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Pondeville E, David JP, Guittard E, Maria A, Jacques JC, Ranson H, Bourgouin C, Dauphin-Villemant C. Microarray and RNAi analysis of P450s in Anopheles gambiae male and female steroidogenic tissues: CYP307A1 is required for ecdysteroid synthesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79861. [PMID: 24324583 PMCID: PMC3851169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) coordinates major developmental transitions. While the first and the final steps of 20E biosynthesis are characterized, the pathway from 7-dehydrocholesterol to 5β-ketodiol, commonly referred as the “black box”, remains hypothetical and whether there are still unidentified enzymes is unknown. The black box would include some oxidative steps, which are believed to be mediated by P450 enzymes. To identify new enzyme(s) involved in steroid synthesis, we analyzed by small-scale microarray the expression of all the genes encoding P450 enzymes of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in active steroidogenic organs of adults, ovaries from blood-fed females and male reproductive tracts, compared to inactive steroidogenic organs, ovaries from non-blood-fed females. Some genes encoding P450 enzymes were specifically overexpressed in female ovaries after a blood-meal or in male reproductive tracts but only three genes were found to be overexpressed in active steroidogenic organs of both females and males: cyp307a1, cyp4g16 and cyp6n1. Among these genes, only cyp307a1 has an expression pattern similar to other mosquito steroidogenic genes. Moreover, loss-of-function by transient RNAi targeting cyp307a1 disrupted ecdysteroid production demonstrating that this gene is required for ecdysteroid biosynthesis in Anopheles gambiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Pondeville
- Biogenèse des Stéroïdes, FRE2852, CNRS-UPMC, Paris, France
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS Unit URA3012: Hosts, Vectors and Infectious Agents, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR 5553, CNRS-Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Annick Maria
- Biogenèse des Stéroïdes, FRE2852, CNRS-UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Jacques
- Centre de Production et d'Infection des Anophèles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Bourgouin
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS Unit URA3012: Hosts, Vectors and Infectious Agents, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre de Production et d'Infection des Anophèles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Dauphin-Villemant
- Biogenèse des Stéroïdes, FRE2852, CNRS-UPMC, Paris, France
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Suisse
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Chertemps T, Mitri C, Perrot S, Sautereau J, Jacques JC, Thiery I, Bourgouin C, Rosinski-Chupin I. Anopheles gambiae PRS1 modulates Plasmodium development at both midgut and salivary gland steps. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11538. [PMID: 20634948 PMCID: PMC2902509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasion of the mosquito salivary glands by Plasmodium is a critical step for malaria transmission. From a SAGE analysis, we previously identified several genes whose expression in salivary glands was regulated coincident with sporozoite invasion of salivary glands. To get insights into the consequences of these salivary gland responses, here we have studied one of the genes, PRS1 (Plasmodium responsive salivary 1), whose expression was upregulated in infected glands, using immunolocalization and functional inactivation approaches. Methodology/Principal Findings PRS1 belongs to a novel insect superfamily of genes encoding proteins with DM9 repeat motifs of uncharacterized function. We show that PRS1 is induced in response to Plasmodium, not only in the salivary glands but also in the midgut, the other epithelial barrier that Plasmodium has to cross to develop in the mosquito. Furthermore, this induction is observed using either the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei or the human pathogen Plasmodium falciparum. In the midgut, PRS1 overexpression is associated with a relocalization of the protein at the periphery of invaded cells. We also find that sporozoite invasion of salivary gland cells occurs sequentially and induces intra-cellular modifications that include an increase in PRS1 expression and a relocalization of the corresponding protein into vesicle-like structures. Importantly, PRS1 knockdown during the onset of midgut and salivary gland invasion demonstrates that PRS1 acts as an agonist for the development of both parasite species in the two epithelia, highlighting shared vector/parasite interactions in both tissues. Conclusions/Significance While providing insights into potential functions of DM9 proteins, our results reveal that PRS1 likely contributes to fundamental interactions between Plasmodium and mosquito epithelia, which do not depend on the specific Anopheles/P. falciparum coevolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chertemps
- Unité de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire des Insectes, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 3012, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Christian Mitri
- CEPIA, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Perrot
- Unité de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire des Insectes, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 3012, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean Sautereau
- Unité de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire des Insectes, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 3012, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Jacques
- CEPIA, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Thiery
- CEPIA, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Bourgouin
- CEPIA, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Rosinski-Chupin
- Unité de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire des Insectes, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 3012, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Mitri C, Jacques JC, Thiery I, Riehle MM, Xu J, Bischoff E, Morlais I, Nsango SE, Vernick KD, Bourgouin C. Fine pathogen discrimination within the APL1 gene family protects Anopheles gambiae against human and rodent malaria species. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000576. [PMID: 19750215 PMCID: PMC2734057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically controlled resistance of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes to Plasmodium falciparum is a common trait in the natural population, and a cluster of natural resistance loci were mapped to the Plasmodium-Resistance Island (PRI) of the A. gambiae genome. The APL1 family of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins was highlighted by candidate gene studies in the PRI, and is comprised of paralogs APL1A, APL1B and APL1C that share ≥50% amino acid identity. Here, we present a functional analysis of the joint response of APL1 family members during mosquito infection with human and rodent Plasmodium species. Only paralog APL1A protected A. gambiae against infection with the human malaria parasite P. falciparum from both the field population and in vitro culture. In contrast, only paralog APL1C protected against the rodent malaria parasites P. berghei and P. yoelii. We show that anti-P. falciparum protection is mediated by the Imd/Rel2 pathway, while protection against P. berghei infection was shown to require Toll/Rel1 signaling. Further, only the short Rel2-S isoform and not the long Rel2-F isoform of Rel2 confers protection against P. falciparum. Protection correlates with the transcriptional regulation of APL1A by Rel2-S but not Rel2-F, suggesting that the Rel2-S anti-parasite phenotype results at least in part from its transcriptional control over APL1A. These results indicate that distinct members of the APL1 gene family display a mutually exclusive protective effect against different classes of Plasmodium parasites. It appears that a gene-for-pathogen-class system orients the appropriate host defenses against distinct categories of similar pathogens. It is known that insect innate immune pathways can distinguish between grossly different microbes such as Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, or fungi, but the function of the APL1 paralogs reveals that mosquito innate immunity possesses a more fine-grained capacity to distinguish between classes of closely related eukaryotic pathogens than has been previously recognized. The African malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae possesses immune mechanisms that can protect it against infection with malaria parasites, which kill more than one million people per year. Much work studying mosquito response to malaria has used model rodent malaria parasites that do not infect people, but are in the same genus and overall share most major features with the human parasites. Here, we show that the immune response used by A. gambiae to protect itself against infection by human and rodent malaria parasites utilizes different immune signaling pathways. A family of proteins called APL1 appears to be responsible for the ability of the mosquito to distinguish between the human or rodent malaria parasites. An individual APL1 relative is required for protection against the human malaria parasite but has no effect against the rodent parasite, and another APL1 relative is required for protection against rodent but not human malaria. This represents the finest ability yet demonstrated of mosquito immunity to distinguish between relatively similar pathogens, and highlights the distinct nature of mosquito response against human as compared to rodent malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mitri
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS Unit URA3012: Hosts, Vectors and Infectious Agents, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Center for the Production and Infection of Anopheles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Jacques
- Center for the Production and Infection of Anopheles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Thiery
- Center for the Production and Infection of Anopheles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michelle M. Riehle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Bischoff
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS Unit URA3012: Hosts, Vectors and Infectious Agents, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD-OCEAC, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Sandrine E. Nsango
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD-OCEAC, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Kenneth D. Vernick
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS Unit URA3012: Hosts, Vectors and Infectious Agents, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Bourgouin
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS Unit URA3012: Hosts, Vectors and Infectious Agents, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Center for the Production and Infection of Anopheles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Lambrechts L, Morlais I, Awono-Ambene PH, Cohuet A, Simard F, Jacques JC, Bourgouin C, Koella JC. Effect of infection by Plasmodium falciparum on the melanization immune response of Anopheles gambiae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007; 76:475-80. [PMID: 17360870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanization is an immune response of mosquitoes that could potentially limit Plasmodium development. That mosquitoes rarely melanize Plasmodium falciparum in natural populations might result from immuno-suppression by the parasite, as has been observed in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected by Plasmodium gallinaceum. We tested this possibility in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes infected by P. falciparum by comparing the ability to melanize a Sephadex bead of infected mosquitoes, of mosquitoes that had fed on infectious blood without becoming infected, and of control mosquitoes fed on uninfected blood. Rather than being immuno-suppressed, infected mosquitoes tended to have a stronger melanization response than mosquitoes in which the infection failed and than control mosquitoes, possibly because of immune activation after previous exposure to invading parasites. This finding suggests that P. falciparum relies on immune evasion rather than immuno-suppression to avoid being melanized and confirms that natural malaria transmission systems differ from laboratory models of mosquito-Plasmodium interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lambrechts
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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Bonnet S, Prévot G, Jacques JC, Boudin C, Bourgouin C. Transcripts of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae that are differentially regulated in the midgut upon exposure to invasive stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Cell Microbiol 2001; 3:449-58. [PMID: 11437831 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between the most deadly malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and its main vector, Anopheles gambiae, would be of great help in developing new malaria control strategies. The malaria parasite undergoes several developmental transitions in the mosquito midgut and suffers population losses to which mosquito factors presumably contribute. To identify such factors, we analysed An. gambiae midgut transcripts whose expression is regulated upon ingestion of invasive or non-invasive forms of P. falciparum using a differential display approach. Sixteen cDNA were studied in detail; 12 represent novel genes of An. gambiae including a gene encoding profilin. Four transcripts were specifically regulated by P. falciparum gametocytes (invasive forms), whereas the others were regulated by either non-invasive or both non-invasive and invasive forms of the parasite. This differential regulation of some genes may reflect the adaptation of P. falciparum to its natural vector. These genes may be involved in the development of P. falciparum in An. gambiae or in the defence reaction of the mosquito midgut towards the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bonnet
- Ecologie des Systèmes Vectoriels, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. IRD-OCEAC, PO Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Thurlow WR, Jacques JC. Localization of two noise sources overlapping in time. J Speech Hear Res 1975; 18:663-71. [PMID: 1207098 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.1804.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy of localization of two independent, wide-band noise sources, overlapping in time, was measured. Subjects given preliminary practice had little difficulty in localizing when sources separated by 55 degrees were located in front of them or in back of them, with one source 10 degrees from the midline. But when sources were at the side of the subject, perception that there were two sources present tended to improve significantly as time between onset of the sounds was increased to 100 msec. Once a sound was perceived to be present, it was localized with fairly high accuracy.
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Mutti NM, Jacques JC. [Adhesives for prosthesis]. Rev Bras Odontol 1975; 32:55-60. [PMID: 801674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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