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Bertha M, Vasantharoopan A, Kumar A, Bruce BB, Prince J, Hofmekler T, Okou D, Chopra P, Wang G, Sauer C, Landers CJ, Hussain SZ, Cross RK, Baldassano RN, Kappelman MD, Katz J, Alexander JS, Kirschner BS, Moulton DE, Osuntokun BO, Patel A, Saeed S, Klapproth JMA, Dhere TA, Dubinsky MC, McGovern D, Kugathasan S. IBD Serology and Disease Outcomes in African Americans With Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:209-216. [PMID: 29272484 PMCID: PMC6033326 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Recent studies have identified the role of serologic markers in characterizing disease phenotype, location, complications, and severity among Northern Europeans (NE) with Crohn's disease (CD). However, very little is known about the role of serology in CD among African Americans (AA). Our study explored the relationship between serology and disease phenotype in AA with CD, while controlling for genetic ancestry. METHODS AAs with CD were enrolled as participants through multicenter collaborative efforts. Serological levels of IgA anti-Saccharomyces cervisiae antibody (ASCA), IgG ASCA, E. coli outermembrane porin C, anti-CBir1, and ANCA were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Genotyping was performed using Illumina immunochip technology; an admixture rate was calculated for each subject. Multiple imputation by chained equations was performed to account for data missing at random. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratio (OR) for associations between serological markers and both complicated disease and disease requiring surgery. RESULTS A total of 358 patients were included in the analysis. The majority of our patients had inflammatory, noncomplicated disease (58.4%), perianal disease (55.7%), and documented colonic inflammation (86.8%). On multivariable analysis, both IgG ASCA and OmpC were associated with complicated disease (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.67-4.28; OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.41-3.53, respectively) and disease requiring surgery (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.49-4.22; OR, 3.57; 95% CI, 2.12-6.00). NE admixture to the African genome did not have any associations or interactions in relation to clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our study comprises the largest cohort of AAs with CD. The utility of serological markers for the prognosis of CD in NE applies equally to AA populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Bertha
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Arthi Vasantharoopan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Archana Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Beau B Bruce
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jarod Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tatyana Hofmekler
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David Okou
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pankaj Chopra
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gabriel Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cary Sauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carol J Landers
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angelas, California
| | - Sunny Z Hussain
- Department of Pediatrics, Willis-Knighton Physician Network, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Raymond K Cross
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert N Baldassano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael D Kappelman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey Katz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Barbara S Kirschner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dedrick E Moulton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt Children’s Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Shehzad Saeed
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Tanvi A Dhere
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marla C Dubinsky
- Departments of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Dermot McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angelas, California
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia,Address correspondence to: Subra Kugathasan, MD, Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, 2015, Uppergate Drive, Room 248, Atlanta, GA 30322 ()
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological and genetic studies suggest a role for enteric flora in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). Crohn's disease-associated Escherichia coli (CDEC) is characterized by their ability to invade epithelial cells and survive and induce high concentration of TNF-α from infected macrophages. However, the molecular mechanisms of CDEC survival in infected macrophages are not completely understood. METHODS Intracellular survival of CDEC strain LF82 isolated from inflamed ileum tissue, 13I isolated from inflamed colonic tissue, and control E. coli strains were tested in the murine macrophage cell line, J774A.1 by Gentamicin protection assay. Modulation of intracellular cell signaling pathways by the E. coli strains were assessed by western blot analysis and confocal microscopy. RESULTS 13I demonstrated increased survival in macrophages with 2.6-fold higher intracellular bacteria compared with LF82, yet both strains induced comparable levels of TNF-α. LF82 and 13I differentially modulated key mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways during the acute phase of infection; LF82 activated all 3 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, whereas 13I activated ERK1/2 pathway but not p38 and JNK pathways. Both 13I and LF82 suppressed nuclear translocation of NFκB compared with noninvasive E. coli strains during the acute phase of infection. However, unlike noninvasive E. coli strains, 13I and LF82 infection resulted in chronic activation of NFκB during the later phase of infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that CDEC survive in macrophages by initially suppressing NFκB activation. However, persistence of bacterial within macrophages induces chronic activation of NFκB, which correlates with increased TNF-α secretion from infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalidur Rahman
- Division of Digestive Diseases; Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | - Maiko Sasaki
- Division of Digestive Diseases; Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jan-Michael A. Klapproth
- Division of Digestive Diseases; Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA
- Contact (corresponding author): Division of Digestive Diseases, Suite 201, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, U.S.A, Tel: (404) 727-5638, Fax: (404) 727-5767,
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Liang Z, Zhan W, Zhu A, Yoon Y, Lin S, Sasaki M, Klapproth JMA, Yang H, Grossniklaus HE, Xu J, Rojas M, Voll RJ, Goodman MM, Arrendale RF, Liu J, Yun CC, Snyder JP, Liotta DC, Shim H. Development of a unique small molecule modulator of CXCR4. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34038. [PMID: 22485156 PMCID: PMC3317778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis, the spread and growth of tumor cells to distant organ sites, represents the most devastating attribute and plays a major role in the morbidity and mortality of cancer. Inflammation is crucial for malignant tumor transformation and survival. Thus, blocking inflammation is expected to serve as an effective cancer treatment. Among anti-inflammation therapies, chemokine modulation is now beginning to emerge from the pipeline. CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) interaction and the resulting cell signaling cascade have emerged as highly relevant targets since they play pleiotropic roles in metastatic progression. The unique function of CXCR4 is to promote the homing of tumor cells to their microenvironment at the distant organ sites. Methodology/Principal Findings We describe the actions of N,N′-(1,4-phenylenebis(methylene))dipyrimidin-2-amine (designated MSX-122), a novel small molecule and partial CXCR4 antagonist with properties quite unlike that of any other reported CXCR4 antagonists, which was prepared in a single chemical step using a reductive amination reaction. Its specificity toward CXCR4 was tested in a binding affinity assay and a ligand competition assay using 18F-labeled MSX-122. The potency of the compound was determined in two functional assays, Matrigel invasion assay and cAMP modulation. The therapeutic potential of MSX-122 was evaluated in three different murine models for inflammation including an experimental colitis, carrageenan induced paw edema, and bleomycin induced lung fibrosis and three different animal models for metastasis including breast cancer micrometastasis in lung, head and neck cancer metastasis in lung, and uveal melanoma micrometastasis in liver in which CXCR4 was reported to play crucial roles. Conclusions/Significance We developed a novel small molecule, MSX-122, that is a partial CXCR4 antagonist without mobilizing stem cells, which can be safer for long-term blockade of metastasis than other reported CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Weiqiang Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aizhi Zhu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Younghyoun Yoon
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Songbai Lin
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maiko Sasaki
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Hua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hans E. Grossniklaus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Voll
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mark M. Goodman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard F. Arrendale
- The Emory Institute for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - C. Chris Yun
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- The Emory Institute for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (DCL); (JPS)
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- The Emory Institute for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (DCL); (JPS)
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (DCL); (JPS)
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Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) develops on the background of genetic defects in the host, conveying an increased susceptibility to an environmental antigen or antigens. The environmental factor implicated in the pathophysiology of gut inflammation, which is undergoing increased scrutiny, is the intestinal flora. The intestinal flora as a whole and specific bacteria and their products have been found to trigger cytokine expression in various cell types. Consistently, multiple bacterial strains were found to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in macrophage and epithelial cell systems, respectively, in particular in Crohn's disease. Interestingly, various cell types from patients with IBD display an increased susceptibility to specific bacterial products, including flagellin, pili, and lipopolysaccharides. It remains to be determined whether additional effector proteins regulate cytokine expression and the aberrant mucosal immune response in IBD.
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Klapproth JMA. The role of lymphostatin/EHEC factor for adherence-1 in the pathogenesis of gram negative infection. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:954-62. [PMID: 22069619 PMCID: PMC3153230 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphostatin/EHEC factor for adherence-1 is a novel large toxin represented in various Gram negative bacteria, highly associated with the development of infectious diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. In vitro and in vivo experiments identified lymphostatin/EFA-1 as a toxin with a central role in the pathogenesis of Gram negative bacteria, responsible for bacterial adhesion, intestinal colonization, immunosuppression, and disruption of gut epithelial barrier function.
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Griglione NM, Klapproth JMA, Keilin SA. Giant cell tumor of the common bile duct. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8:A30. [PMID: 19765676 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Griglione
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Theiss AL, Jenkins AK, Okoro NI, Klapproth JMA, Merlin D, Sitaraman SV. Prohibitin inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced nuclear factor-kappa B nuclear translocation via the novel mechanism of decreasing importin alpha3 expression. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:4412-23. [PMID: 19710421 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-05-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of prohibitin 1 (PHB), a multifunctional protein in the cell, is decreased during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Little is known regarding the regulation and role of PHB during intestinal inflammation. We examined the effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a cytokine that plays a central role in the pathogenesis of IBD, on PHB expression and the effect of sustained PHB expression on TNF-alpha activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and epithelial barrier dysfunction, two hallmarks of intestinal inflammation. We show that TNF-alpha decreased PHB protein and mRNA abundance in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and in colon mucosa in vivo. Sustained expression of prohibitin in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo (prohibitin transgenic mice, PHB TG) resulted in a marked decrease in TNF-alpha-induced nuclear translocation of the NF-kappaB protein p65, NF-kappaB/DNA binding, and NF-kappaB-mediated transcriptional activation despite robust IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation and degradation and increased cytosolic p65. Cells overexpressing PHB were protected from TNF-alpha-induced increased epithelial permeability. Expression of importin alpha3, a protein involved in p50/p65 nuclear import, was decreased in cells overexpressing PHB and in colon mucosa of PHB TG mice. Restoration of importin alpha3 levels sustained NF-kappaB activation by TNF-alpha during PHB transfection. These results suggest that PHB inhibits NF-kappaB nuclear translocation via a novel mechanism involving alteration of importin alpha3 levels. TNF-alpha decreases PHB expression in intestinal epithelial cells and restoration of PHB expression in these cells can protect against the deleterious effects of TNF-alpha and NF-kappaB on barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne L Theiss
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Babbin BA, Sasaki M, Gerner-Schmidt KW, Nusrat A, Klapproth JMA. The bacterial virulence factor lymphostatin compromises intestinal epithelial barrier function by modulating rho GTPases. Am J Pathol 2009; 174:1347-57. [PMID: 19286565 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte inhibitory factor A (lifA) in Citrobacter rodentium encodes the large toxin lymphostatin, which contains two enzymatic motifs associated with bacterial pathogenesis, a glucosyltransferase and a protease. Our aim was to determine the effects of each lymphostatin motif on intestinal epithelial-barrier function. In-frame mutations of C. rodentium lifA glucosyltransferase (CrGlM21) and protease (CrPrM5) were generated by homologous recombination. Infection of both model intestinal epithelial monolayers and mice with C. rodentium wild type resulted in compromised epithelial barrier function and mislocalization of key intercellular junction proteins in the tight junction and adherens junction. In contrast, CrGlM21 was impaired in its ability to reduce barrier function and influenced the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin. CrPrM5 demonstrated decreased effects on the adherens junction proteins beta-catenin and E-cadherin. Analysis of the mechanisms revealed that C. rodentium wild type differentially influenced Rho GTPase activation, suppressed Cdc42 activation, and induced Rho GTPase activation. CrGlM21 lost its suppressive effects on Cdc42 activation, whereas CrPrM5 was unable to activate Rho signaling. Rescue experiments using constitutively active Cdc42 or C3 exotoxin to inhibit Rho GTPase supported a role of Rho GTPases in the epithelial barrier compromise induced by C. rodentium. Taken together, our results suggest that lymphostatin is a bacterial virulence factor that contributes to the disruption of intestinal epithelial-barrier function via the modulation of Rho GTPase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Babbin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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McConnell BB, Klapproth JMA, Sasaki M, Nandan MO, Yang VW. Krüppel-like factor 5 mediates transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia caused by Citrobacter rodentium infection. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:1007-16. [PMID: 18395082 PMCID: PMC2336106 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is a transcription factor that is highly expressed in proliferating crypt cells of the intestinal epithelium. KLF5 has a pro-proliferative effect in vitro and is induced by mitogenic and stress stimuli. To determine whether KLF5 is involved in mediating proliferative responses to intestinal stressors in vivo, we examined its function in a mouse model of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia triggered by colonization of the mouse colon by the bacteria Citrobacter rodentium. METHODS Heterozygous Klf5 knockout (Klf5(+/-)) mice were generated from embryonic stem cells carrying an insertional disruption of the Klf5 gene. Klf5(+/-) mice or wild-type (WT) littermates were infected with C rodentium by oral gavage. At various time points postinfection, mice were killed and distal colons were harvested. Colonic crypt heights were determined morphometrically from sections stained with H&E. Frozen tissues were stained by immunofluorescence using antibodies against Klf5 and the proliferation marker, Ki67, to determine Klf5 expression and numbers of proliferating cells per crypt. RESULTS Infection of WT mice with C rodentium resulted in a 2-fold increase in colonic crypt heights at 14 days postinfection and was accompanied by a 1.7-fold increase in Klf5 expression. Infection of Klf5(+/-) mice showed an attenuated induction of Klf5 expression, and hyperproliferative responses to C rodentium were reduced in the Klf5(+/-) animals as compared with WT littermates. CONCLUSION Our study shows that Klf5 is a key mediator of crypt cell proliferation in the colon in response to pathogenic bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth B. McConnell
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jan-Michael A. Klapproth
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maiko Sasaki
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mandayam O. Nandan
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vincent W. Yang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,*Address correspondence to: Vincent W. Yang, M.D., Ph.D., 201 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, Tel: (404) 712-5638; Fax: (404) 727-5767;
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Sasaki M, Sitaraman SV, Babbin BA, Gerner-Smidt P, Ribot EM, Garrett N, Alpern JA, Akyildiz A, Theiss AL, Nusrat A, Klapproth JMA. Invasive Escherichia coli are a feature of Crohn's disease. J Transl Med 2007; 87:1042-54. [PMID: 17660846 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are idiopathic inflammatory conditions of the gut. Our goal was to investigate if invasive Escherichia coli strains were present in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Bacterial strains were isolated from biopsy material obtained from normal controls, and patients with a clinical diagnosis of CD and UC. Invasive bacteria were characterized by gentamicin protection assay and biochemical profiling (Api-20E). Strains were characterized by induction of cytokine expression in epithelial and macrophage cell cultures, measurement of epithelial barrier function, and confocal microscopy. Of all invasive bacterial strains in CD 98.9% were identified as E. coli as opposed to 42.1% in UC and 2.1% in normal controls. Epithelial invasion in vitro was significantly higher for CD-associated E. coli (8.4%, +/-5.5 of initial inoculum (I/O)) in comparison to UC (2.5%, +/-0.4 I/O), but highest for strains from inflamed CD tissue (11.3%, +/-4.3 I/O). Both, CD and UC E. coli strains induced high mean TNF-alpha expression in macrophage cell lines (2604.8 pg/10(5) cells, +/-447.4; 2,402.6 pg/10(5) cells, +/-476.3, respectively), but concentrations were significantly higher for isolates from inflamed CD tissue (3071.3 pg/10(5) cells, +/-226.0). Invasive E. coli from IBD tissue induced similar concentrations of interleukin (IL)-8 in epithelial cell cultures, but strains from inflamed CD tissue induced significantly less epithelial IL-8 (674.1 pg/10(5) cells, +/-58.0 vs 920.5 pg/10(5) cells, +/-94.6). IBD-associated E. coli strains significantly decreased transepithelial resistance, induced disorganization of F-actin and displacement of ZO-1, and E-cadherin from the apical junctional complex (AJC). In comparison to normal controls and UC, E. coli are more prevalent in CD, are highly invasive, and do not encode for known effector proteins. E. coli strains from IBD patients regulate cytokine expression and epithelial barrier function, two pathological features of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Sasaki
- Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Klapproth JMA, Sasaki M, Sherman M, Babbin B, Donnenberg MS, Fernandes PJ, Scaletsky ICA, Kalman D, Nusrat A, Williams IR. Citrobacter rodentium lifA/efa1 is essential for colonic colonization and crypt cell hyperplasia in vivo. Infect Immun 2005; 73:1441-51. [PMID: 15731042 PMCID: PMC1064951 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.3.1441-1451.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have identified a large gene (lifA, for lymphocyte inhibitory factor A) in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) encoding a protein termed lymphostatin that suppresses cytokine expression in vitro. This protein also functions as an adhesion factor for enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli and is alternatively known as efa1 (EHEC factor for adherence 1). The lifA/efa1 gene is also present in Citrobacter rodentium, an enteric pathogen that causes a disease termed transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia (TMCH), which induces colitis and massive crypt cell proliferation, in mice. To determine if lifA/efa1 is required for C. rodentium-induced colonic pathology in vivo, three in-frame mutations were generated, disrupting the glycosyltransferase (GlM12) and protease (PrMC31) motifs and a domain in between that does not encode any known activity (EID3). In contrast to infection with wild-type C. rodentium, that with any of the lifA/efa1 mutant strains did not induce weight loss or TMCH. Enteric infection with motif mutants GlM12 and PrM31 resulted in significantly reduced colonization counts during the entire 20-day course of infection. In contrast, EID3 was indistinguishable from the wild type during the initial colonic colonization, but cleared rapidly after day 8 of the infection. The colonic epithelium of all infected mice displayed increased epithelial regeneration. However, significantly increased regeneration was observed by day 20 only in mice infected with the wild-type in comparison to those infected with lifA/efa1 mutant EID3. In summary, lifA/efa1 is a critical gene outside the locus for enterocyte effacement that regulates bacterial colonization, crypt cell proliferation, and epithelial cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michael A Klapproth
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Suite 201, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, Emory University, 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA 30345-2173, USA.
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