profiles of 12 cruciferous vegetables (pakchoi, choysum, Chinese cabbage, kailan, Brussels sprout, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, rocket salad, red cherry radish, daikon radish, and watercress) were studied with UHPLC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) were also evaluated. A total of 74 phenolic compounds were identified, including 16 hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives, and 58 flavonoids and derivatives. The main flavonoids identified were glycosylated quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, and the main hydroxycinnamic acids were ferulic, sinapic, caffeic and p-coumaric acids. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the distribution of phenolic compounds in different genera of cruciferous vegetables was in accordance with their conventional taxonomy. The DPPH, ORAC and TPC values ranged from 1.11 to 9.54 µmoles Trolox equivalent/g FW, 5.34 to 32.92 µmoles Trolox equivalent/g FW, and 0.16 to 1.93 mg gallic acid equivalent/g FW respectively. Spearman’s correlation showed significant (p < 0.05) positive correlations between TPC, flavonoids and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Li
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 818 Yunwan Road, Nanchang 330002, China.
| | - Hui Wen Lee
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
| | - Xu Liang
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
| | - Dong Liang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore.
| | - Qi Wang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 818 Yunwan Road, Nanchang 330002, China.
| | - Dejian Huang
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore.
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Lamine M, Rahali FZ, Hammami M, Mliki A. From differentially accumulated volatiles to the search of robust metabolic classifiers: Exploring the volatome of Citrus leaves. Microchem J 2018; 138:321-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Šamec D, Urlić B, Salopek-Sondi B. Kale ( Brassica oleracea var. acephala) as a superfood: Review of the scientific evidence behind the statement. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2411-2422. [PMID: 29557674 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1454400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is a cruciferous vegetable, characterized by leaves along the stem, which, in recent years, have gained a great popularity as a ´superfood´. Consequently, in a popular culture it is listed in many ´lists of the healthiest vegetables´. Without the doubt, a scientific evidences support the fact that cruciferous vegetables included in human diet can positively affect health and well-being, but remains unclear why kale is declared superior in comparison with other cruciferous. It is questionable if this statement about kale is triggered by scientific evidence or by some other factors. Our review aims to bring an overview of kale's botanical characteristics, agronomic requirements, contemporary and traditional use, macronutrient and phytochemical content and biological activity, in order to point out the reasons for tremendous kale popularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Šamec
- a Ruđer Bošković Institute, Department for Molecular Biology , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Branimir Urlić
- b Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation , Split , Croatia
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Sena LM, Zappelli C, Apone F, Barbulova A, Tito A, Leone A, Oliviero T, Ferracane R, Fogliano V, Colucci G. Brassica rapa hairy root extracts promote skin depigmentation by modulating melanin production and distribution. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 17:246-257. [PMID: 28670794 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin whitening products, used for ages by Asian people for cultural and esthetic purposes, are very popular nowadays in Western countries as well, where the need to inhibit skin spots after sun exposure has become not only a cosmetic but also a health-related issue. Thus, the development of effective and safe depigmenting agents derived from natural products gets continuous attention by cosmetic brands and consumers. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the effects of two preparations, obtained from the hairy root cultures of the species Brassica rapa, on melanogenesis and the expression of the extracellular matrix proteins involved in a correct pigment distribution. METHODS The two preparations, obtained by water-ethanol extraction and by digestion of cell-wall glycoproteins of the root cells, were chemically characterized and tested on skin cell cultures and on human skin explants to investigate on their dermatological activities. RESULTS Both the extracts were able to decrease melanin synthesis pathway in melanocytes and modulate the expression of genes involved in melanin distribution. One of the extracts was also effective in inducing the expression of laminin-5 and collagen IV, involved into the maintenance of tissue integrity. The two extracts, when tested together on human skin explants, demonstrated a good synergic hypopigmenting activity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results indicate that the extracts from B. rapa root cultures can be employed as cosmetic active ingredients in skin whitening products and as potential therapeutic agents for treating pigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabio Apone
- Arterra Bioscience srl, Napoli, Italy
- Vitalab srl, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonella Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Teresa Oliviero
- Food Quality & Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalia Ferracane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality & Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Haramija M. Challenges in Separations of Proteins and Small Biomolecules and the Role of Modern Mass Spectroscopy Tools for Solving Them, as Well as Bypassing Them, in Structural Analytical Studies of Complex Biomolecular Mixtures. SEPARATIONS 2018; 5:11. [DOI: 10.3390/separations5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Huang X, Lei Y, Guan H, Hao Y, Liu H, Sun G, Chen R, Song S. Transcriptomic analysis of the regulation of stalk development in flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris) by RNA sequencing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15517. [PMID: 29138433 PMCID: PMC5686075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering Chinese cabbage is a stalk vegetable whose quality and yield are directly related to stalk development. However, no comprehensive investigations on stalk development have been performed. To address this issue, the present study used RNA sequencing to investigate transcriptional regulation at three key stages (seedling, bolting, and flowering) of stalk development in flowering Chinese cabbage. Anatomical analysis revealed that cell division was the main mode of stalk thickening and elongation at all key stages. Among the 35,327 genes expressed in shoot apices, 34,448 were annotated and 879 were identified as novel transcripts. We identified 11,514 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the three stages of stalk development. Functional analysis revealed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in ‘ribosome’ and ‘plant hormone signal transduction’ pathways and were involved in hormone signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and the regulation of flowering time. The roles of these genes in stalk development were explored, and a putative gene-regulation network for the stalk flowering time was established. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of stalk development in flowering Chinese cabbage that provides a new theoretical basis for stalk vegetable breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuling Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongling Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanwei Hao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Houcheng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangwen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Riyuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shiwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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Pham HN, Michalet S, Bodillis J, Nguyen TD, Nguyen TKO, Le TPQ, Haddad M, Nazaret S, Dijoux-Franca MG. Impact of metal stress on the production of secondary metabolites in Pteris vittata L. and associated rhizosphere bacterial communities. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:16735-16750. [PMID: 28567675 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants adapt to metal stress by modifying their metabolism including the production of secondary metabolites in plant tissues. Such changes may impact the diversity and functions of plant associated microbial communities. Our study aimed to evaluate the influence of metals on the secondary metabolism of plants and the indirect impact on rhizosphere bacterial communities. We then compared the secondary metabolites of the hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. collected from a contaminated mining site to a non-contaminated site in Vietnam and identified the discriminant metabolites. Our data showed a significant increase in chlorogenic acid derivatives and A-type procyanidin in plant roots at the contaminated site. We hypothesized that the intensive production of these compounds could be part of the antioxidant defense mechanism in response to metals. In parallel, the structure and diversity of bulk soil and rhizosphere communities was studied using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed strong differences in bacterial composition, characterized by the dominance of Proteobacteria and Nitrospira in the contaminated bulk soil, and the enrichment of some potential human pathogens, i.e., Acinetobacter, Mycobacterium, and Cupriavidus in P. vittata's rhizosphere at the mining site. Overall, metal pollution modified the production of P. vittata secondary metabolites and altered the diversity and structure of bacterial communities. Further investigations are needed to understand whether the plant recruits specific bacteria to adapt to metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Nam Pham
- UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRA, VetagroSup, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Serge Michalet
- UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRA, VetagroSup, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Josselin Bodillis
- UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRA, VetagroSup, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tien Dat Nguyen
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Kieu Oanh Nguyen
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Phuong Quynh Le
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mohamed Haddad
- UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Nazaret
- UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRA, VetagroSup, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Marie-Geneviève Dijoux-Franca
- UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRA, VetagroSup, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Spínola V, Pinto J, Castilho PC. In vitro studies on the effect of watercress juice on digestive enzymes relevant to type 2 diabetes and obesity and antioxidant activity. J Food Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Spínola
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira; Campus da Penteada Funchal 9020-105 Portugal
| | - Joana Pinto
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira; Campus da Penteada Funchal 9020-105 Portugal
| | - Paula C. Castilho
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira; Campus da Penteada Funchal 9020-105 Portugal
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Chen C. Sinapic Acid and Its Derivatives as Medicine in Oxidative Stress-Induced Diseases and Aging. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2015; 2016:3571614. [PMID: 27069529 PMCID: PMC4812465 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3571614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sinapic acid (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) is an orally bioavailable phytochemical, extensively found in spices, citrus and berry fruits, vegetables, cereals, and oilseed crops and is known to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimutagenic, antiglycemic, neuroprotective, and antibacterial activities. The literature reveals that sinapic acid is a bioactive phenolic acid and has the potential to attenuate various chemically induced toxicities. This minireview is an effort to summarize the available literature about pharmacokinetic, therapeutic, and protective potential of this versatile molecule in health related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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34
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Vale A, Santos J, Melia N, Peixoto V, Brito N, Oliveira MBP. Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of four varieties of Brassica oleracea sprouts. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sun J, Kou L, Geng P, Huang H, Yang T, Luo Y, Chen P. Metabolomic assessment reveals an elevated level of glucosinolate content in CaCl₂ treated broccoli microgreens. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:1863-8. [PMID: 25594226 DOI: 10.1021/jf504710r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Preharvest calcium application has been shown to increase broccoli microgreen yield and extend shelf life. In this study, we investigated the effect of calcium application on its metabolome using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The data collected were analyzed using principal component analysis and orthogonal projection to latent structural discriminate analysis. Chemical composition comparison shows that glucosinolates, a very important group of phytochemicals, are the major compounds enhanced by preharvest treatment with 10 mM calcium chloride (CaCl2). Aliphatic glucosinolates (glucoerucin, glucoiberin, glucoiberverin, glucoraphanin, pentyl glucosinolate, and hexyl glucosinolate) and indolic glucosinolates (glucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin, and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin) were increased significantly in the CaCl2 treated microgreens using metabolomic approaches. Targeted glucosinolate analysis using the ISO 9167-1 method was further employed to confirm the findings. Results indicate that glucosinolates can be considered as a class of compounds that are responsible for the difference between two groups and a higher glucosinolate level was found in CaCl2 treated groups at each time point after harvest in comparison with the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Sun
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, and §Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
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Shao Y, Jiang J, Ran L, Lu C, Wei C, Wang Y. Analysis of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in rapeseeds (Brassica napus L. var. napus) by HPLC-PDA--ESI(--)-MS(n)/HRMS. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:2935-45. [PMID: 24620834 DOI: 10.1021/jf404826u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive description of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in Brassica napus L. var. napus seeds is important to improve rapeseed quality. HPLC-PDA-ESI(-)-MS(n)/HRMS has been broadly applied to study phenolic compounds in plants. In the present study, crude phenolic compounds extracted from rapeseed were subjected to column chromatography, alkaline hydrolysis, and HPLC-PDA-ESI(-)-MS(n)/HRMS analysis. A total of 91 flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were detected, including 39 kaempferol derivatives, 11 isorhamnetin derivatives, 5 quercetin derivatives, 6 flavanols and their oligomers, and 30 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. A total of 78 of these compounds were tentatively identified; of these, 55 were reported for the first time in B. napus L. var. napus and 24 were detected for the first time in the genus Brassica. This research enriches our knowledge of the phenolic composition of rapeseed and provides a reliable guide for the selection of rapeseed with valuable breeding potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Shao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology and ‡Test Center, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
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Nićiforović N, Abramovič H. Sinapic Acid and Its Derivatives: Natural Sources and Bioactivity. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013; 13:34-51. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Nićiforović
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Biotechnical Faculty, Univ. of Ljubljana; 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Helena Abramovič
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Biotechnical Faculty, Univ. of Ljubljana; 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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Sun J, Xiao Z, Lin LZ, Lester GE, Wang Q, Harnly JM, Chen P. Profiling polyphenols in five Brassica species microgreens by UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS(n.). J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:10960-70. [PMID: 24144328 PMCID: PMC3915300 DOI: 10.1021/jf401802n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Brassica vegetables are known to contain relatively high concentrations of bioactive compounds associated with human health. A comprehensive profiling of polyphenols from five Brassica species microgreens was conducted using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS(n)). A total of 164 polyphenols including 30 anthocyanins, 105 flavonol glycosides, and 29 hydroxycinnamic acid and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives were putatively identified.The putative identifications were based on UHPLC-HRMS(n) analysis using retention times, elution orders, UV-vis and high-resolution mass spectra, and an in-house polyphenol database as well as literature comparisons. This study showed that these five Brassica species microgreens could be considered as good sources of food polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Zhenlei Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Long-ze Lin
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Gene E. Lester
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - James M. Harnly
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
- Corresponding author: Telephone: (301)-504-8144; Fax: (301)-504-8314;
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Qu C, Fu F, Lu K, Zhang K, Wang R, Xu X, Wang M, Lu J, Wan H, Zhanglin T, Li J. Differential accumulation of phenolic compounds and expression of related genes in black- and yellow-seeded Brassica napus. J Exp Bot 2013; 64:2885-98. [PMID: 23698630 PMCID: PMC3697950 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing yellow-seeded Brassica napus (rapeseed) with improved qualities is a major breeding goal. The intermediate and final metabolites of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways affect not only oil quality but also seed coat colour of B. napus. Here, the accumulation of phenolic compounds was analysed in the seed coats of black-seeded (ZY821) and yellow-seeded (GH06) B. napus. Using toluidine blue O staining and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, histochemical and biochemical differences were identified in the accumulation of phenolic compounds between ZY821 and GH06. Two and 13 unique flavonol derivatives were detected in ZY821 and GH06, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed significant differences between ZY821 and GH06 in the expression of common phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes (BnPAL and BnC4H), common flavonoid biosynthetic genes (BnTT4 and BnTT6), anthocyanin- and proanthocyandin-specific genes (BnTT3 and BnTT18), proanthocyandin-specific genes (BnTT12, BnTT10, and BnUGT2) and three transcription factor genes (BnTTG1, BnTTG2, and BnTT8) that function in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. These data provide insight into pigment accumulation in B. napus, and serve as a useful resource for researchers analysing the formation of seed coat colour and the underlying regulatory mechanisms in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunmin Qu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Fuyou Fu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, S7N 02X, Saskatoon Saskatchewan, Canada
- *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kun Lu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kai Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinfu Xu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junxing Lu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huafang Wan
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tang Zhanglin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiana Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Duchnowicz P, Bors M, Podsędek A, Koter-Michalak M, Broncel M. Effect of polyphenols extracts from Brassica vegetables on erythrocyte membranes (in vitro study). Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 34:783-790. [PMID: 23044092 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to estimate the in vitro effects of polyphenol extracts from Brassica vegetables (Brussels sprouts and red cabbage) on erythrocyte membranes with normal and high concentration of cholesterol. To determine the effect of phenolic compounds we prospectively studied cholesterol concentration, lipid peroxidation, membrane fluidity and ATPase activity. Polyphenol extracts from Brassica vegetables resulted in statistically significant reductions in cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolemic erythrocytes. For control erythrocytes, no significant reduction of cholesterol levels was observed for both extracts. Decreases in lipid peroxidation intensity were observed after incubation of hypercholesterolemic erythrocytes with the extracts. No changes in membrane fluidity for both extracts were noted for normal and hypercholesterolemic erythrocytes. The activity of ATPase decreased after incubation of normal and hypercholesterolemic erythrocytes with extract from Brassica vegetables. Our results indicate that polyphenols from red cabbage and Brussels sprout may directly influence erythrocyte membrane properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Duchnowicz
- Department of Environment Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 141/143 Pomorska St, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
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Lin LZ, Harnly J, Zhang RW, Fan XE, Chen HJ. Quantitation of the hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and the glycosides of flavonols and flavones by UV absorbance after identification by LC-MS. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:544-53. [PMID: 22136064 DOI: 10.1021/jf204612t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A general approach was developed to quantify hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and the glycosides of flavonols and flavones using UV molar relative response factors (MRRFs). More than 90 standards were analyzed by LC-MS and divided into five groups based on the λ(max) of their band I absorbance profiles. For each group, a commercially available standard was chosen as the group reference standard. Response factors were determined for each standard in each group as purchased (MRRF) and, when possible, after vacuum drying (MRRF(D)). The MRRF(D) values for 17 compounds whose λ(max) values fell within ±2 nm of the group reference standard were 1.01 ± 0.03. MRRF values for compounds whose λ(max) values fell within ±10 nm of the group reference standard were 0.96 ± 0.13. Group reference standards were used to quantify 44 compounds in Chinese lettuce, red onion, and white tea. This approach allows quantitation of numerous compounds for which there are no standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ze Lin
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-3000, United States.
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Wang W, Huang C, Tsai F, Tsai C, Yao C, Chen Y. Growth-Promoting Effects of Quercetin on Peripheral Nerves in Rats. Int J Artif Organs 2011; 34:1095-105. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The present study evaluated in vitro and in vivo the effects of quercetin (QC), a major ingredient in various flavonoids, on peripheral nerve regeneration. Methods In the in vitro study, we found that QC at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/mL could significantly promote the survival and outgrowth of cultured Schwann cells as compared with the controls treated with culture medium only. In the in vivo study, we evaluated peripheral nerve regeneration across a 15-mm gap in the sciatic nerve of the rat, using a silicone rubber nerve chamber filled with the QC solution. In the control group, the chambers were filled with normal saline only. Results At the end of 8 weeks, morphometric data revealed that all 3 QC groups significantly increased the count and density of myelinated axons as compared with the controls. Electro-physiological measurements showed that the QC-treated group at 1 μg/mL had a significantly larger area of evoked muscle action potential (MAP) compared with the controls. In addition, the amplitude of the MAP in the QC-treated groups at 0.1 and 1 μg/mL was significantly larger than that in the controls. Conclusions All of these results indicate that QC treatment has nerve growth–promoting effects which may lead to a promising herbal medicine for the recovery of regenerating peripheral nerves.
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Lin LZ, Sun J, Chen P, Harnly J. UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS/MS(n) analysis of anthocyanins, flavonol glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in red mustard greens (Brassica juncea Coss variety). J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:12059-72. [PMID: 21970730 PMCID: PMC3622947 DOI: 10.1021/jf202556p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS/MS(n) profiling method was used for a comprehensive study of the phenolic components of red mustard greens ( Brassica juncea Coss variety) and identified 67 anthocyanins, 102 flavonol glycosides, and 40 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. The glycosylation patterns of the flavonoids were assigned on the basis of direct comparison of the parent flavonoid glycosides with reference compounds. The putative identifications were obtained from tandem mass data analysis and confirmed by the retention time, elution order, and UV-vis and high-resolution mass spectra. Further identifications were made by comparing the UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS/MS(n) data with those of reference compounds in the polyphenol database and in the literature. Twenty-seven acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-diglucosides, 24 acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides, 3 acylated cyanidin triglucoside-5-glucosides, 37 flavonol glycosides, and 10 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were detected for the first time in brassica vegetables. At least 50 of them are reported for the first time in any plant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ze Lin
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Building-161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States.
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Lin LZ, Sun J, Chen P, Harnly JA. LC-PDA-ESI/MS(n) identification of new anthocyanins in purple Bordeaux radish ( Raphanus sativus L. variety). J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:6616-27. [PMID: 21513350 DOI: 10.1021/jf200571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An LC-PDA-ESI/MS(n) profiling method was used to identify the anthocyanins of purple Bordeaux radish and led to the assignment of 60 anthocyanins: 14 acylated cyanidin 3-(glucosylacyl)acylsophoroside-5-diglucosides, 24 acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-diglucosides, and 22 acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides. The identifications were supported by the presence of 3-sophoroside-5-diglucoside and 3-sophroside-5-glucoside of cyanidin in the alkaline-hydrolyzed extract. A reliable method to identify the anthocyanins containing 3-(glucosylacyl)acylsophorosyl functions is described. The tentative identifications were obtained from tandem mass data analysis and confirmed by high-resolution mass measurements. Further assignments were made for some anthocyanins from a comparison of the mass and UV-vis data and elution order with those of the anthocyanins in the authors' polyphenol database and from consideration of the structural characteristics of the anthocyanins from similar plants and similar anthocyanins in the literature. The presence of 38 acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-diglucosides and around 10 acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-malonylglucosides in plants is reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ze Lin
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building 161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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Abstract
Phenolic compounds are a large group of phytochemicals widespread in the plant kingdom. Depending on their structure they can be classified into simple phenols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids. Phenolic compounds have received considerable attention for being potentially protective factors against cancer and heart diseases, in part because of their potent antioxidative properties and their ubiquity in a wide range of commonly consumed foods of plant origin. The Brassicaceae family includes a wide range of horticultural crops, some of them with economic significance and extensively used in the diet throughout the world. The phenolic composition of Brassica vegetables has been recently investigated and, nowadays, the profile of different Brassica species is well established. Here, we review the significance of phenolic compounds as a source of beneficial compounds for human health and the influence of environmental conditions and processing mechanisms on the phenolic composition of Brassica vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Cartea
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
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