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Li K, Qin WM, Su WX, Hu JM, Cai YP. Chiral BINOL-phosphate assembled single hexagonal nanotube in aqueous solution for confined rearrangement acceleration. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2799. [PMID: 38555282 PMCID: PMC10981660 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Creating microenvironments that mimic an enzyme's active site is a critical aspect of supramolecular confined catalysis. In this study, we employ the commonly used chiral 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) phosphates as subcomponents to construct supramolecular hollow nanotube in an aqueous medium through non-covalent intermolecular recognition and arrangement. The hexagonal nanotubular structure is characterized by various techniques, including X-ray, NMR, ESI-MS, AFM, and TEM, and is confirmed to exist in a homogeneous aqueous solution stably. The nanotube's length in solution depends on the concentration of chiral BINOL-phosphate as a monomer. Additionally, the assembled nanotube can accelerate the rate of the 3-aza-Cope rearrangement reaction by up to 85-fold due to the interior confinement effect. Based on the detailed kinetic and thermodynamic analyses, we propose that the chain-like substrates are constrained and pre-organized into a reactive chair-like conformation, which stabilizes the transition state of the reaction in the confined nanospace of the nanotube. Notably, due to the restricted conformer with less degrees of freedom, the entropic barrier is significantly reduced compared to the enthalpic barrier, resulting in a more pronounced acceleration effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Energy Storage Materials, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- The Joint Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry for SCNU and TINCI, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Wei-Min Qin
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wen-Xia Su
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jia-Min Hu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yue-Peng Cai
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Energy Storage Materials, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- The Joint Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry for SCNU and TINCI, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Yang RZ, Liang M, Lin S, Weng J, Hu JM, Lin SZ, Wu XD, Zeng K. General anesthesia alters the diversity and composition of the lung microbiota in rat. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115381. [PMID: 37639744 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lung microbiome plays a crucial role in human health and disease. Extensive studies have demonstrated that the disturbance of the lung microbiome influences immune response, cognition, and behavior. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of general anesthetics on lung microbiome. METHODS Eight-week-old male SD rats received a continuous intravenous infusion of propofol or inhalation of isoflurane for 4 h. 16S rRNA gene amplification from BALF samples was used to investigate the changes in the lung microbiome after interventions. We further performed neurobehavioral assessments to find the differential strains' association with behavior disorder after isoflurane anesthesia. RESULTS The absolute and relative quantitation of 16S rRNA sequencing data showed that isoflurane altered the diversity and abundance of the lung microbiome in rats more than propofol. Elusimicrobia increased significantly in the isoflurane group. Both EPM and OFT results showed that rats exhibited depression-like behaviors after inhalation of isoflurane. In addition, significant differences were found in the COG/KO/MetaCyc/KEGG pathway enrichment analyses among the groups. CONCLUSION Continuous inhalation of isoflurane changed the diversity and composition of the lung microbiota in rats, resulting in post-anesthesia depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia-Min Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Kai Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Li K, Hu JM, Qin WM, Guo J, Cai YP. Precise heteroatom doping determines aqueous solubility and self-assembly behaviors for polycyclic aromatic skeletons. Commun Chem 2022; 5:104. [PMID: 36697950 PMCID: PMC9814590 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing effective strategies to improve the hydrophilicity or aqueous solubility of hydrophobic molecular scaffolds is meaningful for both academic research and industrial applications. Herein, we demonstrate that stepwise and precise N/O heteroatoms doping on a polycyclic aromatic skeleton can gradually alter these structures from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, even resulting in excellent aqueous solubility. The Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) method shows that the three partial solubility parameters are closely related to N/O doping species, numbers and positions on the molecular panel. The hydrogen bonding solubility parameter indicates that the hydrogen bonding interactions between N/O doped molecules and water play a key role in enhancing hydrophilicity. Moreover, three optimized water-soluble molecules underwent a self-assembly process to form stable nanoparticles in water, thus facilitating better hydrogen bonding interactions disclosed by HSP calculations, NMR and single crystal X-ray analysis. These ensembles even show quasi-solid properties in water from NMR and luminescence perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Min Hu
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Min Qin
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Guo
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Peng Cai
- grid.263785.d0000 0004 0368 7397School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
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Men C, Li D, Zuo JE, Xing W, Liu MY, Wei FQ, Hu JM, Xie ZW, Xing X, Shen YG. [Spatial Variation and Potential Sources of Microplastics in Rivers in Tongzhou District, Beijing]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2022; 43:3656-3663. [PMID: 35791548 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202110130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are emerging contaminants, which can also absorb other contaminants, threatening the health of river ecosystems. However, research on the pollution of microplastics in rivers in northern China is still lacking. In this study, based on the sampling and analysis of water samples in 19 sites in six rivers in Tongzhou district, Beijing, the composition, spatial variation, and potential sources of microplastics were explored. The results showed that all sites were contaminated by microplastics, and the abundance of microplastics in the Xiaozhong River was the highest among all sites (3.50×104 n·m-3), which was 4.04 times that in the Yunchaojian River. The proportion of microplastics with particle sizes smaller than 2000 μm was 90.49%, and microplastics with particle sizes larger than 4000 μm were only found in two out of 19 sampling sites. The microplastics were fiber, film, fragment, and granule shaped. The proportion of fiber microplastics was the highest (90.23%) among all shapes. Most (84.29%) of the microplastics were transparent and blue. Rayon was the most common microplastic in each site, and its proportion in each site was over 66.67%. The proportions of other types of microplastics differed largely among different sites. Spatially, the abundance and types of microplastics in the upper reaches were higher than those in the lower reaches. According to spatial variations in shapes, types, colors, and abundance of microplastics, the potential sources of microplastics were identified. The potential sources of fiber microplastics were washing clothing and using fishing gear and dust-proof nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Men
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Di Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian-E Zuo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Meng-Yao Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Fan-Qin Wei
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jia-Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen-Wen Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang-Gui Shen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Hu JM, Zuo JE, Li JB, Zhang YY, Ai X, Gong DH, Zhang JW, Sun DM. [Effects of Microplastic Exposure on Crucian Growth, Liver Damage, and Gut Microbiome Composition]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2022; 43:3664-3671. [PMID: 35791549 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202108002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), which are widely present in the natural environment, may be harmful to the growth and health of aquatic organisms, though studies in this area are lacking. In this study, the crucian carp (Carassius carassius), a type of omnivorous freshwater fish, was chosen as the target, which was fed with fish food containing different concentrations of MPs for a 30-day food exposure experiment to study the effects of MPs on crucian growth, liver damage, and gut microbiome composition. Compared with that in the control group, the body length of the crucians in the environmental groups did not change significantly. The weight of the crucians in the low PE-MPs group increased significantly, but the weight of crucians in the medium and high PE-MPs groups decreased markedly. The liver tissues of the low PE-MPs group of crucians were basically normal, whereas crucians in the medium and high PE-MPs groups had varying degrees of liver damage, and crucians in the high PE-MPs group had the most serious liver damage. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroides were the dominant species in the gut of the crucians. Pathogens such as Staphylococcus and Ralstonia were present in the crucian gut of environmental groups. Alpha diversity results showed that the gut microbiome of crucians in the high PE-MPs group was the most abundant. PCoA results indicated that the gut microbiome of crucians in the control and environmental groups had obvious clustering characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian-E Zuo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin-Bo Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiang Ai
- Qingke Zhilian Environmental Science Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Da-Hui Gong
- Qingke Zhilian Environmental Science Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Ji-Wen Zhang
- Qingke Zhilian Environmental Science Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Ding-Ming Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710000, China
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Ji SS, Lyu YB, Zhao F, Qu YL, Li Z, Li YW, Song SX, Zhang WL, Liu YC, Cai JY, Song HC, Li DD, Wu B, Liu Y, Zheng XL, Hu JM, Zhu Y, Cao ZJ, Shi XM. [Association of blood lead and blood selenium with serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein among Chinese adults aged 19 to 79 years]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2022; 43:195-200. [PMID: 35184484 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20210715-00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the association of blood lead and blood selenium with serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) among Chinese adults aged 19 to 79 years. Methods: The participants were enrolled from the first wave of China National Human Biomonitoring (CNHBM) conducted from 2017 to 2018. 10 153 participants aged 19 to 79 years were included in this study. Fasting blood samples were obtained from participants. Lead and selenium in whole blood and hs-CRP in serum were measured. Individuals with hs-CRP levels above 3.0 mg/L were defined as elevated hs-CRP. Generalized linear mixed models and restricted cubic spline models were used to analyze the association of blood lead and blood selenium with elevated hs-CRP. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the multiplicative scale and additive scale interaction between blood lead and blood selenium on elevated hs-CRP. Results: The age of participants was (48.91±15.38) years, of which 5 054 (61.47%) were male. 1 181 (11.29%) participants were defined as elevated hs-CRP. After multivariable adjustment, results from generalized linear models showed that compared with participants with the lowest quartile of blood lead, the OR (95%CI) of elevated hs-CRP for participants with the second, third, and highest quartiles were 1.14 (0.94-1.37), 1.25 (1.04-1.52) and 1.38 (1.13-1.68), respectively. When compared with participants with the lowest quartile of blood selenium, the OR (95%CI) of elevated hs-CRP for participants with the second, third and highest quartiles were 0.86 (0.72-1.04), 0.91 (0.76-1.11), and 0.75 (0.61-0.92), respectively. Results from the interaction analysis showed no significant interaction between lead and selenium on elevated hs-CRP. Conclusion: Blood concentration of lead was positively associated with elevated serum hs-CRP, and blood concentration of selenium was inversely related to elevated hs-CRP, while blood lead and selenium did not present interaction on elevated hs-CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Ji
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Y B Lyu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - F Zhao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Y L Qu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Z Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Y W Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - S X Song
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - W L Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Y C Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - J Y Cai
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - H C Song
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - D D Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - B Wu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Y Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - X L Zheng
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - J M Hu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Y Zhu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Z J Cao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - X M Shi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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Hu JM, Zuo JE, Li D, Xie ZW, Chen L. [Composition and Distribution of Microplastics in the Water and Sediments of Urban Rivers in Beijing]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2021; 42:5275-5283. [PMID: 34708966 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been confirmed that microplastics widely exist in the natural environment, causing potential harm to organisms and humans. An investigation into the occurrence of microplastics is helpful to understand the level of pollution of microplastics in urban rivers and sediments. In this study, eight sampling points of water samples and three of sediments samples were placed along the North Canal and Huaihe River in Beijing, to compare the composition and distribution characteristics of the abundance, particle size, color, shape, and species of microplastics. The results showed that the abundance of microplastics in the water and sediments of the North Canal were(1941±201)-(8155±1781) n·m-3(n refers to the number of microplastics) and (120±11)-(268±31) n·kg-1, respectively. The average abundance of microplastics in the water of the North Canal was 4160 n·m-3. Compared with the North Canal, the pollution degree of microplastics in the Huaihe River was lower with an average abundance of 2357 n·m-3. Furthermore, the abundance of microplastics in the water and sediments in the upper reaches of the North Canal was higher than that in the lower reaches. No significant difference of microplastics distribution was observed in the water of the Huaihe River on the whole; however, there was a marked difference in abundance between the two distant locations. The main particle size range of microplastics at all site points was<300 μm, and mostly white/transparent(50.75%-83.91%); the main shape were fragments(50.00%-95.08%) and fibers(3.86%-30.00%). Polyurethane(PU) and ethylene vinyl acetate(EVA) were two main plastic species found at all sites. Microplastics in the water and sediments of the North Canal might have originated from urban construction and development, while the surrounding villages might have only affected the abundance of microplastics in the Huaihe River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian-E Zuo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Di Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen-Wen Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Yuan X, Liu K, Li Y, Zhang AZ, Wang XL, Jiang CH, Liang WH, Zhang HJ, Pang LJ, Li M, Yang L, Qi Y, Zheng Q, Li F, Hu JM. HPV16 infection promotes an M2 macrophage phenotype to promote the invasion and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:2382-2393. [PMID: 34075547 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is an important risk factor for esophageal cancer. Macrophages constitute a crucial immune medium for regulating HPV-related tumors; however, the specific regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, the purpose of our current study was to investigate the mechanism by which HPV16E6 regulates macrophages to promote the invasion and metastasis of esophageal cancer. METHODS HPV16E6 infection was detected by polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was used to verify the distribution of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and MMP-9 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues (ESCCs), and cancer adjacent normal tissues (CANs) from Kazakh patients. ESCC cells were transfected with a plasmid over-expressing HPV16E6 and non-contact cocultured with macrophages. RESULTS The infection rate of HPV16E6 in Kazakh ESCCs was clearly higher than that in CANs (P < 0.05). The density of CD163-positive TAMs was significantly positively correlated with HPV16E6 infection in ESCCs (P < 0.05). After coculturing macrophages and EC9706 cells transfected with the HPV16E6 plasmid, the phenotype of macrophages transformed into M2 macrophages. The migration and invasion ability of ESCC cells were higher in the HPV16E6-transfected and coculture group than in the HPV16E6 empty vector-transfected and non-cocultured HPV16E6-transfected groups (all P < 0.05). The density of M2-like TAMs in ESCCs was positively correlated with the level of MMP-9 expression. MMP-9 expression in the HPV16E6-ESCC coculture macrophages group was substantially higher than that in controls (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HPV16 infection mediates tumor-associated macrophages to promote ESCC invasion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yuan
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China
| | - K Liu
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China
| | - A Z Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China
| | - X L Wang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China
| | - C H Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China
| | - W H Liang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China
| | - H J Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China
| | - L J Pang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China
| | - L Yang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China
| | - Y Qi
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China
| | - Q Zheng
- 69245 Military Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 831500, China
| | - F Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China.,Department of Pathology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 10020, China
| | - J M Hu
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi , Xinjiang , 832000, China.
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Rui XD, Sha YQ, Wen S, Sun QY, Hu JM, Yan FF, He LP, Xie GH. Serum level of IL-10 and IL-10-1082G/A polymorphism are associated with the risk of ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2020; 34:1445-1449. [PMID: 32907316 DOI: 10.23812/20-186-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X D Rui
- Department of Rehabilitation, Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Q Sha
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Wen
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q Y Sun
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J M Hu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - F F Yan
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - L P He
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - G H Xie
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Ge FF, Yang XQ, Chen YX, Huang HL, Shen XC, Li Y, Hu JM. Application of Eye Tracker in Lie Detection. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2020; 36:229-232. [PMID: 32530172 DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the application value of eye tracking in lie detection. Methods The 40 subjects were randomly divided into two groups. The pupil diameter, fixation duration, points of fixation and blink frequency of the subjects in the experimental group in observing target stimulation and non-target stimulation were recorded with eye tracker after they accomplished the mock crime. The eye movement parameters of subjects in the control group were directly collected. The differences in eye movement parameters of the experimental group and the control group in observing target stimulation and non-target stimulation were analyzed by t-test. Pearson coefficient analysis of correlation between eye movement parameters that had differences was conducted. The effectiveness of eye movement parameters to distinguish between the experimental group and the control group was calculated by the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Participants from the experimental group had shorter average pupil diameter, longer average fixation duration and fewer fixation points (P<0.05), but the differences in blink frequency had no statistical significance. The differences in the above indicators of the control group in observing target stimulation and non-target stimulation had no statistical significance. The average fixation duration showed a negative correlation with fixation points (r=-0.255, P<0.05); the average fixation duration showed a negative correlation with average pupil diameter (r=-0.218, P<0.05); the fixation points showed a positive correlation with average pupil diameter (r=0.09, P<0.05). The area under the curve of average pupil diameter, average fixation duration and fixation points was 0.603, 0.621 and 0.580, respectively. Conclusion The average pupil diameter, average fixation duration and fixation points obtained by the eye tracker under laboratory conditions can be used to detect lies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Ge
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - X Q Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Y X Chen
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - H L Huang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - X C Shen
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Y Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - J M Hu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
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Irwin J, Lindemann S, Maeng W, Wang JJ, Vaithyanathan V, Hu JM, Chen LQ, Schlom DG, Eom CB, Rzchowski MS. Magnetoelectric Coupling by Piezoelectric Tensor Design. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19158. [PMID: 31844071 PMCID: PMC6914799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain-coupled magnetoelectric (ME) phenomena in piezoelectric/ferromagnetic thin-film bilayers are a promising paradigm for sensors and information storage devices, where strain manipulates the magnetization of the ferromagnetic film. In-plane magnetization rotation with an electric field across the film thickness has been challenging due to the large reduction of in-plane piezoelectric strain by substrate clamping, and in two-terminal devices, the requirement of anisotropic in-plane strain. Here we show that these limitations can be overcome by designing the piezoelectric strain tensor using the boundary interaction between biased and unbiased piezoelectric. We fabricated 500 nm thick, (001) oriented [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.7-[PbTiO3]0.3 (PMN-PT) unclamped piezoelectric membranes with ferromagnetic Ni overlayers. Guided by analytical and numerical continuum elastic calculations, we designed and fabricated two-terminal devices exhibiting electric field-driven Ni magnetization rotation. We develop a method that can apply designed strain patterns to many other materials systems to control properties such as superconductivity, band topology, conductivity, and optical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Irwin
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - S Lindemann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - W Maeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - J J Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States
| | - V Vaithyanathan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - J M Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - L Q Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States
| | - D G Schlom
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - C B Eom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - M S Rzchowski
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States.
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Yue XY, Feng ZQ, Yu XY, Hu JM, He XJ, Shu S. Fire-needle acupuncture for upper limb spastic paralysis after stroke: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. J Integr Med 2019; 17:167-172. [PMID: 30922849 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fire-needle acupuncture, an important kind of acupuncture therapy, has been clinically used to treat upper limb spastic paralysis (ULSP) after stroke. Clinical experience has indicated that fire-needle acupuncture treatment takes less time, requires fewer visits, and has more rapid results and fewer side effects compared to chemical medicine alternatives. This study will evaluate the effects of fire-needle acupuncture for ULSP in the context of standardized clinical research and provide high-quality data to inform clinical procedures and future study design. METHODS/DESIGN A randomized controlled trial will be carried out to evaluate the effects of fire-needle acupuncture therapy in patients with ULSP from stroke. ULSP patients (n = 120) will be recruited at Changhai Hospital in Shanghai, China. Patients will be randomly divided into three groups, including fire-needle acupuncture group (FAG), filiform-needle acupuncture group (FFAG) and rehabilitation treatment group (RTG). During the 3-week treatment, the FAG will be treated every two days, while FFAG and RTG will be treated 5 d in a row and then rest for 2 d. The Simplified Fugl-Meyer Motor Function Scale and Modified Ashworth Scale will be used as the primary outcome measures. Statistical analysis will be conducted by an independent statistician. DISCUSSION Through this study, the utility of fire-needle acupuncture in treating ULSP after stroke will be tested, and some specific claims of fire-needle acupuncture therapy will be evaluated, such as relieving spasm and muscular tension, improving activities of daily living, rapidity of response and less frequency of treatment compared with other treatments. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (identifier: ChiCTR-IOR-17013875; registration date: 28 December 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Yue
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Zhuo-Qi Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Xi-Yi Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Jia-Min Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Xiao-Jing He
- Beijing He's SanTong Acupuncture and Fire-needle Moxibustion Clinic, Beijing 100032, China.
| | - Shi Shu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200082, China; Basic Medical School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China.
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Huang HW, Liu D, Hu JM, Xu SY, Zhuo SM, Liu YG, Zhao M. Application of Nonlinear Optical Microscopic Imaging Technology for Quality Assessment of Donor Kidneys. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:3128-3134. [PMID: 30577178 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonlinear optical microscopic (NLOM) imaging technique shows its high resolution imaging features in histocytology. The purpose of this study was to investigate NLOM imaging technique as a useful tool for a donor kidney quality assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-three pretransplant kidney biopsies from adult donors were analyzed retrospectively. Each specimen was paraffin-embedded and sectioned into 2 consecutive 5-μm thick sections. One section was stained with Masson trichrome, and the other was left unstained for NLOM imaging using second harmonic generation combined with two-photon excited fluorescence (SHG/TPEF). The pretransplant kidney quality was assessed by an experienced pathologist using the Remuzzi scoring system, which characterizes renal tissue morphology into 4 aspects: tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis, and vascular injury. The K coefficient was used to measure the consistency of the Remuzzi scores between conventional Masson trichrome stained images and SHG/TPEF images. RESULTS NLOM imaging technology can capture high-resolution tissue images from unstained renal tissue, is easy to operate, and shortens time-consuming histological processing procedures. No significant differences (P > .05) were found between the Remuzzi scores of the SHG/TPEF images and the Masson trichrome stained images. The high κ coefficients (0.804-0.895) showed a good consistency between these 2 techniques. CONCLUSION The NLOM technique is suitable for renal tissue imaging and could potentially be used for routine pretransplant kidney evaluation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Huang
- Department of Transplantation, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, NanNing, China
| | - D Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J M Hu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S Y Xu
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, Computational and System Biology Program, Singapore
| | - S M Zhuo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Y G Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - M Zhao
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhao C, Hu JM, Guo DJ. [Diagnostic value of D-dimer combined with Wells score for suspected pulmonary embolism]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2018; 50:828-832. [PMID: 30337743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the value of conventional and age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value combined with 2-level Wells score for diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism. METHODS In the study, 335 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism who visited Peking University People's Hospital were enrolled retrospectively, then 274 patients with age over fifty years were chosen. The 2-level Wells score was applied to evaluate the clinical probability of pulmonary embolism, the diagnostic value of traditional D-dimer cut-off value (500 μg/L) and age adjusted D-dimer cut-off value (age×10 μg/L above 50 years) combined with Wells score no greater than 4 were compared. Computed tomography pulmonary arteriography (CTPA) was considered as the gold standard for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. RESULTS (1) The area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) in analysis of the combination of Wells score no greater than 4 and traditional D-dimer cut-off value was 0.764 (95%CI: 0.703-0.818). On the other hand, the AUC in a ROC analysis of the combination of Wells Score no greater than 4 and age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value was 0.814 (95%CI:0.756-0.863). These two results did not differ statistically (Z=0.05, P=0.121). (2) The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and Youden index of the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism of the combination of traditional D-dimer cut-off value and 2-level Wells Score were 100%, 48.9%, 28.8%, 100%, and 0.49, respectively. Meanwhile, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and Youden index of the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism of the combination of age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value and 2-level Wells Score were 97.4%, 62.3%, 35.5%, 99.1%, and 0.60, respectively. Compared with using traditional D-dimer cut-off value, using age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value could improve the diagnosis specificity (traditional D-dimer cut-off value group: 48.9%, age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value group: 62.3%) of pulmonary embolism without reducing the sensitivity (traditional D-dimer cut-off value group: 100%, age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value group: 99.1%). (3) Among the 222 patients with Wells Score no greater than 4, 90 patients were with D-dimer less than traditional cut-off value (500 μg/L), and 25 patients (account for 11.3% of all 222 patients) were with D-dimer between traditional cut-off value and age-adjusted cut-off value. CONCLUSION The application of age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value can improve the diagnostic specificity of pulmonary embolism in patients over 50 years, without reducing the sensitivity. It can be used for ruling out suspected pulmonary embolism safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhao
- Heart Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; Heart Center, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, China
| | - J M Hu
- Heart Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - D J Guo
- Heart Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the role and the underlying mechanism of miR-221 in Parkinson's Disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS To perform our investigation, a PD cell model was created by using 6-OHDA. Cell viability and proliferation assays, and flow cytometry analysis were performed to detect cell viability and apoptosis. The qRT-PCR and western blotting were used for gene and protein level detection. RESULTS We found that the expression of miRNA-221 is significantly lower in 6-OHDA treated PC12 pheochromocytoma cells compared to the normal cells. The results of further analysis indicated that miR-221 mimic significantly promoted the cell viability and proliferation of PC12 cells treated with 6-OHDA. MiR-221 mimic significantly inhibited 6-OHDA-treated PC12 cells from apoptosis. These effects were eliminated by PTEN over-expression. We also revealed that PTEN was a direct target gene of miR-221. Moreover, we found miR-221 mimic significantly promoted the phosphorylation of AKT in PC12 cells treated with 6-OHDA, and over-expression of PTEN could eliminate this effect. CONCLUSIONS MiR-221 plays a protective role in Parkinson's Disease via regulating PC12 cell viability and apoptosis by targeting PTEN. Therefore, miR-221 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease treatment (Fig. 3, Ref. 27).
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Liu WY, Yu Q, Yue HM, Zhang JB, Li L, Wang XY, Hu JM, Feng T, Pu JY, Bai X. [The distribution characteristics of etiology of chronic cough in Lanzhou]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2016; 39:362-7. [PMID: 27180590 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the distribution characteristics of etiology and clinical feature of chronic cough in Lanzhou. METHODS Based on the guidelines of the diagnostic process of chronic cough in China, data of medical history and physical examinations were collected, and chest X-ray, pulmonary function plus airway hyperresponsiveness, induced sputum eosinophils, sinus X-ray or CT, 24 h esophageal pH monitoring, chest high-resolution CT and bronchoscopy were performed accordingly for outpatients with chronic cough. The cause of chronic cough was identified by the test results and treatment response. The results were compared with those reported previously in other areas of China. RESULTS A total of 173 patients with completed data were collected, including 90 males and 83 females.The causes were as follows: 45 cases (26.01%) of cough variant asthma, 35 (20.23%) upper airway cough syndrome, 20 (11.56%) allergic cough, 17 (9.83%) chronic pharyngitis, 14 (8.09%) gastroesophageal reflux, 14 (8.09%)postinfectious, 13 (7.51%) eosinophilic bronchitis, 8 (4.62%) chronic bronchitis, 4 (2.31%) cough associated with ACEI, 3 (1.73%) bronchial tuberculosis, 2 (1.16%) pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiectasis repectively. The causes of the remaining 14 patients (8.09%)were unknown. The causes of chronic cough were identified in 159 patients (91.91%), of which 141 (88.68%) with a single cause and 18(11.32%)with more than 2 etiological factors.The percentage of cough variant asthma in our series was significantly higher than that reported in Guangzhou (13.6%, χ(2)=5.60, P=0.018, P<0.05), but lower than that reported in Shenyang (39.4%, χ(2)=7.91, P=0, 004, P<0.01). The percentage of allergic cough was higher than that reported in Beijing (3.3%, χ(2)=6.66, P=0.010, P<0.05), and that of eosinophilic bronchitis was lower than those reported in Guangzhou(22.4%, χ(2)=22.38, P=0.000, P<0.01) and Shenyang (12.5%, χ(2)=8.09, P=0.005, P<0.01). The percentage of esophageal reflux cough was lower than that reported in Beijing (20.3%, χ(2)=9.40, P=0.002, P<0.01) but higher than that reported in Shenyang (1.9%, χ(2)=3.98, P=0.036, P<0.05). CONCLUSION In Lanzhou, cough variant asthma, upper airway cough syndrome, allergic cough, chronic pharyngitis and gastroesophageal reflux were the main causes of chronic cough, and the etiological distribution was different from Guangzhou, Beijing, Shenyang and other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Wang JJ, Hu JM, Peng RC, Gao Y, Shen Y, Chen LQ, Nan CW. Magnetization Reversal by Out-of-plane Voltage in BiFeO3-based Multiferroic Heterostructures. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10459. [PMID: 25995062 PMCID: PMC4773698 DOI: 10.1038/srep10459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage controlled 180° magnetization reversal has been achieved in BiFeO3-based multiferroic heterostructures, which is promising for the future development of low-power spintronic devices. However, all existing reports involve the use of an in-plane voltage that is unfavorable for practical device applications. Here, we investigate, using phase-field simulations, the out-of-plane (i.e., perpendicular to heterostructures) voltage controlled magnetism in heterostructures consisting of CoFe nanodots and (110) BiFeO3 thin film or island. It is predicted that the in-plane component of the canted magnetic moment at the CoFe/BiFeO3 interface can be reversed repeatedly by applying a perpendicular voltage across the bottom (110) BiFeO3 thin film, which further leads to an in-plane magnetization reversal in the overlaying CoFe nanodot. The non-volatility of such perpendicular voltage controlled magnetization reversal can be achieved by etching the continuous BiFeO3 film into isolated nanoislands with the same in-plane sizes as the CoFe nanodot. The findings would provide general guidelines for future experimental and engineering efforts on developing the electric-field controlled spintronic devices with BiFeO3-based multiferroic heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Wang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - J M Hu
- 1] State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China [2] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Ren-Ci Peng
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Y Gao
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Y Shen
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - L Q Chen
- 1] State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China [2] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - C W Nan
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Wang JJ, Hu JM, Yang TN, Feng M, Zhang JX, Chen LQ, Nan CW. Effect of strain on voltage-controlled magnetism in BiFeO₃-based heterostructures. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4553. [PMID: 24686503 PMCID: PMC3971450 DOI: 10.1038/srep04553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-modulated magnetism in magnetic/BiFeO3 heterostructures can be driven by a combination of the intrinsic ferroelectric-antiferromagnetic coupling in BiFeO3 and the antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic exchange interaction across the heterointerface. However, ferroelectric BiFeO3 film is also ferroelastic, thus it is possible to generate voltage-induced strain in BiFeO3 that could be applied onto the magnetic layer across the heterointerface and modulate magnetism through magnetoelastic coupling. Here, we investigated, using phase-field simulations, the role of strain in voltage-controlled magnetism for these BiFeO3-based heterostructures. It is predicted, under certain condition, coexistence of strain and exchange interaction will result in a pure voltage-driven 180° magnetization reversal in BiFeO3-based heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Wang
- 1] State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China [2]
| | - J M Hu
- 1] State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China [2] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA [3]
| | - T N Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - M Feng
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - J X Zhang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - L Q Chen
- 1] State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China [2] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - C W Nan
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Hu JM, Li L, Chen YZ, Pang LJ, Yang L, Liu CX, Zhao J, Chang B, Zou H, Qi Y, Liang WH, Li F. Human papillomavirus type 16 infection may be involved in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma carcinogenesis in Chinese Kazakh patients. Dis Esophagus 2013; 26:703-7. [PMID: 23607265 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) prevalence in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Xinjiang Kazakh patients and its role in ESCC carcinogenesis. One hundred and fifty cases of ESCC and 150 cases of corresponding normal esophageal mucosa (CNGM) samples were collected from north Xinjiang where the Kazakh ethnic group has lived since ancient times. HPV16 infection in ESCC and CNGM was detected by genotype-specific polymerase chain reaction. HPV16 DNA was detected in 55 of 150 ESCC samples (36.7%) and 24 of 150 corresponding normal esophageal mucosa samples (16%) with significant differences (P < 0.001, odds ratio = 3.039, 95% confidence interval: 1.756-5.260). No statistically significant correlations were found between HPV16 infection and the age or gender of patients, tumor site, tumor cell differentiation, or lymph node metastasis (P > 0.05). HPV16 infection is common in cases of ESCC in the Kazakh ethnic group in Xinjiang and may be involved in ESCC carcinogenesis.
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Shen J, Fan L, Yang J, Shen AG, Hu JM. A longitudinal Raman microspectroscopic study of osteoporosis induced by spinal cord injury. Osteoporos Int 2010; 21:81-7. [PMID: 19436936 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-009-0949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A longitudinal study was established to investigate bone compositional information in spinal cord injury (SCI) rat model. METHODS Raman spectroscopy was applied to detect the distal femur and humeri of SCI, sham-operated (SO), and age-matched control (CON) male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at first, second, third, and fifth weeks after surgery. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post hoc multiple comparison tests were used to analyze the longitudinal data of mineral to matrix ratio and carbonate substitution. RESULTS Relative mineral decrease was found in SCI group by more than 20% in femur and approximately 12% in humeri compared with CON group. No significant changes in carbonate substitution were observed. CONCLUSIONS Severe bone loss in the early stage of SCI was confirmed by a continuous decrease of the mineral to collagen matrix ratio. The decrease in the humeri suggested hormone level variations might participate in the etiology of SCI-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Huang SP, Wu DS, Hu JM, Zhang H, Xie Z, Hu H, Cheng WD. First-principles study: size-dependent optical properties for semiconducting silicon carbide nanotubes. Opt Express 2007; 15:10947-10957. [PMID: 19547452 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.010947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using first-principles calculations, we investigate the effect of tube size on optical properties of the zigzag, armchair, and chiral SiC nanotubes. The results indicate that the optical spectra of SiC nanotubes are dependent on the diameter and chirality, and that optical anisotropy is observed for different light polarizations. For a given chirality of SiCNTs, redshifts or blueshifts of the peaks in the dielectric function and energy loss function with increasing tube diameter are possible due to the competition between the size effect and pi orbitals overlapping, and the shifts become smaller as the tube diameter increases. The unusual optical properties of semiconducting SiC nanotubes present an opportunity for applications in electro-optical devices.
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Huang YH, Tseng SP, Hu JM, Tsai JC, Hsueh PR, Teng LJ. Clonal spread of SCCmec type IV methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between community and hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:717-24. [PMID: 17403129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The staphylococcal chromosome cassette (SCC)mec types of 382 hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) isolates in Taiwan were analysed over a 7-year period (1999-2005). There was an abrupt increase in SCCmec type IV in HA-MRSA during 2005. The molecular epidemiology of a subset (n = 69) of HA-MRSA isolates with SCCmec types III, IV or V was characterised and compared with that of community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) (n = 26, collected during 2005). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed three major pulsotypes (A, B and C) and 15 minor clones. Pulsotypes B and C, which contained isolates carrying SCCmec types IV and V, respectively, included both CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA isolates. Among 24 toxin genes analysed, five genes had significant differential distribution between CA-MRSA and SCCmec type III HA-MRSA. Furthermore, among SCCmec type IV isolates, the seb gene was detected more commonly in HA-MRSA. Analysis of representative members of the three major pulsotypes by multilocus sequence typing revealed two sequence types (STs), namely ST239 (SCCmecIII) and ST59 (SCCmecIV or SCCmecV). This suggests that ST59:SCCmecIV, which is usually community-acquired, has become an important nosocomial pathogen in the hospital studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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24
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Chan JK, Urban R, Hu JM, Shin JY, Husain A, Teng NN, Berek JS, Osann K, Kapp DS. The potential therapeutic role of lymph node resection in epithelial ovarian cancer: a study of 13918 patients. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1817-22. [PMID: 17519907 PMCID: PMC2359970 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to determine the role of lymphadenectomy in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. The data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program reported between 1988 and 2001. Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for analysis. Of 13 918 women with stage III–IV epithelial ovarian cancer (median age: 64 years), 87.9% were Caucasian, 5.6% African Americans, and 4.4% Asians. A total of 4260 (30.6%) underwent lymph node dissections with a median number of six nodes reported. For all patients, a more extensive lymph node dissection (0, 1, 2–5, 6–10, 11–20, and >20 nodes) was associated with an improved 5-year disease-specific survival of 26.1, 35.2, 42.6, 48.4, 47.5, and 47.8%, respectively (P<0.001). Of the stage IIIC patients with nodal metastases, the extent of nodal resection (1, 2–5, 6–10, 11–20, and >20 nodes) was associated with improved survivals of 36.9, 45.0, 47.8, 48.7, and 51.1%, respectively (P=0.023). On multivariate analysis, the extent of lymph node dissection and number of positive nodes were significant independent prognosticators after adjusting for age, year at diagnosis, stage, and grade of disease. The extent of lymphadenectomy is associated with an improved disease-specific survival of women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Chan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, 1600 Divisadero Street, Box 1702, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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25
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Forrest AP, Lovelock ND, Hu JM, Fletcher SN. The impact of intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography on an unselected cardiac surgical population: a review of 2343 cases. Anaesth Intensive Care 2002; 30:734-41. [PMID: 12500510 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0203000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) has an established role in the management of some cardiac surgical procedures, there is little data on its impact on coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) cases that are stratified for clinical risk. This is a retrospective review of the surgical impact of intraoperative TOE on 2,343 unselected cardiac cases. The surgical impact of TOE findings were rated E (essential)--resulted in changes to the proposed surgical procedure or V (valuable)--the surgical technique for the planned surgery was altered. The surgical impact that routine TOE had on low-, medium- and high-risk CABG cases was also examined. The surgical impact of TOE for the total study population (E + V) was 4.5%. The impact was greatest in combined CABG + mitral valve procedures (18%). The impact in CABG cases was 3.5% overall, with an estimated impact in low-risk patients of 2.8% (95% CI. 2.7-3.0%) versus 6.7% (95% CI. 5.9-7.7%) in high-risk cases. The commonest E-impact in CABG patients was unscheduled valve surgery (2.6% of high-risk patients). The complication rate attributable to TOE was 0.09%. These findings provide indirect evidence for a potential patient benefit from the routine use of TOE in cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Forrest
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, N.S.W. 2050
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26
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Ye Y, Hu JM, Zeng Y. [Spectral study on five complexes derived from D-glucosamine and their effect on DNA]. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 2001; 21:623-626. [PMID: 12945313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Complexes CuGlu, ZnGlu, NiGlu, Fe(III) Glu, Co(III) Glu where Glu is d-glucosamine have been synthesized. The effects of these compounds on DNA have been studied by the UV-Vis, fluorescence and SERS methods. The possible active ways of these complexes with DNA have been discussed. The results show that the adsorbed state of these complexes on silver sols are similar, and that CuGlu, Co(III) Glu have strong interactions with DNA. Their acting ways on DNA are different. It is worth to do a further research on these compounds as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ye
- Department of Analysis-Measurement Science, Wuhan University, Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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27
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Hu JM, Ikemura R, Chang KT, Suzuki M, Nishihara M, Takahashi M. Expression of cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase mRNA in rat mammary gland. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:829-34. [PMID: 10993179 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous report demonstrated that high concentration of taurine is present in rat milk for the first few days of lactation and plays an important role in the body growth of rat pups. In the present study, gene expression of rate-limiting enzyme for taurine biosynthesis, cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSD) were examined in rat mammary gland. By RT-PCR, CSD mRNA was found to be expressed in rat mammary gland like that in the liver. The expression level of CSD mRNA in the mammary gland was higher in the earlier lactational stage (days 1 and 6 of lactation) than that in the later lactational stage (day 14). CSD mRNA expression in the mammary gland of non-pregnant rats was only a trace level. By in situ hybridization analysis, CSD mRNA was demonstrated in the epithelial cells of the mammary gland. These results suggest that high concentrations of taurine in the milk are at least partially resulted from de novo synthesis of taurine in mammary gland epithelial cells and that the expression pattern of CSD mRNA may be responsible for the changes in taurine levels in the milk during a lactational period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The physiological significance of taurine in milk in the growth of rat pups was investigated. Our results confirmed that taurine was at an exceptionally high concentration in rat milk during the lactational period, especially for the first few days after birth. Pups taking no milk from natural dams but from foster mothers at an advanced lactational period showed a slower growth rate. Intraperitoneal administration of taurine to the foster mothers in the first five days restored this growth retardation. On the other hand, intraperitoneal administration of beta-alanine, a transport antagonist of taurine, to the natural dams through the lactational period induced a slower growth rate of pups. This beta-alanine treatment to dams increased beta-alanine concentration, but did not decrease taurine concentrations in milk, and serum taurine concentration in the pups receiving this milk was elevated. Direct administration of beta-alanine to pups also increased the serum taurine concentrations dose-dependently. Beta-alanine administration to pups significantly decreased [3H]taurine incorporation into all the organs examined, and in contrast. [3H]taurine concentrations in serum and urine were elevated. Thus, beta-alanine inhibited taurine incorporation into cells and accelerated taurine excretion into either urine or milk. Serum IGF-I levels in pups receiving beta-alanine either directly or via their mothers was significantly lower than those in control pups. Cumulatively, taurine ingestion from milk at an early lactational period seems critical for normal growth of rat neonates due to its role in maintaining normal serum IGF-I levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Sanderson MJ, Wojciechowski MF, Hu JM, Khan TS, Brady SG. Error, bias, and long-branch attraction in data for two chloroplast photosystem genes in seed plants. Mol Biol Evol 2000; 17:782-97. [PMID: 10779539 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequences of two chloroplast photosystem genes, psaA and psbB, together comprising about 3,500 bp, were obtained for all five major groups of extant seed plants and several outgroups among other vascular plants. Strongly supported, but significantly conflicting, phylogenetic signals were obtained in parsimony analyses from partitions of the data into first and second codon positions versus third positions. In the former, both genes agreed on a monophyletic gymnosperms, with Gnetales closely related to certain conifers. In the latter, Gnetales are inferred to be the sister group of all other seed plants, with gymnosperms paraphyletic. None of the data supported the modern "anthophyte hypothesis," which places Gnetales as the sister group of flowering plants. A series of simulation studies were undertaken to examine the error rate for parsimony inference. Three kinds of errors were examined: random error, systematic bias (both properties of finite data sets), and statistical inconsistency owing to long-branch attraction (an asymptotic property). Parsimony reconstructions were extremely biased for third-position data for psbB. Regardless of the true underlying tree, a tree in which Gnetales are sister to all other seed plants was likely to be reconstructed for these data. None of the combinations of genes or partitions permits the anthophyte tree to be reconstructed with high probability. Simulations of progressively larger data sets indicate the existence of long-branch attraction (statistical inconsistency) for third-position psbB data if either the anthophyte tree or the gymnosperm tree is correct. This is also true for the anthophyte tree using either psaA third positions or psbB first and second positions. A factor contributing to bias and inconsistency is extremely short branches at the base of the seed plant radiation, coupled with extremely high rates in Gnetales and nonseed plant outgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sanderson
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, 95616, USA.
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Hu JM, Lavin M, Wojciechowski MF, Sanderson MJ. Phylogenetic systematics of the tribe Millettieae (Leguminosae) based on chloroplast trnK/matK sequences and its implications for evolutionary patterns in Papilionoideae. Am J Bot 2000; 87:418-430. [PMID: 10719003 DOI: 10.2307/2656638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Millettieae and allies in the subfamily Papilionoideae (Leguminosae) were reconstructed from chloroplast trnK/matK sequences. Sixty-two accessions representing 57 traditionally recognized genera of Papilionoideae were sampled, including 27 samples from Millettieae. Phylogenies were constructed using maximum parsimony and are well resolved and supported by high bootstrap values. A well-supported "core Millettieae" clade is recognized, comprising the four large genera Millettia, Lonchocarpus, Derris, and Tephrosia. Several other small genera of Millettieae are not in the core Millettieae clade. Platycyamus is grouped with Phaseoleae (in part). Ostryocarpus, Austrosteenisia, and Dalbergiella are neither in the core Millettieae or Phaseoleae clade. These taxa, along with core Millettieae and Phaseoleae, form a monophyletic sister group to Indigofereae. Cyclolobium and Poecilanthe are close to Brongniartieae. Callerya and Wisteria belong to a large clade that includes all the legumes that lack the inverted repeat in their chloroplast genome, which confirms previous rbcL and phytochrome gene family phylogenies. The evolutionary history of four characters was examined in Millettieae and allies: the presence of canavanine, inflorescence types, the dehiscence of pods, and the presence of winged pods. trnK/matK sequence analysis suggests that the presence of a pseudoraceme or pseudopanicle and the accumulation of nonprotein amino acids are phylogenetically informative for Millettieae and allies with only a few exceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hu
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
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Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of pSW200 of Erwinia stewartii SW2 was determined. This plasmid is 4367 bp long, consisting of four mobilization genes, mobCABD, and an origin of replication homologous to those of ColE1-type plasmids. The plasmid also contains a region of forty-one 15-bp repeats. Deleting this region does not affect the stability or the copy number when maintained as sole plasmid in the cell. However, the plasmid is rapidly lost when a homoplasmid with the intact repeat region is introduced into the cell. The function of this region may provide pSW200 an advantage in competing with an incompatible plasmid in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Abstract
All steroid hormone receptors are phosphorylated and undergo hormone-induced hyperphosphorylation. Most phosphorylated residues identified so far are serines in the N-terminal domain. Other residues and domains may also be phosphorylated, e.g. the estrogen receptor is phosphorylated on tyrosine in the hormone-binding domain. Many sites lie in consensus sequences for proline-directed, cell cycle-associated kinases. In some receptors hyperphosphorylation is induced by hormone antagonists as well as agonists, and leads to new phosphorylated sites. With glucocorticoid receptors, hyperphosphorylation is specific for glucocorticoid agonists, follows receptor activation and produces no new sites. Rate studies suggest that hyperphosphorylation is due to accelerated phosphorylation rather than delayed dephosphorylation. Evidence to date indicates that steroid hormone receptor phosphorylation serves not as an on-off switch but modulates function more subtly. Mutations of phosphorylated sites to alanine have been found to decrease activity by 0 to 90%, depending on mutated site, cell type, reporter gene and hormone concentration. With glucocorticoid receptors, some alanine mutants are up to 75% less active in hormone-induced transactivation of certain reporter genes. They are also inactive in hormone-induced repression of transcription of their own gene and down regulation of the receptor protein. Furthermore, they are much less sensitive to degradation. Both basal phosphorylation and hormone-dependent hyperphosphorylation of these receptors are cell cycle-dependent, basal phosphorylation being low in S phase and high in G2/M and hyperphosphorylation the reverse, suggesting a causal relation to the cell cycle-dependence of glucocorticoid activity reported with several cell lines. Hyperphosphorylation appears to be regulated by basal phosphorylation through negative charge in the N-terminal domain, which in S phase is relatively low and permits hyperphosphorylation, but in G2/M is relatively high and blocks hyperphosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Bodwell
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Hu JM, Bodwell JE, Munck A. Control by basal phosphorylation of cell cycle-dependent, hormone-induced glucocorticoid receptor hyperphosphorylation. Mol Endocrinol 1997; 11:305-11. [PMID: 9058377 DOI: 10.1210/mend.11.3.9896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are phosphorylated in the N-terminal domain at serine/ threonine residues, most lying in consensus sequences for cell cycle-associated kinases. Glucocorticoid agonists, but not antagonists, induce hyperphosphorylation. Phosphorylation of GRs overexpressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is cell cycle-dependent: basal phosphorylation in S phase is one third that in G2/M; glucocorticoids induce hyperphosphorylation in S but not G2/M, paralleling the reported sensitivity in S and resistance in G2/M of proliferating cells to transcriptional activation by glucocorticoids. This parallel led us to investigate what controls hyperphosphorylation. We tested three hypotheses: hyperphosphorylation is controlled by 1) negative charge due to basal GR phosphorylation, being permitted in S by low charge and blocked in G2/M by high charge; 2) presence in S and absence in G2/M of required kinases; 3) availability in S and lack in G2/M of unoccupied phosphorylatable sites. Our results are inconsistent with 2) and 3), but strongly support 1). GR mutants with alanines (A7GR) or glutamates (E7GR) replacing all but one phosphorylated site were overexpressed in CHO cells. Serine 122 remained intact to report GR phosphorylation. Consistent with hypothesis 1, with A7GRs hormone-induced hyperphosphorylation occurred in both S and G2/M (thus revealing kinase activity for hyperphosphorylation of at least serine 122 in both phases), whereas with E7GRs it occurred in neither phase. We conclude that basal GR phosphorylation controls hormone-induced GR hyperphosphorylation by modulating negative charge in the N-terminal domain and could potentially control other cell cycle-dependent GR properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hu
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756-0001, USA
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Bodwell JE, Hu JM, Hu LM, Munck A. Glucocorticoid receptors: ATP and cell cycle dependence, phosphorylation, and hormone resistance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:S2-6. [PMID: 8756779 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/154.2_pt_2.s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J E Bodwell
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756-0001, USA
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Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is phosphorylated in its basal state, and rapidly undergoes hormone-induced hyperphosphorylation after binding glucocorticoids. Previously, we have identified seven phosphorylated sites in the mouse GR. Most of the sites are located in the regions of the N-terminal domain that are necessary for maximum transcriptional activity and reduce nonspecific binding to DNA. Using WCL2 cells, which overexpress mouse GRs, we now quantitate hormone-induced hyperphosphorylation at each of these sites. Addition of triamcinolone acetonide to WCL2 cells results in significant hyperphosphorylation at the majority of the sites. The hyperphosphorylation ratio, i.e. the 32P incorporation into GRs from hormone-treated cells divided by 32P incorporation into GRs from untreated cells, was above 1.0 for all sites but serine 150 and threonine 159. Serine 220 displays marked hormone dependence, with a ratio of 3. For most sites the ratio was about 1.5. Hormone-induced hyperphosphorylation not only increases the charge at selected phosphorylated sites but also provides a substantial increase in the overall negative charge around the region of the N-terminal domain that is involved in transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Bodwell
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756-0001
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36
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Abstract
Proliferating cells display striking cell cycle dependence in sensitivity to gene activation by glucocorticoids; they are sensitive in late gap 1/synthesis (G1/S) (late G1 and S phases) but resistant in gap 2/mitotic (G2/M). Here we describe large cell cycle-dependent variations in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) phosphorylation that accompany, and may account for, the changes in sensitivity. GRs are basally phosphorylated and undergo hyperphosphorylation after hormone-induced activation. Identified phosphorylated sites are all in the N-terminal domain. Several lie in a region required for full transactivating activity and reduction of nonspecific binding to DNA. Most are in consensus sequences for cell cycle-associated kinases, suggesting that such kinases phosphorylate GRs. We now show with WCL2 cells (Chinese hamster ovary cells with overexpressed GRs) that: 1) glucocorticoid treatment fails to hyperphosphorylate GRs in G2/M but doubles phosphorylation in S, more than seen with unsynchronized cells; and 2) basal GR phosphorylation is almost three times higher in G2/M than S. These results, along with earlier observations, implicate GR phosphorylation with mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance in G2/M. Such mechanisms might underlie some forms of glucocorticoid resistance in inflammatory and lymphoproliferative diseases. HPLC phosphopeptide maps of GRs from S and G2/M reveal no significant qualitative differences in phosphorylated sites, consistent with a general increase during G2/M in negative charge of the N-terminal domain. We also show that the previously described increase in GR hormone-binding capacity from G1 to S is accompanied by a parallel increase in GR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hu
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
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Hu LM, Bodwell J, Hu JM, Ortí E, Munck A. Glucocorticoid receptors in ATP-depleted cells. Dephosphorylation, loss of hormone binding, HSP90 dissociation, and ATP-dependent cycling. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:6571-7. [PMID: 8120009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dependence of hormone binding to glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) on cellular ATP levels suggested that GRs traverse an ATP-dependent cycle, and without ATP accumulate in forms that cannot bind hormone. Such "null" receptors (NRs) were identified in ATP-depleted WEHI-7 cells, where they are tightly associated with the nuclear fraction and partly dephosphorylated. With WCL2 cells (Chinese hamster ovary cells with overexpressed GRs) depleted of ATP with azide, we have now identified dephosphorylated sites on NRs, studied possible roles of phosphorylation using GR mutants, and measured association with the 90-kDa heat shock protein (hsp90). Most NRs in WCL2 cells are dephosphorylated at serines 220 and 234, but GRs with those serines mutated to alanines do not resemble NRs since they bind hormone. They do not associate strongly with nuclei. On azide treatment, however, mutated GRs lose hormone binding capacity faster than normal GRs. Association of hsp90 (and presumably other heat shock proteins) with cytosolic GRs is drastically reduced by azide treatment, sufficient to account for decreased hormone binding. We conclude that: (a) dephosphorylation of GRs does not yield NRs, but may weaken association with hsp90. (b) The postulated ATP-dependent GR cycle can be accounted for by dissociation, and ATP-dependent reconstitution, of GR-hsp90 complexes. (c) ATP depletion blocks reconstitution of complexes. Uncomplexed GRs may accumulate as one form of NR; they are probably also the precursors for other forms of NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Hu
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756-0001
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Abstract
The dependence of hormone binding to glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) on cellular ATP levels led us to propose that GRs normally traverse an ATP-dependent cycle, possibly involving receptor phosphorylation, and that without ATP they accumulate in a form that cannot bind hormone. We identified such a form, the null receptor, in ATP-depleted cells. GRs are basally phosphorylated, and become hyperphosphorylated after treatment with hormone (but not RU486). In mouse receptors we have identified 7 phosphorylated sites, all in the N-terminal domain. Most are on serines and lie within a transactivation region. The time-course of hormone-induced hyperphosphorylation indicates that the primary substrates for hyperphosphorylation are the activated receptors; unliganded and hormone-liganded nonactivated receptors become hyperphosphorylated more slowly. After dissociation of substrates for hyperphosphorylation are the activated receptors; unliganded and hormone-liganded nonactivated receptors become hyperphosphorylated more slowly. After dissociation of hormone, most receptors appear to be recycled and reutilized in hyperphosphorylated form. From these and related observations, we have concluded that the postulated ATP-dependent cycle can be accounted for by hormone-induced or spontaneous dissociation of receptor-Hsp90 complexes, followed by reassociation of unliganded receptors with Hsp90 via an ATP-dependent reaction like that demonstrated in cell-free systems. Other steroid hormone receptors might traverse a similar cycle. Four of the 7 phosphorylated sites in the N-terminal domain are in consensus sequences for p34cdc2 kinases important in cell cycle regulation. This observation, along with the known cell cycle-dependence of sensitivity to glucocorticoids and other evidence, point to a role for receptor phosphorylation in controlling responses to glucocorticoids through the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Bodwell
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756-0001
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Hu JM, Camper SA, Tilghman SM, Miller T, Georgoff I, Serra R, Isom HC. Functional analyses of albumin expression in a series of hepatocyte cell lines and in primary hepatocytes. Cell Growth Differ 1992; 3:577-88. [PMID: 1419909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of simian virus 40-immortalized hepatocyte cell lines which are heterogeneous with regard to expression of albumin protein and RNA were characterized for their ability to transcribe the albumin gene. Nascent chain extension assay showed that albumin RNA levels in these cells were determined predominantly at the transcription level. The albumin promoter and enhancer sequences were fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene; the ability of the resulting expression constructs to drive chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression after transfection into these hepatocyte cell lines was measured. The activity of the albumin promoter and enhancer constructs in primary hepatocytes was also measured. The albumin promoter was expressed differentially in these cells; however, no correlation was found between the transcriptional efficiency of the transfected albumin promoter and endogenous albumin transcription. The albumin enhancer was functional in some but not all albumin-positive cells. The minimal albumin enhancer was mapped to a 330-base pair fragment extending from -9.94 kilobases (kb) to -10.27 kb; three elements within this fragment recently shown to be necessary for enhancer function in a murine hepatocyte cell line were also essential for albumin enhancer function in the rat hepatocyte cell line CWSV1. A transcriptional silencer was identified which could suppress the expression of the homologous albumin promoter and the heterologous herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter. Preliminary analysis localized the albumin silencer between -11 and -12 kb. Our results suggest that multiple regulatory sequences may act cooperatively to determine efficient tissue-specific expression of the albumin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033
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Abstract
Our purpose was to compare further eupneic ventilatory activity with that of gasping. Decerebrate, paralyzed, and ventilated cats were used; the vagi were sectioned within the thorax caudal to the laryngeal branches. Activities of the phrenic nerve and medullary respiratory neurons were recorded. Antidromic invasion was used to define bulbospinal, laryngeal, or not antidromically activated units. The ventilatory pattern was reversibly altered to gasping by exposure to 1% carbon monoxide in air. In eupnea, activities of inspiratory neurons commenced at various times during inspiration, and for most the discharge frequency gradually increased. In gasping, the peak discharge frequency of inspiratory neurons was unaltered. However, all commenced activities at the start of the phrenic burst and reached peak discharge almost immediately. The discharge frequencies of all groups of expiratory neurons fell in gasping, with many neurons ceasing activity entirely. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that brain stem mechanisms controlling eupnea and gasping differ fundamentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756
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41
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Abstract
Two new antiviral agents, compound 164, also known as 2'-nor-cGMP (9-[(2-hydroxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)oxymethyl]-guani ne P-oxide), and compound 102 [4-amino-5-bromo-7-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine], together with acyclovir for comparison, were evaluated for activities against the guinea pig lymphotropic herpesvirus infection in vitro by plaque reduction and virus yield reduction assays in guinea pig embryo cells. The two new compounds were demonstrated to be more potent against guinea pig lymphotropic herpesvirus infections than acyclovir. Compound 164 was the most potent of the three; drug concentrations required to reduce the number of plaques by 50% were 2, 35.5, and 144.5 microM for compounds 164, 102, and acyclovir, respectively. The two new compounds were cytostatic but not cytotoxic to guinea pig embryo cells in cultures. Attempts were made to investigate the inhibition of viral replication by these compounds, and the influence of test conditions on antiviral evaluations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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42
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Abstract
A variety of different methods for the evaluation of antiviral agents in cell culture systems are briefly reviewed. It has been repeatedly noted that many test conditions such as the cell culture system, virus strain, virus challenge dose, virus input multiplicity of infection, and time of harvesting, etc., can substantially affect or even alter the test results, thus making comparative studies and unambiguous evaluations very difficult. Attempts are made to discuss previous test methods together with our recent studies with the aim to simplify test procedures and assay methods. Suggestions are proposed for in vitro evaluation of new antiviral agents. It is hoped that this review will alarm investigators to the problems of assaying new antiviral agents. If the suggestions made in this review can be followed, the screening of the enormous number of promising antiviral compounds may be made more efficiently in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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43
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Hu JM, Yu XJ, Zhao NQ, Xiao J. [Studies on the origin of different discharge pattern of the two types of phrenic motoneurones by cross-correlation analysis]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 1989; 41:163-71. [PMID: 2762842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were performed on twenty five anesthetized, paralyzed, vagotomized and artificially ventilated rabbits. Discharges of single phrenic nerve fibers were recorded. According to their discharge patterns, phrenic motoneurones were divided into two types: tonic units (TU) and phasic units (PU). A cross-correlation analysis was done between TU and TU, PU and PU, or TU and PU. In 21/36 pairs of phrenic motoneurones, the cross-correlation histogram showed a significant central peak, which represented synchronization of the pair of units resulting from a common input. There were three types of synchronization: short-term, broad peak and high frequency-oscillatory synchronization. The difference in synchronization number between heterogeneous pairs (1 TU and 1PU, 2/10 showing synchronization) and homogeneous pairs (2 TU or 2 PU, 19/26 showing synchronization) was statistically significant (x2-test, P less than 0.05). These results suggest that TU and PU have different central inputs, which result in their different discharge patterns between the TU and PU.
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44
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45
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Tan HY, Hu JM, Hou RG. [Angiographic findings of femoral artery and its collaterals in Buerger's diseases]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 1985; 23:471-3, 509. [PMID: 4092543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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Hu JM. [Allotransplantation of knee joint: a case report (author's transl)]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 1980; 18:349. [PMID: 7438928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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47
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Abstract
Mental-binding stability constants for several heterocyclic aminoalkyl disulfides and thiosulfates with Ni(II) and Al(III) were determined. The data obtained indicated that both classes of compounds were acting as bidentate chelating agents and that the heterocyclic rings apparently prevented tridentate behavior of the disulfides because of steric hindrance. The magnitude of the constants indicated that metal complexes of these compounds could exist in a cellular environment, but no correlation with radiation-protective activity was apparent.
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48
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Samy TS, Hu JM, Meienhofer J, Lazarus H, Johnson RK. A facile method of purification of neocarzinostatin, an antitumor protein. J Natl Cancer Inst 1977; 58:1765-8. [PMID: 140942 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/58.6.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A three-step column chromatographic method for the purification of neocarzinostatin (NCS) from a crude preparation was described. The purified material was homogeneous by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, amino terminal analysis, and immunologic criteria. Purified NCS was 40 times as active in the inhibition of growth of Sarcina lutea and twice as active against CCRF-CEM human leukemia cells in vitro as was the starting material. When assayed against P388 and L1210 mouse leukemias in vivo, the purified material showed a median increase in life-span of 119 and 72%, respectively.
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49
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Simon JR, Mewaldt SP, Acosta E, Hu JM. Processing auditory information: interaction of two population stereotypes. J Appl Psychol 1976; 61:354-8. [PMID: 1270377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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