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Gao B, Hu G, Chapman JW. Effects of nocturnal celestial illumination on high-flying migrant insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230115. [PMID: 38705175 PMCID: PMC11070249 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Radar networks hold great promise for monitoring population trends of migrating insects. However, it is important to elucidate the nature of responses to environmental cues. We use data from a mini-network of vertical-looking entomological radars in the southern UK to investigate changes in nightly abundance, flight altitude and behaviour of insect migrants, in relation to meteorological and celestial conditions. Abundance of migrants showed positive relationships with air temperature, indicating that this is the single most important variable influencing the decision to initiate migration. In addition, there was a small but significant effect of moonlight illumination, with more insects migrating on full moon nights. While the effect of nocturnal illumination levels on abundance was relatively minor, there was a stronger effect on the insects' ability to orientate close to downwind: flight headings were more tightly clustered on nights when the moon was bright and when cloud cover was sparse. This indicates that nocturnal illumination is important for the navigational mechanisms used by nocturnal insect migrants. Further, our results clearly show that environmental conditions such as air temperature and light levels must be considered if long-term radar datasets are to be used to assess changing population trends of migrants. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Gao
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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Huang J, Feng H, Drake VA, Reynolds DR, Gao B, Chen F, Zhang G, Zhu J, Gao Y, Zhai B, Li G, Tian C, Huang B, Hu G, Chapman JW. Massive seasonal high-altitude migrations of nocturnal insects above the agricultural plains of East China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317646121. [PMID: 38648486 PMCID: PMC11067063 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317646121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-distance migrations of insects contribute to ecosystem functioning but also have important economic impacts when the migrants are pests or provide ecosystem services. We combined radar monitoring, aerial sampling, and searchlight trapping, to quantify the annual pattern of nocturnal insect migration above the densely populated agricultural lands of East China. A total of ~9.3 trillion nocturnal insect migrants (15,000 t of biomass), predominantly Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera, including many crop pests and disease vectors, fly at heights up to 1 km above this 600 km-wide region every year. Larger migrants (>10 mg) exhibited seasonal reversal of movement directions, comprising northward expansion during spring and summer, followed by southward movements during fall. This north-south transfer was not balanced, however, with southward movement in fall 0.66× that of northward movement in spring and summer. Spring and summer migrations were strongest when the wind had a northward component, while in fall, stronger movements occurred on winds that allowed movement with a southward component; heading directions of larger insects were generally close to the track direction. These findings indicate adaptations leading to movement in seasonally favorable directions. We compare our results from China with similar studies in Europe and North America and conclude that ecological patterns and behavioral adaptations are similar across the Northern Hemisphere. The predominance of pests among these nocturnal migrants has severe implications for food security and grower prosperity throughout this heavily populated region, and knowledge of their migrations is potentially valuable for forecasting pest impacts and planning timely management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory for Integrated Crop Pests Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, No. 0 Entomological Radar Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan450002, China
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, CornwallTR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Hongqiang Feng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory for Integrated Crop Pests Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, No. 0 Entomological Radar Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan450002, China
| | - V. Alistair Drake
- School of Science, UNSW Canberra, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT2610, Australia
- Institute for Applied Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT2617, Australia
| | - Don R. Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, KentME4 4 TB, United Kingdom
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, HertsAL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Boya Gao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan450002, China
| | - Junsheng Zhu
- Shandong Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jinan, Shandong250100, China
| | - Yuebo Gao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin136100, China
| | - Baoping Zhai
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory for Integrated Crop Pests Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, No. 0 Entomological Radar Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan450002, China
| | - Caihong Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory for Integrated Crop Pests Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, No. 0 Entomological Radar Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan450002, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory for Integrated Crop Pests Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, No. 0 Entomological Radar Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan450002, China
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, CornwallTR10 9FE, United Kingdom
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
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Yang F, Wang P, Zheng M, Hou XY, Zhou LL, Wang Y, Si SY, Wang XP, Chapman JW, Wang YM, Hu G. Physiological and behavioral basis of diamondback moth Plutella xylostella migration and its association with heat stress. Pest Manag Sci 2024; 80:1751-1760. [PMID: 38009258 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migration is a strategy that shifts insects to more favorable habitats in response to deteriorating local environmental conditions. The ecological factors that govern insect migration are poorly understood for many species. Plutella xylostella causes great losses in Brassica vegetable and oilseed crops, and undergoes mass migration. However, the physiological and behavioral basis for distinguishing migratory individuals and the factors driving its migration remain unclear. RESULTS Daily light trap catches conducted from April to July in a field population of P. xylostella in central China revealed a sharp decline in abundance from late-May. Analysis of ovarian development levels showed that the proportion of sexually immature females gradually increased, while the mating rate decreased, indicating that generations occurring in May mainly resulted from local breeding and that emigration began in late-May. Physiological and behavioral analyses revealed that emigrant populations had a higher take-off proportion, stronger flight capacity and greater energy reserves of triglyceride compared to residents. Furthermore, a gradual increase in temperature from 24 °C to >30 °C during larval development resulted in a significant delay in oogenesis and increased take-off propensity of adults compared with the control treatment reared at a constant temperature of 24 °C. CONCLUSION Our results provide the physiological and behavioral factors that underpin mass migration in P. xylostella, and demonstrate that exposure to increased temperature increases their migration propensity at the cost of reproductive output. This study sheds light on understanding the factors that influence population dynamics, migratory propensity and reproductive tradeoffs in migratory insects. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Institute of Vegetables, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Pan Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Min Zheng
- Institute of Vegetables, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hou
- Institute of Vegetables, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Li-Lin Zhou
- Institute of Vegetables, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Yun Si
- Institute of Vegetables, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Center for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter - Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Yu-Meng Wang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Harvey DJ, Vuts J, Hooper A, Caulfield JC, Finch P, Woodcock CM, Gange AC, Chapman JW, Birkett MA, Pickett JA. Novel pheromone-mediated reproductive behaviour in the stag beetle, Lucanus cervus. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6037. [PMID: 38472207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The iconic European stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) is one of the largest terrestrial beetles in Europe. Due to decreasing population numbers, thought to be a consequence of habitat loss, this beetle has become a near-threatened species across much of Europe, and a reliable monitoring system is required to measure its future population trends. As part of a programme aimed at conserving UK populations, we have investigated the chemical ecology of the beetle, with a view to developing an efficient semiochemical-based monitoring system. Such a scheme will be beneficial not only in the UK but across the European range of the species, where the beetle is of conservation concern. Here, we report on a surprising discovery of a male-produced pheromone, which provokes initial sexual receptivity in females, and which has not been previously identified in the animal kingdom. Furthermore, we assign sex pheromone function to a previously described female-specific compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Harvey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - József Vuts
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Antony Hooper
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - John C Caulfield
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Paul Finch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Christine M Woodcock
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Alan C Gange
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Michael A Birkett
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - John A Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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Chen H, Wan G, Li J, Ma Y, Reynolds DR, Dreyer D, Warrant EJ, Chapman JW, Hu G. Adaptive migratory orientation of an invasive pest on a new continent. iScience 2023; 26:108281. [PMID: 38187194 PMCID: PMC10767162 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Many species of insects undertake long-range, seasonally reversed migrations, displaying sophisticated orientation behaviors to optimize their migratory trajectories. However, when invasive insects arrive in new biogeographical regions, it is unclear if migrants retain (or how quickly they regain) ancestral migratory traits, such as seasonally preferred flight headings. Here we present behavioral evidence that an invasive migratory pest, the fall armyworm moth (Spodoptera frugiperda), a native of the Americas, exhibited locally adaptive migratory orientation less than three years after arriving on a new continent. Specimens collected from China showed flight orientations directed north-northwest in spring and southwest in autumn, and this would promote seasonal forward and return migrations in East Asia. We also show that the driver of the seasonal switch in orientation direction is photoperiod. Our results thus provide a clear example of an invasive insect that has rapidly exhibited adaptive migratory behaviors, either inherited or newly evolved, in a completely alien environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Guijun Wan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianchun Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yibo Ma
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Don R. Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - David Dreyer
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eric J. Warrant
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Hawkes WL, Davies K, Weston S, Moyes K, Chapman JW, Wotton KR. Bat activity correlated with migratory insect bioflows in the Pyrenees. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:230151. [PMID: 37593718 PMCID: PMC10427818 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
High altitude mountain passes in the Pyrenees are known to be important migratory hotspots for autumn migrating insects originating from large swathes of northern Europe. In the Pyrenees, prior research has focused on diurnal migratory insects. In this study, we investigate the nocturnal component of the migratory assemblage and ask if this transient food source is also used by bat species. Three seasons of insect trapping revealed 66 species of four different orders, 90% of which were Noctuid moths, including the destructive pest Helicoverpa armigera, otherwise known as the cotton bollworm. Acoustic bat detectors revealed that high activity of Nyctalus spp. and Tadarida teniotis bats were closely synchronized with the arrival of the migratory moths, suggesting this food source is important for both resident and migratory bats to build or maintain energy reserves. Bats of the Nyctalus spp. are likely migrating through the study site using fly-and-forage strategies or stopping over in the area, while resident T. teniotis may be exploiting the abundant food source to build fat stores for hibernation. This study shows that nocturnal migratory insects are abundant in the Pyrenees during autumn and interact during migration, not only with their co-migrant bats but also with resident bat species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will L. Hawkes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Kelsey Davies
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Scarlett Weston
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Kelly Moyes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Karl R. Wotton
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
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Lehmann T, Bamou R, Chapman JW, Reynolds DR, Armbruster PA, Dao A, Yaro AS, Burkot TR, Linton YM. Urban malaria may be spreading via the wind-here's why that's important. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301666120. [PMID: 37104473 PMCID: PMC10160975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301666120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Lehmann
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - R Bamou
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - J W Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - D R Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - P A Armbruster
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - A Dao
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - A S Yaro
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - T R Burkot
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Y-M Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
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Lv H, Zhai MY, Zeng J, Zhang YY, Zhu F, Shen HM, Qiu K, Gao BY, Reynolds DR, Chapman JW, Hu G. Changing patterns of the East Asian monsoon drive shifts in migration and abundance of a globally important rice pest. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:2655-2668. [PMID: 36794561 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Numerous insects including pests and beneficial species undertake windborne migrations over hundreds of kilometers. In East Asia, climate-induced changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation systems are affecting wind-fields and precipitation zones and these, in turn, are changing migration patterns. We examined the consequences in a serious rice pest, the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) in East China. BPH cannot overwinter in temperate East Asia, and infestations there are initiated by several waves of windborne spring or summer migrants originating from tropical areas in Indochina. The East Asian summer monsoon, characterized by abundant rainfall and southerly winds, is of critical importance for these northward movements. We analyzed a 42-year dataset of meteorological parameters and catches of BPH from a standardized network of 341 light-traps in South and East China. We show that south of the Yangtze River during summer, southwesterly winds have weakened and rainfall increased, while the summer precipitation has decreased further north on the Jianghuai Plain. Together, these changes have resulted in shorter migratory journeys for BPH leaving South China. As a result, pest outbreaks of BPH in the key rice-growing area of the Lower Yangtze River Valley (LYRV) have declined since 2001. We show that these changes to the East Asian summer monsoon weather parameters are driven by shifts in the position and intensity of the Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) system that have occurred during the last 20 years. As a result, the relationship between WPSH intensity and BPH immigration that was previously used to predict the size of the immigration to the LYRV has now broken down. Our results demonstrate that migration patterns of a serious rice pest have shifted in response to the climate-induced changes in precipitation and wind pattern, with significant consequences for the population management of migratory pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lv
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Zhai
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Zeng
- China National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Yang Zhang
- China National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Plant Protection Station of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Mei Shen
- Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Qiu
- Plant Protection Station of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Bo-Ya Gao
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Zhu J, Chen X, Liu J, Jiang Y, Chen F, Lu J, Chen H, Zhai B, Reynolds DR, Chapman JW, Hu G. A cold high-pressure system over North China hinders the southward migration of Mythimna separata in autumn. Mov Ecol 2022; 10:54. [PMID: 36457049 PMCID: PMC9716675 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-022-00360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In warm regions or seasons of the year, the planetary boundary layer is occupied by a huge variety and quantity of insects, but the southward migration of insects (in East Asia) in autumn is still poorly understood. METHODS We collated daily catches of the oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata) moth from 20 searchlight traps from 2014 to 2017 in China. In order to explore the autumn migratory connectivity of M. separata in East China, we analyzed the autumn climate and simulated the autumn migration process of moths. RESULTS The results confirmed that northward moth migration in spring and summer under the East Asian monsoon system can bring rapid population growth. However, slow southerly wind (blowing towards the north) prevailed over the major summer breeding area in North China (33°-40° N) due to a cold high-pressure system located there, and this severely disrupts the autumn 'return' migration of this pest. Less than 8% of moths from the summer breeding area successfully migrated back to their winter-breeding region, resulting in a sharp decline of the population abundance in autumn. As northerly winds (blowing towards the south) predominate at the eastern periphery of a high-pressure system, the westward movement of the high-pressure system leads to more northerlies over North China, increasing the numbers of moths migrating southward successfully. Therefore, an outbreak year of M. separata larvae was associated with a more westward position of the high-pressure system during the previous autumn. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the southward migration in autumn is crucial for sustaining pest populations of M. separata, and the position of the cold high-pressure system in September is a key environmental driver of the population size in the next year. This study indicates that the autumn migration of insects in East China is more complex than previously recognized, and that the meteorological conditions in autumn are an important driver of migratory insects' seasonal and interannual population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Life Science, International Cooperative Research Centre for Cross-Border Pest Management in Central Asia, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Jie Liu
- China National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yuying Jiang
- China National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiahao Lu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Songjiang District Agro-Technology Extension Center, Shanghai, 201613, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Baoping Zhai
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, ME4 4TB, UK
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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10
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Yaro AS, Linton YM, Dao A, Diallo M, Sanogo ZL, Samake D, Ousmane Y, Kouam C, Krajacich BJ, Faiman R, Bamou R, Woo J, Chapman JW, Reynolds DR, Lehmann T. Diversity, composition, altitude, and seasonality of high-altitude windborne migrating mosquitoes in the Sahel: Implications for disease transmission. Front Epidemiol 2022; 2:1001782. [PMID: 38455321 PMCID: PMC10910920 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2022.1001782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported Anopheles mosquitoes captured at high-altitude (40-290 m above ground) in the Sahel. Here, we describe this migration modality across genera and species of African Culicidae and examine its implications for disease transmission and control. As well as Anopheles, six other genera-Culex, Aedes, Mansonia, Mimomyia, Lutzia, and Eretmapodites comprised 90% of the 2,340 mosquitoes captured at altitude. Of the 50 molecularly confirmed species (N = 2,107), 33 species represented by multiple specimens were conservatively considered high-altitude windborne migrants, suggesting it is a common migration modality in mosquitoes (31-47% of the known species in Mali), and especially in Culex (45-59%). Overall species abundance varied between 2 and 710 specimens/species (in Ae. vittatus and Cx. perexiguus, respectively). At altitude, females outnumbered males 6:1, and 93% of the females have taken at least one blood meal on a vertebrate host prior to their departure. Most taxa were more common at higher sampling altitudes, indicating that total abundance and diversity are underestimated. High-altitude flight activity was concentrated between June and November coinciding with availability of surface waters and peak disease transmission by mosquitoes. These hallmarks of windborne mosquito migration bolster their role as carriers of mosquito-borne pathogens (MBPs). Screening 921 mosquitoes using pan-Plasmodium assays revealed that thoracic infection rate in these high-altitude migrants was 2.4%, providing a proof of concept that vertebrate pathogens are transported by windborne mosquitoes at altitude. Fourteen of the 33 windborne mosquito species had been reported as vectors to 25 MBPs in West Africa, which represent 32% of the MBPs known in that region and include those that inflict the heaviest burden on human and animal health, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and Rift Valley fever. We highlight five arboviruses that are most likely affected by windborne mosquitoes in West Africa: Rift Valley fever, O'nyong'nyong, Ngari, Pangola, and Ndumu. We conclude that the study of windborne spread of diseases by migrating insects and the development of surveillance to map the sources, routes, and destinations of vectors and pathogens is key to understand, predict, and mitigate existing and new threats of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpha Seydou Yaro
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, Bamako, Mali
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Adama Dao
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa Diallo
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, Bamako, Mali
| | - Zana L. Sanogo
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, Bamako, Mali
| | - Djibril Samake
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, Bamako, Mali
| | - Yossi Ousmane
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, Bamako, Mali
| | - Cedric Kouam
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Roy Faiman
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Roland Bamou
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Joshua Woo
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Don R. Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Tovi Lehmann
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
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11
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Lukach M, Dally T, Evans W, Hassall C, Duncan EJ, Bennett L, Addison FI, Kunin WE, Chapman JW, Neely RR. The development of an unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of dual-polarization weather surveillance radar observations to assess nocturnal insect abundance and diversity. Remote Sens Ecol Conserv 2022; 8:698-716. [PMID: 36588588 PMCID: PMC9790603 DOI: 10.1002/rse2.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary analyses of insect population trends are based, for the most part, on a large body of heterogeneous and short-term datasets of diurnal species that are representative of limited spatial domains. This makes monitoring changes in insect biomass and biodiversity difficult. What is needed is a method for monitoring that provides a consistent, high-resolution picture of insect populations through time over large areas during day and night. Here, we explore the use of X-band weather surveillance radar (WSR) for the study of local insect populations using a high-quality, multi-week time series of nocturnal moth light trapping data. Specifically, we test the hypotheses that (i) unsupervised data-driven classification algorithms can differentiate meteorological and biological phenomena, (ii) the diversity of the classes of bioscatterers are quantitatively related to the diversity of insects as measured on the ground and (iii) insect abundance measured at ground level can be predicted quantitatively based on dual-polarization Doppler WSR variables. Adapting the quasi-vertical profile analysis method and data clustering techniques developed for the analysis of hydrometeors, we demonstrate that our bioscatterer classification algorithm successfully differentiates bioscatterers from hydrometeors over a large spatial scale and at high temporal resolutions. Furthermore, our results also show a clear relationship between biological and meteorological scatterers and a link between the abundance and diversity of radar-based bioscatterer clusters and that of nocturnal aerial insects. Thus, we demonstrate the potential utility of this approach for landscape scale monitoring of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Lukach
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science and the School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of Leeds71‐75 Clarendon Rd, WoodhouseLeedsLS2 9PHUK
| | - Thomas Dally
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - William Evans
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science and the School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of Leeds71‐75 Clarendon Rd, WoodhouseLeedsLS2 9PHUK
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Christopher Hassall
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Elizabeth J. Duncan
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Lindsay Bennett
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science and the School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of Leeds71‐75 Clarendon Rd, WoodhouseLeedsLS2 9PHUK
| | - Freya I. Addison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science and the School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of Leeds71‐75 Clarendon Rd, WoodhouseLeedsLS2 9PHUK
| | - William E. Kunin
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterPenryn, CornwallTR10 9FEUK
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095People's Republic of China
| | - Ryan R. Neely
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science and the School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of Leeds71‐75 Clarendon Rd, WoodhouseLeedsLS2 9PHUK
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12
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Menz MHM, Scacco M, Bürki-Spycher HM, Williams HJ, Reynolds DR, Chapman JW, Wikelski M. Individual tracking reveals long-distance flight-path control in a nocturnally migrating moth. Science 2022; 377:764-768. [PMID: 35951704 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Each year, trillions of insects make long-range seasonal migrations. These movements are relatively well understood at a population level, but how individual insects achieve them remains elusive. Behavioral responses to conditions en route are little studied, primarily owing to the challenges of tracking individual insects. Using a light aircraft and individual radio tracking, we show that nocturnally migrating death's-head hawkmoths maintain control of their flight trajectories over long distances. The moths did not just fly with favorable tailwinds; during a given night, they also adjusted for head and crosswinds to precisely hold course. This behavior indicates that the moths use a sophisticated internal compass to maintain seasonally beneficial migratory trajectories independent of wind conditions, illuminating how insects traverse long distances to take advantage of seasonal resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles H M Menz
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martina Scacco
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Hannah J Williams
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.,Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.,Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.,Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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13
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Doyle T, Jimenez-Guri E, Hawkes WLS, Massy R, Mantica F, Permanyer J, Cozzuto L, Hermoso Pulido T, Baril T, Hayward A, Irimia M, Chapman JW, Bass C, Wotton KR. Genome-wide transcriptomic changes reveal the genetic pathways involved in insect migration. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4332-4350. [PMID: 35801824 PMCID: PMC9546057 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insects are capable of extraordinary feats of long‐distance movement that have profound impacts on the function of terrestrial ecosystems. The ability to undertake these movements arose multiple times through the evolution of a suite of traits that make up the migratory syndrome, however the underlying genetic pathways involved remain poorly understood. Migratory hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are an emerging model group for studies of migration. They undertake seasonal movements in huge numbers across large parts of the globe and are important pollinators, biological control agents and decomposers. Here, we assembled a high‐quality draft genome of the marmalade hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus). We leveraged this genomic resource to undertake a genome‐wide transcriptomic comparison of actively migrating Episyrphus, captured from a high mountain pass as they flew south to overwinter, with the transcriptomes of summer forms which were non‐migratory. We identified 1543 genes with very strong evidence for differential expression. Interrogation of this gene set reveals a remarkable range of roles in metabolism, muscle structure and function, hormonal regulation, immunity, stress resistance, flight and feeding behaviour, longevity, reproductive diapause and sensory perception. These features of the migrant phenotype have arisen by the integration and modification of pathways such as insulin signalling for diapause and longevity, JAK/SAT for immunity, and those leading to octopamine production and fuelling to boost flight capabilities. Our results provide a powerful genomic resource for future research, and paint a comprehensive picture of global expression changes in an actively migrating insect, identifying key genomic components involved in this important life‐history strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Doyle
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Jimenez-Guri
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Will L S Hawkes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Massy
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Mantica
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon Permanyer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Hermoso Pulido
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tobias Baril
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Hayward
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Irimia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom.,Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom.,Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chris Bass
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Karl R Wotton
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
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14
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Chen H, Wang Y, Huang L, Xu CF, Li JH, Wang FY, Cheng W, Gao BY, Chapman JW, Hu G. Flight Capability and the Low Temperature Threshold of a Chinese Field Population of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. Insects 2022; 13:insects13050422. [PMID: 35621758 PMCID: PMC9146124 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is capable of long-distance migration; thus, evaluation of its flight capability is relevant to the design of monitoring and control strategies for this pest. Previous studies have quantified the flight ability of lab-reared populations under controlled conditions, but less is known about the flight capability of natural populations. In addition, the low temperature threshold for flight in natural populations also needs to be determined. In this study, the flight capability of S. frugiperda adults emerging from field-collected larvae in South China was measured by a flight mill system. The results show that the flight capability of S. frugiperda moths varied greatly between individuals, and that some adults are capable of flying great distances. The longest self-powered flight distance was 116.7 km with a cumulative flight duration of 36.51 h during a 48-h period. Typically, the flight activity of tethered individuals was relatively stable during the first 12 h, indicating that migrating moths can fly through an entire night. Based on the accumulated flight duration in the first 12 h, moths can be clearly divided into two groups (<5 h and ≥5 h flight duration), and 58% of individuals belonged to the latter group with strong migratory tendency. Further, flight activity under low temperature conditions was tested, and the results of a logit generalized linear model indicate that the low temperature flight threshold of S. frugiperda is 13.1 °C under declining temperatures. Our results provide a scientific basis for further elucidating the flight biology and migration mechanism of S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.C.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (C.-F.X.); (J.-H.L.); (B.-Y.G.); (J.W.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.C.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (C.-F.X.); (J.-H.L.); (B.-Y.G.); (J.W.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Le Huang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.C.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (C.-F.X.); (J.-H.L.); (B.-Y.G.); (J.W.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Xu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.C.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (C.-F.X.); (J.-H.L.); (B.-Y.G.); (J.W.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing-Hui Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.C.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (C.-F.X.); (J.-H.L.); (B.-Y.G.); (J.W.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng-Ying Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Wei Cheng
- Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Shanghai 201103, China;
| | - Bo-Ya Gao
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.C.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (C.-F.X.); (J.-H.L.); (B.-Y.G.); (J.W.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.C.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (C.-F.X.); (J.-H.L.); (B.-Y.G.); (J.W.C.)
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.C.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (C.-F.X.); (J.-H.L.); (B.-Y.G.); (J.W.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence:
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15
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Guo JW, Cui Y, Lin PJ, Zhai BP, Lu ZX, Chapman JW, Hu G. Male nutritional status does not impact the reproductive potential of female Cnaphalocrocis medinalis moths under conditions of nutrient shortage. Insect Sci 2022; 29:467-477. [PMID: 34498794 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In addition to sperm, some accessory substances transferred to females during copulation act as nuptial gifts by passing on valuable nutrients in many insect species. The nutritional status of the males can thus have a great effect on the mating behavior, fecundity and even the longevity of females. However, little is known about the effect of male nutritional status on the female reproductive traits in migratory insect species, particularly when females experience nutrient shortage and have to choose between reproduction and migration. Here, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, a migratory rice pest in Asia, was studied to explore this issue. Our results showed that in male moths fed with honey solution, their gonads had higher energy content than gonads of starved males, resulting in increased energy content of the bursa copulatrix of females after mating with fed males. Such females showed increased mating frequency, fecundity and longevity compared to females mating with starved males, indicating that male moths deliver nuptial gifts to females and improve their reproductive performance. However, when females were starved, only about 45% mated, with just a single copulation, regardless of male nutritional status. Starved females showed lower fecundity, and a longer pre-oviposition period (indicating a greater propensity to migrate), compared to fed females. However, copulation still significantly extended their longevity. These results suggest that starved females invest in migration to escape deteriorating habitats, rather than investing the nuptial gift to increased fecundity. Our results further our understanding of the reproductive adaptability of migratory insects under conditions of food stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pei-Jiong Lin
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bao-Ping Zhai
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhong-Xian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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16
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Massy R, Hawkes WLS, Doyle T, Troscianko J, Menz MHM, Roberts NW, Chapman JW, Wotton KR. Hoverflies use a time-compensated sun compass to orientate during autumn migration. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211805. [PMID: 34547904 PMCID: PMC8456149 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sun is the most reliable celestial cue for orientation available to daytime migrants. It is widely assumed that diurnal migratory insects use a 'time-compensated sun compass' to adjust for the changing position of the sun throughout the day, as demonstrated in some butterfly species. The mechanisms used by other groups of diurnal insect migrants remain to be elucidated. Migratory species of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are one of the most abundant and beneficial groups of diurnal migrants, providing multiple ecosystem services and undergoing directed seasonal movements throughout much of the temperate zone. To identify the hoverfly navigational strategy, a flight simulator was used to measure orientation responses of the hoverflies Scaeva pyrastri and Scaeva selenitica to celestial cues during their autumn migration. Hoverflies oriented southwards when they could see the sun and shifted this orientation westward following a 6 h advance of their circadian clocks. Our results demonstrate the use of a time-compensated sun compass as the primary navigational mechanism, consistent with field observations that hoverfly migration occurs predominately under clear and sunny conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Massy
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Will L. S. Hawkes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Toby Doyle
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Jolyon Troscianko
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Myles H. M. Menz
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Karl R. Wotton
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
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17
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Hedlund JSU, Lv H, Lehmann P, Hu G, Anderson RC, Chapman JW. Unraveling the World’s Longest Non-stop Migration: The Indian Ocean Crossing of the Globe Skimmer Dragonfly. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.698128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect migration redistributes enormous quantities of biomass, nutrients and species globally. A subset of insect migrants perform extreme long-distance journeys, requiring specialized morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. The migratory globe skimmer dragonfly (Pantala flavescens) is hypothesized to migrate from India across the Indian Ocean to East Africa in the autumn, with a subsequent generation thought to return to India from East Africa the following spring. Using an energetic flight model and wind trajectory analysis, we evaluate the dynamics of this proposed transoceanic migration, which is considered to be the longest regular non-stop migratory flight when accounting for body size. The energetic flight model suggests that a mixed strategy of gliding and active flapping would allow a globe skimmer to stay airborne for up to 230–286 h, assuming that the metabolic rate of gliding flight is close to that of resting. If engaged in continuous active flapping flight only, the flight time is severely reduced to ∼4 h. Relying only on self-powered flight (combining active flapping and gliding), a globe skimmer could cross the Indian Ocean, but the migration would have to occur where the ocean crossing is shortest, at an exceptionally fast gliding speed and with little headwind. Consequently, we deem this scenario unlikely and suggest that wind assistance is essential for the crossing. The wind trajectory analysis reveals intra- and inter-seasonal differences in availability of favorable tailwinds, with only 15.2% of simulated migration trajectories successfully reaching land in autumn but 40.9% in spring, taking on average 127 and 55 h respectively. Thus, there is a pronounced requirement on dragonflies to be able to select favorable winds, especially in autumn. In conclusion, a multi-generational, migratory circuit of the Indian Ocean by the globe skimmer is shown to be achievable, provided that advanced adaptations in physiological endurance, behavior and wind selection ability are present. Given that migration over the Indian Ocean would be heavily dependent on the assistance of favorable winds, occurring during a relatively narrow time window, the proposed flyway is potentially susceptible to disruption, if wind system patterns were to be affected by climatic change.
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Shamoun-Baranes J, Bauer S, Chapman JW, Desmet P, Dokter AM, Farnsworth A, Haest B, Koistinen J, Kranstauber B, Liechti F, Mason THE, Nilsson C, Nussbaumer R, Schmid B, Weisshaupt N, Leijnse H. Weather radars' role in biodiversity monitoring. Science 2021; 372:248. [PMID: 33859027 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi4680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judy Shamoun-Baranes
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Silke Bauer
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland.
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Center for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Peter Desmet
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adriaan M Dokter
- Center for Avian Population Studies, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Andrew Farnsworth
- Center for Avian Population Studies, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Birgen Haest
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | | | - Bart Kranstauber
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Felix Liechti
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Tom H E Mason
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Nilsson
- GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raphael Nussbaumer
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Schmid
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | | | - Hidde Leijnse
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, Netherlands.,Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Chowdhury S, Fuller RA, Dingle H, Chapman JW, Zalucki MP. Migration in butterflies: a global overview. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1462-1483. [PMID: 33783119 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect populations including butterflies are declining worldwide, and they are becoming an urgent conservation priority in many regions. Understanding which butterfly species migrate is critical to planning for their conservation, because management actions for migrants need to be coordinated across time and space. Yet, while migration appears to be widespread among butterflies, its prevalence, as well as its taxonomic and geographic distribution are poorly understood. The study of insect migration is hampered by their small size and the difficulty of tracking individuals over long distances. Here we review the literature on migration in butterflies, one of the best-known insect groups. We find that nearly 600 butterfly species show evidence of migratory movements. Indeed, the rate of 'discovery' of migratory movements in butterflies suggests that many more species might in fact be migratory. Butterfly migration occurs across all families, in tropical as well as temperate taxa; Nymphalidae has more migratory species than any other family (275 species), and Pieridae has the highest proportion of migrants (13%; 133 species). Some 13 lines of evidence have been used to ascribe migration status in the literature, but only a single line of evidence is available for 92% of the migratory species identified, with four or more lines of evidence available for only 10 species - all from the Pieridae and Nymphalidae. Migratory butterflies occur worldwide, although the geographic distribution of migration in butterflies is poorly resolved, with most data so far coming from Europe, USA, and Australia. Migration is much more widespread in butterflies than previously realised - extending far beyond the well-known examples of the monarch Danaus plexippus and the painted lady Vanessa cardui - and actions to conserve butterflies and insects in general must account for the spatial dependencies introduced by migratory movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawan Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hugh Dingle
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Biosciences, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK.,College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Jyothi P, Aralimarad P, Wali V, Dave S, Bheemanna M, Ashoka J, Shivayogiyappa P, Lim KS, Chapman JW, Sane SP. Evidence for facultative migratory flight behavior in Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) in India. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245665. [PMID: 33481893 PMCID: PMC7822321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its deleterious impact on farming and agriculture, the physiology and energetics of insect migration is poorly understood due to our inability to track their individual movements in the field. Many insects, e.g. monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.), are facultative migrants. Hence, it is important to establish whether specific insect populations in particular areas migrate. The polyphagous insect, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), is especially interesting in this regard due to its impact on a variety of crops. Here, we used a laboratory-based flight mill assay to show that Helicoverpa armigera populations clearly demonstrate facultative migration in South India. Based on various flight parameters, we categorized male and female moths as long, medium or short distance fliers. A significant proportion of moths exhibited long-distance flight behavior covering more than 10 km in a single night, averaging about 8 flight hours constituting 61% flight time in the test period. The maximum and average flight speeds of these long fliers were greater than in the other categories. Flight activity across sexes also varied; male moths exhibited better performance than female moths. Wing morphometric parameters including forewing length, wing loading, and wing aspect ratio were key in influencing long-distance flight. Whereas forewing length positively correlated with flight distance and duration, wing loading was negatively correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patil Jyothi
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabhuraj Aralimarad
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Vijaya Wali
- Department of Agricultural Statistics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivansh Dave
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK campus, Bengaluru, India
| | - M. Bheemanna
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - J. Ashoka
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Patil Shivayogiyappa
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Ka S. Lim
- Department of Agro-Ecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sanjay P. Sane
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK campus, Bengaluru, India
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Gao B, Hedlund J, Reynolds DR, Zhai B, Hu G, Chapman JW. The 'migratory connectivity' concept, and its applicability to insect migrants. Mov Ecol 2020; 8:48. [PMID: 33292576 PMCID: PMC7718659 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-00235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Migratory connectivity describes the degree of linkage between different parts of an animal's migratory range due to the movement trajectories of individuals. High connectivity occurs when individuals from one particular part of the migratory range move almost exclusively to another localized part of the migratory range with little mixing with individuals from other regions. Conversely, low migratory connectivity describes the situation where individuals spread over a wide area during migration and experience a large degree of mixing with individuals from elsewhere. The migratory connectivity concept is frequently applied to vertebrate migrants (especially birds), and it is highly relevant to conservation and management of populations. However, it is rarely employed in the insect migration literature, largely because much less is known about the migration circuits of most migratory insects than is known about birds. In this review, we discuss the applicability of the migratory connectivity concept to long-range insect migrations. In contrast to birds, insect migration circuits typically comprise multigenerational movements of geographically unstructured (non-discrete) populations between broad latitudinal zones. Also, compared to the faster-flying birds, the lower degree of control over movement directions would also tend to reduce connectivity in many insect migrants. Nonetheless, after taking account of these differences, we argue that the migratory connectivity framework can still be applied to insects, and we go on to consider postulated levels of connectivity in some of the most intensively studied insect migrants. We conclude that a greater understanding of insect migratory connectivity would be of value for conserving threatened species and managing pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Gao
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
| | - Johanna Hedlund
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Centre for Animal Movement Research, Ecology Building, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Baoping Zhai
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
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Wang YP, Wu MF, Lin PJ, Wang Y, Chen AD, Jiang YY, Zhai BP, Chapman JW, Hu G. Plagues of Desert Locusts: Very Low Invasion Risk to China. Insects 2020; 11:insects11090628. [PMID: 32933010 PMCID: PMC7564157 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the most serious upsurge of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) in the last 25 years is spreading across eastern Africa and southwestern Asia. Parts of the desert locust 'invasion area', namely the northern border areas of Pakistan and India, are very close to China, and whether locust swarms will invade China is of wide concern. To answer this question, we identified areas of potentially suitable habitat for the desert locust within China based on historical precipitation and temperature data, and found that parts of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia provinces could provide ephemeral habitat in summer, but these places are remote from any other desert locust breeding areas. New generation adults of the desert locust in Pakistan and India present since April led to swarms spreading into the Indo-Pakistan border region in June, and so we examined historical wind data for this period. Our results showed that winds at the altitude of locust swarm flight blew eastward during April-June, but the wind speeds were quite slow and would not facilitate desert locust eastward migration over large distances. Simulated trajectories of desert locust swarms undertaking 10-day migrations mostly ended within India. The most easterly point of these trajectories just reached eastern India, and this is very close to the eastern border of the invasion area of desert locusts described in previous studies. Overall, the risk that the desert locust will invade China is very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ping Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.-P.W.); (M.-F.W.); (P.-J.L.); (Y.W.); (B.-P.Z.); (J.W.C.)
| | - Ming-Fei Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.-P.W.); (M.-F.W.); (P.-J.L.); (Y.W.); (B.-P.Z.); (J.W.C.)
| | - Pei-Jiong Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.-P.W.); (M.-F.W.); (P.-J.L.); (Y.W.); (B.-P.Z.); (J.W.C.)
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.-P.W.); (M.-F.W.); (P.-J.L.); (Y.W.); (B.-P.Z.); (J.W.C.)
| | - Ai-Dong Chen
- Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China;
| | - Yu-Ying Jiang
- China National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China;
| | - Bao-Ping Zhai
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.-P.W.); (M.-F.W.); (P.-J.L.); (Y.W.); (B.-P.Z.); (J.W.C.)
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.-P.W.); (M.-F.W.); (P.-J.L.); (Y.W.); (B.-P.Z.); (J.W.C.)
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Gao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.-P.W.); (M.-F.W.); (P.-J.L.); (Y.W.); (B.-P.Z.); (J.W.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhang L, Cheng L, Chapman JW, Sappington TW, Liu J, Cheng Y, Jiang X. Juvenile hormone regulates the shift from migrants to residents in adult oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11626. [PMID: 32669571 PMCID: PMC7363820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In migratory insects, increasing evidence has demonstrated juvenile hormone (JH) is involved in regulating adult reproduction and flight. Our previous study demonstrated that the switch from migrants to residents in Mythimna separata could be induced by adverse environmental conditions during a sensitive period in adulthood (the first day post-emergence), but the role of JH in this switch is not clear. Here, we found a significantly different pattern of JH titers between migrants and residents, with migrants showing a slower release of JH during adulthood than residents. Application of JH analogue (JHA) in the 1-day-old adults, significantly accelerated adult reproduction and suppressed flight capacity. The pre-oviposition period and period of first oviposition of migrants treated with JHA were significantly shorter, while the total lifetime fecundity and mating percentage increased. The flight capacity and dorso-longitudinal muscle size of the migrants were decreased significantly when treated with JHA. The effect of JHA on reproduction and flight capacity indicate that JH titers during the sensitive period (first day post-emergence) regulates the shift from migrants to residents in M. separata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lili Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom.,Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Thomas W Sappington
- USDA-ARS Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Genetics Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yunxia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingfu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Gao B, Wotton KR, Hawkes WLS, Menz MHM, Reynolds DR, Zhai BP, Hu G, Chapman JW. Adaptive strategies of high-flying migratory hoverflies in response to wind currents. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200406. [PMID: 32486972 PMCID: PMC7341907 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large migrating insects, flying at high altitude, often exhibit complex behaviour. They frequently elect to fly on winds with directions quite different from the prevailing direction, and they show a degree of common orientation, both of which facilitate transport in seasonally beneficial directions. Much less is known about the migration behaviour of smaller (10–70 mg) insects. To address this issue, we used radar to examine the high-altitude flight of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae), a group of day-active, medium-sized insects commonly migrating over the UK. We found that autumn migrants, which must move south, did indeed show migration timings and orientation responses that would take them in this direction, despite the unfavourability of the prevailing winds. Evidently, these hoverfly migrants must have a compass (probably a time-compensated solar mechanism), and a means of sensing the wind direction (which may be determined with sufficient accuracy at ground level, before take-off). By contrast, hoverflies arriving in the UK in spring showed weaker orientation tendencies, and did not correct for wind drift away from their seasonally adaptive direction (northwards). However, the spring migrants necessarily come from the south (on warm southerly winds), so we surmise that complex orientation behaviour may not be so crucial for the spring movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Gao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Karl R Wotton
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Will L S Hawkes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Myles H M Menz
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour, Radolfzell, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.,Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Bao-Ping Zhai
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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Li XJ, Wu MF, Ma J, Gao BY, Wu QL, Chen AD, Liu J, Jiang YY, Zhai BP, Early R, Chapman JW, Hu G. Prediction of migratory routes of the invasive fall armyworm in eastern China using a trajectory analytical approach. Pest Manag Sci 2020; 76:454-463. [PMID: 31237729 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fall armyworm (FAW), an invasive pest from the Americas, is rapidly spreading through the Old World, and has recently invaded the Indochinese Peninsula and southern China. In the Americas, FAW migrates from winter-breeding areas in the south into summer-breeding areas throughout North America where it is a major pest of corn. Asian populations are also likely to evolve migrations into the corn-producing regions of eastern China, where they will pose a serious threat to food security. RESULTS To evaluate the invasion risk in eastern China, the rate of expansion and future migratory range was modelled by a trajectory simulation approach, combined with flight behavior and meteorological data. Our results predict that FAW will migrate from its new year-round breeding regions into the two main corn-producing regions of eastern China (Huang-Huai-Hai Summer Corn and Northeast Spring Corn Regions), via two pathways. The western pathway originates in Myanmar and Yunnan, and FAW will take four migration steps (i.e. four generations) to reach the Huang-Huai-Hai Region by July. Migration along the eastern pathway from Indochina and southern China progresses faster, with FAW reaching the Huang-Huai-Hai Region in three steps by June and reaching the Northeast Spring Region in July. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that there is a high risk that FAW will invade the major corn-producing areas of eastern China via two migration pathways, and cause significant impacts to agricultural productivity. Information on migration pathways and timings can be used to inform integrated pest management strategies for this emerging pest. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jie Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Fei Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo-Ya Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - Qiu-Lin Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Dong Chen
- Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Pest Forecasting, China National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ying Jiang
- Division of Pest Forecasting, China National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Ping Zhai
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Regan Early
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - Gao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Huestis DL, Dao A, Diallo M, Sanogo ZL, Samake D, Yaro AS, Ousman Y, Linton YM, Krishna A, Veru L, Krajacich BJ, Faiman R, Florio J, Chapman JW, Reynolds DR, Weetman D, Mitchell R, Donnelly MJ, Talamas E, Chamorro L, Strobach E, Lehmann T. Windborne long-distance migration of malaria mosquitoes in the Sahel. Nature 2019; 574:404-408. [PMID: 31578527 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades efforts to control malaria have halved the number of cases globally, yet burdens remain high in much of Africa and the elimination of malaria has not been achieved even in areas where extreme reductions have been sustained, such as South Africa1,2. Studies seeking to understand the paradoxical persistence of malaria in areas in which surface water is absent for 3-8 months of the year have suggested that some species of Anopheles mosquito use long-distance migration3. Here we confirm this hypothesis through aerial sampling of mosquitoes at 40-290 m above ground level and provide-to our knowledge-the first evidence of windborne migration of African malaria vectors, and consequently of the pathogens that they transmit. Ten species, including the primary malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii, were identified among 235 anopheline mosquitoes that were captured during 617 nocturnal aerial collections in the Sahel of Mali. Notably, females accounted for more than 80% of all of the mosquitoes that we collected. Of these, 90% had taken a blood meal before their migration, which implies that pathogens are probably transported over long distances by migrating females. The likelihood of capturing Anopheles species increased with altitude (the height of the sampling panel above ground level) and during the wet seasons, but variation between years and localities was minimal. Simulated trajectories of mosquito flights indicated that there would be mean nightly displacements of up to 300 km for 9-h flight durations. Annually, the estimated numbers of mosquitoes at altitude that cross a 100-km line perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction included 81,000 Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, 6 million A. coluzzii and 44 million Anopheles squamosus. These results provide compelling evidence that millions of malaria vectors that have previously fed on blood frequently migrate over hundreds of kilometres, and thus almost certainly spread malaria over these distances. The successful elimination of malaria may therefore depend on whether the sources of migrant vectors can be identified and controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Huestis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Adama Dao
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa Diallo
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Zana L Sanogo
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Djibril Samake
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Alpha S Yaro
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.,Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, Universite des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (FSTUSTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Yossi Ousman
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, USA.,Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Asha Krishna
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Laura Veru
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Roy Faiman
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jenna Florio
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK.,Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Reed Mitchell
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, USA
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Elijah Talamas
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory - ARS, USDA, Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.,Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Department of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lourdes Chamorro
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.,Systematic Entomology Laboratory - ARS, USDA, Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ehud Strobach
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Tovi Lehmann
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Dällenbach LJ, Glauser A, Lim KS, Chapman JW, Menz MHM. Higher flight activity in the offspring of migrants compared to residents in a migratory insect. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2829. [PMID: 29925611 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration has evolved among many animal taxa and migratory species are found across all major lineages. Insects are the most abundant and diverse terrestrial migrants, with trillions of animals migrating annually. Partial migration, where populations consist of resident and migratory individuals, is ubiquitous among many taxa. However, the underlying mechanisms are relatively poorly understood and may be driven by physiological, behavioural or genetic variation within populations. We investigated the differences in migratory tendency between migratory and resident phenotypes of the hoverfly, Episyrphus balteatus, using tethered flight mills. Further, to test whether migratory flight behaviour is heritable and to disentangle the effects of environment during development, we compared the flight behaviour of laboratory-reared offspring of migrating, overwintering and summer animals. Offspring of migrants initiated more flights than those of resident individuals. Interestingly, there were no differences among wild-caught phenotypes with regard to number of flights or total flight duration. Low activity in field-collected migrants might be explained by an energy-conserving state that migrants enter into when under laboratory conditions, or a lack of suitable environmental cues for triggering migration. Our results strongly suggest that flight behaviour is heritable and that genetic factors influence migratory tendency in E. balteatus These findings support the growing evidence that genetic factors play a role in partial migration and warrant careful further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Dällenbach
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Glauser
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Ka S Lim
- Computational and Analytical Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK.,College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Myles H M Menz
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland .,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Abstract
The recent introduction and spread of Helicoverpa armigera throughout South America highlight the invasiveness and adaptability of moths in the Helicoverpa genus. Long-range movement in three key members, H. armigera, H. zea, and H. punctigera, occurs by migration and international trade. These movements facilitate high population admixture and genetic diversity, with important economic, biosecurity, and control implications in today's agricultural landscape. This is particularly true for the spread of resistance alleles to transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins that are planted over vast areas to suppress Helicoverpa spp. The ability to track long-distance movement through radar technology, population genetic markers, and/or long-distance dispersal modeling has advanced in recent years, yet we still know relatively little about the population trajectories or migratory routes in Helicoverpa spp. Here, we consider how experimental and theoretical approaches can be integrated to fill key knowledge gaps and assist management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Jones
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom;
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Parry
- Ecosciences Precinct, CSIRO, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia;
| | - Wee Tek Tay
- Black Mountain Laboratories, CSIRO, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham ME4 4TB, United Kingdom;
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, United Kingdom;
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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30
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Hu G, Lu MH, Reynolds DR, Wang HK, Chen X, Liu WC, Zhu F, Wu XW, Xia F, Xie MC, Cheng XN, Lim KS, Zhai BP, Chapman JW. Long-term seasonal forecasting of a major migrant insect pest: the brown planthopper in the Lower Yangtze River Valley. J Pest Sci (2004) 2019; 92:417-428. [PMID: 30956648 PMCID: PMC6428905 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-018-1022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Rice planthoppers and associated virus diseases have become the most important pests threatening food security in China and other Asian countries, incurring costs of hundreds of millions of US dollars annually in rice losses, and in expensive, environmentally harmful, and often futile control efforts. The most economically damaging species, the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), cannot overwinter in temperate East Asia, and infestations there are initiated by several waves of windborne spring or summer migrants originating from tropical areas in Indochina. The interaction of these waves of migrants and synoptic weather patterns, driven by the semi-permanent western Pacific subtropical high-pressure (WPSH) system, is of critical importance in forecasting the timing and intensity of immigration events and determining the seriousness of subsequent planthopper build-up in the rice crop. We analysed a 26-year data set from a standardised light trap network in Southern China, showing that planthopper aerial transport and concentration processes are associated with the characteristics (strength and position) of the WPSH in the year concerned. Then, using N. lugens abundance in source areas and indices of WPSH intensity or related sea surface temperature anomalies, we developed a model to predict planthopper numbers immigrating into the key rice-growing area of the Lower Yangtze Valley. We also demonstrate that these WPSH-related climatic indices combined with early-season planthopper catches can be used to forecast, several months in advance, the severity of that season's N. lugens infestations (the correlation between model predictions and outcomes was 0.59), thus allowing time for effective control measures to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE UK
| | - Ming-Hong Lu
- Division of Pest Forecasting, National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Don R. Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Hai-Kou Wang
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australian Plague Locust Commission, Canberra, ACT Australia
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wan-Cai Liu
- Division of Pest Forecasting, National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Plant Protection Station of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Wen Wu
- Shanghai City Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xia
- Plant Protection Station of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Miao-Chang Xie
- Plant Protection Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xia-Nian Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ka-Sing Lim
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Bao-Ping Zhai
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE UK
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Minter M, Pearson A, Lim KS, Wilson K, Chapman JW, Jones CM. The tethered flight technique as a tool for studying life-history strategies associated with migration in insects. Ecol Entomol 2018; 43:397-411. [PMID: 30046219 PMCID: PMC6055614 DOI: 10.1111/een.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Every year billions of insects engage in long-distance, seasonal mass migrations which have major consequences for agriculture, ecosystem services and insect-vectored diseases. Tracking this movement in the field is difficult, with mass migrations often occurring at high altitudes and over large spatial scales. 2. As such, tethered flight provides a valuable tool for studying the flight behaviour of insects, giving insights into flight propensity (e.g. distance, duration and velocity) and orientation under controlled laboratory settings. By experimentally manipulating a variety of environmental and physiological traits, numerous studies have used this technology to study the flight behaviour of migratory insects ranging in size from aphids to butterflies. Advances in functional genomics promise to extend this to the identification of genetic factors associated with flight. Tethered flight techniques have been used to study migratory flight characteristics in insects for more than 50 years, but have never been reviewed. 3. This study summarises the key findings of this technology, which has been employed in studies of species from six Orders. By providing detailed descriptions of the tethered flight systems, the present study also aims to further the understanding of how tethered flight studies support field observations, the situations under which the technology is useful and how it might be used in future studies. 4. The aim is to contextualise the available tethered flight studies within the broader knowledge of insect migration and to describe the significant contribution these systems have made to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Minter
- Department of BiologyUniversity of York, Heslington WayYorkU.K.
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHertfordshireU.K.
| | - Aislinn Pearson
- Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted ResearchHertfordshireU.K.
| | - Ka S. Lim
- Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted ResearchHertfordshireU.K.
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterU.K.
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterCornwallU.K.
| | - Christopher M. Jones
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHertfordshireU.K.
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolU.K.
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Nilsson C, Dokter AM, Schmid B, Scacco M, Verlinden L, Bäckman J, Haase G, Dell’Omo G, Chapman JW, Leijnse H, Liechti F. Field validation of radar systems for monitoring bird migration. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Nilsson
- Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach Switzerland
- Lund University Lund Sweden
- Lab of OrnithologyCornell University Ithaca New York
| | - Adriaan M. Dokter
- Lab of OrnithologyCornell University Ithaca New York
- Theoretical and Computational EcologyInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | | | - Martina Scacco
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Radolfzell Germany
- Ornis Italica Rome Italy
| | - Liesbeth Verlinden
- Theoretical and Computational EcologyInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | | | - Günther Haase
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Norrköping Sweden
| | | | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of Exeter Cornwall UK
- Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Hidde Leijnse
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute De Bilt the Netherlands
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33
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Yerushalmi R, Dong B, Chapman JW, Goss PE, Pollak MN, Burnell MJ, Levine MN, Bramwell VHC, Pritchard KI, Whelan TJ, Ingle JN, Shepherd LE, Parulekar WR, Han L, Ding K, Gelmon KA. Impact of baseline BMI and weight change in CCTG adjuvant breast cancer trials. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:1560-1568. [PMID: 28379421 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We hypothesized that increased baseline BMI and BMI change would negatively impact clinical outcomes with adjuvant breast cancer systemic therapy. Methods Data from chemotherapy trials MA.5 and MA.21; endocrine therapy MA.12, MA.14 and MA.27; and trastuzumab HERA/MA.24 were analyzed. The primary objective was to examine the effect of BMI change on breast cancer-free interval (BCFI) landmarked at 5 years; secondary objectives included BMI changes at 1 and 3 years; BMI changes on disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS); and effects of baseline BMI. Stratified analyses included trial therapy and composite trial stratification factors. Results In pre-/peri-/early post-menopausal chemotherapy trials (N = 2793), baseline BMI did not impact any endpoint and increased BMI from baseline did not significantly affect BCFI (P = 0.85) after 5 years although it was associated with worse BCFI (P = 0.03) and DSS (P = 0.07) after 1 year. BMI increase by 3 and 5 years was associated with better DSS (P = 0.01; 0.01) and OS (P = 0.003; 0.05). In pre-menopausal endocrine therapy trial MA.12 (N = 672), patients with higher baseline BMI had worse BCFI (P = 0.02) after 1 year, worse DSS (P = 0.05; 0.004) after 1 and 5 years and worse OS (P = 0.01) after 5 years. Increased BMI did not impact BCFI (P = 0.90) after 5 years, although it was associated with worse BCFI (P = 0.01) after 1 year. In post-menopausal endocrine therapy trials MA.14 and MA.27 (N = 8236), baseline BMI did not significantly impact outcome for any endpoint. BMI change did not impact BCFI or DSS after 1 or 3 years, although a mean increased BMI of 0.3 was associated with better OS (P = 0.02) after 1 year. With the administration of trastuzumab (N = 1395) baseline BMI and BMI change did not significantly impact outcomes. Conclusions Higher baseline BMI and BMI increases negatively affected outcomes only in pre-/peri-/early post-menopausal trial patients. Otherwise, BMI increases similar to those expected in healthy women either did not impact outcome or were associated with better outcomes. Clinical Trials numbers CAN-NCIC-MA5; National Cancer Institute (NCI)-V90-0027; MA.12-NCT00002542; MA.14-NCT00002864; MA.21-NCT00014222; HERA, NCT00045032;CAN-NCIC-MA24; MA-27-NCT00066573.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yerushalmi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva and Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - B Dong
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group (CCTG; Formerly, NCIC Clinical Trials Group), Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - J W Chapman
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group (CCTG; Formerly, NCIC Clinical Trials Group), Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - P E Goss
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, USA
| | - M N Pollak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal
| | - M J Burnell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John
| | - M N Levine
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Juravinski Cancer Center, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - V H C Bramwell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Alberta Health Services and University of Calgary, Calgary
| | - K I Pritchard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - T J Whelan
- Department of Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - J N Ingle
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - L E Shepherd
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group (CCTG; Formerly, NCIC Clinical Trials Group), Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - W R Parulekar
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group (CCTG; Formerly, NCIC Clinical Trials Group), Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - L Han
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group (CCTG; Formerly, NCIC Clinical Trials Group), Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - K Ding
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group (CCTG; Formerly, NCIC Clinical Trials Group), Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - K A Gelmon
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
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Palmer G, Platts PJ, Brereton T, Chapman JW, Dytham C, Fox R, Pearce-Higgins JW, Roy DB, Hill JK, Thomas CD. Climate change, climatic variation and extreme biological responses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0144. [PMID: 28483874 PMCID: PMC5434095 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme climatic events could be major drivers of biodiversity change, but it is unclear whether extreme biological changes are (i) individualistic (species- or group-specific), (ii) commonly associated with unusual climatic events and/or (iii) important determinants of long-term population trends. Using population time series for 238 widespread species (207 Lepidoptera and 31 birds) in England since 1968, we found that population ‘crashes’ (outliers in terms of species' year-to-year population changes) were 46% more frequent than population ‘explosions’. (i) Every year, at least three species experienced extreme changes in population size, and in 41 of the 44 years considered, some species experienced population crashes while others simultaneously experienced population explosions. This suggests that, even within the same broad taxonomic groups, species are exhibiting individualistic dynamics, most probably driven by their responses to different, short-term events associated with climatic variability. (ii) Six out of 44 years showed a significant excess of species experiencing extreme population changes (5 years for Lepidoptera, 1 for birds). These ‘consensus years’ were associated with climatically extreme years, consistent with a link between extreme population responses and climatic variability, although not all climatically extreme years generated excess numbers of extreme population responses. (iii) Links between extreme population changes and long-term population trends were absent in Lepidoptera and modest (but significant) in birds. We conclude that extreme biological responses are individualistic, in the sense that the extreme population changes of most species are taking place in different years, and that long-term trends of widespread species have not, to date, been dominated by these extreme changes. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Palmer
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Philip J Platts
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tom Brereton
- Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Wareham BH20 5QP, UK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- AgroEcology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Calvin Dytham
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Richard Fox
- Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Wareham BH20 5QP, UK
| | - James W Pearce-Higgins
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford IP24 2PU, UK.,Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - David B Roy
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Jane K Hill
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Chris D Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
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35
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Reynolds AM, Reynolds DR, Sane SP, Hu G, Chapman JW. Orientation in high-flying migrant insects in relation to flows: mechanisms and strategies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0392. [PMID: 27528782 PMCID: PMC4992716 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-flying insect migrants have been shown to display sophisticated flight orientations that can, for example, maximize distance travelled by exploiting tailwinds, and reduce drift from seasonally optimal directions. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the theoretical and empirical evidence for the mechanisms underlying the selection and maintenance of the observed flight headings, and the detection of wind direction and speed, for insects flying hundreds of metres above the ground. Different mechanisms may be used—visual perception of the apparent ground movement or mechanosensory cues maintained by intrinsic features of the wind—depending on circumstances (e.g. day or night migrations). In addition to putative turbulence-induced velocity, acceleration and temperature cues, we present a new mathematical analysis which shows that ‘jerks’ (the time-derivative of accelerations) can provide indicators of wind direction at altitude. The adaptive benefits of the different orientation strategies are briefly discussed, and we place these new findings for insects within a wider context by comparisons with the latest research on other flying and swimming organisms. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy M Reynolds
- Computational and Systems Biology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Sanjay P Sane
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560 065, Karnataka, India
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
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Chapman JW, Knutson NC, Fontenot JD, Newhauser WD, Hogstrom KR. Evaluating the accuracy of a three-term pencil beam algorithm in heterogeneous media. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:1172-1191. [PMID: 28092635 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa51aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of our in-house analytical dose calculation code against MCNPX data in heterogeneous phantoms. The analytical model utilizes a pencil beam model based on Fermi-Eyges theory to account for multiple Coulomb scattering and a least-squares fit to Monte Carlo data to account for nonelastic nuclear interactions as well as any remaining, uncharacterized scatter (the 'nuclear halo'). The model characterized dose accurately (up to 1% of maximum dose in broad fields (4 × 4 cm2 and 10 × 10 cm2) and up to 0.01% in a narrow field (0.1 × 0.1 cm2) fit to MCNPX data). The accuracy of the model was benchmarked in three types of stylized phantoms: (1) homogeneous, (2) laterally infinite slab heterogeneities, and (3) laterally finite slab heterogeneities. Results from homogeneous phantoms and laterally infinite slab heterogeneities showed high levels of accuracy (>98% of points within 2% or 0.1 cm distance-to-agreement (DTA)). However, because range straggling and secondary particle production were not included in our model, central-axis dose differences of 2-4% were observed in laterally infinite slab heterogeneities when compared to Monte Carlo dose. In the presence of laterally finite slab heterogeneities, the analytical model resulted in lower pass rates (>96% of points within 2% or 0.1 cm DTA), which was attributed to the use of the central-axis approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Chapman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 202 Nicholson Hall, Tower Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Bauer S, Chapman JW, Reynolds DR, Alves JA, Dokter AM, Menz MMH, Sapir N, Ciach M, Pettersson LB, Kelly JF, Leijnse H, Shamoun-Baranes J. From Agricultural Benefits to Aviation Safety: Realizing the Potential of Continent-Wide Radar Networks. Bioscience 2017; 67:912-918. [PMID: 29599538 PMCID: PMC5862237 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bix074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory animals provide a multitude of services and disservices—with benefits or costs in the order of billions of dollars annually. Monitoring, quantifying, and forecasting migrations across continents could assist diverse stakeholders in utilizing migrant services, reducing disservices, or mitigating human–wildlife conflicts. Radars are powerful tools for such monitoring as they can assess directional intensities, such as migration traffic rates, and biomass transported. Currently, however, most radar applications are local or small scale and therefore substantially limited in their ability to address large-scale phenomena. As weather radars are organized into continent-wide networks and also detect “biological targets,” they could routinely monitor aerial migrations over the relevant spatial scales and over the timescales required for detecting responses to environmental perturbations. To tap these unexploited resources, a concerted effort is needed among diverse fields of expertise and among stakeholders to recognize the value of the existing infrastructure and data beyond weather forecasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Bauer
- Silke Bauer is affiliated with the Swiss Ornithological Institute, in Sempach, Switzerland. Jason W. Chapman is affiliated with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation and with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Don R. Reynolds is with the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, in Chatham, United Kingdom. José A. Alves is affiliated with CESAM at the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, in Portugal, and with the South Iceland Research Centre at the University of Iceland, in Selfoss. Adriaan M. Dokter and Judy Shamoun-Baranes are affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands. AMD is also affiliated with the Lab of Ornithology at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Myles M. H. Menz is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Nir Sapir is with the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Michał Ciach is affiliated with the Department of Forest Biodiversity at the University of Agriculture, in Krakow, Poland. Lars B. Pettersson is with the Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, at the University of Lund, in Sweden. Jeffrey F. Kelly is affiliated with the Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Hidde Leijnse is with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, in De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Silke Bauer is affiliated with the Swiss Ornithological Institute, in Sempach, Switzerland. Jason W. Chapman is affiliated with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation and with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Don R. Reynolds is with the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, in Chatham, United Kingdom. José A. Alves is affiliated with CESAM at the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, in Portugal, and with the South Iceland Research Centre at the University of Iceland, in Selfoss. Adriaan M. Dokter and Judy Shamoun-Baranes are affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands. AMD is also affiliated with the Lab of Ornithology at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Myles M. H. Menz is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Nir Sapir is with the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Michał Ciach is affiliated with the Department of Forest Biodiversity at the University of Agriculture, in Krakow, Poland. Lars B. Pettersson is with the Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, at the University of Lund, in Sweden. Jeffrey F. Kelly is affiliated with the Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Hidde Leijnse is with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, in De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Silke Bauer is affiliated with the Swiss Ornithological Institute, in Sempach, Switzerland. Jason W. Chapman is affiliated with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation and with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Don R. Reynolds is with the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, in Chatham, United Kingdom. José A. Alves is affiliated with CESAM at the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, in Portugal, and with the South Iceland Research Centre at the University of Iceland, in Selfoss. Adriaan M. Dokter and Judy Shamoun-Baranes are affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands. AMD is also affiliated with the Lab of Ornithology at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Myles M. H. Menz is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Nir Sapir is with the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Michał Ciach is affiliated with the Department of Forest Biodiversity at the University of Agriculture, in Krakow, Poland. Lars B. Pettersson is with the Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, at the University of Lund, in Sweden. Jeffrey F. Kelly is affiliated with the Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Hidde Leijnse is with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, in De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - José A Alves
- Silke Bauer is affiliated with the Swiss Ornithological Institute, in Sempach, Switzerland. Jason W. Chapman is affiliated with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation and with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Don R. Reynolds is with the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, in Chatham, United Kingdom. José A. Alves is affiliated with CESAM at the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, in Portugal, and with the South Iceland Research Centre at the University of Iceland, in Selfoss. Adriaan M. Dokter and Judy Shamoun-Baranes are affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands. AMD is also affiliated with the Lab of Ornithology at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Myles M. H. Menz is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Nir Sapir is with the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Michał Ciach is affiliated with the Department of Forest Biodiversity at the University of Agriculture, in Krakow, Poland. Lars B. Pettersson is with the Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, at the University of Lund, in Sweden. Jeffrey F. Kelly is affiliated with the Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Hidde Leijnse is with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, in De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan M Dokter
- Silke Bauer is affiliated with the Swiss Ornithological Institute, in Sempach, Switzerland. Jason W. Chapman is affiliated with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation and with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Don R. Reynolds is with the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, in Chatham, United Kingdom. José A. Alves is affiliated with CESAM at the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, in Portugal, and with the South Iceland Research Centre at the University of Iceland, in Selfoss. Adriaan M. Dokter and Judy Shamoun-Baranes are affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands. AMD is also affiliated with the Lab of Ornithology at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Myles M. H. Menz is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Nir Sapir is with the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Michał Ciach is affiliated with the Department of Forest Biodiversity at the University of Agriculture, in Krakow, Poland. Lars B. Pettersson is with the Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, at the University of Lund, in Sweden. Jeffrey F. Kelly is affiliated with the Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Hidde Leijnse is with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, in De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Myles M H Menz
- Silke Bauer is affiliated with the Swiss Ornithological Institute, in Sempach, Switzerland. Jason W. Chapman is affiliated with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation and with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Don R. Reynolds is with the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, in Chatham, United Kingdom. José A. Alves is affiliated with CESAM at the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, in Portugal, and with the South Iceland Research Centre at the University of Iceland, in Selfoss. Adriaan M. Dokter and Judy Shamoun-Baranes are affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands. AMD is also affiliated with the Lab of Ornithology at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Myles M. H. Menz is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Nir Sapir is with the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Michał Ciach is affiliated with the Department of Forest Biodiversity at the University of Agriculture, in Krakow, Poland. Lars B. Pettersson is with the Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, at the University of Lund, in Sweden. Jeffrey F. Kelly is affiliated with the Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Hidde Leijnse is with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, in De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Nir Sapir
- Silke Bauer is affiliated with the Swiss Ornithological Institute, in Sempach, Switzerland. Jason W. Chapman is affiliated with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation and with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Don R. Reynolds is with the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, in Chatham, United Kingdom. José A. Alves is affiliated with CESAM at the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, in Portugal, and with the South Iceland Research Centre at the University of Iceland, in Selfoss. Adriaan M. Dokter and Judy Shamoun-Baranes are affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands. AMD is also affiliated with the Lab of Ornithology at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Myles M. H. Menz is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Nir Sapir is with the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Michał Ciach is affiliated with the Department of Forest Biodiversity at the University of Agriculture, in Krakow, Poland. Lars B. Pettersson is with the Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, at the University of Lund, in Sweden. Jeffrey F. Kelly is affiliated with the Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Hidde Leijnse is with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, in De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Michał Ciach
- Silke Bauer is affiliated with the Swiss Ornithological Institute, in Sempach, Switzerland. Jason W. Chapman is affiliated with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation and with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Don R. Reynolds is with the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, in Chatham, United Kingdom. José A. Alves is affiliated with CESAM at the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, in Portugal, and with the South Iceland Research Centre at the University of Iceland, in Selfoss. Adriaan M. Dokter and Judy Shamoun-Baranes are affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands. AMD is also affiliated with the Lab of Ornithology at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Myles M. H. Menz is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Nir Sapir is with the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Michał Ciach is affiliated with the Department of Forest Biodiversity at the University of Agriculture, in Krakow, Poland. Lars B. Pettersson is with the Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, at the University of Lund, in Sweden. Jeffrey F. Kelly is affiliated with the Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Hidde Leijnse is with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, in De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Lars B Pettersson
- Silke Bauer is affiliated with the Swiss Ornithological Institute, in Sempach, Switzerland. Jason W. Chapman is affiliated with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation and with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Don R. Reynolds is with the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, in Chatham, United Kingdom. José A. Alves is affiliated with CESAM at the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, in Portugal, and with the South Iceland Research Centre at the University of Iceland, in Selfoss. Adriaan M. Dokter and Judy Shamoun-Baranes are affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands. AMD is also affiliated with the Lab of Ornithology at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Myles M. H. Menz is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Nir Sapir is with the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Michał Ciach is affiliated with the Department of Forest Biodiversity at the University of Agriculture, in Krakow, Poland. Lars B. Pettersson is with the Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, at the University of Lund, in Sweden. Jeffrey F. Kelly is affiliated with the Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Hidde Leijnse is with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, in De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey F Kelly
- Silke Bauer is affiliated with the Swiss Ornithological Institute, in Sempach, Switzerland. Jason W. Chapman is affiliated with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation and with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Don R. Reynolds is with the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, in Chatham, United Kingdom. José A. Alves is affiliated with CESAM at the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, in Portugal, and with the South Iceland Research Centre at the University of Iceland, in Selfoss. Adriaan M. Dokter and Judy Shamoun-Baranes are affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands. AMD is also affiliated with the Lab of Ornithology at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Myles M. H. Menz is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Nir Sapir is with the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Michał Ciach is affiliated with the Department of Forest Biodiversity at the University of Agriculture, in Krakow, Poland. Lars B. Pettersson is with the Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, at the University of Lund, in Sweden. Jeffrey F. Kelly is affiliated with the Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Hidde Leijnse is with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, in De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde Leijnse
- Silke Bauer is affiliated with the Swiss Ornithological Institute, in Sempach, Switzerland. Jason W. Chapman is affiliated with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation and with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Don R. Reynolds is with the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, in Chatham, United Kingdom. José A. Alves is affiliated with CESAM at the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, in Portugal, and with the South Iceland Research Centre at the University of Iceland, in Selfoss. Adriaan M. Dokter and Judy Shamoun-Baranes are affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands. AMD is also affiliated with the Lab of Ornithology at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Myles M. H. Menz is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Nir Sapir is with the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Michał Ciach is affiliated with the Department of Forest Biodiversity at the University of Agriculture, in Krakow, Poland. Lars B. Pettersson is with the Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, at the University of Lund, in Sweden. Jeffrey F. Kelly is affiliated with the Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Hidde Leijnse is with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, in De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Judy Shamoun-Baranes
- Silke Bauer is affiliated with the Swiss Ornithological Institute, in Sempach, Switzerland. Jason W. Chapman is affiliated with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation and with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Don R. Reynolds is with the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, in Chatham, United Kingdom. José A. Alves is affiliated with CESAM at the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, in Portugal, and with the South Iceland Research Centre at the University of Iceland, in Selfoss. Adriaan M. Dokter and Judy Shamoun-Baranes are affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands. AMD is also affiliated with the Lab of Ornithology at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Myles M. H. Menz is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Nir Sapir is with the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Michał Ciach is affiliated with the Department of Forest Biodiversity at the University of Agriculture, in Krakow, Poland. Lars B. Pettersson is with the Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, at the University of Lund, in Sweden. Jeffrey F. Kelly is affiliated with the Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Hidde Leijnse is with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, in De Bilt, The Netherlands
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Mauchline AL, Cook SM, Powell W, Chapman JW, Osborne JL. Migratory flight behaviour of the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:1076-1082. [PMID: 28195419 PMCID: PMC5434912 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The field ecology of the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus and its damaging effects on oilseed rape crops are well understood. However, the flight behaviour of M. aeneus, in particular the drivers for migratory movements across the landscape, is not well studied. We combined three established methodologies - suction traps, vertical-looking radar and high-altitude aerial netting - to demonstrate that M. aeneus flies at a range of altitudes at different points during its active season. RESULTS By linking evidence of high-altitude mass migration with immigration of pollen beetles into oilseed rape fields, we were able to 'ground-truth' the results to characterise the seasonal movements of this pest across the landscape. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that this novel combination of methodologies can advance our understanding of the population movements of pollen beetles and could provide an opportunity to develop predictive models to estimate the severity and timing of pest outbreaks. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L Mauchline
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | | | - Wilf Powell
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
- University of ExeterPenrynCornwallUK
| | - Juliet L Osborne
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
- University of ExeterPenrynCornwallUK
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Goulson D, Bristow L, Elderfield E, Brinklow K, Parry-Jones B, Chapman JW. SIZE, SYMMETRY, AND SEXUAL SELECTION IN THE HOUSEFLY,MUSCA DOMESTICA. Evolution 2017; 53:527-534. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb03787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/1998] [Accepted: 11/12/1998] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dave Goulson
- Division of Biodiversity and Ecology, School of Biological Sciences; University of Southampton; Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East Southampton SO16 7PX United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Bristow
- Division of Biodiversity and Ecology, School of Biological Sciences; University of Southampton; Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East Southampton SO16 7PX United Kingdom
| | - Emma Elderfield
- Division of Biodiversity and Ecology, School of Biological Sciences; University of Southampton; Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East Southampton SO16 7PX United Kingdom
| | - Karen Brinklow
- Division of Biodiversity and Ecology, School of Biological Sciences; University of Southampton; Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East Southampton SO16 7PX United Kingdom
| | - Beca Parry-Jones
- Division of Biodiversity and Ecology, School of Biological Sciences; University of Southampton; Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East Southampton SO16 7PX United Kingdom
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Division of Biodiversity and Ecology, School of Biological Sciences; University of Southampton; Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East Southampton SO16 7PX United Kingdom
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Chapman JW. Honey buzzards don't always make a beeline. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:173-175. [PMID: 28169446 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
(a) European honey buzzards breeding in Western Europe primarily use soaring flight to make annual long-range migrations via the Strait of Gibraltar to winter in West Africa; this adult male was photographed on migration near Gibraltar. Photo: Javier Elloriaga. (b) Autumn migration routes of 12 satellite tagged adult European honey buzzards (colour-coded lines); compared with the shortest possible straight-line routes (dashed lines), most routes involved substantial westerly detours in Africa. Adapted from Vansteelant et al. (2016). (c) In contrast, Montagu's harriers predominantly use flapping flight during their migrations; this adult male is carrying a satellite transmitter. Photo: Theo van Kooten. (d) Autumn migration routes of 34 satellite tagged adult Montagu's harriers; migratory tracks more closely approached straight-line routes, and typically involved longer sea crossings, than seen in European honey buzzards. Adapted from Trierweiler et al. (). In Focus: Vansteelant, W.M.G., Shamoun-Baranes, J., van Manen, W., van Diermen, J. & Bouten, W. (2017) Seasonal detours by soaring migrants shaped by wind regimes along the East Atlantic Flyway. Journal of Animal Ecology, 86, 179-191. Migratory birds often make substantial detours from the shortest possible route during their annual migrations, which may potentially increase the duration and energetic cost of their journeys. Vansteelant et al. () investigate repeated migrations of adult European honey buzzards between the Netherlands and sub-Saharan Africa, and find that they make large westerly detours in Africa on both the spring and autumn routes. These detours allow migrants to capitalise on more favourable winds further along the route, thus reducing energy expenditure. Lifelong tracking studies will allow researchers to identify how migration routes have evolved to exploit predictable atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
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Hu G, Lim KS, Horvitz N, Clark SJ, Reynolds DR, Sapir N, Chapman JW. Mass seasonal bioflows of high-flying insect migrants. Science 2016; 354:1584-1587. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aah4379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Chapman JW, Nilsson C, Lim KS, Bäckman J, Reynolds DR, Alerstam T, Reynolds AM. Detection of flow direction in high-flying insect and songbird migrants. Curr Biol 2016; 25:R751-2. [PMID: 26325133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Goal-oriented migrants travelling through the sea or air must cope with the effect of cross-flows during their journeys if they are to reach their destination. In order to counteract flow-induced drift from their preferred course, migrants must detect the mean flow direction, and integrate this information with output from their internal compass, to compensate for the deflection. Animals can potentially sense flow direction by two nonexclusive mechanisms: either indirectly, by visually assessing the effect of the current on their movement direction relative to the ground; or directly, via intrinsic properties of the current. Here, we report the first evidence that nocturnal compass-guided insect migrants use a turbulence-mediated mechanism for directly assessing the wind direction hundreds of metres above the ground. By comparison, we find that nocturnally-migrating songbirds do not use turbulence to detect the flow; instead they rely on visual assessment of wind-induced drift to indirectly infer the flow direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Chapman
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK; Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK.
| | - Cecilia Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ka S Lim
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Johan Bäckman
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK; Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Thomas Alerstam
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Palmer G, Hill JK, Brereton TM, Brooks DR, Chapman JW, Fox R, Oliver TH, Thomas CD. Retraction of the Research Article: "Individualistic sensitivities and exposure to climate change explain variation in species' distribution and abundance changes". Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1600819. [PMID: 27386514 PMCID: PMC4928973 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
[This retracts the article on p. e1400220 in vol. 1, PMID: 26601276.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Palmer
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jane K. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tom M. Brereton
- Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Wareham, Dorset BH20 5QP, UK
| | - David R. Brooks
- AgroEcology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- AgroEcology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Richard Fox
- Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Wareham, Dorset BH20 5QP, UK
| | - Tom H. Oliver
- NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Chris D. Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
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44
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Hu G, Lim KS, Reynolds DR, Reynolds AM, Chapman JW. Wind-Related Orientation Patterns in Diurnal, Crepuscular and Nocturnal High-Altitude Insect Migrants. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:32. [PMID: 26973481 PMCID: PMC4770192 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most insect migrants fly at considerable altitudes (hundreds of meters above the ground) where they utilize fast-flowing winds to achieve rapid and comparatively long-distance transport. The nocturnal aerial migrant fauna has been well studied with entomological radars, and many studies have demonstrated that flight orientations are frequently grouped around a common direction in a range of nocturnal insect migrants. Common orientation typically occurs close to the downwind direction (thus ensuring that a large component of the insects' self-powered speed is directed downstream), and in nocturnal insects at least, the downwind headings are seemingly maintained by direct detection of wind-related turbulent cues. Despite being far more abundant and speciose, the day-flying windborne migrant fauna has been much less studied by radar; thus the frequency of wind-related common orientation patterns and the sensory mechanisms involved in their formation remain to be established. Here, we analyze a large dataset of >600,000 radar-detected "medium-sized" windborne insect migrants (body mass from 10 to 70 mg), flying hundreds of meters above southern UK, during the afternoon, in the period around sunset, and in the middle of the night. We found that wind-related common orientation was almost ubiquitous during the day (present in 97% of all "migration events" analyzed), and was also frequent at sunset (85%) and at night (81%). Headings were systematically offset to the right of the flow at night-time (as predicted from the use of turbulence cues for flow assessment), but there was no directional bias in the offsets during the day or at sunset. Orientation "performance" significantly increased with increasing flight altitude throughout the day and night. We conclude by discussing sensory mechanisms which most likely play a role in the selection and maintenance of wind-related flight headings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Hu
- Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, UK; College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Ka Sing Lim
- Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted Research Harpenden, UK
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, UK; Natural Resources Institute, University of GreenwichChatham, UK
| | - Andy M Reynolds
- Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted Research Harpenden, UK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, UK; Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of ExeterCornwall, UK
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45
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Jones CM, Papanicolaou A, Mironidis GK, Vontas J, Yang Y, Lim KS, Oakeshott JG, Bass C, Chapman JW. Genomewide transcriptional signatures of migratory flight activity in a globally invasive insect pest. Mol Ecol 2016; 24:4901-11. [PMID: 26331997 PMCID: PMC5102652 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Migration is a key life history strategy for many animals and requires a suite of behavioural, morphological and physiological adaptations which together form the ‘migratory syndrome’. Genetic variation has been demonstrated for many traits that make up this syndrome, but the underlying genes involved remain elusive. Recent studies investigating migration‐associated genes have focussed on sampling migratory and nonmigratory populations from different geographic locations but have seldom explored phenotypic variation in a migratory trait. Here, we use a novel combination of tethered flight and next‐generation sequencing to determine transcriptomic differences associated with flight activity in a globally invasive moth pest, the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. By developing a state‐of‐the‐art phenotyping platform, we show that field‐collected H. armigera display continuous variation in flight performance with individuals capable of flying up to 40 km during a single night. Comparative transcriptomics of flight phenotypes drove a gene expression analysis to reveal a suite of expressed candidate genes which are clearly related to physiological adaptations required for long‐distance flight. These include genes important to the mobilization of lipids as flight fuel, the development of flight muscle structure and the regulation of hormones that influence migratory physiology. We conclude that the ability to express this complex set of pathways underlines the remarkable flexibility of facultative insect migrants to respond to deteriorating conditions in the form of migratory flight and, more broadly, the results provide novel insights into the fundamental transcriptional changes required for migration in insects and other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexie Papanicolaou
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - George K Mironidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, GR-700 13, Heraklion Crete, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, GR-700 13, Heraklion Crete, Greece.,Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Yihua Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ka S Lim
- AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - John G Oakeshott
- CSIRO Ecosystems Sciences, Black Mountain, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Chris Bass
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.,Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK
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46
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Jones HBC, Lim KS, Bell JR, Hill JK, Chapman JW. Quantifying interspecific variation in dispersal ability of noctuid moths using an advanced tethered flight technique. Ecol Evol 2015; 6:181-90. [PMID: 26811783 PMCID: PMC4716516 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal plays a crucial role in many aspects of species' life histories, yet is often difficult to measure directly. This is particularly true for many insects, especially nocturnal species (e.g. moths) that cannot be easily observed under natural field conditions. Consequently, over the past five decades, laboratory tethered flight techniques have been developed as a means of measuring insect flight duration and speed. However, these previous designs have tended to focus on single species (typically migrant pests), and here we describe an improved apparatus that allows the study of flight ability in a wide range of insect body sizes and types. Obtaining dispersal information from a range of species is crucial for understanding insect population dynamics and range shifts. Our new laboratory tethered flight apparatus automatically records flight duration, speed, and distance of individual insects. The rotational tethered flight mill has very low friction and the arm to which flying insects are attached is extremely lightweight while remaining rigid and strong, permitting both small and large insects to be studied. The apparatus is compact and thus allows many individuals to be studied simultaneously under controlled laboratory conditions. We demonstrate the performance of the apparatus by using the mills to assess the flight capability of 24 species of British noctuid moths, ranging in size from 12–27 mm forewing length (~40–660 mg body mass). We validate the new technique by comparing our tethered flight data with existing information on dispersal ability of noctuids from the published literature and expert opinion. Values for tethered flight variables were in agreement with existing knowledge of dispersal ability in these species, supporting the use of this method to quantify dispersal in insects. Importantly, this new technology opens up the potential to investigate genetic and environmental factors affecting insect dispersal among a wide range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley B C Jones
- Department of Agro Ecology Rothamsted Research Harpenden Hertfordshire UK; Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | - Ka S Lim
- Department of Agro Ecology Rothamsted Research Harpenden Hertfordshire UK
| | - James R Bell
- Department of Agro Ecology Rothamsted Research Harpenden Hertfordshire UK
| | - Jane K Hill
- Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Department of Agro Ecology Rothamsted Research Harpenden Hertfordshire UK; Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Cornwall UK
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47
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Palmer G, Hill JK, Brereton TM, Brooks DR, Chapman JW, Fox R, Oliver TH, Thomas CD. Individualistic sensitivities and exposure to climate change explain variation in species' distribution and abundance changes. Sci Adv 2015; 1:e1400220. [PMID: 26601276 PMCID: PMC4646790 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The responses of animals and plants to recent climate change vary greatly from species to species, but attempts to understand this variation have met with limited success. This has led to concerns that predictions of responses are inherently uncertain because of the complexity of interacting drivers and biotic interactions. However, we show for an exemplar group of 155 Lepidoptera species that about 60% of the variation among species in their abundance trends over the past four decades can be explained by species-specific exposure and sensitivity to climate change. Distribution changes were less well predicted, but nonetheless, up to 53% of the variation was explained. We found that species vary in their overall sensitivity to climate and respond to different components of the climate despite ostensibly experiencing the same climate changes. Hence, species have undergone different levels of population "forcing" (exposure), driving variation among species in their national-scale abundance and distribution trends. We conclude that variation in species' responses to recent climate change may be more predictable than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Palmer
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (G.P.); (C.D.T.)
| | - Jane K. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tom M. Brereton
- Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Wareham, Dorset BH20 5QP, UK
| | - David R. Brooks
- AgroEcology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- AgroEcology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Richard Fox
- Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Wareham, Dorset BH20 5QP, UK
| | - Tom H. Oliver
- NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Chris D. Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (G.P.); (C.D.T.)
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48
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Chapman JW, Nilsson C, Lim KS, Bäckman J, Reynolds DR, Alerstam T. Adaptive strategies in nocturnally migrating insects and songbirds: contrasting responses to wind. J Anim Ecol 2015; 85:115-24. [PMID: 26147535 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Animals that use flight as their mode of transportation must cope with the fact that their migration and orientation performance is strongly affected by the flow of the medium they are moving in, that is by the winds. Different strategies can be used to mitigate the negative effects and benefit from the positive effects of a moving flow. The strategies an animal can use will be constrained by the relationship between the speed of the flow and the speed of the animal's own propulsion in relation to the surrounding air. Here we analyse entomological and ornithological radar data from north-western Europe to investigate how two different nocturnal migrant taxa, the noctuid moth Autographa gamma and songbirds, deal with wind by analysing variation in resulting flight directions in relation to the wind-dependent angle between the animal's heading and track direction. Our results, from fixed locations along the migratory journey, reveal different global strategies used by moths and songbirds during their migratory journeys. As expected, nocturnally migrating moths experienced a greater degree of wind drift than nocturnally migrating songbirds, but both groups were more affected by wind in autumn than in spring. The songbirds' strategies involve elements of both drift and compensation, providing some benefits from wind in combination with destination and time control. In contrast, moths expose themselves to a significantly higher degree of drift in order to obtain strong wind assistance, surpassing the songbirds in mean ground speed, at the cost of a comparatively lower spatiotemporal migratory precision. Moths and songbirds show contrasting but adaptive responses to migrating through a moving flow, which are fine-tuned to the respective flight capabilities of each group in relation to the wind currents they travel within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Chapman
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.,Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Cecilia Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ka S Lim
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Johan Bäckman
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.,Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Thomas Alerstam
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
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49
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Reynolds AM, Jones HBC, Hill JK, Pearson AJ, Wilson K, Wolf S, Lim KS, Reynolds DR, Chapman JW. Evidence for a pervasive 'idling-mode' activity template in flying and pedestrian insects. R Soc Open Sci 2015; 2:150085. [PMID: 26064664 PMCID: PMC4453252 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the complex movement patterns of animals in natural environments is a key objective of 'movement ecology'. Complexity results from behavioural responses to external stimuli but can also arise spontaneously in their absence. Drawing on theoretical arguments about decision-making circuitry, we predict that the spontaneous patterns will be scale-free and universal, being independent of taxon and mode of locomotion. To test this hypothesis, we examined the activity patterns of the European honeybee, and multiple species of noctuid moth, tethered to flight mills and exposed to minimal external cues. We also reanalysed pre-existing data for Drosophila flies walking in featureless environments. Across these species, we found evidence of common scale-invariant properties in their movement patterns; pause and movement durations were typically power law distributed over a range of scales and characterized by exponents close to 3/2. Our analyses are suggestive of the presence of a pervasive scale-invariant template for locomotion which, when acted on by environmental cues, produces the movements with characteristic scales observed in nature. Our results indicate that scale-finite complexity as embodied, for instance, in correlated random walk models, may be the result of environmental cues overriding innate behaviour, and that scale-free movements may be intrinsic and not limited to 'blind' foragers as previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley B. C. Jones
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jane K. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Aislinn J. Pearson
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Stephan Wolf
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Ka S. Lim
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Don R. Reynolds
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
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50
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Chapman JW, Reynolds DR, Wilson K. Long-range seasonal migration in insects: mechanisms, evolutionary drivers and ecological consequences. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:287-302. [PMID: 25611117 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Myriad tiny insect species take to the air to engage in windborne migration, but entomology also has its 'charismatic megafauna' of butterflies, large moths, dragonflies and locusts. The spectacular migrations of large day-flying insects have long fascinated humankind, and since the advent of radar entomology much has been revealed about high-altitude night-time insect migrations. Over the last decade, there have been significant advances in insect migration research, which we review here. In particular, we highlight: (1) notable improvements in our understanding of lepidopteran navigation strategies, including the hitherto unsuspected capabilities of high-altitude migrants to select favourable winds and orientate adaptively, (2) progress in unravelling the neuronal mechanisms underlying sun compass orientation and in identifying the genetic complex underpinning key traits associated with migration behaviour and performance in the monarch butterfly, and (3) improvements in our knowledge of the multifaceted interactions between disease agents and insect migrants, in terms of direct effects on migration success and pathogen spread, and indirect effects on the evolution of migratory systems. We conclude by highlighting the progress that can be made through inter-phyla comparisons, and identify future research areas that will enhance our understanding of insect migration strategies within an eco-evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Chapman
- AgroEcology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK; Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK
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