1
|
Clarkson JM, Martin JE, Sparrey J, Leach MC, McKeegan DEF. Striving for humane deaths for laboratory mice: hypobaric hypoxia provides a potential alternative to carbon dioxide exposure. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222446. [PMID: 37122253 PMCID: PMC10130715 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Killing is often an unavoidable and necessary procedure for laboratory mice involved in scientific research, and providing a humane death is vital for public acceptance. Exposure to carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is the most widely used methodology despite well proven welfare concerns. Consequently, the continued use of CO2 and its globally permitted status in legislation and guidelines presents an ethical dilemma for users. We investigated whether killing with hypobaric hypoxia via gradual decompression was associated with better welfare outcomes for killing laboratory mice. We compared the spontaneous behaviour of mice exposed to CO2, decompression or sham conditions, and used analgesic or anxiolytic interventions to determine their relative welfare impact. Gradual decompression resulted in longer times to unconsciousness and death and the pharmacological interventions support the notion of a minimally negative animal experience, while providing further evidence for pain and anxiety associated with exposure to CO2. Decompression resulted in moderate ear haemorrhage, but our welfare assessment suggests this may happen when mice are unconscious. Hence, gradual decompression could be the basis of significant refinement for killing laboratory mice. Future work should corroborate behaviour with neurobiological markers of loss of consciousness to verify the conscious phase of concern for animal welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Clarkson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School for Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J E Martin
- School for Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Sparrey
- Livetec Systems Ltd, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedford, UK
| | - M C Leach
- Comparative Biology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D E F McKeegan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tugwell P, Welch VA, Karunananthan S, Maxwell LJ, Akl EA, Avey MT, Bhutta ZA, Brouwers MC, Clark JP, Cook S, Cuervo LG, Curran JA, Ghogomu ET, Graham IG, Grimshaw JM, Hutton B, Ioannidis JPA, Jordan Z, Jull JE, Kristjansson E, Langlois EV, Little J, Lyddiatt A, Martin JE, Marušić A, Mbuagbaw L, Moher D, Morton RL, Nasser M, Page MJ, Pardo Pardo J, Petkovic J, Petticrew M, Pigott T, Pottie K, Rada G, Rader T, Riddle AY, Rothstein H, Schüneman HJ, Shamseer L, Shea BJ, Simeon R, Siontis KC, Smith M, Soares-Weiser K, Thavorn K, Tovey D, Vachon B, Valentine J, Villemaire R, Walker P, Weeks L, Wells G, Wilson DB, White H. When to replicate systematic reviews of interventions: consensus checklist. BMJ 2020. [PMID: 32933948 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tugwell
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Room L1227, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada .,Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vivian Andrea Welch
- Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sathya Karunananthan
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lara J Maxwell
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elie A Akl
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marc T Avey
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Melissa C Brouwers
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jocalyn P Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Luis Gabriel Cuervo
- Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Unit of Health Services and Access, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Ian G Graham
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy M Grimshaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Room L1227, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Hutton
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zoe Jordan
- JBI, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth Kristjansson
- Centre for Research in Educational and Community Services, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne V Langlois
- World Health Organization, Partnership for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health (PMNCH), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julian Little
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Janet E Martin
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ana Marušić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Moher
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rachael L Morton
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mona Nasser
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, UK
| | - Matthew J Page
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jordi Pardo Pardo
- Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Mark Petticrew
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Terri Pigott
- College of Education and Human Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kevin Pottie
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tamara Rader
- Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Hannah Rothstein
- Narendra Paul Loomba Department of Management, Baruch College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Holger J Schüneman
- Cochrane Canada and McMaster GRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Larissa Shamseer
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Beverley J Shea
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rosiane Simeon
- Population Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Kednapa Thavorn
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Brigitte Vachon
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Rebecca Villemaire
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Laura Weeks
- Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - George Wells
- Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tugwell P, Welch VA, Karunananthan S, Maxwell LJ, Akl EA, Avey MT, Bhutta ZA, Brouwers MC, Clark JP, Cook S, Cuervo LG, Curran JA, Ghogomu ET, Graham IG, Grimshaw JM, Hutton B, Ioannidis JPA, Jordan Z, Jull JE, Kristjansson E, Langlois EV, Little J, Lyddiatt A, Martin JE, Marušić A, Mbuagbaw L, Moher D, Morton RL, Nasser M, Page MJ, Pardo Pardo J, Petkovic J, Petticrew M, Pigott T, Pottie K, Rada G, Rader T, Riddle AY, Rothstein H, Schüneman HJ, Shamseer L, Shea BJ, Simeon R, Siontis KC, Smith M, Soares-Weiser K, Thavorn K, Tovey D, Vachon B, Valentine J, Villemaire R, Walker P, Weeks L, Wells G, Wilson DB, White H. When to replicate systematic reviews of interventions: consensus checklist. BMJ 2020; 370:m2864. [PMID: 32933948 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tugwell
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Room L1227, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vivian Andrea Welch
- Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sathya Karunananthan
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lara J Maxwell
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elie A Akl
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marc T Avey
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Melissa C Brouwers
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jocalyn P Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Luis Gabriel Cuervo
- Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Unit of Health Services and Access, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Ian G Graham
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy M Grimshaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Room L1227, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Hutton
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zoe Jordan
- JBI, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth Kristjansson
- Centre for Research in Educational and Community Services, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne V Langlois
- World Health Organization, Partnership for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health (PMNCH), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julian Little
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Janet E Martin
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ana Marušić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Moher
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rachael L Morton
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mona Nasser
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, UK
| | - Matthew J Page
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jordi Pardo Pardo
- Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Mark Petticrew
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Terri Pigott
- College of Education and Human Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kevin Pottie
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tamara Rader
- Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Hannah Rothstein
- Narendra Paul Loomba Department of Management, Baruch College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Holger J Schüneman
- Cochrane Canada and McMaster GRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Larissa Shamseer
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Beverley J Shea
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rosiane Simeon
- Population Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Kednapa Thavorn
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Brigitte Vachon
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Rebecca Villemaire
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Laura Weeks
- Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - George Wells
- Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hassler A, Martin JE, Amiot R, Tacail T, Godet FA, Allain R, Balter V. Calcium isotopes offer clues on resource partitioning among Cretaceous predatory dinosaurs. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0197. [PMID: 29643213 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large predators are overabundant in mid-Cretaceous continental dinosaur assemblages of North Africa. Such unbalanced ecosystem structure involves, among predatory dinosaurs, typical abelisaurid or carcharodontosaurid theropods co-occurring with long-snouted spinosaurids of debated ecology. Here, we report calcium (Ca) isotope values from tooth enamel (expressed as δ44/42Ca) to investigate resource partitioning in mid-Cretaceous assemblages from Niger (Gadoufaoua) and Morocco (Kem Kem Beds). In both assemblages, spinosaurids display a distinct isotopic signature, the most negative in our dataset. This distinct taxonomic clustering in Ca isotope values observed between spinosaurids and other predators provides unambiguous evidence for niche partitioning at the top of the trophic chains: spinosaurids foraged on aquatic environments while abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods relied almost exclusively on terrestrial resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hassler
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5276 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, F-69007 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - J E Martin
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5276 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, F-69007 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - R Amiot
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5276 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, F-69007 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - T Tacail
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5276 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, F-69007 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - F Arnaud Godet
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5276 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, F-69007 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - R Allain
- Sorbonne Universités-CR2P-MNHN, CNRS, UPMC-Paris 6, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP 38, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - V Balter
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5276 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, F-69007 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martin JE, McKeegan DEF, Sparrey J, Sandilands V. Evaluation of the potential killing performance of novel percussive and cervical dislocation tools in chicken cadavers. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:216-223. [PMID: 28084791 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1280724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1. Four mechanical poultry killing devices; modified Armadillo (MARM), modified Rabbit Zinger (MZIN), modified pliers (MPLI) and a novel mechanical cervical dislocation (NMCD) gloved device, were assessed for their killing potential in the cadavers of euthanised birds. 2. A 4 × 4 × 4 factorial design (batch × device × bird type + age) was employed. Ten bird cadavers per bird type and age were tested with each of the 4 devices (N = 160 birds). All cadavers were examined post-mortem to establish the anatomical damage caused. 3. NMCD, MARM and MZIN demonstrated killing potential, as well as consistency in their anatomical effects. NMCD had the highest killing potential, with 100% of birds sustaining the required physical trauma to have caused rapid death. 4. The MPLI was inconsistent, and only performed optimally for 27.5% of birds. Severe crushing injury was seen in >50% of MPLI birds, suggesting that birds would die of asphyxia rather than cerebral ischaemia, a major welfare concern. As a result, the MPLI are not recommended as a humane on-farm killing device for chickens. 5. This experiment provides important data on the killing potential of untried novel percussive and mechanical cervical dislocation methods, informing future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Martin
- a Animal Behaviour and Welfare , SRUC, Roslin Institute Building , Easter Bush, Edinburgh , UK.,b Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute , University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush, Edinburgh , UK.,c Institute of Biodiversity , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - D E F McKeegan
- c Institute of Biodiversity , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - J Sparrey
- d Livetec Systems Ltd , Silsoe , Bedford , UK
| | - V Sandilands
- a Animal Behaviour and Welfare , SRUC, Roslin Institute Building , Easter Bush, Edinburgh , UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grindrod KA, Patel P, Martin JE. What Interventions Should Pharmacists Employ to Impact Health Practitioners’ Prescribing Practices? Ann Pharmacother 2016; 40:1546-57. [PMID: 16896025 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1g300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine which interventions are effective in influencing health practitioners’ prescribing practices and explore differences in intervention complexity, setting, sustainability, cost effectiveness, and impact on patient outcomes. Methods: A systematic search for English-language systematic reviews was performed in MEDLINE, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from the date of inception to July 2005 using search terms in accordance with Cochrane recommendations. Included reviews were required to clearly report a search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, literature assessment criteria, and methods for synthesizing or summarizing information and references. Two reviewers independently identified studies for inclusion, assessed study quality, and extracted relevant information. Interventions were classified as consistently effective, inconsistently effective, and effectiveness uncertain. Results: Thirty-four of 4585 titles reviewed met the inclusion criteria. Quality scores ranged from 70% to 100%. Consistently effective interventions included reminders (manual and computerized), audit and feedback, educational outreach visits, organizational strategies, and patient-mediated interventions. Inconsistently effective interventions included computer decision support systems and educational meetings. Multi-faceted interventions were consistently shown to be more efficacious than single interventions. Limited data precluded exploration of the effects of interventions in different settings, sustainability of effect, cost effectiveness, and patient clinical outcomes. Conclusions: Interventions that are most effective for impacting prescribing practice include audit and feedback, reminders, educational outreach visits, and patient-mediated interventions. To maximize impact, pharmacists’ efforts to positively impact prescribing practices should focus on these intervention types rather than relying primarily on passive didactics or dissemination of guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Grindrod
- Department of Pharmacy, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Low atmospheric pressure stunning (LAPS) is a novel approach to poultry stunning involving the application of gradual decompression lasting 280 s according to a prescribed pressure curve. The aim of this study was to determine how behavioural, electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) responses to LAPS are influenced by illumination of the decompression chamber. A secondary aim was to examine responses to the decompression chamber without LAPS being applied, as such a "sham" control has been absent in previous studies. A two by two factorial design was employed, with LAPS/light, LAPS/dark, sham/light and sham/dark treatments (N = 20 per treatment). Broilers were exposed to each treatment in pairs, in each of which one bird was instrumented for recording EEG and ECG. Illumination was applied at 500 lx, and in sham treatments, birds were identically handled but remained undisturbed in the LAPS chamber without decompression for 280 s. Birds which underwent the sham treatment exhibited behaviours which were also observed in LAPS (e.g. sitting) while those exposed to LAPS exhibited hypoxia-related behaviours (e.g. ataxia, loss of posture). Behavioural latencies and durations were increased in the sham treatments, since the whole cycle time was available (in LAPS; birds were motionless by 186 s). Within the sham treatments, illumination increased active behaviour and darkness induced sleep, but slow-wave EEG was seen in both. The pattern of EEG response to LAPS (steep reduction in median frequency in the first 60 s and increased total power) was similar, irrespective of illumination, though birds in darkness had shorter latencies to loss of consciousness and isoelectric EEG. Cardiac responses to LAPS (pronounced bradycardia) closely matched those reported previously and were not affected by illumination. The effects of LAPS/sham treatment primarily reflected the presence/absence of hypoxia, while illumination affected activity/sleep levels in sham-treated birds and slowed time to unconsciousness in birds undergoing LAPS. Therefore, it is recommended that LAPS be conducted in darkness for poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Martin
- a The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies , The Roslin Institute , Edinburgh , Midlothian , UK
| | - K Christensen
- b Centre of Excellence for Poultry Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , AR , USA
| | - Y Vizzier-Thaxton
- b Centre of Excellence for Poultry Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , AR , USA
| | - D E F McKeegan
- c Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Davy C H Cheng
- Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martin JE, McKeegan DEF, Sparrey J, Sandilands V. Comparison of novel mechanical cervical dislocation and a modified captive bolt for on-farm killing of poultry on behavioural reflex responses and anatomical pathology. Anim Welf 2016. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.25.2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
10
|
Broad J, Mukherjee S, Samadi M, Martin JE, Dukes GE, Sanger GJ. Regional- and agonist-dependent facilitation of human neurogastrointestinal functions by motilin receptor agonists. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:763-74. [PMID: 22537158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Delayed gastric emptying is poorly managed. Motilin agonists are potential treatments but inadequate understanding into how enteric nerve functions are stimulated compromises drug/dose selection. Resolution is hampered by extreme species dependency so methods were developed to study human gastrointestinal neuromuscular activities and the neurobiology of motilin. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Protocols to study neuromuscular activities were developed for different regions of human stomach and intestine (71 patients) using circular muscle preparations and electrical field stimulation (EFS) of intrinsic nerves. Other tissues were fixed for immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS EFS evoked contractions and/or relaxations via cholinergic and nitrergic neurons, with additional tachykinergic activity in colon; these were consistent after 154 min (longer if stored overnight). Motilin 1-300 nM and the selective motilin agonist GSK962040 0.1-30 µM acted pre-junctionally to strongly facilitate cholinergic contractions of the antrum (E(max) ≈ 1000% for motilin), with smaller increases in fundus, duodenum and ileum; high concentrations increased baseline muscle tension in fundus and small intestine. There were minimal effects in the colon. In the antrum, cholinergic facilitation by motilin faded irregularly, even with peptidase inhibitors, whereas facilitation by GSK962040 was long lasting. Motilin receptor immunoreactivity was identified in muscle and myenteric plexus predominantly in the upper gut, co-expressed with choline acetyltransferase in neurons. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Motilin and GSK962040 strongly facilitated cholinergic activity in the antrum, with lower activity in fundus and small intestine only. Facilitation by motilin was short lived, consistent with participation in migrating motor complexes. Long-lasting facilitation by GSK962040 suggests different receptor interactions and potential for clinical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Broad
- Neurogastroenterology group, Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hubball AW, Lang B, Souza MAN, Curran OD, Martin JE, Knowles CH. Voltage-gated potassium channel (K(v) 1) autoantibodies in patients with chagasic gut dysmotility and distribution of K(v) 1 channels in human enteric neuromusculature (autoantibodies in GI dysmotility). Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:719-28, e344. [PMID: 22591165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies directed against specific neuronal antigens are found in a significant number of patients with gastrointestinal neuromuscular diseases (GINMDs) secondary to neoplasia. This study examined the presence of antineuronal antibodies in idiopathic GINMD and GINMD secondary to South American Trypanosomiasis. The GI distribution of voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) was also investigated. METHODS Seventy-three patients were included in the study with diagnoses of primary achalasia, enteric dysmotility, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, esophageal or colonic dysmotility secondary to Chagas' disease. Sera were screened for specific antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase, voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs; P/Q subtype), nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs; α3 subtype), and voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs, K(V) 1 subtype) using validated immunoprecipitation assays. The distribution of six VGKC subunits (K(V) 1.1-1.6), including those known to be antigenic targets of anti-VGKC antibodies was immunohistochemically investigated in all main human GI tract regions. KEY RESULTS Three patients (14%) with chagasic GI dysmotility were found to have positive anti-VGKC antibody titers. No antibodies were detected in patients with idiopathic GINMD. The VGKCs were found in enteric neurons at every level of the gut in unique yet overlapping distributions. The VGKC expression in GI smooth muscle was found to be limited to the esophagus. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES A small proportion of patients with GI dysfunction secondary to Chagas' disease have antibodies against VGKCs. The presence of these channels in the human enteric nervous system may have pathological relevance to the growing number of GINMDs with which anti-VGKC antibodies have been associated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W Hubball
- Wingate Institute for Neurogastroenterology, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunohistochemical features of fetal haemoglobin cells and their distribution patterns in solid tumours, such as colorectal cancer and blastomas, suggest that fetal haemopoiesis may take place in these tumour tissues. These locally highly concentrated fetal haemoglobin (HbF) cells may promote tumour growth by providing a more efficient oxygen supply. METHODS AND RESULTS Biomarkers of HbF were checked in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder, assessing this as a new parameter for disease management. Fetal haemoglobin was immunohistochemically examined in tumours from 60 patients with TCC of the bladder. Fetal haemoglobin erythrocytes and erythroblasts were mainly clonally distributed in proliferating blood vessels and not mixed with normal haemoglobin erythrocytes. The proportion of such HbF blood vessels could reach more than half of the total number of vessels. There were often many HbF erythroblasts distributed in one-cell or two-cell capillaries and present as 5-15% of cells in multi-cell vessels. This suggests a local proliferation of HbF-cell progenitors. Fetal haemoglobin cells were prominently marking lower grades of tumours, as 76% (n=21) of the patients with G1pTa were HbF+, whereas only 6.7% (n=30) of the patients with G3pT1-pT2a were HbF+. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that HbF, besides being a potential new marker for early tumour detection, might be an essential factor of early tumour development, as in fetal life. Inhibiting HbF upregulation may provide a therapeutic target for the inhibition of tumour growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wolk
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Core Pathology Facility, The Royal London Hospital, 80 Newark Street, London E1 2ES, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Teruel M, Martin JE, Gómez-García M, Cardeña C, Rodrigo L, Nieto A, Alcain G, Cueto I, López-Nevot MA, Martin J. Lack of association of ACP1 gene with inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 80:61-4. [PMID: 22428720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The red cell acid phosphatease (ACP1) gene, which encodes a low molecular weight phosphotyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP), has been suggested as a common genetic factor of autoimmunity. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the possible influence of ACP1 polymorphisms in the susceptibility of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A total of 1271 IBD Spanish patients [720 Crohn's disease (CD) and 551 ulcerative colitis (UC)] and 1877 healthy subjects were included. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs10167992, rs11553742, rs7576247 and rs3828329, were genotyped using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Common ACP1 alleles (i.e. ACP1*A, ACP1*B and ACP1*C) were determined by two of these SNPs. After the analysis, no evidence of association of the ACP1 genetic variants was found with CD or UC. Therefore, our results suggest that the ACP1 gene may not play a relevant role in the development of IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Teruel
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Knowles CH, Veress B, Kapur RP, Wedel T, Farrugia G, Vanderwinden JM, Geboes K, Smith VV, Martin JE, Lindberg G, Milla PJ, De Giorgio R. Quantitation of cellular components of the enteric nervous system in the normal human gastrointestinal tract--report on behalf of the Gastro 2009 International Working Group. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:115-24. [PMID: 21175997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with gastrointestinal neuromuscular diseases may undergo operative procedures that yield tissue appropriate to diagnosis of underlying neuromuscular pathology. Critical to accurate diagnosis is the determination of limits of normality based on the study of control human tissues. Although robust diagnostic criteria exist for many qualitative alterations in the neuromuscular apparatus, these do not include quantitative values due to lack of adequate control data. PURPOSE The aim of this report was to summarize all relevant available published quantitative data for elements of the human enteric nervous system (neuronal cell bodies, glial cells, and nerve fibers) from the perspective of the practicing pathologist. Forty studies meeting inclusion criteria were systematically reviewed with data tabulated in detail and discussed in the context of methodological variations and limitations. The results reveal a lack of concordance between observations of different investigators resulting in data insufficient to produce robust normal ranges. This diversity highlights the need to standardize the way pathologists collect, process, and quantitate neuronal and glial elements in enteric neuropathologic samples, as suggested by recent international guidelines on gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Knowles
- Neurogastroenterology Group, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Passage of gonococcal cells through a Ribi cell fractionator produced a mixture of protoplasm and cell particulates, the latter being separable in sucrose solutions. Separation of these particulates resulted in the detection of objects identified as cell walls and "plasts." The latter objects had an average diameter of 1.00 +/- 0.05 mum and consisted of spatially oriented granules surrounded by a membrane-like structure only. Cell wall structures were not observed with these plasts. Plasts were morphologically stable in distilled water and at low pH values. Although 50% more pressure was required to rupture plasts than whole cells, plast morphology was destroyed by organic solvents. Whole cell and plast morphology was examined by electron and phase microscopy, and certain correlations were made between structure and morphological stability. Cell wall antiserum reactivities were quantitatively different for plasts and cell walls. Serological reactivities of plasts were separable by sonic oscillation and differential centrifugation of the sonically treated material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Kellogg
- Venereal Disease Research Laboratory, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hatton MQF, Martin JE. Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) and non-conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a review and consideration of future directions. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2010; 22:356-64. [PMID: 20399629 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a well-established role for radiation treatment in the management of non-small cell lung cancer. As a single modality, it is indicated as a radical treatment option for patients deemed unsuitable for chemotherapy with inoperable locoregional disease or who decline surgery. In this patient group, the evidence shows advantages for accelerated treatment regimes, e.g. continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART). Research efforts should be directed towards dose escalation with the application of the new technologies available. The multi-modality approach of chemoradiotherapy is established in the radical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer in those who are inoperable, radically treatable and fit enough to receive chemotherapy. How best these two modalities are combined remains unclear, and the combination of CHART and other non-conventionally fractionated radiotherapy schedules with chemotherapy and targeted agents is another potentially productive research area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Q F Hatton
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
|
19
|
Hester TW, Parkinson LC, Robson J, Misra S, Sangha H, Martin JE. A hypothesis and model of reduced fetal movement as a common pathogenetic mechanism in clubfoot. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:986-8. [PMID: 19786327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clubfoot or Talipes equinovarus is characterised by an adducted forefoot, hindfoot varus, and ankle equinus deformity, varying in severity and ease of correction. It is one of the most common congenital defects, with a prevalence of around 1 per 1000. Ambiguity still surrounds the classification and pathogenesis of clubfoot. METHODS A literature search was performed using Pubmed, Ovid, and the Cochrane Databases, using search terms in isolation or combination: clubfoot, Talipes equinovarus, congenital foot deformities and joint development, identified articles were further hand searched and relevant references identified. CONCLUSION We propose that the underlying unifying factor in all cases of clubfoot is a lack of fetal movement. Fetal movement is a key developmental signal in the development of joints, and we suggest that this applies to the morphogenesis of the forefoot. Theories exist to explain specific individual features of clubfoot in certain cases and to explain experimental studies, however no common final pathway has been described. We believe that our hypothesis brings together key elements of these and will simplify understanding and classification of clubfoot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T W Hester
- Neuroscience Centre and Pathology Group, Institute of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lindberg G, Törnblom H, Iwarzon M, Nyberg B, Martin JE, Veress B. Full-thickness biopsy findings in chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and enteric dysmotility. Gut 2009; 58:1084-90. [PMID: 19136514 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2008.148296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Small bowel manometry is increasingly used in the clinical investigation of patients with symptoms of intestinal motor dysfunction. Enteric dysmotility (ED) has been suggested as a new diagnostic term for patients with abnormal intestinal motor activity but no radiological signs of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIP). Histopathological features of adult patients with ED and CIP have been compared in a large case series to study differences and similarities between the two diagnostic groups. METHODS Routine staining and an extensive panel of immunohistochemical stains on transversal and tangential cuts from full-thickness biopsies of the small bowel were used. RESULTS 39 females and 11 males with CIP and 58 females and 7 males with ED were investigated. The underlying lesion was more often a visceral myopathy (22% vs 5%) or neuromyopathy (30% vs 12%) in patients with CIP than in those with ED, whereas the predominant lesion in ED was neuropathy with inflammation. CONCLUSION CIP in adults is associated with very different underlying pathology, whereas ED is more homogeneously associated with neuropathy in the enteric nervous system. Neuropathy of enteric ganglia with inflammation seems to be the most common cause for measurable disturbances of intestinal motor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Lindberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Knowles CH, Veress B, Tornblom H, Wallace S, Paraskeva P, Darzi A, Martin JE, Nyberg B, Lindberg G. Safety and diagnostic yield of laparoscopically assisted full-thickness bowel biospy. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008; 20:774-9. [PMID: 18331432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in minimally invasive surgery have made laparoscopy and full-thickness bowel biopsy possible in the investigation of patients with suspected gastrointestinal neuromuscular disorders. The safety and diagnostic yield of this investigation have not been formally reported. A prospective study was undertaken of 124 patients with clinico-physiological diagnoses of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, enteric dysmotility and severe irritable bowel syndrome undergoing LFTB in three European teaching centres with expertise in the management of gastrointestinal neuromuscular disorders. Perioperative data were collected including complications. Diagnostic yield was expressed as proportion with well-established specific neuromuscular abnormalities based on a protocol of routine and immunohistochemical techniques. The majority of patients underwent a laparoscopically assisted procedure with extracorporeal biopsy. Median operating time was 50 min, conversion rate 2% and length of stay 1 day. There was an 8% readmission rate for obstructive symptoms but minimal other morbidity and no mortality. Overall specific diagnostic yield was 81%, being high for jejunal biopsies (89%) but low for a small number of ileal and colonic biopsies. Laparoscopy and full-thickness biopsy of the bowel appears acceptable in terms of safety. It should be performed in a jejunal site to achieve a high diagnostic yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Knowles
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Science, Barts and the London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & Dentistry, Whitechapel, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Muppala H, Sengupta S, Martin JE. Unilateral absence of tube and ovary with renal agenesis and associated pyloric stenosis: Communication. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008; 137:123. [PMID: 17187917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 10/29/2006] [Accepted: 11/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
23
|
Moe S, Wazny LD, Martin JE. Oral calcitriol versus oral alfacalcidol for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients receiving hemodialysis: a randomized, crossover trial. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 15:e36-e43. [PMID: 18192704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease and treatment with vitamin D analogues is a mainstay of therapy. Although oral calcitriol and alfacalcidol are used extensively in Canada, there is little published data comparing equal doses of these agents. OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of equal doses of oral calcitriol and alfacalcidol on intact parathyroid hormone concentrations (iPTH) in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism due to chronic kidney disease. Secondary endpoints included serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, calcium and phosphate concentrations, achievement of target iPTH concentrations, and need for phosphate binder dose increases. METHODS Five adult hemodialysis subjects who were naA ve to vitamin D analogues and had iPTH concentrations > or = 20 pmol/L were enrolled in a prospective, randomized 16-week crossover pilot study. Subjects were randomized to either oral calcitriol or oral alfacalcidol 0.75 mcg three times weekly for six weeks. After a four-week washout period, patients were crossed over to the alternate drug for six weeks. RESULTS Oral calcitriol significantly suppressed iPTH after six weeks of therapy (p=0.003), while no significant change in iPTH was observed with oral alfacalcidol. CONCLUSIONS This small randomized crossover study provides preliminary evidence that equal doses of oral alfacalcidol and calcitriol may demonstrate differences in iPTH suppression during the first six weeks in dialysis patients treated for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Further comparative trials are required to confirm this finding and to determine whether important differences in parathyroid hormone suppression exist between oral calcitriol and alfacalcidol beyond the six-week period. Key words: Vitamin D analogues, alfacalcidol, calcitriol, secondary hyperparathyroidism, renal dialysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Moe
- 1Department of Pharmacy, Toronto East General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Slezak SL, Adams S, Lee-Stroka H, Martin JE, Caruccio L, Stroncek DF. Rapid, single-subject genotyping to predict red blood cell antigen expression. Immunohematology 2008; 24:154-159. [PMID: 19856718 PMCID: PMC2770877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Genotyping is useful to predict the expression of those RBC antigens for which antisera are difficult to obtain and to determine the probable phenotype of highly transfused patients, and it can be used to test stored DNA when a blood sample is not available. This study assessed a sequence-specific primer (SSP)-based genotyping system for blood group alleles suitable for the rapid testing of a small number of samples and assessed the use of stored whole blood. Genomic DNA was isolated from fresh and 1- and 2-week-old stored blood from 20 donors with known ABO and Rh phenotypes and was used for ABO, RHD, and RHCE genotyping using SSPs. The amplicons were analyzed using gel electrophoresis and a novel microfluidic on-chip electrophoresis system. Analysis of DNA from fresh and 1- and 2-week-old blood by SSP and gel electrophoresis yielded the correct ABO, RHD, and RHCE type in all samples, but with DNA from 2-week-old stored blood the amplicons were more difficult to visualize. Analysis of the same samples with the SSP on-chip electrophoresis assay correctly typed all samples except for one RHCE typing discrepancy of a fresh sample and one RHCE typing discrepancy of a 2-week-old sample. Analysis of amplicons by on-chip electrophoresis required one tenth the DNA that gel electrophoresis did and could be completed within 30 minutes compared with 2 hours with gel electrophoresis. Amplicons were also more readily visualized with on-chip electrophoresis. Fresh and 1- and 2-week-old samples could be ABO and RH genotyped with SSP. Analysis using on-chip electrophoresis was easier and more rapid than that using gel electrophoresis, but test reliability was slightly more variable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Slezak
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1184, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The function of the kidney, as well as its morphology, changes markedly with age. The glomerular filtration rate falls progressively, independent of overt pathology. Glomerular, vascular and accompanying parenchymal changes occur and other disorders associated with ageing, such as diabetes and hypertension, have a stochastic deleterious effect on both form and function. Declining renal function with age has important implications, not only for individual homeostasis but also for the use of drug therapy and for the receipt and donation of organs for transplantation. Molecular mechanisms and cellular changes underlying some of the functional and structural changes associated with ageing are becoming clearer, as are some of the ways in which genetic background, age and disease can combine to produce functional damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Martin
- Pathology Group, Institute of Cell and Molecular Sciences, St Bartholomew's and the London Hospital School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Tumour markers are important in the diagnosis and monitoring of many tumours. This study tested the hypothesis that an oncofoetal protein, foetal haemoglobin (HbF) is a potential tumour marker in embryonic tumours, useful for management. An immunohistochemical investigation of HbF blood cell (Fc) distribution was carried out in tumours and in bone marrow samples from 83 children and 13 adults with various embryonic tumours (blastomas), and in bone marrow samples of 24 leukaemia patients. In the three, main blastoma types, nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumour), neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma, where all the patients, except two, were children, around 80% of the tumour samples had Fc within proliferating blood vessels and spaces between tumour cells. In parallel, clusters of Fc, mostly F-erythroblasts (Feb), were distributed in the bone marrow of some of those patients and in the bone marrow of 79% of the leukaemia patients. Foetal haemoglobin, as well as being a potential prognostic cancer marker, is a potential indicator of DNA hypomethylation implicated in the development of these tumours, as well as in others previously noted for the presence of HbF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wolk
- Department of Histopathology, Royal London Hospital, Centre for pathology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
AbstractA survey of gastro-intestinal helminth communities of Gallotia stehlini (Sauria: Lacertidae) from Gran Canaria island (Canary Archipelago, Spain), was conducted to determine the prevalence, abundance and species diversity of intestinal parasites in these lizards. Pharyngodonid nematodes were the most common intestinal helminths, three species being Gallotia specialists. Helminth infracommunities of G. stehlini were rich and appear to be closer to the interactive end of the continuum isolationist–interactive helminth communities, according to the high values of helminth diversity. It is the first case of a saurian reptile showing this kind of diverse helminth infracommunity, produced by a large size, a wide-ranging plant diet and exposure to helminths with direct life-cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Martin
- Departament de Zoologia (Parasitologia Animal), Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de Valencia, Dr Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The rising numbers and proportion of aged individuals in the population is a global demographic trend. The diseases associated with ageing are becoming more prevalent, and the associated healthcare costs are having a significant economic impact in all countries. With these changes have come great advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of ageing. The mechanisms of cellular ageing at a genetic, protein and organelle level are becoming clearer, as are some of the more complex associations between environment and ageing. System ageing is also becoming better understood, and the potential biological advantages of ageing are being explored. Many of the advances in these fields are opening up the prospect of targeted therapeutic intervention for ageing and age related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Martin
- Pathology Group, Institute of Cell and Molecular Sciences, St Bartholomew's and the London Hospital School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While narcotics remain the backbone of perioperative analgesia, the adjunctive role of other analgesics, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), is being recognized increasingly. This meta-analysis sought to determine whether adjunctive NSAIDs improve postoperative analgesia and reduce cumulative narcotic requirements. METHODS A comprehensive search was undertaken to identify all randomized trials, in cardiothoracic patients, of NSAIDs plus narcotics vs narcotics without NSAIDs. Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and abstract databases were searched up to September 2005. The primary outcome was visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score. Secondary outcomes included 24-hr cumulative morphine-equivalents, rescue medications required, mortality, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, stroke, renal failure, hospital readmissions, and in-hospital costs. RESULTS Twenty randomized trials involving 1,065 patients were included. A significant reduction in 24-hr VAS pain score was found in patients receiving NSAIDs [weighted mean difference (WMD) -0.91 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.48 to -0.34 points]. In addition, patients required significantly less morphine-equivalents in the first 24 hr (WMD -7.67 mg, 95% CI -8.97 to -6.38 mg). No significant difference was found with respect to mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.19, 95% CI 0.01 to 4.22], myocardial infarction (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.09 to 5.71), renal dysfunction (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.37 to 2.46), or gastrointestinal bleeding (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.13 to 7.09). CONCLUSION In patients less than 70 yr of age undergoing cardiothoracic surgery, the adjunctive use of NSAIDs with narcotic analgesia reduces 24-hr VAS pain score and narcotic requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bainbridge
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, University Hospital, Main Building, Room C3-172, 339 Windermere Road, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) has been advocated as superior to conventional nurse-controlled analgesia (NCA) with less risk to patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to determine whether PCA improves clinical and resource outcomes when compared with NCA. METHODS A comprehensive search was undertaken to identify all randomized controlled trials of PCA vs NCA. Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase, and conference abstract databases were searched from the date of their inception to August 2005. The primary postoperative outcome was defined as mean visual analogue scale (VAS) scores. Secondary postoperative outcomes included cumulative morphine equivalents, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay, postoperative nausea and vomiting, sedation, respiratory depression, and all-cause mortality. Odds ratios or weighted mean differences (WMD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for discrete and continuous outcomes, respectively. RESULTS Ten randomized trials involving 666 patients were included. Compared to NCA, PCA significantly reduced VAS at 48 hr (WMD -0.73, 95% CI -1.19, -0.27), but not at 24 hr (WMD -0.19, 95% CI -0.61, 0.24). Cumulative morphine equivalents consumed were significantly increased at 24 hr (WMD 6.84 mg, 95% CI 0.97, 12.72 mg), and at 48 hr (WMD 10.46 mg 95% CI 2.02, 18.9 mg) for PCA compared with NCA. Ventilation times, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, patient satisfaction scores, sedation scores, and incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, severe pain, discontinuations, and death were not significantly different between groups, but these outcomes were generally under-reported. CONCLUSIONS In postcardiac surgical patients, PCA increases cumulative 24 and 48 hr morphine consumption, and improves 48-hr VAS compared with NCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bainbridge
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre--University campus, 339 Windermere road, Room 3-CA19, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in infants. Severely affected children are at risk of feeding difficulties, apnoeic episodes and cor pulmonale secondary to upper airway obstruction. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of aryepiglottoplasty. This is a simple surgical procedure that relieves the obstruction by dividing the aryepiglottic folds. Thirty children had an aryepiglottoplasty at the Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital between January 1995 and June 2001. The case notes of all 30 children were reviewed for age, sex, age at operation, indications, operative technique, complications and long-term outcomes. Complete resolution of stridor was obtained in 83 per cent of patients, with an improvement in a further 7 per cent. Post-operative complications included lower respiratory tract infections (13 per cent) and vomiting (7 per cent). In conclusion, simple endoscopic aryepiglottoplasty remains an effective way of treating upper airway obstruction in children. Its high resolution and low complication rate make it a safe, first choice procedure for treatment of moderate to severe laryngomalacia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Martin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the sources of fetal haemoglobin (HbF) as an indicator in cancer. An immunohistochemical study was carried out on some of the most common kinds of cancer. All of these cancers had serologically high levels of HbF as evaluated previously. METHODS Immunoaffinity-purified anti-HbF was immunohistochemically used to study F cell distribution in the following cancers: colorectal adenocarcinoma, urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma, brain tumours, lung carcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma, leukaemia, Burkitt's lymphoma and endometrial carcinoma. RESULTS In colorectal adenocarcinoma, HbF-containing red blood cells (FRBC) were present within thin-walled vessels or were disposed in dense clusters within the tumour. Some of these cells were nucleated or binucleated HbF-erythroblasts or HbF-normoblasts (FNBS). In two cases, high levels of mitoses within HbF-erythroblasts were observed. In half of the cases with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, regional intratumoral blood vessels were found to contain 5-50% FRBC. In the other tumours examined, F cells were not observed. FRBCs, however, were occasionally observed in the regional lymph nodes of some of these cancers. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of HbF as a potential plasma marker is suggested by the high concentration of FRBCs in colorectal tumours. The apparent development of FRBCs in colorectal tumour tissues is an interesting observation, as these cells were previously thought to develop in medullary or lymphoid tissues. It is thus suggested that the colonic microenvironment may stimulate extramedullary fetal-type haematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wolk
- Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Birnkrant DJ, Ferguson RD, Martin JE, Gordon GJ. Noninvasive ventilation during gastrostomy tube placement in patients with severe duchenne muscular dystrophy: case reports and review of the literature. Pediatr Pulmonol 2006; 41:188-93. [PMID: 16362975 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy may benefit from gastrostomy tube feeding due to progressive dysphagia and malnutrition. However, due to their severely impaired pulmonary function, these individuals are at risk of severe complications when they are sedated or undergo anesthesia for the procedure. We previously described a technique of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation to provide respiratory support during gastrostomy tube placement in such patients, but this technique had risks and limitations. In this case report, we examine two alternative techniques we used to provide respiratory support successfully to patients with severe muscular dystrophy and malnutrition who underwent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement. We then review the literature and discuss the potential benefits, risks, and limitations of the above techniques and of other options for gastrostomy placement in people with severe muscular dystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Birnkrant
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Martin JE. Pathology of Chronic Constipation in Pediatric and Adult Coloproctology. Histopathology 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
35
|
Martin JE, Llorente GA, Roca V, Carretero MA, Montori A, Santos X, Romeu R. Relationship between diet and helminths in Gallotia caesaris (Sauria: Lacertidae). ZOOLOGY 2005; 108:121-30. [PMID: 16351960 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diet and helminth fauna were analysed in Gallotia caesaris, a small lacertid lizard endemic to El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain) in order to study the evolutionary and functional relationships between the two traits. This species is omnivorous but consumed a high proportion (82.13%) of plant matter including not only seeds but also leaves and other vegetative parts. Helminth fauna included many helminth species typical of herbivorous reptiles. Both herbivory and helminth presence were higher than expected for a lizard of its size. Comparison with other lacertids suggests that both traits result from an adaptation to insular conditions but that some "evolutionary time" to develop them is needed. Canarian Gallotia lizards, a separate lineage evolving for a long time in insularity, constitutes the most advanced lacertid group in this way. Nevertheless, results for G. caesaris indicate that helminth fauna also changes seasonally tracking variation in diet (and herbivory) throughout the year, which suggests a dynamic interaction between diet and helminth parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Martin
- Departament de Zoología, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cheng DC, Bainbridge D, Martin JE, Novick RJ. Does off-pump coronary artery bypass reduce mortality, morbidity, and resource utilization when compared with conventional coronary artery bypass? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesthesiology 2005; 102:188-203. [PMID: 15618803 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200501000-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors undertook a meta-analysis of 37 randomized trials (3369 patients) of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery versus conventional coronary artery bypass surgery. No significant differences were found for 30-day mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58-1.80), myocardial infarction (OR, 0.77; 95%CI, 0.48-1.26), stroke (OR, 0.68; 95%CI, 0.33-1.40), renal dysfunction, intraaortic balloon pump, wound infection, rethoracotomy, or reintervention. However, off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery significantly decreased atrial fibrillation (OR, 0.58; 95%CI, 0.44-0.77), transfusion (OR, 0.43; 95%CI, 0.29-0.65), inotrope requirements (OR, 0.48; 95%CI, 0.32-0.73), respiratory infections (OR, 0.41; 95%CI, 0.23-0.74), ventilation time (weighted mean difference, -3.4 h; 95%CI, -5.1 to -1.7 h), intensive care unit stay (weighted mean difference, -0.3 days; 95%CI -0.6 to -0.1 days), and hospital stay (weighted mean difference, -1.0 days; 95%CI -1.5 to -0.5 days). Patency and neurocognitive function results were inconclusive. In-hospital and 1-yr direct costs were generally higher for conventional coronary artery bypass surgery versus off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Therefore, this meta-analysis demonstrates that mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, and renal failure were not reduced in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery surgery; however, selected short-term and mid-term clinical and resource outcomes were improved compared with conventional coronary artery bypass surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davy C Cheng
- Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Knowles CH, Silk DBA, Darzi A, Veress B, Feakins R, Raimundo AH, Crompton T, Browning EC, Lindberg G, Martin JE. Deranged smooth muscle alpha-actin as a biomarker of intestinal pseudo-obstruction: a controlled multinational case series. Gut 2004; 53:1583-9. [PMID: 15479676 PMCID: PMC1774262 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.037275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIIP) is a severe motility disorder associated with significant morbidity. Several histopathological (neuropathic and myopathic) phenotypes have been described but only a single adult with jejunal smooth (circular) muscle alpha-actin deficiency. We present a prospective multinational case series investigating smooth muscle alpha-actin deficiency as a biomarker of this disease. METHODS A total of 115 fully clinically and physiologically (including prolonged (24 hour) ambulatory jejunal manometry) characterised CIIP patients from three European centres were studied. Immunohistochemical localisation of actins and other cytoskeletal proteins were performed on laparoscopic full thickness jejunal biopsies and compared with adult controls. Distribution of alpha-actin was also characterised in other gut regions and in the developing human alimentary tract. RESULTS Twenty eight of 115 (24%) CIIP patient biopsies had absent (n = 22) or partial (n = 6) jejunal smooth muscle alpha-actin immunostaining in the circular muscle layer. In contrast, smooth muscle alpha-actin staining was preserved in the longitudinal muscle and in adult jejunal controls (n = 20). Comparative study of other adult alimentary tract regions and fetal small intestine, suggested significant spatial and temporal variations in smooth muscle alpha-actin expression. CONCLUSIONS The ability to modulate alpha-smooth muscle actin expression, evident in development, is maintained in adult life and may be influenced by disease, rendering it a valuable biomarker even in the absence of other structural abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Knowles
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Science, Barts and the London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
AIMS Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is an established serological indicator of cancer. However, its distribution in tumour tissues is rarely investigated. Therefore, HbF was studied immunohistologically in different cancers characterised by high blood HbF concentrations. METHODS Anti-HbF was immunoaffinity purified and used to study HbF immunohistochemically in the following cancers: germ cell tumour (GCT), trophoblastic disease (TD), lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), multiple myeloma (MM), and ovarian adenocarcinoma (OA). RESULTS In GCT a distinction was made between tumours substantially without HbF positive red blood cells (F-RBC) and those with F-RBC. Those without F-RBC were non-metastatic mature teratomas and dermoid cysts. Those containing F-RBC were mainly embryonal carcinomas and metastatic teratomas. HbF positive myeloid cells (F-MLC), HbF positive normoblasts (F-NBS), and F-RBC were common in the bone marrow and in the lymphoid tissues of lymphoma, MDS, and MM. In TD, normal and nucleated F-RBC were seen in the trophoblastic villi in one case with incomplete molar pregnancy (ICM) but not in other cases of ICM and complete molar pregnancy. However, F-RBC and F-MLC were seen in the decidua of both types of TD. Generally, F-cells were observed either within blood vessels or concentrated in certain areas of the neoplastic tissue. CONCLUSIONS HbF was evaluated as an inducible marker within different tumour tissue blood cells. The dual distribution of these cells-circulating in the blood or concentrated in areas of the neoplastic tissues-might reflect the two independent serological indicators of HbF: one in whole blood and the other in plasma of patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wolk
- Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, The Royal London Hospital, Central Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 91342, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Martin
- Evidence-Based Prescribing Initiative, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Martin JE. Low dosage tricyclic antidepressants in depression. Non-superiority does not equal equivalence. BMJ 2003; 326:499; author reply 499. [PMID: 12617074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
|
41
|
Griffin JL, Muller D, Woograsingh R, Jowatt V, Hindmarsh A, Nicholson JK, Martin JE. Vitamin E deficiency and metabolic deficits in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis described by bioinformatics. Physiol Genomics 2002; 11:195-203. [PMID: 12388797 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00100.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mnd mouse, a model of neuronal ceroid lipofusinosis (NCL), has a profound vitamin E deficiency in sera and brain, associated with cerebral deterioration characteristic of NCL. In this study, the vitamin E deficiency is corrected using dietary supplementation. However, the histopathological features associated with NCL remained. With use of a bioinformatics approach based on high-resolution solid and solution state 1H-NMR spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA), the deficits associated with NCL are defined in terms of a metabolic phenotype. Although vitamin E supplementation reversed some of the metabolic abnormalities, in particular the concentration of phenylalanine in extracts of cerebral tissue, PCA demonstrated that metabolic deficits associated with NCL were greater than any effects produced from vitamin E supplementation. These deficits included increased glutamate and N-acetyl-L-aspartate and decreased creatine and glutamine concentrations in aqueous extracts of the cortex, as well as profound accumulation of lipid in intact cerebral tissue. This is discussed in terms of faulty production of mitochondrial-associated membranes, thought to be central to the deficits in mnd mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Griffin
- Biological Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Knowles CH, Lang B, Clover L, Scott SM, Gotti C, Vincent A, Martin JE. A role for autoantibodies in some cases of acquired non-paraneoplastic gut dysmotility. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37:166-70. [PMID: 11843052 DOI: 10.1080/003655202753416821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated autoimmunity underlies a diverse range of disorders, particularly in the nervous system where domains of ion channels and receptors are potential targets. The aetiology of many adult-onset conditions of severe gut dysmotility is not known. We looked for antibodies to neuronal antigens in patients with severe (slow-transit-type) constipation (STC). METHODS Eleven sera from adult-onset STC patients and 18 from childhood onset cases were tested by routine immunoprecipitation assays for antibodies against neuronal antigens including voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs), calcium channels (VGCCs), both muscle and neuronal acetylcholine receptor and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Results were compared with positive and negative control populations. RESULTS Two of the 11 sera from patients with adult-onset STC showed highly positive anti-VGKC antibodies. Both had onset of symptoms de novo in adulthood without evidence of autoimmune, neoplastic or neurological disease. One of these patients, and one other, had anti-GAD antibodies. None of the childhood-onset STC had evidence of anti-neuronal antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Anti-neuronal antibodies are found in some patients with a condition of severe acquired gut dysmotility of previously unknown aetiology. Future studies may demonstrate an autoimmune role for such antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Knowles
- Academic Dept. of Surgery, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Patten CA, Martin JE, Calfas KJ, Lento J, Wolter TD. Behavioral treatment for smokers with a history of alcoholism: predictors of successful outcome. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001. [PMID: 11680556 DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.69.5.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined baseline predictors associated with smoking abstinence among 205 smokers (113 men, 92 women) with a past history of alcoholism. Their mean age was 41.8 years, and 93% were Caucasian. Participants were randomly assigned to standard treatment (ST), behavioral counseling plus exercise (BEX), or behavioral counseling plus nicotine gum (BNIC). Factors multivariately associated with point-prevalence smoking abstinence at posttreatment (1 week after target quit date) were a longer duration of prior smoking abstinence and an interaction between treatment group and having an active 12-step sponsor. ST was more effective for those with an active sponsor, whereas both BEX and BNIC were more effective for those without an active sponsor. At 1-year follow-up, independent predictors of point-prevalence smoking abstinence were a lower Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire score (K. O. Fagerström, 1978) and fewer years of smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Patten
- Nicotine Research Center and Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited, severe muscle wasting disease caused by the loss of the cytoskeletal protein, dystrophin. Patients usually die in their late teens or early twenties of cardiac or respiratory failure. We have previously demonstrated that the dystrophin related protein, utrophin is able to compensate for the loss of dystrophin in the mdx mouse, the mouse model of the disease. Expression of a utrophin transgene under the control of an HSA promoter results in localization of utrophin to the sarcolemma and prevents the muscle pathology. Here we show that the over-expression of full-length utrophin in a broad range of tissues is not detrimental in the mdx mouse. These findings have important implications for the feasibility of the up-regulation of utrophin in therapy for DMD since they suggest that tissue specific up-regulation may not be necessary.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Body Weight
- Creatinine/urine
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Feasibility Studies
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Therapy
- Homozygote
- Immunohistochemistry
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/therapy
- Organ Specificity
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Tissue Distribution/genetics
- Transgenes
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Utrophin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Fisher
- MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Martin JE, Lee C. Radiological control for 203Hg radiotracer determinations of mercury inventories at chlor-alkali plants. Health Phys 2001; 81:S85-S89. [PMID: 11669199 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-200111001-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
20Hg has been used safely to determine mercury inventories in large electrochemical process cells in the chlorine industry by a process of isotopic dilution. Laboratory conversion and processing of irradiated HgO can be done in closed systems with non-detectable releases to work areas or the environment and with exposure to whole body <0.25 mSv (25 mrem) and <3 mSv (300 mrem) to extremities. Personnel exposures during plant operations are controlled to non-detectable levels for whole body exposure and <0.3 mSv (30 mrem) to extremities for the operator; exposures for other plant personnel are non-detectable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Martin
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor 48109-2029, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Patten CA, Martin JE, Calfas KJ, Lento J, Wolter TD. Behavioral treatment for smokers with a history of alcoholism: predictors of successful outcome. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001; 69:796-801. [PMID: 11680556 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.69.5.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined baseline predictors associated with smoking abstinence among 205 smokers (113 men, 92 women) with a past history of alcoholism. Their mean age was 41.8 years, and 93% were Caucasian. Participants were randomly assigned to standard treatment (ST), behavioral counseling plus exercise (BEX), or behavioral counseling plus nicotine gum (BNIC). Factors multivariately associated with point-prevalence smoking abstinence at posttreatment (1 week after target quit date) were a longer duration of prior smoking abstinence and an interaction between treatment group and having an active 12-step sponsor. ST was more effective for those with an active sponsor, whereas both BEX and BNIC were more effective for those without an active sponsor. At 1-year follow-up, independent predictors of point-prevalence smoking abstinence were a lower Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire score (K. O. Fagerström, 1978) and fewer years of smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Patten
- Nicotine Research Center and Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rogers DC, Peters J, Martin JE, Ball S, Nicholson SJ, Witherden AS, Hafezparast M, Latcham J, Robinson TL, Quilter CA, Fisher EM. SHIRPA, a protocol for behavioral assessment: validation for longitudinal study of neurological dysfunction in mice. Neurosci Lett 2001; 306:89-92. [PMID: 11403965 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of neurological abnormalities are only valuable if accurately assessed. The three-stage SHIRPA procedure is used for the standardised assessment of mouse phenotype and has been reported in a high throughput experiment in which different mutants were ascertained at one age point using stage 1 of the protocol. In this study we have validated SHIRPA using a large cohort with one single mutation, 'legs at odd angles that causes neurological dysfunction. The cohort aged from 1 to 16 months during this study and this is the first longitudinal SHIRPA analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Rogers
- Neuroscience Research, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, Essex, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Slow transit constipation (STC) is a disorder of intestinal motility of unknown aetiology. Myopathies, including those characterized by the finding of inclusion bodies, have been described in enteric disorders. Amphophilic inclusion bodies have been reported in the muscularis externa of the colon of STC patients. This study formally tested the hypothesis that these represent a primary muscle disorder, specific to STC. In a systematic, blinded, dual observer qualitative and quantitative analysis, colonic and ileal tissue from patients with STC (n=36) were compared with selected control populations: total colonic aganglionosis (n=10), Chagas' disease (n=6), isolated rectal evacuation disorders (n=6), and a control population of a range of ages (n=80). All sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid Schiff. Further immunostains were used in an attempt to determine inclusion body composition. Round or ovoid (4-22 microm diameter) amphophilic inclusions increased in number in normal subjects with age. Inclusions were more frequent in idiopathic STC than in age-matched controls or rectal evacuation disorders [ileum (33% vs. 9%), ascending (50% vs. 19%, p<0.05), and sigmoid colon (43% vs. 20%)] and were very frequent in the sigmoid (71%) of patients with STC arising after pelvic surgery. The number of inclusions per unit area was significantly higher in patients with STC (p<0.001). Inclusions were found in all Chagas' patients, but not with aganglionosis. It was not possible to determine inclusion body composition, despite the use of a wide range of conventional and immunostains. This study demonstrates that inclusion body myopathy is identifiable in patients with STC and that it may arise secondary to denervation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Knowles
- Academic Department of Surgery, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Slow transit constipation (STC) is a disorder of intestinal motility of unknown aetiology. Myopathies, including those characterized by the finding of inclusion bodies, have been described in enteric disorders. Amphophilic inclusion bodies have been reported in the muscularis externa of the colon of STC patients. This study formally tested the hypothesis that these represent a primary muscle disorder, specific to STC. In a systematic, blinded, dual observer qualitative and quantitative analysis, colonic and ileal tissue from patients with STC (n=36) were compared with selected control populations: total colonic aganglionosis (n=10), Chagas' disease (n=6), isolated rectal evacuation disorders (n=6), and a control population of a range of ages (n=80). All sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid Schiff. Further immunostains were used in an attempt to determine inclusion body composition. Round or ovoid (4-22 microm diameter) amphophilic inclusions increased in number in normal subjects with age. Inclusions were more frequent in idiopathic STC than in age-matched controls or rectal evacuation disorders [ileum (33% vs. 9%), ascending (50% vs. 19%, p<0.05), and sigmoid colon (43% vs. 20%)] and were very frequent in the sigmoid (71%) of patients with STC arising after pelvic surgery. The number of inclusions per unit area was significantly higher in patients with STC (p<0.001). Inclusions were found in all Chagas' patients, but not with aganglionosis. It was not possible to determine inclusion body composition, despite the use of a wide range of conventional and immunostains. This study demonstrates that inclusion body myopathy is identifiable in patients with STC and that it may arise secondary to denervation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Knowles
- Academic Department of Surgery, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|