[Risk prediction and function evaluation by T-cell epitope model and expression model of HLA-DPB1 mismatching in unrelated-donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantations]

Objective: To evaluate the risk prediction and assessment function of HLA-DPB1 T-cell epitope (TCE) model and expression model in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (MUD-HSCT) with HLA-DPB1 mismatching. Methods: A total of 364 (182 pairs) potential MUD-HSCT donors and recipients confirmed by HLA high-resolution typing in Shaanxi Blood Center from 2016 to 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Of the 182 recipients, there were 121 males and 61 females with an average age of (26.3±14.2) years. Of the 182 donors, there were 148 males and 34 females with an average age of (33.7±7.5) years. Polymerase chain reaction-sequence-based typing (PCR-SBT), next-generation sequencing (NGS) and polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide probe (PCR-SSO) based on LABScan®3D platform were used for high-resolution typing of HLA-A, B, C, DRB1, DQB1, DPB1 gene, and PCR-SBT was used for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing. TCE model and expression model were used to predict and evaluate the HLA-DPB1 mismatch pattern and acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD) risk. Results: A total of 26 HLA-DPB1 alleles and their 3'-UTR rs9277534 SNP genotypes were detected in this study population, and two new alleles HLA-DPB1*1052∶01 and HLA-DPB1*1119∶01 were found and officially named. The overall mismatch rate of HLA-DPB1 in MUD-HSCT donors and recipients was 90.66% (165/182). In TCE model, the HLA-DPB1 mismatch rates of permissible mismatch (PM) and non-permissible mismatch (non-PM) were 47.80% (87/182) and 42.86% (78/182), respectively. The non-PM in GvH direction was 13.73% (25/182), and which in HvG direction was 29.12% (53/182). A total of 73 pairs of donors and recipients in TCE model met the evaluation criteria of expression model. Among of TCE PM group, recipient DP5 mismatches accounted for 34.25% (25/73) were predicted as aGVHD high risk according to expression model. For the TCE non-PM group, both the recipient DP2 mismatches of 6.85% (5/73) and recipient DP5 mismatches of 10.86% (8/73) were predicted to be at high risk for aGVHD. Risk prediction by TCE model and expression model was 27.27% concordant and 16.97% unconcordant. Conclusions: TCE model and expression model are effective tools to predict aGVHD risk of MUD-HSCT. Comprehensive application of the two models is helpful to the hierarchical assessment of HSCT risk.

Genome-wide association study identifies multiple loci influencing duck serum biochemical indicators in the laying period

1. Laying performance is an important economic trait in poultry. The blood is essential in transporting nutrients to the yolk and albumen and is necessary for egg formation.2. This study calculated the phenotypic relationships of duck egg quality, egg production efficiency and 22 serum parameters in the egg-laying stage. Using a variety of methodologies, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out to uncover the genetic foundations of the 22 serum biochemical markers of laying ducks.3. Spearman correlation coefficients between the egg production (226-329 per day) and the serum parameters were all weak, being less than 0.3. This analysis was done on 22 serum parameters, with total protein (TP), total triglycerides (TG), calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) having the highest correlation coefficients (r = 0.56-0.88). The coefficients for blood markers, such as total cholesterol (CHOL), total bilirubin (TBIL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) varied from 0.70-0.94.4. Based on single-marker single-trait genome-wide analyses by a mixed linear model program of EMMAX, nine candidate genes were associated with enzyme traits (AST/ALT aspartate transaminase/glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, creatine kinase) and 19 candidate genes were associated with metabolism and protein-related serum parameters (glucose, total bile acid, uric acid (UA), albumin (ALB).5. The mvLMM (multivariate linear mixed model) of GEMMA software was used to carry out multiple trait integrated GWAS. Two candidate genes were found in the TP-TG-CA-P analysis and seven candidate genes in the CHOL_LDL-C_HDL-C_TBIL study. There was a high genetic correlation between the two groups.

Fuzheng Huayu recipe alleviates liver fibrosis via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Fuzheng Huayu recipe (FZHY) is a commonly used Traditional Chinese Medicine formula for treating liver fibrosis in clinical settings. Despite its widespread use, the specific curative effects and underlying pharmacological mechanisms of FZHY in treating liver fibrosis are not yet fully understood.

AIM AND STUDY

This study aims to investigate the antifibrotic mechanism of FZHY treatment by exploring its effects on the activation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in macrophages.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In order to investigate the impact of FZHY on the activation and priming of NLRP3 inflammasome in clinical trials and animal experiments using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Twenty-four C57BL/6 mice were used to induce liver fibrosis by feeding a diet that contained 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). To study inflammasome function, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/adenine triphosphate (ATP) induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation was induced in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) isolated from wild mice. The effects of macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation on the function of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were explored by treating primary HSCs with preconditioned media from BMDMs culture.

RESULTS

FZHY treatment resulted in the downregulation of NLRP3 protein expression and inhibition of its priming and activation in both human fibrotic livers and DDC-induced liver fibrosis. Furthermore, FZHY was observed to block the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, which can lead to excessive inflammatory cytokine release in supernatants and cell lysates in response to LPS and ATP. Lastly, treatment with FZHY was able to inhibit the activation of HSCs induced by supernatants from macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

FZHY has been shown to potentially prevent NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages which can result in the suppression of HSCs activation. Ultimately, these effects may lead to the improvement of liver fibrosis. The ability of FZHY to act on this novel mechanism represents an important aspect of its therapeutic potential for liver fibrosis.

Genome-wide association analysis of neck ring traits in NongHua ma male ducks

1. Male NongHua ma ducks have more colourful feathers than females, especially considering that the former have a distinctive neck ring that is different from that of females. This ring development might be influenced by sex selection, the environment, genetics and other elements.2. Genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) was used to locate candidate genes that affect the neck ring formation of male ducks to investigate the genetic basis of this phenomenon.3. In this study, the neck ring area and width of 180 male ducks were assessed at ages 80, 90, 100, 110 and 120 d. GWAS was used to identify associated genes. There were 0, 7, 14, 48 and 21 possible candidate genes annotated around the 0, 12, 25, 76 and 40 SNP loci n corresponding regions. A total of 13 candidate genes were identified around 21 SNP sites at the neck ring width of 120 d.4. These significant genes were annotated and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed. All SNPs that exceeded the significance threshold were annotated and preliminarily screened as candidate genes affecting neck ring formation. From analysis of gene function and enriched KEGG pathways, genes such as THSD1, SLC6A4, DGAT2, PRKDC, B3GAT2, ROR1, GRK7, EXTL3, TXNDC12, COL4A2, PRKG1, ACTR3, were considered important candidate marker sites related to the neck ring. This provided a reference starting point for the genetic mechanism underlying duck feather colour.

Mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling for identification of biomarkers related to footpad dermatitis in ducks

1. A new assessment method for duck footpad dermatitis (FPD) evaluation was developed, combining visual and histological characters using the images and sections of 400 ducks' feet at 340 d of age. All ducks were graded as G0 (healthy), G1 (mild), G2 (moderate) and G3 (severe) according to the degree of FPD.2. To reveal the potential biomarkers in serum related to duck FPD, non-targeted metabolomics and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were used to explore differential metabolites in each group.3. There were 57, 91 and 210 annotated differential metabolites in groups G1, G2 and G3 compared with G0, which meant that the severity of FPD increased in line with the number of metabolites. Four metabolites, L-phenylalanine, L-arginine, L-leucine and L-lysine, were considered potential biomarkers related to FPD.4. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the FPD was mainly involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway and amino acid metabolism. These are related to production metabolism and can affect the physiological activities of ducks, which might explain the decrease in production performance.

First Dark Matter Search with Nuclear Recoils from the XENONnT Experiment

We report on the first search for nuclear recoils from dark matter in the form of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with the XENONnT experiment, which is based on a two-phase time projection chamber with a sensitive liquid xenon mass of 5.9 ton. During the (1.09±0.03)  ton yr exposure used for this search, the intrinsic ^{85}Kr and ^{222}Rn concentrations in the liquid target are reduced to unprecedentedly low levels, giving an electronic recoil background rate of (15.8±1.3)  events/ton yr keV in the region of interest. A blind analysis of nuclear recoil events with energies between 3.3 and 60.5 keV finds no significant excess. This leads to a minimum upper limit on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross section of 2.58×10^{-47}  cm^{2} for a WIMP mass of 28  GeV/c^{2} at 90% confidence level. Limits for spin-dependent interactions are also provided. Both the limit and the sensitivity for the full range of WIMP masses analyzed here improve on previous results obtained with the XENON1T experiment for the same exposure.

A herbal product inhibits carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Fuzheng Huayu formula (FZHY), composed of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Cordyceps sinensis, the seed of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, the pollen of Pinus massoniana Lamb, Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino and the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill, is a Chinese herbal compound with demonstrated clinical benefits in liver fibrosis (LF). However, its potential mechanism and molecular targets remain to be elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was designed to evaluate the anti-fibrotic role of FZHY in hepatic fibrosis and to elucidate the potential mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Network pharmacology was assayed to identify the interrelationships among compounds of FZHY, potential targets and putative pathways on anti-LF. Then the core pharmaceutical target for FZHY against LF was verified by serum proteomic analysis. Further in vivo and in vitro assays were performed to verify the prediction of the pharmaceutical network.

RESULTS

The network pharmacology analysis revealed that a total of 175 FZHY-LF crossover proteins were filtered into a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network complex and designated as the potential targets of FZHY against LF, and the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway was further explored according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Then analytical studies were validated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced model in vivo. We found FZHY could attenuate CCl₄-induced LF, especially decrease p-EGFR expression in α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA)-positive hepatic stellate cell (HSC) and inhibit the downstream of the EGFR signaling pathway, especially Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinases (ERK) signaling pathway in liver tissue. We further demonstrate that FZHY could inhibit Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-induced HSC activation, as well as the expression of p-EGFR and the key protein of the ERK signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

FZHY has a good effect against CCl₄-induced LF. The action mechanism was associated with the down-regulation of the EGFR signaling pathway in activated HSCs.

Searching for Heavy Dark Matter near the Planck Mass with XENON1T

Multiple viable theoretical models predict heavy dark matter particles with a mass close to the Planck mass, a range relatively unexplored by current experimental measurements. We use 219.4 days of data collected with the XENON1T experiment to conduct a blind search for signals from multiply interacting massive particles (MIMPs). Their unique track signature allows a targeted analysis with only 0.05 expected background events from muons. Following unblinding, we observe no signal candidate events. This Letter places strong constraints on spin-independent interactions of dark matter particles with a mass between 1×10^{12} and 2×10^{17}  GeV/c^{2}. In addition, we present the first exclusion limits on spin-dependent MIMP-neutron and MIMP-proton cross sections for dark matter particles with masses close to the Planck scale.

Mechanism of liver regeneration: 20-year bibliometric analyses

Objectives: The study aims to explore the most influential countries, institutions, journals, authors, "research hotspots," and trends in the study of the mechanism of liver regeneration (MoLR) in the last 20 years using bibliometric analyses. Methods: The literature associated with the MoLR was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection on 11 October 2022. CiteSpace 6.1.R6 (64-bit) and VOSviewer 1.6.18 were used for bibliometric analyses. Results: A total of 18,956 authors from 2,900 institutions in 71 countries/regions published 3,563 studies in different academic journals on the MoLR. The United States was the most influential country. The University of Pittsburgh was the institution from which most articles on the MoLR were published. Cunshuan Xu published the most articles on the MoLR, and George K. Michalopoulos was the most frequently co-cited author. Hepatology was the journal in which most articles on the MoLR were published and the most frequently co-cited journal in this field. The research hotspots for the MoLR were origin and subsets of hepatocytes during LR; new factors and pathways in LR regulation; cell therapy for LR; interactions between liver cells in LR; mechanism of the proliferation of residual hepatocytes and trans-differentiation between cells; and prognosis of LR. The emerging topic was the mechanism of regeneration of a severely injured liver. Conclusion: Our bibliometric analyses provide (i) a comprehensive overview of the MoLR; (ii) important clues and ideas for scholars in this field.

Maize resistance to witchweed through changes in strigolactone biosynthesis

Maize (Zea mays) is a major staple crop in Africa, where its yield and the livelihood of millions are compromised by the parasitic witchweed Striga. Germination of Striga is induced by strigolactones exuded from maize roots into the rhizosphere. In a maize germplasm collection, we identified two strigolactones, zealactol and zealactonoic acid, which stimulate less Striga germination than the major maize strigolactone, zealactone. We then showed that a single cytochrome P450, ZmCYP706C37, catalyzes a series of oxidative steps in the maize-strigolactone biosynthetic pathway. Reduction in activity of this enzyme and two others involved in the pathway, ZmMAX1b and ZmCLAMT1, can change strigolactone composition and reduce Striga germination and infection. These results offer prospects for breeding Striga-resistant maize.

[Study on the reliability and validity of the Chinese Criteria of Health Scale for the elderly people]

Objective: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese Criteria of Health Scale for the elderly people. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed among older adults of Meiyuan Community in Haidian District, Beijing and Nanwangkong Village in Qingzhou City,Shandong Province during July 2021. Using a cluster sampling method, totally 667 elderly people were investigated by face-to-face interview, using the scale which was formulated after two rounds of the Delphi method and pilot study. The overall scale includes physical health, mental health and social health subscales, including 9, 52 and 15 items, respectively. Four weeks after the survey, 56 elderly people were randomly selected and repeated the survey with the same method. The test-retest reliability, split-half reliability and internal consistency reliability of the scale were evaluated, and the validity was evaluated at the same time, including construct validity and content validity. Results: A total of 710 questionnaires were distributed and 667 valid questionnaires were obtained, with a total effective rate of 93.94%. The score of the overall scale was 79.79±16.22, the scores of the physical health, mental health, social health sub-scores were 41.64±9.76, 26.82±3.92 and 11.34±5.19, respectively. The scale had excellent reliability. In the test-retest reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the overall scale and each subscale were 0.766-0.861, and the weighted Kappa values were 0.762-0.817. The Spearman-Brown coefficient of the overall scale and each subscale in the split-half reliability were 0.722-0.855 (all P<0.001). The Cronbach's α coefficients of the overall scale of internal consistency reliability and each subscale were 0.748-0.899, and the Cronbach's α coefficients of each dimension were from 0.709 to 0.963(all P<0.001). At the same time, the scale had good construct validity and content validity. The correlation coefficients between the score of each dimension and its sub-scale were larger, from 0.641 to 0.873 (all P<0.05). The cumulative variance contribution rates of the scale and three subscales were all more than 50% of the approved standard. A total of 11 common factors were extracted, and all the load values of each item on the corresponding factors were ≥0.04. Conclusion: The Chinese Criteria of Health Scale for the elderly people has good validity and excellent reliability. It can be used as a basis for the scientific division of the health status of the elderly, the formulation of relevant policies by the government and the provision of appropriate health services for the elderly.

Search for New Physics in Electronic Recoil Data from XENONnT

We report on a blinded analysis of low-energy electronic recoil data from the first science run of the XENONnT dark matter experiment. Novel subsystems and the increased 5.9 ton liquid xenon target reduced the background in the (1, 30) keV search region to (15.8±1.3)  events/(ton×year×keV), the lowest ever achieved in a dark matter detector and ∼5 times lower than in XENON1T. With an exposure of 1.16 ton-years, we observe no excess above background and set stringent new limits on solar axions, an enhanced neutrino magnetic moment, and bosonic dark matter.

Salvia miltiorrhiza in thorax and abdomainal organ fibrosis: A review of its pharmacology

Organ fibrosis is a common pathological change that finally results in organ failure, which involves the destruction of parenchyma cells, the activation of mesenchymal cells and the imbalance of immunological cells. In recent years, although some breakthroughs have been made in understanding the pathogenesis and therapeutics of organ fibrosis, no registered drugs could directly target the fibrotic process, which constitutes a major biomedical challenge. Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) is a well-known medicinal plant in China, which has been widely applied because of its pharmacological effects on anti-oxidative, anti-myocardial infarction, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neoplastic properties. Accumulated evidence suggested that SM played critical roles against organ fibrosis in vivo and in vitro experiments by its multiple biological compounds. In this review, we discussed the recent advances on the phytochemistry and pharmacological mechanisms of SM and its active ingredients in liver, lung, kidney, and heart fibrosis, which might help to promote the treatment of fibrotic diseases in thorax and abdomainal viscera in clinic.

Material radiopurity control in the XENONnT experiment

The selection of low-radioactive construction materials is of the utmost importance for rare-event searches and thus critical to the XENONnT experiment. Results of an extensive radioassay program are reported, in which material samples have been screened with gamma-ray spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{222}$$\end{document}222Rn emanation measurements. Furthermore, the cleanliness procedures applied to remove or mitigate surface contamination of detector materials are described. Screening results, used as inputs for a XENONnT Monte Carlo simulation, predict a reduction of materials background (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sim $$\end{document}∼17%) with respect to its predecessor XENON1T. Through radon emanation measurements, the expected \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{222}$$\end{document}222Rn activity concentration in XENONnT is determined to be 4.2 (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{+0.5}_{-0.7}$$\end{document}-0.7+0.5) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\upmu $$\end{document}μBq/kg, a factor three lower with respect to XENON1T. This radon concentration will be further suppressed by means of the novel radon distillation system.

AB1043 IDENTIFICATION OF UNUSUAL TOPHI ANTERIOR TO THE THYROID CARTILAGE USING DIFFERENT IMAGING METHODS

Background

Inadequately treated gout patients could develop tophi. However, tophi could appear as atypical mass, leading to difficulty in differential diagnosis.

Objectives

The objectives of the study were to describe an unusual case with tophi anterior to the Thyroid Cartilage using different imaging methods.

Methods

Clinical information of the case was presented. Ultrasound, dual energy Computed Tomography (DECT) and CT scan were compared to describe the tophi.

Results

A 66-year-old man with a 30-year history of gout was admitted. He had received urate-lowering drugs intermittently over the past few years. Physical examination revealed multiple tophi on the hands, feet, and other auricular surfaces. Moreover, there was a subcutaneous mass above the thyroid cartilage (Figure 1A). Ultrasound revealed hyperechoic nodule anterior to the thyroid cartilage, 11*7cm in size, with uneven internal echo, no blood flow signal inside, and a close relationship between the barrier of the nodule and the thyroid cartilage (Figure 1B). DECT of the neck confirmed that the mass anterior to the thyroid cartilage were tophi (Figure 1C-D). A plain radiographic evaluation demonstrated soft-tissue swellings and para-articular erosions involving hands (Figure 1E-F). The serum creatinine and uric acid levels were elevated as follows, creatinine, 562 μmol per liter (normal range, 31.8 to 116); and uric acid, 621 μmol per liter (normal range, 90 to 420).

Figure 1.

Tophi detected by different imaging methods. A.A picture of the mass anterior to the thyroid cartilage; B. A mass anterior to the thyroid cartilage detected by ultrasound; C. The mass anterior to the thyroid cartilage detected by dual energy CT; D. The mass anterior to the thyroid cartilage detected by CT scan; E. a picture of tophi in the hands; F. a plain radiograph of tophi in the hands.

Conclusion

DECT has more advantages over ultrasound and CT for detection of atypical tophi in gout patients.

Disclosure of Interests

Yutong Jiang Grant/research support from: Scientific and Technological Planning Project of Guangzhou City [grant number 202102020150], Xinyu Wu: None declared, Zetao Liao: None declared, Jun Qi: None declared, Jieruo Gu: None declared

Effect of rehabilitation on the long-term efficacy of botulinum toxin-A for spastic cerebral palsy

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the long-term effects of botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) nerve block on relaxation of spasticity in cerebral palsy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From June 2015 to December 2018, 52 children, aged 20-56 months, with spastic cerebral palsy were treated with BTX-A. The dose of BTX-A was selected based on the weight of the child and the modified Ashworth scale (MAS). The injection dose ranged from 45 IU to 150 IU (average 68.0±31.6 IIU). The muscle tone and motor functions of all children were evaluated before the block. The spasticity was measured using the MAS, and the motor function was measured using the Physician Rating Scale (PRS) and the gross motor function measure (GMFM). After two years, all children were re-evaluated.

RESULTS

No significant difference was observed between the trial and control groups in terms of age, weight, MAS, PRS, and GMFM measurements before the block (p>0.05). The PRS and GMFM improved significantly in both groups after two years (p<0.05). The PRS and GMFM in the trial group increased more significantly than those in the control group (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The BTX-A block showed a long-term positive effect. Rehabilitation training after the block could help children to improve their motor functions.

Disease Burden and Attributable Risk Factors of Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia in China from 1990 to 2019

BACKGROUND

Updated information on the burden of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia are of great importance for evidence-based health care planning. However, such an estimate has been lacking in Chinese populations at both national and provincial levels.

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the temporal trends and the attributable burdens of selected risk factors of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia in China.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

This is an observational description of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 (GBD 2019). Data on incidence, mortality, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and years of life lost (YLLs) of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia were derived from the GBD 2019 study at both national and provincial levels in China.

MEASUREMENTS

Six indicators were used: incidence, mortality, prevalence, DALYs, YLLs, and YLDs. Absolute numbers in detail by age, sex, region, and age-standardized rates (with 95% uncertainty intervals) were calculated.

RESULTS

There were notable increasing trends in the number of deaths (247·9%), incidence (264·8%), prevalence (296·5%), DALYs (228·1%), YLDs (308·7%) and YLLs (201·7%) from 1990 to 2019, respectively. The corresponding age-standardized rates increased by 6·2%, 19·3%, 33·6%, 10·7%, 33·4% and 3·1%. Smoking, high body mass index, high fasting plasma glucose levels, and metabolic risks were the four leading risk factors. Higher burden was observed among females versus males and in the more developed regions.

CONCLUSIONS

The disease burden in China were increasing substantially. Regional differences of the disease burden are accompanied by discrepancies of economic level and geographical location, as well as different levels of exposure to risk factors. Targeted prevention and control strategies are urgently needed to reduce the disease burden.

Mucoadhesive Nucleoside-Based Hydrogel Delays Oral Leukoplakia Canceration

Some oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) originate from preexisting oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Oral leukoplakia (OLK) is the most common and typical OPMD in the clinic, so treatment for it is essential to reduce OSCC incidence. Local chemotherapy is an option other than surgery considering the superficial site of OLK. However, there are no standardized drugs applied to OLK, and traditionally used chemotherapeutic drugs revealed limited efficacy for lack of adhesion. Hence, there is a growing demand to prepare new agents that combine mucoadhesion with an anti-OLK effect. Here, an isoguanosine-tannic acid (isoG-TA) supramolecular hydrogel via dynamic borate esters was successfully fabricated based on isoG and TA. Previously reported guanosine-TA (G-TA) hydrogel was also explored for an anti-OLK effect. Both gels not only exhibited ideal adhesive properties but also integrated anti-OLK activities in one system. In vitro cell viability indicated that isoG and TA inhibited the proliferation of dysplastic oral keratinocytes (DOKs). The in vivo OLK model evidence revealed that both gels showed potential to prevent OLK canceration. In addition, the probable anti-DOK mechanisms of isoG and TA were investigated. The results indicated that isoG could bind to adenosine kinase (ADK) and then affected the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway to inhibit DOK proliferation. TA could significantly and continuously reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in DOKs through its antioxidant effect. ROS plays an important role in the progression of cell cycle. We proved that the low level of ROS may inhibit DOK proliferation by inducing G₀/G₁ arrest in the cell cycle. Altogether, this study innovatively fabricated an isoG-TA hydrogel with ideal adhesion, and both isoG and TA showed in vitro inhibition of DOKs. Moreover, both isoG-TA and G-TA hydrogels possessed potential in delaying the malignant transformation of OLK, and the G-TA hydrogel showed a better statistical effect, providing an effective strategy for controlling OLK.

Insights into tribofilm formation on Ti-6V-4Al in a bioactive environment: Correlation between surface modification and micro-mechanical properties

Ti-6Al-4V has been used as a surgical implant material for a long time because of its combination of strength, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. However, there remains much that is not understood about how the surface reacts with the environment under tribocorrosion conditions. In particular, the conditions under which tribofilms form and their role on friction and wear are not clear. To evaluate the complicated nature of the dynamic surface microstructural changes on the wear track, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) have been used to characterise the structure and chemical composition of the tribofilm. Detailed analysis of the formation and structure of the tribofilm and the metal surface deformation behaviour were studied as a function of applied potential and the role of proteins in the lubricant. For the first time, graphitic and onion-like carbon structures from wear debris were found in the testing solution. The presence of carbon nanostructures in the tribocorrosion process and the formation of the tribofilm leads to an improved tribocorrosion behaviour of the system, in particular a reduction in wear and friction. A detailed, quantitative, analysis of surface deformation was undertaken, in particular, the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density was quantified using precession electron diffraction (PET). A clear correlation between applied potential, tribofilm formation and the surface strain was established. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The formation of tribofilm and microstructure modification of the Ti-6Al-4V surface during tribocorrosion in a physiological environment is not fully understood. In particular, the correlation between microstructural changes and electrochemical conditions is not clear. This study presents a detailed investigation of the structure and chemical composition of tribofilms at the nanoscale during tribocorrosion tests in simulated body fluid and gives a detailed and quantitative description of the evolved surface structure. A clear correlation between applied potential, tribofilm formation and the surface strain was established. Moreover, particular attention is paid to the wear debris particles captured from the lubricating solution, including nanocarbon onion structures. The implications for tribocorrosion of the alloy in its performance as an implant are discussed.

Deacetylation of FOXO4 by Sirt1 stabilizes chondrocyte extracellular matrix upon activating SOX9

OBJECTIVE

FOXO4 has essential roles in cellular metabolism and prevents cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA). Here we aim to provide evidence that deacetylated-FOXO4 stabilizes chondrocyte (CH) extracellular matrix (ECM) related to SOX9 activation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We used Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and Dual-Luciferase reporter assay to verify that the FOXO4 protein activates SOX9 by binding to its promoter. We cultured human CHs with IL-1β to cause degeneration and supplied Sirt1 protein to deacetylate FOXO4. To confirm the function of FOXO4 and SOX9 during CHs degeneration, we also used the FOXO4 and SOX9 silenced CHs by siRNA transfection as a comparison. Western blot assay was used to analyze the protein level of Sirt1, SOX9, and the acetylated condition of FOXO4. Besides, RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA level of collagen I/II/X, aggrecan, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5 for determining the ECM states.

RESULTS

FOXO4 protein transcriptionally activates SOX9 expression by binding to its promoter. Under the IL-1β stimulation, FOXO4 acetyl-lysine rate increased, and the SOX9 protein expression decreased, which was alleviated after the supplement of exogenic Sirt1 protein. Meanwhile, Sirt1 overexpression increased the collagen II and aggrecan and reduced the collagen I, collagen X, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5 mRNA expression. However, the silencing of FOXO4 abolished the Sirt1 induced SOX9 expression and weakened the ECM production stability. Additionally, SOX9 silencing also alleviated the effect of the Sirt1 supplement on the degenerated CHs, though the FOXO4 was highly deacetylated.

CONCLUSIONS

FOXO4 acetylation aggravates during the degeneration of CHs, and the deacetylation of FOXO4 by Sirt1 could activate the SOX9 expression and result in maintaining the ECM stability of cartilage.

Metabolomics and cancer preventive behaviors in the BC Generations Project

Metabolomics can detect metabolic shifts resulting from lifestyle behaviors and may provide insight on the relevance of changes to carcinogenesis. We used non-targeted nuclear magnetic resonance to examine associations between metabolic measures and cancer preventive behaviors in 1319 participants (50% male, mean age 54 years) from the BC Generations Project. Behaviors were dichotomized: BMI < 25 kg/m², ≥ 5 servings of fruits or vegetables/day, ≤ 2 alcoholic drinks/day for men or 1 drink/day for women and ≥ 30 min of moderate or vigorous physical activity/day. Linear regression was used to estimate coefficients and 95% confidence intervals with a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.10. Of the 218 metabolic measures, 173, 103, 71 and 6 were associated with BMI, fruits and vegetables, alcohol consumption and physical activity. Notable findings included negative associations between glycoprotein acetyls, an inflammation-related metabolite with lower BMI and greater fruit and vegetable consumption, a positive association between polyunsaturated fatty acids and fruit and vegetable consumption and positive associations between high-density lipoprotein subclasses with lower BMI. These findings provide insight into metabolic alterations in the context of cancer prevention and the diverse biological pathways they are involved in. In particular, behaviors related to BMI, fruit and vegetable and alcohol consumption had a large metabolic impact.

Tomographic imaging with Compton PET modules: ideal case and first implementation

In our previous studies, we demonstrated that the Compton PET module, a layer structure PET detector with side readout, can provide high performance in terms of spatial/energy/timing resolution, as well as high gamma ray detection efficiency. In this study, we investigate how to translate the high performance of the detector module into good quality reconstructed tomographic images. This study is performed using GATE simulation, as well as with physical experiments. Similar detector geometry is used in the simulation and experiment: two identical 4-layer detector modules are placed with face to face distance of 56 mm. In the simulation study, each layer consists of a 1-mm-pitch pixelated crystal array. In the experimental study, each layer is a monolithic crystal, which is virtually binned into 1 mm² cells to group single events according to the gamma ray interaction locations. A customized Derenzo phantom was placed between the two detector modules. By rotating the phantom using a motorized rotary stage, data along lines of response (LORs) at different angles were collected for reconstructing the tomographic image. The same reconstruction algorithm was used for both simulation and experimental studies. The results demonstrate that the simulation study could resolve 0.8 mm rods while the experimental study was able to resolve 1.0 mm rods.

Accurate diagnosis of colorectal cancer based on histopathology images using artificial intelligence

BACKGROUND

Accurate and robust pathological image analysis for colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis is time-consuming and knowledge-intensive, but is essential for CRC patients' treatment. The current heavy workload of pathologists in clinics/hospitals may easily lead to unconscious misdiagnosis of CRC based on daily image analyses.

METHODS

Based on a state-of-the-art transfer-learned deep convolutional neural network in artificial intelligence (AI), we proposed a novel patch aggregation strategy for clinic CRC diagnosis using weakly labeled pathological whole-slide image (WSI) patches. This approach was trained and validated using an unprecedented and enormously large number of 170,099 patches, > 14,680 WSIs, from > 9631 subjects that covered diverse and representative clinical cases from multi-independent-sources across China, the USA, and Germany.

RESULTS

Our innovative AI tool consistently and nearly perfectly agreed with (average Kappa statistic 0.896) and even often better than most of the experienced expert pathologists when tested in diagnosing CRC WSIs from multicenters. The average area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) of AI was greater than that of the pathologists (0.988 vs 0.970) and achieved the best performance among the application of other AI methods to CRC diagnosis. Our AI-generated heatmap highlights the image regions of cancer tissue/cells.

CONCLUSIONS

This first-ever generalizable AI system can handle large amounts of WSIs consistently and robustly without potential bias due to fatigue commonly experienced by clinical pathologists. It will drastically alleviate the heavy clinical burden of daily pathology diagnosis and improve the treatment for CRC patients. This tool is generalizable to other cancer diagnosis based on image recognition.

Search for Coherent Elastic Scattering of Solar ^{8}B Neutrinos in the XENON1T Dark Matter Experiment

We report on a search for nuclear recoil signals from solar ^{8}B neutrinos elastically scattering off xenon nuclei in XENON1T data, lowering the energy threshold from 2.6 to 1.6  keV. We develop a variety of novel techniques to limit the resulting increase in backgrounds near the threshold. No significant ^{8}B neutrinolike excess is found in an exposure of 0.6  t×y. For the first time, we use the nondetection of solar neutrinos to constrain the light yield from 1-2 keV nuclear recoils in liquid xenon, as well as nonstandard neutrino-quark interactions. Finally, we improve upon world-leading constraints on dark matter-nucleus interactions for dark matter masses between 3 and 11  GeV c^{-2} by as much as an order of magnitude.

Hybridization Dynamics in CeCoIn_{5} Revealed by Ultrafast Optical Spectroscopy

We investigate the quasiparticle dynamics in the prototypical heavy fermion CeCoIn_{5} using ultrafast optical pump-probe spectroscopy. Our results indicate that this material system undergoes hybridization fluctuations before the establishment of heavy electron coherence, as the temperature decreases from ∼120  K (T^{†}) to ∼55  K (T^{*}). We reveal that the anomalous coherent phonon softening and damping reduction below T^{*} are directly associated with the emergence of collective hybridization. We also discover a distinct collective mode with an energy of ∼8  meV, which may be experimental evidence of the predicted unconventional density wave. Our findings provide important information for understanding the hybridization dynamics in heavy fermion systems.

Chiral terahertz wave emission from the Weyl semimetal TaAs

Weyl semimetals host chiral fermions with distinct chiralities and spin textures. Optical excitations involving those chiral fermions can induce exotic carrier responses, and in turn lead to novel optical phenomena. Here, we discover strong coherent terahertz emission from Weyl semimetal TaAs, which is demonstrated as a unique broadband source of the chiral terahertz wave. The polarization control of the THz emission is achieved by tuning photoexcitation of ultrafast photocurrents via the photogalvanic effect. In the near-infrared regime, the photon-energy dependent nonthermal current due to the predominant circular photogalvanic effect can be attributed to the radical change of the band velocities when the chiral Weyl fermions are excited during selective optical transitions between the tilted anisotropic Weyl cones and the massive bulk bands. Our findings provide a design concept for creating chiral photon sources using quantum materials and open up new opportunities for developing ultrafast opto-electronics using Weyl physics.

[Prognostic evaluation of nutritional indicators in patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer]

Objective: To explore the effect of nutritional status pre-and during chemoradiotherapy on the prognosis of patients with limited- stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC). Methods: We retrospectively collected medical records of 172 LS-SCLC patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy in our hospital from 2000 to 2014, with 126 males and 46 females. The data of complete blood count and hepatic and renal function were collected before initial treatment, before radiotherapy, 4 weeks during radiotherapy, and 1 month after complete of treatment. The prognostic nutritional index(PNI)was calculated. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival rate. Log-rank test was performed used to compare the survival differences between groups. Multivariate prognostic analysis was performed using Cox regression model. Results: The median overall survival (OS) was 21 months, with median progression-free survival (PFS) of 11 months. At the beginning of treatment, patients with pre-treatment PNI ≥ 53 had significantly superior OS (median 37 vs 15 months, P=0.001) and PFS (median 16 vs 10 months, P=0.017). Patients with pre-treatment hemoglobin ≥140 g/L and <140 g/L had an median OS of 32 months and 17 months (P=0.019), and median PFS of 16 months and 9 months (P=0.040), respectively. During chemoradiation, patients with elevated hemoglobin had similar median OS compared with those had decreased hemoglobin (27 vs 18 months, P=0.063, but superior median PFS (15 vs 9 months, P=0.017). Multivariate analysis revealed that prophylactic cranial irradiation, pre-treatment hemoglobin ≥140 g/L, and pretreatment PNI ≥53 were independent predictors of OS and PFS in patients with LS-SCLC. Conclusion: Pre-treatment nutritional status and the changes of nutritional status during chemoradiotherapy is significantly associated with the prognosis of patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer. The patients with better pre-treatment nutritional status have a better prognosis.

Evaluation of Hamamatsu PET imaging modules for dedicated TOF-capable scanners

Time-of-flight (TOF) capability is becoming an important capability offered in both commercial and research PET scanners. Often commercial vendors and laboratory researchers develop and utilize proprietary electronics for their devices. Consequently, it is challenging for independent research groups to develop their own TOF-PET scanners. In this investigation, we tested a prototype scanner consisting of commercially available TOF-capable modules from Hamamatsu Photonics that can be used as building blocks for PET scanners. The scanner consists of a ring of 16 modules, for a total diameter of 26.7 cm. Testing demonstrated that the scanner is capable of sustaining ~1 MHz single counting rate with a peak noise equivalent count rate (NECR) of 117.5 kHz at 75.25 MBq measured with NEMA NU-4 "rat" phantom. Spatial resolution of 2.3 mm 5 mm from the center of the scanner was measured. Energy resolution of 17.2% at 511 keV was measured. Peak sensitivity of 1.28% is reported. All the measurements were performed with energy cuts from 350 to 700 keV Finally, scanner timing resolution was found to be 462 ps. Results from testing of a prototype scanner constructed using newly released TOF-capable detector modules produced by Hamamatsu demonstrated the promise for these devices to create high performance PET system with TOF capabilities.

Periodontal Antibodies and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality

Periodontitis is positively linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, cancer, and increased mortality. Empirically derived clusters of IgG antibodies against 19 selected periodontal microorganisms have been associated with hyperglycemia. We further investigated associations between these serum IgG antibody clusters and all-cause and CVD mortality in a representative US population. Participants free of CVD and cancer and aged ≥40 y at baseline (N = 6,491) from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988 to 1994) were followed up until December 31, 2011. Antibodies were categorized into 4 clusters: red-green, orange-red, yellow-orange, and orange-blue. Over a 23-y follow-up, 2,702 deaths occurred, including 810 CVD-related deaths. In fully adjusted Cox proportional hazard models, the red-green cluster was positively associated with all-cause mortality (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.08 to 1.90, P = 0.015). The yellow-orange cluster was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.97, P = 0.028) and CVD mortality (tertile 2 vs. tertile 1: HR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.77, P = 0.005). The orange-blue cluster (composed of antibodies against Eubacterium nodatum and Actinomyces naeslundii) was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.55 to 0.78, P < 0.0001) and CVD mortality (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.88, P = 0.007). These antibodies could predict prognosis or be potential intervention targets to prevent systemic effects of periodontal disease if further studies establish a causal relationship.

Tenascin-C expression contributes to pediatric brainstem glioma tumor phenotype and represents a novel biomarker of disease

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), an infiltrative, high grade glioma (HGG) affecting young children, has the highest mortality rate of all pediatric cancers. Despite treatment, average survival is less than twelve months, and five-year survival under 5%. We previously detected increased expression of Tenascin-C (TNC) protein in DIPG cerebrospinal fluid and tumor tissue relative to normal specimens. TNC is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein that mediates cell-matrix interactions, guides migrating neurons during normal brain development and is thought to maintain the periventricular stem cell niche in the developing brain. Tumor TNC expression is reported in adult glioma and other cancers. However, the pattern and effects of TNC expression in DIPG has not been previously explored. Here, we characterize TNC expression in patient derived pediatric supratentorial HGG (n = 3) and DIPG (n = 6) cell lines, as well as pediatric glioma tumor (n = 50) and normal brain tissue specimens (n = 3). We found tumor specific TNC gene and protein overexpression that directly correlated with higher tumor grade (WHO III and IV, p = 0.05), H3K27 M mutation (p = 0.012), shorter progression free survival (p = 0.034), and poorer overall survival (0.041) in association with these factors. TNC knockdown via lentiviral shRNA transfection of HGG (n = 1) and DIPG (n = 3) cell lines resulted in decreased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro (p < 0.01), while TNC cDNA transfection resulted in increased cell migration, invasion and proliferation (p < 0.01) as well as altered cell morphology in H3K27 M mutant DIPG lines. Whole transcriptome sequencing analysis (RNA-Seq) on DIPG (n = 3) and HGG (n = 2) cell lines after TNC cDNA, shRNA, and empty vector control transfection revealed the effects of TNC expression level on global gene expression profiles. Together, our findings reveal TNC expression in DIPG in association with H3K27 M mutation and VEGF signaling, and suggest that TNC may contribute to DIPG tumor phenotype, and serve as a clinically detectable biomarker for DIPG.

Direct observation of magnetic contrast obtained by photoemission electron microscopy with deep ultra-violet laser excitation

Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and magnetic linear dichroism (MLD) have been investigated in a photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) system excited by a deep ultra-violet (DUV) laser (with λ = 177.3 nm and hυ = 7.0 eV) for the first time. High resolution PEEM magnetic images (down to 43.2 nm) were directly obtained on a (001)-oriented magnetic FePt film surface with a circularly-polarized light under normal incidence. Furthermore, a stepped Cr seeding layer was applied to induce the formation of large-area epitaxial FePt films with (001) and (111) two orientations, where MLD with large asymmetry was observed in the transition area of two phases. It demonstrates that DUV laser can be a powerful source for high resolution magnetic imaging in the laboratory in absence of synchrotron facilities.

[Expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor in colitis-associated colonic carcinogenesis]

Objective: To investigate the expression of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer (CAC), and the roles of G-CSFR positive immune cells in the development of CAC. Methods: The C57BL/6 mouse model of CAC was established by azoxymethane and dextran sulphate sodium. Three different stages in the development of CAC, including inflammation (AD1), mild dysplasia (AD2) and adenocarcinoma (AD3) were simulated. Colon tissue was digested into single cell suspension and the expressions of G-CSF and G-CSFR were analyzed by real-time PCR and fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). The expressions of G-CSFR on T cell, macrophage and neutrophil were analyzed by FACS. Results: The establishment of mouse model can effectively simulate the disease progression of CAC. The results of real-time PCR detection showed that the expression level of G-CSF mRNA in AD1, AD2 and AD3 groups were 1.2, 7.3 and 18.0-fold changes of the control group, respectively. The differences between AD2, AD3 and control groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). G-CSFR mRNA levels in AD1, AD2 and AD3 groups were 1.5, 2.2 and 4.5-fold changes of the control group, respectively. The difference between AD3 and control groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). FACS showed that the percentages of CD45(+) G-CSFR(+) cells in colorectal tissues of the control group, AD1, AD2 and AD3 groups were (21.84±1.77)%, (41.48±4.15)%, (44.84±8.54)% and (57.76±1.95)%, respectively.The percentages of CD45(+) G-CSFR(+) cells in AD2 and AD3 groups were significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). The percentages of CD45(+) G-CSFR(+) macrophage in the colorectal tissues of the control group, AD1, AD2 and AD3 groups were (21.54±5.88)%, (47.14±5.25)%, (42.49±7.80)% and (29.25±8.24)%, respectively. The percentages of CD45(+) G-CSFR(+) T cells in these groups were (30.04±6.87)%, (29.65±8.08)%, (33.75±7.37)% and (33.32±9.85)%, respectively. The percentages of CD45(+) G-CSFR(+) granulocyte were (2.39±2.10)%, (4.05±1.56)%, (3.62±2.67)% and (2.26±0.85)%, respectively (P<0.05). The percentages of G-CSFR(+) macrophage and G-CSFR(+) T cells were significantly higher than that of G-CSFR(+) granulocyte (P<0.05). The differences between AD1 and control group, AD2 and control group, AD1 and AD2 group, AD2 and AD3 group were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: The expression of G-CSFR is significantly up-regulated in the development of CAC. The enrichment of G-CSFR(+) macrophages in the colon tissue suggests G-CSFR(+) macrophages participate in the development of CAC.

Broadband Terahertz Generation via the Interface Inverse Rashba-Edelstein Effect

Novel mechanisms for electromagnetic wave emission in the terahertz frequency regime emerging at the nanometer scale have recently attracted intense attention for the purpose of searching next-generation broadband THz emitters. Here, we report broadband THz emission, utilizing the interface inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect. By engineering the symmetry of the Ag/Bi Rashba interface, we demonstrate a controllable THz radiation (∼0.1-5  THz) waveform emitted from metallic Fe/Ag/Bi heterostructures following photoexcitation. We further reveal that this type of THz radiation can be selectively superimposed on the emission discovered recently due to the inverse spin Hall effect, yielding a unique film thickness dependent emission pattern. Our results thus offer new opportunities for versatile broadband THz radiation using the interface quantum effects.