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Luz PM, Spaeth H, Scott JA, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Freedberg KA, Losina E. Variability in life expectancy among people with HIV in Brazil by gender and sexual orientation. Braz J Infect Dis 2024; 28:103722. [PMID: 38369294 PMCID: PMC10897846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2024.103722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Brazil, though Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is available to all, the benefits may not be experienced uniformly. We projected Life Expectancy (LE) for People Living with HIV (PLHIV) in care as currently observed and estimated the impact of guideline-concordant care. METHODS Using a microsimulation model, we projected LE for a cohort of PLHIV and for four population groups: cisgender Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), cisgender Men who have Sex with Women (MSW), Cisgender Women (CGW), and Transgender Women (TGW). Cohort data from Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INI/Fiocruz) informed model parameters. We modeled five scenarios: 1) Current care: ART initiation, adherence, and retention in care as currently observed, 2) Guideline-concordant care: immediate ART initiation, full adherence to treatment, and consistent retention in care, 3) Immediate ART initiation with observed adherence to treatment and retention in care, 4) Full adherence to treatment with observed timing of ART initiation and retention in care, and 5) Consistent retention in care with observed timing of ART initiation and adherence. RESULTS With current care, LE from age 15 would be 45.9, 44.4, 54.2, and 42.3 years, for MSM, MSW, CGW, and TGW. With guideline-concordant care, LE would be 54.2, 54.4, 63.1, and 53.2 years, for MSM, MSW, CGW and TGW, with TGW experiencing the greatest potential increase in LE (10.9 years). When investigating the components of care separately, MSW and CGW would gain most LE with immediate ART initiation, whereas for MSM and TGW consistent retention in care would be most impactful. CONCLUSIONS In settings like INI/Fiocruz, MSW and CGW would benefit most from interventions focused on earlier diagnosis and linkage to care, whereas TGW and MSM would benefit from interventions to sustain engagement in care. Assessment of the HIV care continuum for specific populations should inform care priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Luz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Hailey Spaeth
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Justine A Scott
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valdilea G Veloso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of General Internal Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elena Losina
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Gandhi AR, Hyle EP, Scott JA, Lee JS, Shebl FM, Joska JA, Andersen LS, O'Cleirigh C, Safren SA, Freedberg KA. The Clinical Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Clinic-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for People With HIV, Depression, and Virologic Failure in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2023; 93:333-342. [PMID: 37079899 PMCID: PMC10287047 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression affects 25%-30% of people with HIV (PWH) in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) and is associated with both antiretroviral therapy (ART) nonadherence and increased mortality. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of task-shifted, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for PWH with diagnosed depression and virologic failure from a randomized trial in RSA. SETTING RSA. METHODS Using the Cost-Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications model, we simulated both trial strategies: enhanced treatment as usual (ETAU) and ETAU plus CBT for ART adherence and depression (CBT-AD; 8 sessions plus 2 follow-ups). In the trial, viral suppression at 1 year was 20% with ETAU and 32% with CBT-AD. Model inputs included mean initial age (39 years) and CD4 count (214/μL), ART costs ($7.5-22/mo), and CBT costs ($29/session). We projected 5- and 10-year viral suppression, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), lifetime costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs: $/QALY [discounted 3%/yr]; cost-effectiveness threshold: ≤$2545/QALY [0.5× per capita GDP]). In sensitivity analyses, we determined how input parameter variation affected cost-effectiveness. RESULTS Model-projected 5- and 10-year viral suppression were 18.9% and 8.7% with ETAU and 21.2% and 9.7% with CBT-AD, respectively. Compared with ETAU, CBT-AD would increase discounted life expectancy from 4.12 to 4.68 QALYs and costs from $6210/person to $6670/person (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio: $840/QALY). CBT-AD would remain cost-effective unless CBT-AD cost >$70/session and simultaneously improved 1-year viral suppression by ≤4% compared with ETAU. CONCLUSIONS CBT for PWH with depression and virologic failure in RSA could improve life expectancy and be cost-effective. Such targeted mental health interventions should be integrated into HIV care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya R. Gandhi
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Emily P. Hyle
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Justine A. Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jasper S. Lee
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Fatma M. Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John A. Joska
- HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lena S. Andersen
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Conall O'Cleirigh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Kenneth A. Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Luz PM, Deshpande V, Kazemian P, Scott JA, Shebl FM, Spaeth H, Pimenta C, Stern M, Pereira G, Struchiner CJ, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Freedberg KA. Impact of pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in urban centers in Brazil: a modeling study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1128. [PMID: 37308858 PMCID: PMC10262537 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men who have sex with men (MSM) in Brazil remain disproportionately affected by HIV. We estimated the potential incidence reduction by five years with increased uptake of publicly-funded, daily, oral tenofovir/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among MSM using the Cost Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications microsimulation model. We used national data, local studies, and literature to inform model parameters for three cities: Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and Manaus. RESULTS In Rio de Janero, a PrEP intervention achieving 10% uptake within 60 months would decrease incidence by 2.3% whereas achieving 60% uptake within 24 months would decrease incidence by 29.7%; results were similar for Salvador and Manaus. In sensitivity analyses, decreasing mean age at PrEP initiation from 33 to 21 years increased incidence reduction by 34%; a discontinuation rate of 25% per year decreased it by 12%. CONCLUSION Targeting PrEP to young MSM and minimizing discontinuation could substantially increase PrEP's impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Luz
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Vijeta Deshpande
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1684, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Pooyan Kazemian
- Department of Operations, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, 11119 Bellflower Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Justine A Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1684, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1684, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hailey Spaeth
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1684, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Cristina Pimenta
- Ministry of Health of Brazil, SRTVN Quadra 701, Lote D, Edifício PO700, 5º Andar, Brasília/DFBrasilia, 70719-040, Brazil
| | - Madeline Stern
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1684, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Gerson Pereira
- Ministry of Health of Brazil, SRTVN Quadra 701, Lote D, Edifício PO700, 5º Andar, Brasília/DFBrasilia, 70719-040, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Valdilea G Veloso
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1684, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, 42 Church Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Resch SC, Foote JHA, Wirth KE, Lasry A, Scott JA, Moore J, Shebl FM, Gaolathe T, Feser MK, Lebelonyane R, Hyle EP, Mmalane MO, Bachanas P, Yu L, Makhema JM, Holme MP, Essex M, Alwano MG, Lockman S, Freedberg KA. Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Testing, Linkage, and Early Antiretroviral Treatment in the Botswana Combination Prevention Project. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 90:399-407. [PMID: 35420554 PMCID: PMC9295776 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Botswana Combination Prevention Project tested the impact of combination prevention (CP) on HIV incidence in a community-randomized trial. Each trial arm had ∼55,000 people, 26% HIV prevalence, and 72% baseline ART coverage. Results showed intensive testing and linkage campaigns, expanded antiretroviral treatment (ART), and voluntary male medical circumcision referrals increased coverage and decreased incidence over ∼29 months of follow-up. We projected lifetime clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of CP in this population. SETTING Rural and periurban communities in Botswana. METHODS We used the Cost-Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications model to estimate lifetime health impact and cost of (1) earlier ART initiation and (2) averting an HIV infection, which we applied to incremental ART initiations and averted infections calculated from trial data. We determined the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio [US$/quality-adjusted life-years (QALY)] for CP vs. standard of care. RESULTS In CP, 1418 additional people with HIV initiated ART and an additional 304 infections were averted. For each additional person started on ART, life expectancy increased 0.90 QALYs and care costs increased by $869. For each infection averted, life expectancy increased 2.43 QALYs with $9200 in care costs saved. With CP, an additional $1.7 million were spent on prevention and $1.2 million on earlier treatment. These costs were mostly offset by decreased care costs from averted infections, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $79 per QALY. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced HIV testing, linkage, and early ART initiation improve life expectancy, reduce transmission, and can be cost-effective or cost-saving in settings like Botswana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Resch
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Kresge 3 & 4 Floors, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia H. A. Foote
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, 16 Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kathleen E. Wirth
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arielle Lasry
- Division of Global HIV & TB, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Justine A. Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, 16 Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Janet Moore
- Division of Global HIV & TB, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Fatma M. Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, 16 Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tendani Gaolathe
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Princess Marina Hospital, Plot No. 1836, Northring Road, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mary K. Feser
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, 16 Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Refeletswe Lebelonyane
- Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness, Plot 54609, 24 Amos Street, Government Enclave, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Emily P. Hyle
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, 16 Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02144, USA
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, 42 Church Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mompati O. Mmalane
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Princess Marina Hospital, Plot No. 1836, Northring Road, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Pamela Bachanas
- Division of Global HIV & TB, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Liyang Yu
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, 16 Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joseph M. Makhema
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Princess Marina Hospital, Plot No. 1836, Northring Road, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Molly Pretorius Holme
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Max Essex
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Princess Marina Hospital, Plot No. 1836, Northring Road, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Shahin Lockman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Princess Marina Hospital, Plot No. 1836, Northring Road, Gaborone, Botswana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 45 Francis Street, 2 Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Freedberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Kresge 3 & 4 Floors, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, 16 Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02144, USA
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, 42 Church Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, 9 Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Kazemian P, Ding DD, Scott JA, Feser MK, Biello K, Thomas BE, Dange A, Bedoya CA, Balu V, Rawat S, Kumarasamy N, Mimiaga MJ, O'Cleirigh C, Weinstein MC, Kumar JP, Kumar S, Mayer KH, Safren SA, Freedberg KA. The cost-effectiveness of a resilience-based psychosocial intervention for HIV prevention among MSM in India. AIDS 2022; 36:1223-1232. [PMID: 35471644 PMCID: PMC9283429 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MSM in India are at a high risk for HIV infection given psychosocial challenges, sexual orientation stress, and stigma. We examined the cost-effectiveness of a novel resilience-based psychosocial intervention for MSM in India. DESIGN We parameterized a validated microsimulation model (CEPAC) with India-specific data and results from a randomized trial and examined two strategies for MSM: status quo HIV care ( SQ ), and a trial-based psychosocial intervention ( INT ) focused on building resilience to stress, improving mental health, and reducing condomless anal sex (CAS). METHODS We projected lifetime clinical and economic outcomes for MSM without HIV initially. Intervention effectiveness, defined as reduction in self-reported CAS, was estimated at 38%; cost was $49.37/participant. We used a willingness-to-pay threshold of US$2100 (2019 Indian per capita GDP) per year of life saved (YLS) to define cost-effectiveness. We also assessed the 5-year budget impact of offering this intervention to 20% of Indian MSM. RESULTS Model projections showed the intervention would avert 2940 HIV infections among MSM over 10 years. Over a lifetime horizon, the intervention was cost-effective (ICER = $900/YLS). Results were most sensitive to intervention effectiveness and cost; the intervention remained cost-effective under plausible ranges of these parameters. Offering this intervention in the public sector would require an additional US$28 M over 5 years compared with SQ . CONCLUSION A resilience-based psychosocial intervention integrated with HIV risk reduction counseling among MSM in India would reduce HIV infections and be cost-effective. Programs using this approach should be expanded as a part of comprehensive HIV prevention in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Kazemian
- Department of Operations, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Delaney D Ding
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justine A Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary K Feser
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katie Biello
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beena E Thomas
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | | | - C Andres Bedoya
- Behavioral Medicine Program, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vinoth Balu
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | | | - Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy
- CART Clinical Research Site, Infectious Diseases Medical Centre, Voluntary Health Services, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Matthew J Mimiaga
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Geffen School of Medicine
- UCLA Center for LGBTQ+ Advocacy, Research & Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Conall O'Cleirigh
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Behavioral Medicine Program, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jacob Prem Kumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | | | - Kenneth H Mayer
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven A Safren
- Center for HIV and Research in Mental Health
- Health Promotion and Care Research Program
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of General Internal Medicine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Siedner MJ, Alba C, Fitzmaurice KP, Gilbert RF, Scott JA, Shebl FM, Ciaranello A, Reddy KP, Freedberg KA. Cost-effectiveness of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1887-1896. [PMID: 35696544 PMCID: PMC9214172 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the advent of safe and effective coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines, pervasive inequities in global vaccination persist. METHODS We projected health benefits and donor costs of delivering vaccines for up to 60% of the population in 91 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We modeled a highly contagious (Re at model start, 1.7), low-virulence (infection fatality ratio [IFR], 0.32%) "Omicron-like" variant and a similarly contagious "severe" variant (IFR, 0.59%) over 360 days, accounting for country-specific age structure and healthcare capacity. Costs included vaccination startup (US$630 million) and per-person procurement and delivery (US$12.46/person vaccinated). RESULTS In the Omicron-like scenario, increasing current vaccination coverage to achieve at least 15% in each of the 91 LMICs would prevent 11 million new infections and 120 000 deaths, at a cost of US$0.95 billion, for an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$670/year of life saved (YLS). Increases in vaccination coverage to 60% would additionally prevent up to 68 million infections and 160 000 deaths, with ICERs <US$8000/YLS. ICERs were <US$4000/YLS under the more severe variant scenario and generally robust to assumptions about vaccine effectiveness, uptake, and costs. CONCLUSIONS Funding expanded COVID-19 vaccine delivery in LMICs would save hundreds of thousands of lives, be similarly or more cost-effective than other donor-funded global aid programs, and improve health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Siedner
- Corresponding Author: Mark J. Siedner, MD MPH Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1600, Boston, MA 02114, USA Fax: 617-724-1637 Telephone: 617-726-4686
| | - Christopher Alba
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rebecca F. Gilbert
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justine A. Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatma M. Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Ciaranello
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Krishna P. Reddy
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Freedberg
- Alternate Corresponding Author: Kenneth A. Freedberg, MD, MSc Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1600, Boston, MA 02114, USA Fax: 617-726-6063
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7
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Murgia MV, Sharan S, Kaur J, Austin W, Hagen L, Wu L, Chen L, Scott JA, Flaherty DP, Scharf ME, Watts VJ, Hill CA. High-content phenotypic screening identifies novel chemistries that disrupt mosquito activity and development. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 182:105037. [PMID: 35249647 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
New classes of chemistries are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes and prevent transmission of vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Organismal screens of chemical collections have played an important role in the search for new vector insecticides and the identification of active ingredients (AIs) that cause rapid mortality of mosquitoes. Advances in image-based screening offer an opportunity to identify chemistries that operate via novel biochemical modes and investigate the range of phenotypes exhibited by mosquitoes following exposure to lethal and sub-lethal chemical dose. An automated, high throughput phenotypic screen (HTS) employing high-content imaging of first instar (L1) Aedes aegypti larvae was developed to identify chemistries associated with mortality and atypical morphological phenotypes. A pilot screen of the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC1280) identified 92 chemistries that disrupted larval activity and development, including conventional insecticides and chemistries known to modulate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and other molecular targets in mammalian systems. Secondary assay series were used to evaluate a selection of chemistries for impacts on mosquito activity, survival and development. Ritodrine hydrochloride reduced mobility of larvae but had no observable effect on survival and development of mosquitoes. High doses of metergoline suppressed larval activity and sub-lethal dose resulted in pupal mortality. Assay data support the utility of phenotypic screening and diverse entomological end-points for discovery of novel insecticidal chemical scaffolds. The insecticide discovery process must consider how multi-modal efficacy spectra contribute to vector and VBD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Murgia
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - S Sharan
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - J Kaur
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - W Austin
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - L Hagen
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - L Wu
- Chemical Genomics Facility at Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - L Chen
- Chemical Genomics Facility at Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - J A Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - D P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - M E Scharf
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - V J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - C A Hill
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA.
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Reddy KP, Fitzmaurice KP, Scott JA, Harling G, Lessells RJ, Panella C, Shebl FM, Freedberg KA, Siedner MJ. Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa. medRxiv 2021:2021.05.07.21256852. [PMID: 34013291 PMCID: PMC8132265 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.07.21256852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Low- and middle-income countries are implementing COVID-19 vaccination strategies in light of varying vaccine efficacies and costs, supply shortages, and resource constraints. Here, we use a microsimulation model to evaluate clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of a COVID-19 vaccination program in South Africa. We varied vaccination coverage, pace, acceptance, effectiveness, and cost as well as epidemic dynamics. Providing vaccines to at least 40% of the population and prioritizing vaccine rollout prevented >9 million infections and >73,000 deaths and reduced costs due to fewer hospitalizations. Model results were most sensitive to assumptions about epidemic growth and prevalence of prior immunity to SARS-CoV-2, though the vaccination program still provided high value and decreased both deaths and health care costs across a wide range of assumptions. Vaccination program implementation factors, including prompt procurement, distribution, and rollout, are likely more influential than characteristics of the vaccine itself in maximizing public health benefits and economic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna P. Reddy
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Justine A. Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guy Harling
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
- School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Harvard Center for Population & Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard J. Lessells
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing (KRISP), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Christopher Panella
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatma M. Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark J. Siedner
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Neilan AM, Losina E, Bangs AC, Flanagan C, Panella C, Eskibozkurt GE, Mohareb A, Hyle EP, Scott JA, Weinstein MC, Siedner MJ, Reddy KP, Harling G, Freedberg KA, Shebl FM, Kazemian P, Ciaranello AL. Clinical Impact, Costs, and Cost-effectiveness of Expanded Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Testing in Massachusetts. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e2908-e2917. [PMID: 32945845 PMCID: PMC7543346 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We projected the clinical and economic impact of alternative testing strategies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence and mortality in Massachusetts using a microsimulation model. METHODS We compared 4 testing strategies: (1) hospitalized: polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing only for patients with severe/critical symptoms warranting hospitalization; (2) symptomatic: PCR for any COVID-19-consistent symptoms, with self-isolation if positive; (3) symptomatic + asymptomatic once: symptomatic and 1-time PCR for the entire population; and (4) symptomatic + asymptomatic monthly: symptomatic with monthly retesting for the entire population. We examined effective reproduction numbers (Re = 0.9-2.0) at which policy conclusions would change. We assumed homogeneous mixing among the Massachusetts population (excluding those residing in long-term care facilities). We used published data on disease progression and mortality, transmission, PCR sensitivity/specificity (70%/100%), and costs. Model-projected outcomes included infections, deaths, tests performed, hospital-days, and costs over 180 days, as well as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs, $/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY]). RESULTS At Re = 0.9, symptomatic + asymptomatic monthly vs hospitalized resulted in a 64% reduction in infections and a 46% reduction in deaths, but required >66-fold more tests/day with 5-fold higher costs. Symptomatic + asymptomatic monthly had an ICER <$100 000/QALY only when Re ≥1.6; when test cost was ≤$3, every 14-day testing was cost-effective at all Re examined. CONCLUSIONS Testing people with any COVID-19-consistent symptoms would be cost-saving compared to testing only those whose symptoms warrant hospital care. Expanding PCR testing to asymptomatic people would decrease infections, deaths, and hospitalizations. Despite modest sensitivity, low-cost, repeat screening of the entire population could be cost-effective in all epidemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Neilan
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena Losina
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Orthopedic and Arthritis Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Policy and Innovation eValuation in Orthopedic Treatments Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Audrey C Bangs
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clare Flanagan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Panella
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - G Ege Eskibozkurt
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amir Mohareb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justine A Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Krishna P Reddy
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guy Harling
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pooyan Kazemian
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea L Ciaranello
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Virk A, Bella Jalloh M, Koedoyoma S, Smalle IO, Bolton W, Scott JA, Brown J, Jayne D, Ensor T, King R. What factors shape surgical access in West Africa? A qualitative study exploring patient and provider experiences of managing injuries in Sierra Leone. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e042402. [PMID: 33649054 PMCID: PMC8098971 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgical access is central to universalising health coverage, yet 5 billion people lack timely access to safe surgical services. Surgical need is particularly acute in post conflict settings like Sierra Leone. There is limited understanding of the barriers and opportunities at the service delivery and community levels. Focusing on fractures and wound care which constitute an enormous disease burden in Sierra Leone as a proxy for general surgical need, we examine provider and patient perceived factors impeding or facilitating surgical care in the post-Ebola context of a weakened health system. METHODS Across Western Area Urban (Freetown), Bo and Tonkolili districts, 60 participants were involved in 38 semistructured interviews and 22 participants in 5 focus group discussions. Respondents included surgical providers, district-level policy-makers, traditional healers and patients. Data were thematically analysed, combining deductive and inductive techniques to generate codes. RESULTS Interacting demand-side and supply-side issues affected user access to surgical services. On the demand side, high cost of care at medical facilities combined with the affordability and convenient mode of payment to the traditional health practitioners hindered access to the medical facilities. On the supply side, capacity shortages and staff motivation were challenges at facilities. Problems were compounded by patients' delaying care mainly spurred by sociocultural beliefs in traditional practice and economic factors, thereby impeding early intervention for patients with surgical need. In the absence of formal support services, the onus of first aid and frontline trauma care is borne by lay citizens. CONCLUSION Within a resource-constrained context, supply-side strengthening need accompanying by demand-side measures involving community and traditional actors. On the supply side, non-specialists could be effectively utilised in surgical delivery. Existing human resource capacity can be enhanced through better incentives for non-physicians. Traditional provider networks can be deployed for community outreach. Developing a lay responder system for first-aid and front-line support could be a useful mechanism for prompt clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Virk
- Global Health Policy Unit, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mohamed Bella Jalloh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Songor Koedoyoma
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Isaac O Smalle
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Department of Global Health, King's College, London, UK
| | | | - J A Scott
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Julia Brown
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Jayne
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim Ensor
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rebecca King
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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11
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Hyle EP, Scott JA, Sax PE, Millham LRI, Dugdale CM, Weinstein MC, Freedberg KA, Walensky RP. Clinical Impact and Cost-effectiveness of Genotype Testing at Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1353-1363. [PMID: 31055599 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND US guidelines recommend genotype testing at human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis ("baseline genotype") to detect transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and protease inhibitors. With integrase strand inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimens now recommended as first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART), the of baseline genotypes is uncertain. METHODS We used the Cost-effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications model to examine the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of baseline genotype compared to no baseline genotype for people starting ART with dolutegravir (DTG) and an NRTI pair. For people with no TDR (83.8%), baseline genotype does not alter regimen selection. Among people with transmitted NRTI resistance (5.8%), baseline genotype guides NRTI selection and informs subsequent ART after adverse events (DTG AEs, 14%). Among people with transmitted NNRTI resistance (7.2%), baseline genotype influences care only for people with DTG AEs switching to NNRTI-based regimens. The 48-week virologic suppression varied (40%-92%) depending on TDR. Costs included $320/genotype and $2500-$3000/month for ART. RESULTS Compared to no baseline genotype, baseline genotype resulted in <1 additional undiscounted quality-adjusted life-day (QALD), cost an additional $500/person, and was not cost-effective (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio: $420 000/quality-adjusted life-year). In univariate sensitivity analysis, clinical benefits of baseline genotype never exceeded 5 QALDs for all newly diagnosed people with HIV. Baseline genotype was cost-effective at current TDR prevalence only under unlikely conditions, eg, DTG-based regimens achieving ≤50% suppression of transmitted NRTI resistance. CONCLUSIONS With INSTI-based first-line regimens in the United States, baseline genotype offers minimal clinical benefit and is not cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Hyle
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital.,Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge
| | | | - Paul E Sax
- Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | | | - Caitlin M Dugdale
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital.,Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital.,Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Rochelle P Walensky
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital.,Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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12
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Baggett TP, Scott JA, Le MH, Shebl FM, Panella C, Losina E, Flanagan C, Gaeta JM, Neilan A, Hyle EP, Mohareb A, Reddy KP, Siedner MJ, Harling G, Weinstein MC, Ciaranello A, Kazemian P, Freedberg KA. Clinical Outcomes, Costs, and Cost-effectiveness of Strategies for Adults Experiencing Sheltered Homelessness During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2028195. [PMID: 33351082 PMCID: PMC7756240 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.28195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Approximately 356 000 people stay in homeless shelters nightly in the United States. They have high risk of contracting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVE To assess the estimated clinical outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness associated with strategies for COVID-19 management among adults experiencing sheltered homelessness. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This decision analytic model used a simulated cohort of 2258 adults residing in homeless shelters in Boston, Massachusetts. Cohort characteristics and costs were adapted from Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. Disease progression, transmission, and outcomes data were taken from published literature and national databases. Surging, growing, and slowing epidemics (effective reproduction numbers [Re], 2.6, 1.3, and 0.9, respectively) were examined. Costs were from a health care sector perspective, and the time horizon was 4 months, from April to August 2020. EXPOSURES Daily symptom screening with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of individuals with positive symptom screening results, universal PCR testing every 2 weeks, hospital-based COVID-19 care, alternative care sites (ACSs) for mild or moderate COVID-19, and temporary housing were each compared with no intervention. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cumulative infections and hospital-days, costs to the health care sector (US dollars), and cost-effectiveness, as incremental cost per case of COVID-19 prevented. RESULTS The simulated population of 2258 sheltered homeless adults had a mean (SD) age of 42.6 (9.04) years. Compared with no intervention, daily symptom screening with ACSs for pending tests or confirmed COVID-19 and mild or moderate disease was associated with 37% fewer infections (1954 vs 1239) and 46% lower costs ($6.10 million vs $3.27 million) at an Re of 2.6, 75% fewer infections (538 vs 137) and 72% lower costs ($1.46 million vs $0.41 million) at an Re of 1.3, and 51% fewer infections (174 vs 85) and 51% lower costs ($0.54 million vs $0.26 million) at an Re of 0.9. Adding PCR testing every 2 weeks was associated with a further decrease in infections; incremental cost per case prevented was $1000 at an Re of 2.6, $27 000 at an Re of 1.3, and $71 000 at an Re of 0.9. Temporary housing with PCR every 2 weeks was most effective but substantially more expensive than other options. Compared with no intervention, temporary housing with PCR every 2 weeks was associated with 81% fewer infections (376) and 542% higher costs ($39.12 million) at an Re of 2.6, 82% fewer infections (95) and 2568% higher costs ($38.97 million) at an Re of 1.3, and 59% fewer infections (71) and 7114% higher costs ($38.94 million) at an Re of 0.9. Results were sensitive to cost and sensitivity of PCR and ACS efficacy in preventing transmission. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this modeling study of simulated adults living in homeless shelters, daily symptom screening and ACSs were associated with fewer severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and decreased costs compared with no intervention. In a modeled surging epidemic, adding universal PCR testing every 2 weeks was associated with further decrease in SARS-CoV-2 infections at modest incremental cost and should be considered during future surges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P. Baggett
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Institute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justine A. Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Mylinh H. Le
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Fatma M. Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | | | - Elena Losina
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Orthopedic and Arthritis Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Policy and Innovation eValuation in Orthopedic Treatments Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clare Flanagan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Jessie M. Gaeta
- Institute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, Massachusetts
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne Neilan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Emily P. Hyle
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amir Mohareb
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Krishna P. Reddy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Mark J. Siedner
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Guy Harling
- Department of Epidemiology and Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Milton C. Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea Ciaranello
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pooyan Kazemian
- Department of Operations, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kenneth A. Freedberg
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Reddy KP, Shebl FM, Foote JHA, Harling G, Scott JA, Panella C, Fitzmaurice KP, Flanagan C, Hyle EP, Neilan AM, Mohareb AM, Bekker LG, Lessells RJ, Ciaranello AL, Wood R, Losina E, Freedberg KA, Kazemian P, Siedner MJ. Cost-effectiveness of public health strategies for COVID-19 epidemic control in South Africa: a microsimulation modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 2020; 9:e120-e129. [PMID: 33188729 PMCID: PMC7834260 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Health-care resource constraints in low-income and middle-income countries necessitate the identification of cost-effective public health interventions to address COVID-19. We aimed to develop a dynamic COVID-19 microsimulation model to assess clinical and economic outcomes and cost-effectiveness of epidemic control strategies in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Methods We compared different combinations of five public health interventions: health-care testing alone, where diagnostic testing is done only for individuals presenting to health-care centres; contact tracing in households of cases; isolation centres, for cases not requiring hospital admission; mass symptom screening and molecular testing for symptomatic individuals by community health-care workers; and quarantine centres, for household contacts who test negative. We calibrated infection transmission rates to match effective reproduction number (Re) estimates reported in South Africa. We assessed two main epidemic scenarios for a period of 360 days, with an Re of 1·5 and 1·2. Strategies with incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of less than US$3250 per year of life saved were considered cost-effective. We also did sensitivity analyses by varying key parameters (Re values, molecular testing sensitivity, and efficacies and costs of interventions) to determine the effect on clinical and cost projections. Findings When Re was 1·5, health-care testing alone resulted in the highest number of COVID-19 deaths during the 360-day period. Compared with health-care testing alone, a combination of health-care testing, contact tracing, use of isolation centres, mass symptom screening, and use of quarantine centres reduced mortality by 94%, increased health-care costs by 33%, and was cost-effective (ICER $340 per year of life saved). In settings where quarantine centres were not feasible, a combination of health-care testing, contact tracing, use of isolation centres, and mass symptom screening was cost-effective compared with health-care testing alone (ICER $590 per year of life saved). When Re was 1·2, health-care testing, contact tracing, use of isolation centres, and use of quarantine centres was the least costly strategy, and no other strategies were cost-effective. In sensitivity analyses, a combination of health-care testing, contact tracing, use of isolation centres, mass symptom screening, and use of quarantine centres was generally cost-effective, with the exception of scenarios in which Re was 2·6 and when efficacies of isolation centres and quarantine centres for transmission reduction were reduced. Interpretation In South Africa, strategies involving household contact tracing, isolation, mass symptom screening, and quarantining household contacts who test negative would substantially reduce COVID-19 mortality and would be cost-effective. The optimal combination of interventions depends on epidemic growth characteristics and practical implementation considerations. Funding US National Institutes of Health, Royal Society, Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna P Reddy
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia H A Foote
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guy Harling
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Justine A Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Panella
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kieran P Fitzmaurice
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clare Flanagan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne M Neilan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amir M Mohareb
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard J Lessells
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrea L Ciaranello
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robin Wood
- Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elena Losina
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Orthopaedic and Arthritis Center for Outcomes Research and Policy and Innovation eValuation in Orthopaedic Treatments (PIVOT) Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pooyan Kazemian
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
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14
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Baggett TP, Scott JA, Le MH, Shebl FM, Panella C, Losina E, Flanagan C, Gaeta JM, Neilan A, Hyle EP, Mohareb A, Reddy KP, Siedner MJ, Harling G, Weinstein MC, Ciaranello A, Kazemian P, Freedberg KA. Clinical Outcomes, Costs, and Cost-effectiveness of Strategies for People Experiencing Sheltered Homelessness During the COVID-19 Pandemic. medRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32817967 PMCID: PMC7430611 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.07.20170498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Importance: Approximately 356,000 people stay in homeless shelters nightly in the US. They are at high risk for COVID-19. Objective: To assess clinical outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness of strategies for COVID-19 management among sheltered homeless adults. Design: We developed a dynamic microsimulation model of COVID-19 in sheltered homeless adults in Boston, Massachusetts. We used cohort characteristics and costs from Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. Disease progression, transmission, and outcomes data were from published literature and national databases. We examined surging, growing, and slowing epidemics (effective reproduction numbers [Re] 2.6, 1.3, and 0.9). Costs were from a health care sector perspective; time horizon was 4 months, from April to August 2020. Setting & Participants: Simulated cohort of 2,258 adults residing in homeless shelters in Boston. Interventions: We assessed daily symptom screening with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of screen-positives, universal PCR testing every 2 weeks, hospital-based COVID-19 care, alternate care sites [ACSs] for mild/moderate COVID-19, and temporary housing, each compared to no intervention. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cumulative infections and hospital-days, costs to the health care sector (US dollars), and cost-effectiveness, as incremental cost per case prevented of COVID-19. Results: We simulated a population of 2,258 sheltered homeless adults with mean age of 42.6 years. Compared to no intervention, daily symptom screening with ACSs for pending tests or confirmed COVID-19 and mild/moderate disease led to 37% fewer infections and 46% lower costs (Re=2.6), 75% fewer infections and 72% lower costs (Re=1.3), and 51% fewer infections and 51% lower costs (Re=0.9). Adding PCR testing every 2 weeks further decreased infections; incremental cost per case prevented was $1,000 (Re=2.6), $27,000 (Re=1.3), and $71,000 (Re=0.9). Temporary housing with PCR every 2 weeks was most effective but substantially more costly than other options. Results were sensitive to cost and sensitivity of PCR and ACS efficacy in preventing transmission. Conclusions & Relevance: In this modeling study of simulated adults living in homeless shelters, daily symptom screening and ACSs were associated with fewer COVID-19 infections and decreased costs compared with no intervention. In a modeled surging epidemic, adding universal PCR testing every 2 weeks was associated with further decrease in COVID-19 infections at modest incremental cost and should be considered during future surges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P Baggett
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Institute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, MA
| | - Justine A Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mylinh H Le
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher Panella
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Losina
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Orthopedic and Arthritis Center for Outcomes Research (OrACORe), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Policy and Innovation eValuation in Orthopedic Treatments (PIVOT) Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Clare Flanagan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jessie M Gaeta
- Institute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, MA.,Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Anne Neilan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Boston, MA
| | - Amir Mohareb
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Krishna P Reddy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Guy Harling
- Department of Epidemiology and Harvard Center for Population & Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.,MRC/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea Ciaranello
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Boston, MA
| | - Pooyan Kazemian
- Department of Operations, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Boston, MA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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15
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Reddy KP, Shebl FM, Foote JHA, Harling G, Scott JA, Panella C, Fitzmaurice KP, Flanagan C, Hyle EP, Neilan AM, Mohareb AM, Bekker LG, Lessells RJ, Ciaranello AL, Wood R, Losina E, Freedberg KA, Kazemian P, Siedner MJ. Cost-effectiveness of public health strategies for COVID-19 epidemic control in South Africa: a microsimulation modelling study. medRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32637979 PMCID: PMC7340205 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.29.20140111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Healthcare resource constraints in low and middle-income countries necessitate selection of cost-effective public health interventions to address COVID-19. Methods We developed a dynamic COVID-19 microsimulation model to evaluate clinical and economic outcomes and cost-effectiveness of epidemic control strategies in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Interventions assessed were Healthcare Testing (HT), where diagnostic testing is performed only for those presenting to healthcare centres; Contact Tracing (CT) in households of cases; Isolation Centres (IC), for cases not requiring hospitalisation; community health worker-led Mass Symptom Screening and molecular testing for symptomatic individuals (MS); and Quarantine Centres (QC), for household contacts who test negative. Given uncertainties about epidemic dynamics in South Africa, we evaluated two main epidemic scenarios over 360 days, with effective reproduction numbers (Re) of 1·5 and 1·2. We compared HT, HT+CT, HT+CT+IC, HT+CT+IC+MS, HT+CT+IC+QC, and HT+CT+IC+MS+QC, considering strategies with incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) <US$3,250/year-of-life saved (YLS) cost-effective. In sensitivity analyses, we varied Re, molecular testing sensitivity, and efficacies and costs of interventions. Findings With Re 1·5, HT resulted in the most COVID-19 deaths over 360 days. Compared with HT, HT+CT+IC+MS+QC reduced mortality by 94%, increased costs by 33%, and was cost-effective (ICER $340/YLS). In settings where quarantine centres cannot be implemented, HT+CT+IC+MS was cost-effective compared with HT (ICER $590/YLS). With Re 1·2, HT+CT+IC+QC was the least costly strategy, and no other strategy was cost-effective. HT+CT+IC+MS+QC was cost-effective in many sensitivity analyses; notable exceptions were when Re was 2·6 and when efficacies of ICs and QCs for transmission reduction were reduced. Interpretation In South Africa, strategies involving household contact tracing, isolation, mass symptom screening, and quarantining household contacts who test negative would substantially reduce COVID-19 mortality and be cost-effective. The optimal combination of interventions depends on epidemic growth characteristics and practical implementation considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna P Reddy
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia H A Foote
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guy Harling
- Department of Epidemiology and Harvard Center for Population & Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.,MRC/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Justine A Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Panella
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kieran P Fitzmaurice
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clare Flanagan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne M Neilan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amir M Mohareb
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard J Lessells
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing (KRISP), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrea L Ciaranello
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robin Wood
- Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elena Losina
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Orthopedic and Arthritis Center for Outcomes Research (OrACORe), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Policy and Innovation eValuation in Orthopedic Treatments (PIVOT) Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pooyan Kazemian
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Scott JA, Barry PJ, Jones AM, Athwal VS. Management of superior mesenteric venous thrombus in cystic fibrosis related liver disease. Paediatr Respir Rev 2020; 35:106-108. [PMID: 32798114 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal pain is a common feature in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and CF related liver disease (CFLD). Superior mesenteric venous (SMV) thrombosis is an uncommon but important cause of abdominal pain. Management strategies are complicated by an underlying prothrombotic state and increased risk of bleeding from complications of CF and CFLD. This review addresses clinical presentation, detection and management options of an acute SMV thrombus in the context of CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Scott
- Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Rd, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LT, UK; Divsion of Diabetes, Endocrine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - P J Barry
- Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Rd, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - A M Jones
- Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Rd, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - V S Athwal
- Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Rd, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LT, UK; Divsion of Diabetes, Endocrine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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17
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Neilan AM, Losina E, Bangs AC, Flanagan C, Panella C, Eskibozkurt GE, Mohareb A, Hyle EP, Scott JA, Weinstein MC, Siedner MJ, Reddy KP, Harling G, Freedberg KA, Shebl FM, Kazemian P, Ciaranello AL. Clinical Impact, Costs, and Cost-Effectiveness of Expanded SARS-CoV-2 Testing in Massachusetts. medRxiv 2020:2020.07.23.20160820. [PMID: 32743604 PMCID: PMC7386528 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.23.20160820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background We projected the clinical and economic impact of alternative testing strategies on COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Massachusetts using a microsimulation model. Methods We compared five testing strategies: 1) PCR-severe-only: PCR testing only patients with severe/critical symptoms; 2) Self-screen: PCR-severe-only plus self-assessment of COVID-19-consistent symptoms with self-isolation if positive; 3) PCR-any-symptom: PCR for any COVID-19-consistent symptoms with self-isolation if positive; 4) PCR-all: PCR-any-symptom and one-time PCR for the entire population; and, 5) PCR-all-repeat: PCR-all with monthly re-testing. We examined effective reproduction numbers (R e , 0.9-2.0) at which policy conclusions would change. We used published data on disease progression and mortality, transmission, PCR sensitivity/specificity (70/100%) and costs. Model-projected outcomes included infections, deaths, tests performed, hospital-days, and costs over 180-days, as well as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs, $/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY]). Results In all scenarios, PCR-all-repeat would lead to the best clinical outcomes and PCR-severe-only would lead to the worst; at R e 0.9, PCR-all-repeat vs. PCR-severe-only resulted in a 63% reduction in infections and a 44% reduction in deaths, but required >65-fold more tests/day with 4-fold higher costs. PCR-all-repeat had an ICER <$100,000/QALY only when R e ≥1.8. At all R e values, PCR-any-symptom was cost-saving compared to other strategies. Conclusions Testing people with any COVID-19-consistent symptoms would be cost-saving compared to restricting testing to only those with symptoms severe enough to warrant hospital care. Expanding PCR testing to asymptomatic people would decrease infections, deaths, and hospitalizations. Universal screening would be cost-effective when paired with monthly retesting in settings where the COVID-19 pandemic is surging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Neilan
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Losina
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Orthopedic and Arthritis Center for Outcomes Research (OrACORe), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Policy and Innovation evaluation in Orthopedic Treatments (PIVOT) Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Audrey C Bangs
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Clare Flanagan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher Panella
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - G Ege Eskibozkurt
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Amir Mohareb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Justine A Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Krishna P Reddy
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Guy Harling
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pooyan Kazemian
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea L Ciaranello
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA
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18
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Millham LRI, Scott JA, Sax PE, Shebl FM, Reddy KP, Losina E, Walensky RP, Freedberg KA. Clinical and Economic Impact of Ibalizumab for People With Multidrug-Resistant HIV in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 83:148-156. [PMID: 31929403 PMCID: PMC7066538 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We projected the clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and budget impact of ibalizumab plus an optimized background regimen (OBR) for people with multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV in the United States. METHODS Using the Cost-Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications microsimulation model and a health care sector perspective, we compared 2 treatment strategies for MDR HIV: (1) IBA + OBR-ibalizumab plus OBR and (2) OBR-OBR alone. Ibalizumab efficacy and cohort characteristics were from trial data: mean age 49 years, 85% male, and mean CD4 150/µL. Six-month viral suppression was 50% with IBA + OBR and 0% with OBR. The ibalizumab loading dose cost $10,500, and subsequent ibalizumab injections cost $8400/month; OBR cost $4500/month. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated using discounted (3%/year) quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs. ICERs ≤$100,000/QALY were considered cost-effective. We performed sensitivity analysis on key parameters and examined budget impact. RESULTS In the base case, 5-year survival increased from 38% with OBR to 47% with IBA + OBR. Lifetime costs were $301,700/person with OBR and $661,800/person with IBA + OBR; the ICER for IBA + OBR compared with OBR was $260,900/QALY. IBA + OBR was not cost-effective even with 100% efficacy. IBA + OBR became cost-effective at base case efficacy if ibalizumab cost was reduced by ≥88%. For an estimated 12,000 people with MDR HIV in the United States, IBA + OBR increased care costs by $1.8 billion (1.5% of total treatment budget) over 5 years. CONCLUSIONS For people with MDR HIV lacking other treatment options, ibalizumab will substantially increase survival when effective. Although adding ibalizumab to OBR is not cost-effective, the low number of eligible patients in the United States makes the budget impact relatively small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia R I Millham
- Department of Medicine, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Justine A Scott
- Department of Medicine, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Paul E Sax
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Department of Medicine, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Krishna P Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Losina
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Rochelle P Walensky
- Department of Medicine, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA; and
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Department of Medicine, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA; and
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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19
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Flash MJE, Garland WH, Martey EB, Schackman BR, Oksuzyan S, Scott JA, Jeng PJ, Rubio M, Losina E, Freedberg KA, Kulkarni SP, Hyle EP. Cost-effectiveness of a Medical Care Coordination Program for People With HIV in Los Angeles County. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz537. [PMID: 31909083 PMCID: PMC6935680 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Los Angeles County (LAC) Division of HIV and STD Programs implemented a medical care coordination (MCC) program to address the medical and psychosocial service needs of people with HIV (PWH) at risk for poor health outcomes. Methods Our objective was to evaluate the impact and cost-effectiveness of the MCC program. Using the CEPAC-US model populated with clinical characteristics and costs observed from the MCC program, we projected lifetime clinical and economic outcomes for a cohort of high-risk PWH under 2 strategies: (1) No MCC and (2) a 2-year MCC program. The cohort was stratified by acuity using social and clinical characteristics. Baseline viral suppression was 33% in both strategies; 2-year suppression was 33% with No MCC and 57% with MCC. The program cost $2700/person/year. Model outcomes included quality-adjusted life expectancy, lifetime medical costs, and cost-effectiveness. The cost-effectiveness threshold for the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $100 000/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Results With MCC, life expectancy increased from 10.07 to 10.94 QALYs, and costs increased from $311 300 to $335 100 compared with No MCC (ICER, $27 400/QALY). ICERs for high/severe, moderate, and low acuity were $30 500/QALY, $25 200/QALY, and $77 400/QALY. In sensitivity analysis, MCC remained cost-effective if 2-year viral suppression was ≥39% even if MCC costs increased 3-fold. Conclusions The LAC MCC program improved survival and was cost-effective. Similar programs should be considered in other settings to improve outcomes for high-risk PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses J E Flash
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wendy H Garland
- Division of HIV and STD Programs, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emily B Martey
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce R Schackman
- Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sona Oksuzyan
- Division of HIV and STD Programs, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Justine A Scott
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip J Jeng
- Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marisol Rubio
- Division of HIV and STD Programs, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elena Losina
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sonali P Kulkarni
- Division of HIV and STD Programs, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Boundy-Mills K, McCluskey K, Elia P, Glaeser JA, Lindner DL, Nobles DR, Normanly J, Ochoa-Corona FM, Scott JA, Ward TJ, Webb KM, Webster K, Wertz JE. Preserving US microbe collections sparks future discoveries. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 129:162-174. [PMID: 31758754 PMCID: PMC7383923 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Collections of micro‐organisms are a crucial element of life science research infrastructure but are vulnerable to loss and damage caused by natural or man‐made disasters, the untimely death or retirement of personnel, or the loss of research funding. Preservation of biological collections has risen in priority due to a new appreciation for discoveries linked to preserved specimens, emerging hurdles to international collecting and decreased funding for new collecting. While many historic collections have been lost, several have been preserved, some with dramatic rescue stories. Rescued microbes have been used for discoveries in areas of health, biotechnology and basic life science. Suggestions for long‐term planning for microbial stocks are listed, as well as inducements for long‐term preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Boundy-Mills
- Phaff Yeast Culture Collection, Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K McCluskey
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fungal Genetics Stock Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - P Elia
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS Rhizobium Germplasm Resource Collection, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - J A Glaeser
- Center for Forest Mycology Research, USDA-Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D L Lindner
- Center for Forest Mycology Research, USDA-Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D R Nobles
- UTEX Culture Collection of Algae, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - J Normanly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - F M Ochoa-Corona
- National Institute for Microbial Forensics & Food and Agricultural Biosecurity, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - J A Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T J Ward
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - K M Webb
- Soil Management and Sugar Beet Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K Webster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.,Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - J E Wertz
- E. coli Genetic Stock Center, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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21
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Abstract
Breastfeeding is important for health and development. Yet, the interaction between breastfeeding duration and usage of fluoridated water on caries experience has not been investigated. This study examined exposure to fluoridation as an effect modifier of the association between breastfeeding duration and caries. The 2012 to 2014 national population-based study of Australian children involved parental questionnaires and oral epidemiological assessment. Children were grouped by parent-reported breastfeeding duration into minimal (none or <1 mo), breastfed for 1 to <6 mo, breastfed for 6 to 24 mo, and sustained (>24 mo). Residential history and main water source used for the first 2 y of life were collected to group children into exposed (WF) and nonexposed (NF) to fluoridation. Socioeconomic status, infant formula feeding, and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption data were collected. The prevalence and severity of caries in children aged 5 to 6 y were primary outcomes. Multivariable regression models with robust error estimation were generated to compute prevalence ratios (PRs) and mean ratios (MRs) for 3 breastfeeding groups against the reference (breastfed for 6-24 mo). Of the 5- to 6-y-old children, 2,721 were in the WF and 1,737 were in the NF groups. The groups had comparable distributions of socioeconomic factors, infant formula feeding, and SSB consumption. There were U-shape distributions of caries experience among breastfeeding groups, being more pronounced among NF children. Among NF children, the minimal and sustained breastfeeding groups had significantly higher PR (1.4 [1.1-1.9] and 1.8 [1.4-2.4]) and MR (2.1 [1.4-3.3] and 2.4 [1.4-4.1]) than the reference group. However, among the WF children, this association between breastfeeding duration and caries attenuated after adjustment for other factors. The study contributes evidence of a nonlinear (U-shape) association between breastfeeding duration and dental caries. Early life exposure to fluoridated drinking water attenuated the potential cariogenic effect of both lack of and sustained breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Ha
- 1 Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A J Spencer
- 1 Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - K G Peres
- 1 Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,2 School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - J A Scott
- 4 School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - L G Do
- 1 Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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22
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Miliku K, Robertson B, Sharma AK, Subbarao P, Becker AB, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Lefebvre DL, Sears MR, Bode L, Azad MB, Anand SS, Azad M, Becker AB, Befus AD, Brauer M, Brook JR, Chen E, Cyr M, Daley D, Dell SD, Denburg JA, Duan Q, Eiwegger T, Grasemann H, HayGlass K, Hegele RG, Holness DL, Hystad P, Kobor M, Kollman TR, Kozyrskyj AL, Laprise C, Lou WYW, Macri J, Miller G, Moraes TJ, Ramsey C, Ratjen F, Sandford A, Scott JA, Scott J, Silverman F, Simons E, Takaro T, Tebbutt S, To T. Human milk oligosaccharide profiles and food sensitization among infants in the CHILD Study. Allergy 2018; 73:2070-2073. [PMID: 29775217 DOI: 10.1111/all.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Miliku
- Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION) Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
- The Generation R Study Group Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - B. Robertson
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson‐Rosenquist Foundation Mother‐Milk‐Infant Center of Research Excellence University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - A. K. Sharma
- George & Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - P. Subbarao
- Departments of Pediatrics & Physiology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - A. B. Becker
- Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION) Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - P. J. Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - S. E. Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - D. L. Lefebvre
- Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - M. R. Sears
- Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - L. Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson‐Rosenquist Foundation Mother‐Milk‐Infant Center of Research Excellence University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - M. B. Azad
- Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION) Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
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23
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Pulker CE, Trapp GSA, Scott JA, Pollard CM. What are the position and power of supermarkets in the Australian food system, and the implications for public health? A systematic scoping review. Obes Rev 2018; 19:198-218. [PMID: 29193744 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Supermarkets have been described as having unprecedented and disproportionate power in the food system. This scoping review synthesized the literature that describes the position and power of supermarkets in the Australian food system, and the implications for public health. A systematic search of peer-reviewed and grey literature identified 68 documents that described supermarket power. Implications for public health were also recorded. Data revealed that supermarkets hold a powerful position in the Australian food system, acting as the primary gatekeepers. Supermarkets have obtained instrumental, structural and discursive power from many sources that overlap and reinforce each other. Few positive public health impacts of supermarket power were identified, providing many opportunities for improvement in the domains of food governance, the food system and public health nutrition. There is very little public health research examining the impact of supermarket power in Australia. More research is needed, and examination of supermarket own brands is of particular importance owing to their pivotal role as a source of power and their potential to improve public health outcomes, such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Pulker
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - G S A Trapp
- Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for the Built Environment and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J A Scott
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C M Pollard
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Health in Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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24
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Azad MB, Konya T, Persaud RR, Guttman DS, Chari RS, Field CJ, Sears MR, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Becker AB, Scott JA, Kozyrskyj AL. Impact of maternal intrapartum antibiotics, method of birth and breastfeeding on gut microbiota during the first year of life: a prospective cohort study. BJOG 2015; 123:983-93. [PMID: 26412384 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysbiosis of the infant gut microbiota may have long-term health consequences. This study aimed to determine the impact of maternal intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) on infant gut microbiota, and to explore whether breastfeeding modifies these effects. DESIGN Prospective pregnancy cohort of Canadian infants born in 2010-2012: the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) Study. SETTING General community. SAMPLE Representative sub-sample of 198 healthy term infants from the CHILD Study. METHODS Maternal IAP exposures and birth method were documented from hospital records and breastfeeding was reported by mothers. Infant gut microbiota was characterised by Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing of faecal samples at 3 and 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Infant gut microbiota profiles. RESULTS In this cohort, 21% of mothers received IAP for Group B Streptococcus prophylaxis or pre-labour rupture of membranes; another 23% received IAP for elective or emergency caesarean section (CS). Infant gut microbiota community structures at 3 months differed significantly with all IAP exposures, and differences persisted to 12 months for infants delivered by emergency CS. Taxon-specific composition also differed, with the genera Bacteroides and Parabacteroides under-represented, and Enterococcus and Clostridium over-represented at 3 months following maternal IAP. Microbiota differences were especially evident following IAP with emergency CS, with some changes (increased Clostridiales and decreased Bacteroidaceae) persisting to 12 months, particularly among non-breastfed infants. CONCLUSIONS Intrapartum antibiotics in caesarean and vaginal delivery are associated with infant gut microbiota dysbiosis, and breastfeeding modifies some of these effects. Further research is warranted to explore the health consequences of these associations. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Maternal #antibiotics during childbirth alter the infant gut #microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - T Konya
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R R Persaud
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - D S Guttman
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R S Chari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - C J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M R Sears
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - P J Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - S E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - P Subbarao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A B Becker
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - J A Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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25
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Behbod B, Sordillo JE, Hoffman EB, Datta S, Webb TE, Kwan DL, Kamel JA, Muilenberg ML, Scott JA, Chew GL, Platts-Mills TAE, Schwartz J, Coull B, Burge H, Gold DR. Asthma and allergy development: contrasting influences of yeasts and other fungal exposures. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:154-63. [PMID: 25200568 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infancy is a developmental stage with heightened susceptibility to environmental influences on the risk of chronic childhood disease. Few birth cohort studies have detailed measures of fungal diversity data in infants' bedrooms, limiting the potential to measure long-term associations of these complex exposures with development of asthma or allergy. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the relation of home fungal levels in infancy to repeated measures of wheeze and development of asthma and rhinitis by age 13, and sensitization by age 12 years. METHODS In the Epidemiology of Home Allergens and Asthma prospective birth cohort study, we recruited 408 children with family history of allergic disease or asthma. When children were aged 2-3 months, we measured culturable fungi in bedroom air and dust, and in outdoor air. Main outcomes included ascertainment of symptoms/disease onset by questionnaire from birth through age 13. We estimated hazard ratios and, for wheeze and sensitization, odds ratios for an interquartile increase in log-transformed fungal concentrations, adjusting for other outcome predictors and potential confounders. RESULTS Elevated levels of yeasts in bedroom floor dust were associated with reduced: i) wheeze at any age; ii) fungal sensitization; and iii) asthma development by age 13 (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), [0.75 to 0.98]). Outdoor airborne Cladosporium and dustborne Aspergillus predicted increased rhinitis. Risk of fungal sensitization by age 12, in response to environmental Alternaria and Aspergillus, was elevated in children with a maternal history of fungal sensitization. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Despite the irritant and allergenic properties of fungi, early-life elevated dust yeast exposures or their components may be protective against allergy and asthma in children at risk for these outcomes. Ascertainment of fungal components associated with immunoprotective effects may have therapeutic relevance for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Behbod
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Scott JA, Palmer EL. Radiology reports: a quantifiable and objective textual approach. Clin Radiol 2015; 70:1185-91. [PMID: 26169580 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2015.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the feasibility of using automated lexical analysis in conjunction with machine learning to create a means of objectively characterising radiology reports for quality improvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve lexical parameters were quantified from the collected reports of four radiologists. These included the number of different words used, number of sentences, reading grade, readability, usage of the passive voice, and lexical metrics of concreteness, ambivalence, complexity, passivity, embellishment, communication and cognition. Each radiologist was statistically compared to the mean of the group for each parameter to determine outlying report characteristics. The reproducibility of these parameters in a given radiologist's reporting style was tested by using only these 12 parameters as input to a neural network designed to establish the authorship of 60 unknown reports. RESULTS Significant differences in report characteristics were observed between radiologists, quantifying and characterising deviations of individuals from the group reporting style. The 12 metrics employed in a neural network correctly identified the author in each of 60 unknown reports tested, indicating a robust parametric signature. CONCLUSION Automated and quantifiable methods can be used to analyse reporting style and provide impartial and objective feedback as well as to detect and characterise significant differences from the group. The parameters examined are sufficiently specific to identify the authors of reports and can potentially be useful in quality improvement and residency training.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Scott
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - E L Palmer
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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27
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Manns MP, Fried MW, Zeuzem S, Jacobson IM, Forns X, Poordad F, Peeters M, Fu M, Lenz O, Ouwerkerk-Mahadevan S, Jessner W, Scott JA, Kalmeijer R, De La Rosa G, Sinha R, Beumont-Mauviel M. Simeprevir with peginterferon/ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection: pooled safety analysis from Phase IIb and III studies. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:366-75. [PMID: 25363449 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This pooled analysis of five Phase IIb and III studies evaluated the safety and tolerability of simeprevir, a once daily, oral hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor. Data were summarised for patients who received simeprevir 150 mg once daily (n = 924) or placebo (n = 540) plus pegylated interferon-α/ribavirin for 12 weeks. During the first 12 weeks of treatment, few patients discontinued simeprevir or placebo due to adverse events (AEs) (both 2.2%). Pruritus (23.8% vs 17.4%), rash (any; 22.9% vs 16.7%) and photosensitivity (3.2% vs 0.6%) [Correction added on 16 January 2015, after first online publication: In the above sentence, the values in 'Photosensitivity' were previously incorrect and have now been changed to 3.2% vs 0.6%.] were more prevalent in the simeprevir vs the placebo groups. Most AEs were grade 1/2 (72.4% for simeprevir vs 71.3% for placebo). All grade 3/4 AEs occurred in <5.0% of patients, except neutropenia (9.8% vs 7.6%). Overall incidence of neutropenia was similar (17.3% vs 15.7%). Incidence of anaemia was 13.2% for simeprevir vs 10.9% for placebo, and incidence of increased bilirubin was 8.4% vs 2.8%. Bilirubin increases were mild-to-moderate and transient without concurrent transaminase increases or association with hepatic injury. Safety and tolerability did not vary with METAVIR score, although increased bilirubin and anaemia were more frequent in simeprevir-treated patients with METAVIR F4 (increased bilirubin, 13.0% vs 3.3%; anaemia, 19.0% vs 14.8%). Serious AEs were infrequent (2.1% for simeprevir vs 3.0% for placebo). No deaths were reported during the first 12 weeks of treatment. Patient-reported fatigue and other outcomes were comparable for both groups, but were of shorter duration for simeprevir due to the use of response-guided therapy. Simeprevir is well tolerated in HCV genotype 1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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28
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Moraes TJ, Lefebvre DL, Chooniedass R, Becker AB, Brook JR, Denburg J, HayGlass KT, Hegele RG, Kollmann TR, Macri J, Mandhane PJ, Scott JA, Subbarao P, Takaro TK, Turvey SE, Duncan JD, Sears MR, Befus AD. The Canadian healthy infant longitudinal development birth cohort study: biological samples and biobanking. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2015; 29:84-92. [PMID: 25405552 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is hypothesised that complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors give rise to allergy and asthma in childhood. The Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) study was designed to explore these factors. METHODS CHILD is a longitudinal, general population birth cohort study following infants from mid-pregnancy to age 5 years. Over this time period, biological samples, questionnaires, clinical measures and environmental data are collected. RESULTS A total of 3624 families have been recruited, and many thousands of samples and questionnaires have been collected, annotated, and archived. This report outlines the rationale and methodology for collecting and storing diverse biological samples from parents and children in this study, and the mechanisms for their release for analyses. CONCLUSIONS The CHILD sample and data repository is a tremendous current and future resource and will provide a wealth of information not only informing studies of asthma and allergy, but also potentially in many other aspects of health relevant for Canadian infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Moraes
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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29
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Konya T, Koster B, Maughan H, Escobar M, Azad MB, Guttman DS, Sears MR, Becker AB, Brook JR, Takaro TK, Kozyrskyj AL, Scott JA. Associations between bacterial communities of house dust and infant gut. Environ Res 2014; 131:25-30. [PMID: 24637181 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is host to a diverse and abundant community of bacteria that influence health and disease susceptibility. This community develops in infancy, and its composition is strongly influenced by environmental factors, notably perinatal anthropogenic exposures such as delivery mode (Cesarean vs. vaginal) and feeding method (breast vs. formula); however, the built environment as a possible source of exposure has not been considered. Here we report on a preliminary investigation of the associations between bacteria in house dust and the nascent fecal microbiota from 20 subjects from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) Study using high-throughput sequence analysis of portions of the 16S rRNA gene. Despite significant differences between the dust and fecal microbiota revealed by Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis, permutation analysis confirmed that 14 bacterial OTUs representing the classes Actinobacteria (3), Bacilli (3), Clostridia (6) and Gammaproteobacteria (2) co-occurred at a significantly higher frequency in matched dust-stool pairs than in randomly permuted pairs, indicating an association between these dust and stool communities. These associations could indicate a role for the indoor environment in shaping the nascent gut microbiota, but future studies will be needed to confirm that our findings do not solely reflect a reverse pathway. Although pet ownership was strongly associated with the presence of certain genera in the dust for dogs (Agrococcus, Carnobacterium, Exiguobacterium, Herbaspirillum, Leifsonia and Neisseria) and cats (Escherichia), no clear patterns were observed in the NMDS-resolved stool community profiles as a function of pet ownership.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Konya
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - B Koster
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - H Maughan
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - M Escobar
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - M B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - D S Guttman
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - M R Sears
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada
| | | | - J R Brook
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada; Environment Canada, Canada
| | - T K Takaro
- Faculty of Health Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada
| | - A L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - J A Scott
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Macfarlane JG, Ruchaud-Sparagano MH, Scott JA, Bulmer DA, Khan CMA, Simpson AJ. P142 Src kinase inhibition attenuates neutrophil degranulation without impairing bacterial killing: a possible therapeutic strategy for acute lung injury? Thorax 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204457.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Summerbell RC, Gueidan C, Schroers HJ, de Hoog GS, Starink M, Rosete YA, Guarro J, Scott JA. Acremonium phylogenetic overview and revision of Gliomastix, Sarocladium, and Trichothecium. Stud Mycol 2011; 68:139-62. [PMID: 21523192 PMCID: PMC3065988 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2011.68.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 200 new sequences are generated for members of the genus
Acremonium and related taxa including ribosomal small subunit
sequences (SSU) for phylogenetic analysis and large subunit (LSU) sequences
for phylogeny and DNA-based identification. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that
within the Hypocreales, there are two major clusters containing
multiple Acremonium species. One clade contains Acremonium
sclerotigenum, the genus Emericellopsis, and the genus
Geosmithia as prominent elements. The second clade contains the
genera Gliomastixsensu stricto and Bionectria. In
addition, there are numerous smaller clades plus two multi-species clades, one
containing Acremonium strictum and the type species of the genus
Sarocladium, and, as seen in the combined SSU/LSU analysis, one
associated subclade containing Acremonium breve and related species
plus Acremonium curvulum and related species. This sequence
information allows the revision of three genera. Gliomastix is
revived for five species, G. murorum, G. polychroma, G. tumulicola, G.
roseogrisea, and G. masseei. Sarocladium is extended to
include all members of the phylogenetically distinct A. strictum
clade including the medically important A. kiliense and the
protective maize endophyte A. zeae. Also included in
Sarocladium are members of the phylogenetically delimited
Acremonium bacillisporum clade, closely linked to the A.
strictum clade. The genus Trichothecium is revised following the
principles of unitary nomenclature based on the oldest valid anamorph or
teleomorph name, and new combinations are made in Trichothecium for
the tightly interrelated Acremonium crotocinigenum, Spicellum
roseum, and teleomorph Leucosphaerinaindica. Outside
the Hypocreales, numerous Acremonium-like species fall into
the Plectosphaerellaceae, and A. atrogriseum falls into the
Cephalothecaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Summerbell
- Sporometrics, Inc. 219 Dufferin Street, Suite 20C, Toronto, Ont., Canada M6K 1Y9
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Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of mothers receiving health promotion material and education antenatally and/or postnatally on breastfeeding outcomes in Perth, Western Australia. METHODS A 12-month longitudinal study was conducted in two public maternity hospitals in Perth, Western Australia, between 2002 and 2003. Data were collected on a consecutive sample 587 mothers. RESULTS The results showed that mothers who received an individual consultation or were involved in a discussion on breastfeeding antenatally with hospital staff were approximately 55% less likely to cease fully breastfeeding (HR 0.44; 95% CI 0.24-0.88) before 6 months, and 50% less likely to cease any breastfeeding before 12 months postnatally (HR 0.51; 95% CI 0.28-0.92). In the postnatal period, mothers who received instruction on positioning and attachment of the infant to the breast while in hospital were approximately 30% less likely to cease fully breastfeeding before 6 months (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.45-0.99). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest a positive association between receiving individualized breastfeeding information in both the antenatal and postnatal period, and breastfeeding outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Pannu
- School of Public Health, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia
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Corbett-Detig J, Habas PA, Scott JA, Kim K, Rajagopalan V, McQuillen PS, Barkovich AJ, Glenn OA, Studholme C. 3D global and regional patterns of human fetal subplate growth determined in utero. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 215:255-63. [PMID: 21046152 PMCID: PMC3041913 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The waiting period of subplate evolution is a critical phase for the proper formation of neural connections in the brain. During this time, which corresponds to 15 to 24 postconceptual weeks (PCW) in the human fetus, thalamocortical and cortico-cortical afferents wait in and are in part guided by molecules embedded in the extracellular matrix of the subplate. Recent advances in fetal MRI techniques now allow us to study the developing brain anatomy in 3D from in utero imaging. We describe a reliable segmentation protocol to delineate the boundaries of the subplate from T2-W MRI. The reliability of the protocol was evaluated in terms of intra-rater reproducibility on a subset of the subjects. We also present the first 3D quantitative analyses of temporal changes in subplate volume, thickness, and contrast from 18 to 24 PCW. Our analysis shows that firstly, global subplate volume increases in proportion with the supratentorial volume; the subplate remained approximately one-third of supratentorial volume. Secondly, we found both global and regional growth in subplate thickness and a linear increase in the median and maximum subplate thickness through the waiting period. Furthermore, we found that posterior regions--specifically the occipital pole, ventral occipito-temporal region, and planum temporale--of the developing brain underwent the most statistically significant increases in subplate thickness. During this period, the thickest region was the developing somatosensory/motor cortex. The subplate growth patterns reported here may be used as a baseline for comparison to abnormal fetal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Corbett-Detig
- Biomedical Image Computing Group, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA.
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Chapman SJ, Khor CC, Vannberg FO, Rautanen A, Segal S, Moore CE, Davies RJO, Day NP, Peshu N, Crook DW, Berkley JA, Williams TN, Scott JA, Hill AVS. NFKBIZ polymorphisms and susceptibility to pneumococcal disease in European and African populations. Genes Immun 2009; 11:319-25. [PMID: 19798075 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has a central role in host defence against pneumococcal disease. Both rare mutations and common polymorphisms in the NFKBIA gene encoding the NF-kappaB inhibitor, IkappaB-alpha, associate with susceptibility to bacterial disease, but the possible role of polymorphisms within the related IkappaB-zeta gene NFKBIZ in the development of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has not been reported previously. To investigate this further, we examined the frequencies of 22 single-nucleotide polymorphisms spanning NFKBIZ in two case-control studies, comprising UK Caucasian (n=1008) and Kenyan (n=723) individuals. Nine polymorphisms within a single UK linkage disequilibrium (LD) block and all four polymorphisms within the equivalent, shorter Kenyan LD block displayed either a significant association with IPD or a trend towards association. For each polymorphism, heterozygosity was associated with protection from IPD when compared with the combined homozygous states (for example, for rs600718, Mantel-Haenszel 2 x 2 chi(2)=7.576, P=0.006, odds ratio (OR)=0.67, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for OR: 0.51-0.88; for rs616597, Mantel-Haenszel 2 x 2 chi(2)=8.715, P=0.003, OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.49-0.86). We conclude that multiple NFKBIZ polymorphisms associate with susceptibility to IPD in humans. The study of multiple populations may aid in fine mapping of associations within extensive regions of strong LD ('transethnic mapping').
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Chapman
- Immunity and Inflammation, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Saldanha R, Manno M, Saleh M, Ewaze JO, Scott JA. The influence of sampling duration on recovery of culturable fungi using the Andersen N6 and RCS bioaerosol samplers. Indoor Air 2008; 18:464-72. [PMID: 18761682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The influence of sampling duration on recovery of culturable fungi was compared using the Andersen N6 and the Reuter Centrifugal Sampler (RCS). Samplers were operated side-by-side, collecting 15 samples each of incrementally increasing duration (1-15 min). From 270 samples collected, 26 fungal genera were recovered. Species of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Penicillium and Ulocladium were most frequent. Data adjusted to CFU/m3 were fitted to a Poisson regression model with a logarithmic link function and evaluated for the impact of sampling time on qualitative and quantitative recovery of fungi, both as individual taxa and in aggregate according to xerotolerance. Significant differences between the two samplers were observed for xerotolerant and normotolerant moulds, as well as Aspergillus spp. and Cladosporium spp. With the exception of Cladosporium spp., overall recoveries were higher with the RCS. When the Andersen N6 was used, the recovered levels of Cladosporium spp. and unidentified yeasts were reduced significantly at sampling times over 6 min. Similarly, when the RCS was used, recovery of Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Ulocladium spp., unidentified yeasts, and low water activity fungi declined significantly at sampling times over 6 min. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Currently, the industry-wide trend for viable air sampling in indoor environmental investigations is to use sampling times between 2 and 4 min in duration. Our results support the routine use of a 6-min sampling time where low spore loads are expected, resulting in improved limits of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saldanha
- Golder Associates Ltd, Toronto, ON, Canada
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36
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Kaufman DJ, Katsanis SH, Javitt GH, Murphy JA, Scott JA, Hudson KL. Carrier screening for cystic fibrosis in US genetic testing laboratories: a survey of laboratory directors. Clin Genet 2008; 74:367-73. [PMID: 18700896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Initial guidelines for cystic fibrosis (CF) carrier screening were issued in 2001 by the American College of Medical Genetics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and updated in 2004. It is unknown how these guidelines have influenced laboratory practice. This study examined the uptake of two components of these guidelines for CF screening in genetic testing laboratories. A survey of directors of US genetic testing laboratories was conducted. Of 190 respondents, 178 answered questions about CF testing. Nearly half (49%) performed some type of DNA testing for CF; most of these (92%) performed CF carrier screening. Ten percent used a 23-mutation panel for CF screening. The results of 5T tests were reported as a reflex test by 79% of laboratories, while 8% always returned 5T results and 7% never returned them. Seven percent of laboratories adopted both guidelines, 80% adopted one of the two guidelines, and 13% had not adopted either recommendation, suggesting that factors other than clinical guidelines may influence laboratories' CF screening practices. Further studies are needed to determine whether the adoption of CF screening guidelines has significant clinical or economic effects on population-based CF screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Kaufman
- Genetics and Public Policy Center, Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate a five-item, semi-quantitative, short food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) designed to estimate daily legume consumption over a week, against results obtained from 7-day food diaries (7-day FD). DESIGN Participants completed a 7-day FD and at the end of this period completed the SFFQ, to indicate the number of times they ate five legume-containing dishes in the previous week and what size portion of each dish they consumed. Daily legume intake (g day(-1)) was calculated for both methods and participants were classified into tertiles of intake for each method. SUBJECTS/SETTING Fifty-one healthy females aged 25-55 years, employed at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK between May 2003 and December 2004. RESULTS The two methods produced a similar mean intake of legumes [SFFQ: 14.8 (95% CI: 9.9-19.8) versus 7-day FD: 14.9 (95% CI: 9.3-20.6) g day(-1)] and the Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.353 (P = 0.038). Exact agreement within tertiles and gross misclassification were 54.9% and 9.8% respectively. The weighted kappa statistic indicated fair agreement between the two methods (kappa = 0.262). CONCLUSIONS The SFFQ is an acceptable instrument for estimating legume consumption over a week and can be used to rank individuals according to the intake of this food group in similar nutrition intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Papadaki
- Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Greece.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document patterns of measured weight and waist circumference (WC) change and the increase in overweight and obesity over a 9-year period. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 1044 subjects from two age-defined cohorts aged 39 and 59 in 1991. Height, weight and WC were measured in 1991, 1995 and 2000 and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Pattern of weight and WC change was studied over approximately 9 years. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased markedly and the younger cohort showed greater increases in weight and WC than the older cohort. There was no significant difference in mean BMI and/or mean 9-year weight change between men and women in either age cohort, and mean weight gain was similar for all occupational groups. Only 20% of subjects maintained a stable weight (+/-2 kg), while 42.2 and 17.6% gained greater than 5 and 10 kg over the 9-year period, respectively. The rate of weight gain appeared to be relatively steady over the 9 years among younger subjects but declined in the older subjects in the second half of the observation period. CONCLUSIONS Health promotion strategies to prevent weight gain need to be population-based, targeting all social and age groups, but particularly those in their early middle-age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ebrahimi-Mameghani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
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McKellar G, Morrison E, McEntegart A, Hampson R, Tierney A, Mackle G, Scoular J, Scott JA, Capell HA. A pilot study of a Mediterranean-type diet intervention in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis living in areas of social deprivation in Glasgow. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:1239-43. [PMID: 17613557 PMCID: PMC1955146 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2006.065151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Mediterranean-type diet rich in fish, fruit and vegetables and low in saturated fats has been associated with health benefits, including improved cardiovascular profile and benefit in RA. OBJECTIVE To overcome obstacles to healthy eating by a community-based intervention promoting a Mediterranean-type diet in patients with RA living in socially deprived areas of Glasgow. METHODS 130 female patients with RA aged 30-70 years (median 55), disease duration 8 years were recruited from three hospital sites. The intervention group (n = 75) attended weekly 2-hour sessions for 6 weeks in the local community, including hands-on cooking classes backed up with written information. The control group (n = 55) were given dietary written information only. Both groups completed food frequency questionnaires (FFQs), and clinical and laboratory measures were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months. RESULTS Significant benefit was shown in the intervention group compared with controls for patient global assessment at 6 months (p = 0.002), pain score at 3 and 6 months (p = 0.011 and 0.049), early morning stiffness at 6 months (p = 0.041) and Health Assessment Questionnaire score at 3 months (p = 0.03). Analysis of the FFQs showed significant increases in weekly total fruit, vegetable and legume consumption and improvement in the ratio of monounsaturated:saturated fat intake and systolic BP in the intervention group only. The cooking classes were positively received by patients and tutors; cost/patient for the 6 week course was 84 pounds (124 euro). CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate that a 6 week intervention can improve consumption of healthier foods. If implemented more widely it may prove a popular, inexpensive and useful adjunct to other RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G McKellar
- Glasgow Royal Infirmary Castle Street, G4 0SF Glasgow, UK.
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40
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Synnott K, Bogue J, Edwards CA, Scott JA, Higgins S, Norin E, Frias D, Amarri S, Adam R. Parental perceptions of feeding practices in five European countries: an exploratory study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61:946-56. [PMID: 17228346 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain an insight into parental perceptions of infant feeding practices in five European countries. DESIGN An exploratory investigation using focus group discussions. Various aspects addressed included social and cultural setting for the consumption of food, infant feeding practice and behaviour, consumer health awareness and sources of information, and attitudes towards a healthy infant diet. SETTING Focus group participants were recruited from centres in five countries, Germany, Italy, Scotland, Spain and Sweden, with three focus groups being conducted in each centre. SUBJECTS A total of 108 parents with infants up to the age of 12 months participated in focus group discussions across these centres. METHODS Focus groups were conducted with participants from centres in five countries. RESULTS The majority of parents in this study chose to initiate breastfeeding and prepare infant food at home. Parents did not strictly adhere to infant feeding guidelines when introducing complementary foods into their infant's diets. There were cross-cultural differences in sources of information on infant feeding practice with the paediatrician in Germany, Italy and Spain. The health visitor in Scotland and the child welfare clinics in Sweden were the most popular sources. CONCLUSIONS A number of cultural differences and similarities in attitudes towards infant feeding practice were revealed. This makes European wide approaches to promoting healthy infant feeding difficult as different infant feeding practices are influenced not only by parental perceptions but also by advice from health professionals and feeding guidelines. Further data need to be available on parents' attitudes and beliefs towards infant feeding practice to investigate further the rationale for differing beliefs and attitudes towards infant feeding practice. SPONSORSHIP EU Fifth Framework QLRT 2002 02606.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Synnott
- Department of Food Business and Development, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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41
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Binns CW, Win NN, Zhao Y, Scott JA. Trends in the expression of breastmilk 1993-2003. Breastfeed Rev 2006; 14:5-9. [PMID: 17190014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The expression of breastmilk is an important strategy to enable mothers to continue exclusive breastfeeding. In some situations, for health or convenience, expressed breastmilk is required and infants fed this way still fall within the definition of exclusive breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to document the changes in rates of breastmilk expression between the first Perth Infant Feeding Study (PIFS I) in 1992-03 and PIFS II in 2002-03. The proportion of mothers expressing breastmilk peaked in the first six weeks, at 38% for PIFS I and 69% for PIFS II. The proportion of mothers who had expressed breastmilk had almost doubled in the decade between studies. The proportion of mothers expressing declined to about 28% of mothers at 22 weeks for PIFS II and slightly less in PIFS I. Breastmilk expression is a very useful skill to allow mothers to exclusively breastfeed until six months and should be taught to all mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Binns
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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Nwagwu CI, Mathews MS, Scott JA, Denardo AJ, Horner TG. Ruptured Giant Basilar Artery Aneurysm in a Comatose Adolescent: Successful Obliteration Using Intraoperative SSEP, BAER, and MEP Monitoring. A Case Report. Interv Neuroradiol 2006; 12:237-44. [PMID: 20569577 DOI: 10.1177/159101990601200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Giant basilar aneurysms are infrequently seen in children. We present the endovascular management of an adolescent who presented comatose with pinpoint pupils due to a ruptured giant basilar trunk aneurysm. A noncontrast head CT disclosed a large prepontine lesion with brainstem hemorrhage. Catheter angiography showed a 4.5 cm irregular, fusiform basilar trunk aneurysm. With SSEP, BAER, and MEP monitoring, the patient underwent bilateral temporary vertebral artery occlusion, followed by GDC embolization of the aneurysm. Postprocedure internal carotid angiograms showed adequate blood supply to the basilar apex via patent posterior communicating arteries. On postprocedure day two, the patient was following commands. The remainder of his hospital course was uneventful. Postoperative angiograms showed no residual filling of the aneurysm. At 12 months the patient was neurologically intact and at baseline function as an honor student and follow-up angiogram showed persistent occlusion of the aneurysm from the circulation. Successful endovascular treatment has been considered a less invasive and safer alternative to surgical management of some complex vascular lesions. While most reports on reversing basilar artery flow have been carried out in awake patients with neurological examinations, this is not possible in a patient presenting in a comatose state. This report suggests that SSEPs, BAERs and MEP may be of use in such patients in safely carrying out basilar artery occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Nwagwu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California (Irvine), Orange, California -
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44
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Abstract
An understanding of how fatigue cracks grow in bone is of importance as fatigue is thought to be the main cause of clinical stress fractures. This study presents new results on the fatigue-crack growth behavior of small surface cracks (approximately 75-1000 microm in size) in human cortical bone, and compares their growth rates with data from other published studies on the behavior of both surface cracks and many millimeter, through-thickness large cracks. Results are obtained with a cyclically loaded cantilever-beam geometry using optical microscopy to examine for crack growth after every 100-500 cycles. Based on the current and previous results, small fatigue cracks appear to become more resistant to fatigue-crack growth with crack extension, analogous to the way the fracture resistance of cortical bone increases with crack growth. Mechanistically, a theory attributing such behavior to the development of bridges in the wake of the crack with crack growth is presented. The existence of such bridges is directly confirmed using optical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kruzic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Abstract
The Internet offers a promising medium for delivering nutrition education. This study aimed to evaluate user perceptions and usage patterns of an innovative healthy eating website promoting the Mediterranean diet. The website was evaluated over a 6-month period by female employees of University of Glasgow, aged 25-55 years. User satisfaction with the website was evaluated using a triangulation approach, including website visit counts, questionnaires (31 participants) and focus group interviews (18 participants). Although login frequency decreased over the 6-month study, questionnaires revealed that most sections of the website were viewed as being very helpful and the majority of participants perceived the overall website to be extremely interesting, informative, novel, trustworthy, easy to understand, useful, user-friendly, attractive and encouraging. The recipes section was the most visited and lack of time was the main barrier to using the website on a weekly basis, as recommended. The results of the questionnaires were confirmed by measures of website usage and the feedback provided by the focus group interviews. Several features that would improve the website, such as increased interactivity, nutritional analysis and fruit and vegetable serving content of recipes and more regular updates, were identified from the interviews and will inform future refinements of the website.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Papadaki
- Human Nutrition Section, Division of Developmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, UK
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46
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Molassiotis A, Ozden G, Platin N, Scott JA, Pud D, Fernandez-Ortega P, Milovics L, Panteli V, Gudmundsdottir G, Browall M, Madsen E, Patiraki E, Kearney N. Complementary and alternative medicine use in patients with head and neck cancers in Europe. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2006; 15:19-24. [PMID: 16441673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2005.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the patterns of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in a sample of head and neck cancer patients, forming part of a larger study. A cross-sectional survey design was used collecting data through a descriptive 27-item questionnaire in nine countries in Europe. The participants were 75 patients with head and neck cancers. The prevalence rate of CAM use was 22.7%. The most common therapies used were herbal medicine (47%), medicinal teas (23.5%), use of vitamins/minerals (11.8%) and visualization (11.8%). Use of CAM dramatically increased after the diagnosis with cancer (i.e. eightfold increase in the use of herbs). A profile of CAM users was not evident in this sample. Patients used CAM for a variety of reasons together, with counteracting the ill effects from cancer and its treatment being the most common one. Information about CAM was obtained mostly from friends and family. As one in five head and neck cancer patients use CAM it is important that clinicians explore practices with their patients, improve communication about CAM with them and assist those who want to use CAM in using appropriate and safe therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Molassiotis
- School of Nursing, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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47
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Scott JA, Kearney N, Hummerston S, Molassiotis A. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with cancer: a UK survey. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2005; 9:131-7. [PMID: 15944106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) use in the UK has increased dramatically. However, little research appears to exist regarding its use in patients diagnosed with cancer. The study was descriptive using a survey design. Questionnaire data was collected from 127 adult patients with a diagnosis of cancer from both Scotland and England. CAM use was reported by 29% of the sample. The use of relaxation, meditation and the use of medicinal teas were the most frequently used therapies. Findings suggest that CAM use within patients diagnosed with cancer in the UK has increased which has implications for patient and health care professional education.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Scott
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK.
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Abstract
AIM To report updated rates of breastfeeding in Perth through 2002/3 and to compare them to those from 1992/3. METHODS DESIGN A 12-mo longitudinal study. SETTING Two public maternity hospitals in Perth, Australia. SUBJECTS Eligible mothers of healthy newborn infants delivered between mid-September 2002 and mid-July 2003. INTERVENTIONS All eligible mothers were asked to participate in a 12-mo longitudinal study of infant feeding. While in hospital, participating mothers completed a questionnaire that included questions on how they were feeding their newborn. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Prevalence of ever breastfeeding, and breastfeeding at discharge. RESULTS A total of 587 mothers, or 55% of those eligible, participated in the study. At hospital discharge, 93.8% of mothers in 2002/3 were breastfeeding compared with 83.8% in 1992/3. Significant increases were observed across all socio-demographic groups, with the biggest increase seen amongst younger mothers and those born outside of Australia. The national target of having in excess of 90% of mothers breastfeeding at discharge from hospital has been achieved in Perth. The challenge for health professionals and the community is to help maintain and further improve these breastfeeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Graham
- School of Medicine, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Molassiotis A, Fernández-Ortega P, Pud D, Ozden G, Scott JA, Panteli V, Margulies A, Browall M, Magri M, Selvekerova S, Madsen E, Milovics L, Bruyns I, Gudmundsdottir G, Hummerston S, Ahmad AMA, Platin N, Kearney N, Patiraki E. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in cancer patients: a European survey. Ann Oncol 2005; 16:655-63. [PMID: 15699021 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdi110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in cancer patients across a number of European countries. METHODS A descriptive survey design was developed. Fourteen countries participated in the study and data was collected through a descriptive questionnaire from 956 patients. RESULTS Data suggest that CAM is popular among cancer patients with 35.9% using some form of CAM (range among countries 14.8% to 73.1%). A heterogeneous group of 58 therapies were identified as being used. Herbal medicines and remedies were the most commonly used CAM therapies, together with homeopathy, vitamins/minerals, medicinal teas, spiritual therapies and relaxation techniques. Herbal medicine use tripled from use before diagnosis to use since diagnosis with cancer. Multivariate analysis suggested that the profile of the CAM user was that of younger people, female and with higher educational level. The source of information was mainly from friends/family and the media, while physicians and nurses played a small part in providing CAM-related information. The majority used CAM to increase the body's ability to fight cancer or improve physical and emotional well-being, and many seemed to have benefited from using CAM (even though the benefits were not necessarily related to the initial reason for using CAM). Some 4.4% of patients, however, reported side-effects, mostly transient. CONCLUSIONS It is imperative that health professionals explore the use of CAM with their cancer patients, educate them about potentially beneficial therapies in light of the limited available evidence of effectiveness, and work towards an integrated model of health-care provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Molassiotis
- School of Nursing, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Abstract
Azure dye-impregnated sheep's wool keratin (keratin azure) was incorporated in a high pH medium and overlaid on a keratin-free basal medium. The release and diffusion of the azure dye into the lower layer indicated production of keratinase. Fifty-eight fungal taxa, including 49 members of the Arthrodermataceae, Gymnoascaceae and Onygenaceae (Order Onygenales), were assessed for keratin degradation using this method. The results were comparable to measures of keratin utilization reported in studies using tests based on the perforation or erosion of human hair in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Scott
- Department of Public Health Sciences/Gage Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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