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Gartrell BD, Hunter S, Collen R, Jolly M, McInnes K, Richardson A, Reed C, Ward R, Pita A. Health impacts of poor water quality on an endangered shorebird breeding programme in Aotearoa New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:103-111. [PMID: 37752889 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2263425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY Two clusters of mortality among endangered tūturuatu/tchūriwat'/shore plover (Thinornis novaeseelandiae) have occurred at captive breeding facilities around New Zealand in recent years. In the first, four chicks died at Pūkaha National Wildlife Centre (Mount Bruce, NZ) in February 2016, and in the second five adult birds at the Cape Sanctuary (Cape Kidnappers, NZ) died in 2022. CLINICAL FINDINGS In 2016, four chicks were noted to become weak, have increased vocalisations and closed eyes prior to death. The remaining chicks were treated for 5 days with amoxycillin/clavulanate orally twice daily. Water containers and brooders were cleaned and disinfected with chlorhexidine. No further mortality was seen.In the 2022 cluster, three adult breeding birds died acutely and five others showed inappetence, weight loss and diarrhoea approximately 10 days after heavy rains flooded the local river. The five birds were treated with amoxycillin/clavulanate orally twice daily and oral fluids for 5 days. Two birds died and three survived. No breeding occurred in the aviaries in the following season. PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS In 2016, the chicks showed pulmonary changes ranging from congestion and oedema to heterophilic inflammation consistent with septicaemia.In 2022, the adult birds showed proliferation of bacteria in the distal small intestine associated with mucosal ulceration and heterophilic infiltration. Acid-fast staining of the caecal contents in one bird showed organisms consistent with Cryptosporidium spp. LABORATORY FINDINGS Aerobic bacterial cultures of the lung and liver of two affected chicks carried out in 2016 showed heavy growth of Plesiomonas shigelloides. The same organism was cultured from water trays and holding tanks containing water boatmen (Sigara arguta) on which the chicks were fed.In 2022, cultures from the livers of three dead birds each showed a mixed bacterial growth with differing dominant organisms (Aeromonas sobria, Hafnia alvei, Citrobacter freundii and an Enterococcus sp.). PCR and sequencing confirmed Cryptosporidium parvum in the caecum of one bird. Fresh faeces from 24 breeding birds from the captive breeding facilities were negative by PCR for Cryptosporidium spp.The captive breeding facilities obtain water for the aviaries and aquatic invertebrates to feed to the chicks from local freshwater sources. Water quality testing at the Cape Sanctuary revealed concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria in excess of safe drinking water guidelines, with peaks following heavy rainfall. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fluctuations in water quality associated with mammalian faecal bacteria can adversely affect bird health and impact on captive rearing of endangered wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Gartrell
- Wildbase, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S Hunter
- Wildbase, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - R Collen
- Department of Conservation, Invercargill, New Zealand
| | - M Jolly
- Wildbase, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K McInnes
- Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - A Richardson
- The Isaac Conservation and Wildlife Trust, Harewood, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - C Reed
- Pūkaha National Wildlife Centre, Mount Bruce, New Zealand
| | - R Ward
- The Cape Sanctuary, Cape Kidnappers, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand
| | - A Pita
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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van de Wal RSW, Nicholls RJ, Behar D, McInnes K, Stammer D, Lowe JA, Church JA, DeConto R, Fettweis X, Goelzer H, Haasnoot M, Haigh ID, Hinkel J, Horton BP, James TS, Jenkins A, LeCozannet G, Levermann A, Lipscomb WH, Marzeion B, Pattyn F, Payne AJ, Pfeffer WT, Price SF, Seroussi H, Sun S, Veatch W, White K. A High-End Estimate of Sea Level Rise for Practitioners. Earths Future 2022; 10:e2022EF002751. [PMID: 36590252 PMCID: PMC9787942 DOI: 10.1029/2022ef002751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sea level rise (SLR) is a long-lasting consequence of climate change because global anthropogenic warming takes centuries to millennia to equilibrate for the deep ocean and ice sheets. SLR projections based on climate models support policy analysis, risk assessment and adaptation planning today, despite their large uncertainties. The central range of the SLR distribution is estimated by process-based models. However, risk-averse practitioners often require information about plausible future conditions that lie in the tails of the SLR distribution, which are poorly defined by existing models. Here, a community effort combining scientists and practitioners builds on a framework of discussing physical evidence to quantify high-end global SLR for practitioners. The approach is complementary to the IPCC AR6 report and provides further physically plausible high-end scenarios. High-end estimates for the different SLR components are developed for two climate scenarios at two timescales. For global warming of +2°C in 2100 (RCP2.6/SSP1-2.6) relative to pre-industrial values our high-end global SLR estimates are up to 0.9 m in 2100 and 2.5 m in 2300. Similarly, for a (RCP8.5/SSP5-8.5), we estimate up to 1.6 m in 2100 and up to 10.4 m in 2300. The large and growing differences between the scenarios beyond 2100 emphasize the long-term benefits of mitigation. However, even a modest 2°C warming may cause multi-meter SLR on centennial time scales with profound consequences for coastal areas. Earlier high-end assessments focused on instability mechanisms in Antarctica, while here we emphasize the importance of the timing of ice shelf collapse around Antarctica. This is highly uncertain due to low understanding of the driving processes. Hence both process understanding and emission scenario control high-end SLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. W. van de Wal
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research UtrechtUtrecht UniversityTA UtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Physical GeographyUtrecht UniversityTA UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - R. J. Nicholls
- Tyndall Centre for Climate Change ResearchUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - D. Behar
- San Francisco Public Utilities CommissionSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - K. McInnes
- Climate Change Research CentreUNSW AustraliaSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - D. Stammer
- Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und NachhaltigkeitUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - J. A. Lowe
- Met Office Hadley CentreExeterUK
- Priestley CentreUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - J. A. Church
- Climate Change Research CentreUNSW AustraliaSydneyNSWAustralia
- Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science (ACEAS)University of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - R. DeConto
- Department of GeosciencesUniversity of Massachusetts‐AmherstAmherstMAUSA
| | - X. Fettweis
- Department of GeographySPHERES Research UnitUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - H. Goelzer
- NORCE Norwegian Research CentreBjerknes Centre for Climate ResearchBergenNorway
| | | | - I. D. Haigh
- School of Ocean and Earth ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonNational Oceanography CentreSouthamptonUK
| | - J. Hinkel
- Adaptation and Social LearningGlobal Climate ForumBerlinGermany
| | - B. P. Horton
- Earth Observatory of SingaporeNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Asian School of the EnvironmentNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - T. S. James
- Natural Resources CanadaGeological Survey of CanadaSidneyBCCanada
| | - A. Jenkins
- Department of Geography and Environmental SciencesNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - G. LeCozannet
- Coastal Risks and Climate Change UnitRisks and Prevention DivisionBRGMOrléansFrance
| | - A. Levermann
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact ResearchPotsdamGermany
- LDEOColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Physics InstituteUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - W. H. Lipscomb
- Climate and Global Dynamics LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - B. Marzeion
- Institute of Geography and MARUM ‐ Center for Marine Environmental SciencesUniversity of BremenBremenGermany
| | - F. Pattyn
- Laboratoire de GlaciologieUniversité libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - A. J. Payne
- School of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - W. T. Pfeffer
- INSTAAR and Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural EngineeringUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - S. F. Price
- Theoretical DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNMUSA
| | - H. Seroussi
- Thayer School of EngineeringDartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
| | - S. Sun
- Coastal Risks and Climate Change UnitRisks and Prevention DivisionBRGMOrléansFrance
| | - W. Veatch
- US Army Corps of Engineers, HeadquartersWashingtonDCUSA
| | - K. White
- US Department of DefenseOffice of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Environment and Energy Resilience)DCWashingtonUSA
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Pitman B, Zanker A, Lim M, McLoughney J, Tarone R, McInnes K, Heath K, Gieve M, Evans S, Wong C, Sanders P, Lau D. Optimal Sensing Vector Orientation For Maximal R-Wave Amplitude, Implications for Insertable Cardiac Monitor (ICM) Implantation. Heart Lung Circ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.06.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Mather E, Fogell DJ, McCready M, McInnes K, Ewen JG. Testing management alternatives for controlling nest parasites in an endangered bird. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Mather
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK
- Royal Veterinary College London UK
| | - D. J. Fogell
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - M. McCready
- Hihi Conservation Charitable Trust Wellington New Zealand
| | - K. McInnes
- Department of Conservation Conservation House – Whare Kaupapa Atawhai Wellington New Zealand
| | - J. G. Ewen
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK
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Kalver E, Kim B, Yakovchenko V, Ann Petrakis B, Hyde J, McInnes K. Using Consensus Group Methods to Formulate Core Components of the Post‐Incarceration Engagement Program. Health Serv Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Kalver
- VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA United States
| | - B. Kim
- VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA United States
| | - V. Yakovchenko
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research VA BridgeQUERI & CHOIR Bedford MA United States
| | - B. Ann Petrakis
- Research VA HSR&D Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR) Bedford MA United States
| | - J. Hyde
- ENRM VA Medical Center Bedford MA United States
| | - K. McInnes
- CHOIR Bedford VA Medical Center Bedford MA United States
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Reid CE, Gartrell BD, Van Andel M, Stafford KJ, Minot EO, McInnes K. Prevalence and characterisation of wounds in sheep attributed to attacks by kea ( Nestor notabilis) on high country farms in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2019; 68:84-91. [PMID: 31607211 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1678440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To characterise and classify wounds in sheep suspected to have been caused by attacks by kea (Nestor notabilis) (kea strike), and to report the prevalence of these wounds on five high country farms in the South Island of New Zealand.Methods: Data were collected from farms between 28 August 2012 and 20 September 2013. Sheep were examined opportunistically immediately after shearing for signs of wounds caused by kea. The age and sex of sheep were also recorded. Wounds were measured and characterised as recent, healing, or healed, and the estimated true prevalence was calculated for each farm.Results: Injuries consistent with kea strike wounds were identified in 70/13,978 (0.5%) sheep examined. The estimated true prevalence varied between farms, from 0 (95% CI = 0-0.16) to 1.25 (95% CI = 0.97-1.61)%. Of the 76 wounds identified, 61 (80%) were located in the lumbar region, and 74 (97%) consisted of full-thickness ulceration of the skin, one showed evidence of injury to muscle and one to bone. The median length of the 63 wounds measured was 6 (min 1, max 23.5) cm, and 10/63 (13%) were categorised as recently healed, 47/63 (62%) as healing, and 17/63 (22%) as recent wounds.Conclusions: The results of this study show that kea strike on sheep was occurring at a low prevalence on the high country farms surveyed. The wounds identified were survivable, but the welfare impact of kea strike on sheep should be considered in balance with the conservation status of kea. There was clear variation in the prevalence of wounds attributed to kea strike between the farms but we were not able to identify the risk factors contributing to these differences. Future studies of kea strike should examine variables such as altitude, local kea density and distribution, and differences in kea strike management and husbandry practices, and should include high country farms without a history of kea strike.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Reid
- Wildbase, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - B D Gartrell
- Wildbase, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M Van Andel
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - K J Stafford
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - E O Minot
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K McInnes
- Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
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Taylor HS, Morgan KJ, Pomroy WE, McInnes K. Apparent lack of efficacy of toltrazuril against Eimeria species affecting brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) at a captive rearing facility. N Z Vet J 2018; 67:101-104. [PMID: 30369301 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1541425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the efficacy of toltrazuril against the Eimeria spp. affecting brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). METHODS Droppings were collected from three brown kiwi, aged <6 months old, at a captive rearing facility in the North Island of New Zealand, between 22 February and 20 April 2017, on 14 sampling dates. Only droppings (n=30) that were excreted between 03:00 and 07:00, as determined using video surveillance, were included for analysis, reflecting the peak time for shedding of coccidial oocysts for brown kiwi. Oocysts were quantified in each sample and Eimeria species identified on the basis of oocyst morphology. All samples were collected between 2 and 10 days after the birds had been treated with 25 mg/kg toltrazuril. RESULTS Eimeria spp. oocysts were identified in 28/30 individual samples and on 14/14 sampling dates. Oocyst counts varied from 0 to 328,080 oocysts per gram (opg), and at least one oocyst count >10,000 opg was measured on 12/14 sampling dates. Three species of Eimeria were observed, with Eimeria apteryxii and E. kiwii most commonly encountered, whereas only one sample contained E. paraurii. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the three birds monitored at this research site, there was a high abundance of E. apteryxii and E. kiwii oocysts in droppings despite recent administration of toltrazuril. These results suggest that the populations of Eimeria spp. affecting brown kiwi at this location appear to possess an ability to survive exposure to toltrazuril. Toltrazuril is widely used at captive rearing facilities to limit the effects of coccidiosis in juvenile kiwi. If a lack of efficacy is confirmed, it will be necessary to investigate alternative treatment regimens alongside broader environmental management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Taylor
- a School of Veterinary Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand
| | - K J Morgan
- a School of Veterinary Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand.,b Wildbase , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand
| | - W E Pomroy
- a School of Veterinary Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand
| | - K McInnes
- c Department of Conservation , Conservation House , Wellington 6143 , New Zealand
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Taylor HS, Morgan KJ, Pomroy WE, McInnes K, Lopez-Villalobos N. The circadian variation of oocyst shedding of Eimeria spp. affecting brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2997-3001. [PMID: 29948203 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Captive rearing of wild brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) is widely carried out to assist in the recovery of this declining species. As a consequence, high densities of immunologically naïve kiwi are commonly housed in semi-captive conditions, with the potential to result in substantial morbidity and mortality from coccidiosis caused by multiple species of Eimeria. Previous research has described circadian variation in oocyst shedding across multiple avian host species. The aim of this research was to describe any circadian variation in oocyst shedding in brown kiwi. Droppings were collected from brown kiwi (n = 4) at a single captive rearing facility using video surveillance to determine the time of excretion, and oocyst counts were undertaken. Results show that two of the Eimeria spp. affecting brown kiwi exhibit a peak in oocyst shedding between 03.00 and 07.00 with few or no oocysts shed between 08.00 and midnight. These results are not able to be explained by the current hypotheses theorising the evolutionary forces behind the development of this adaptive trait. Our findings increase the current understanding of the biology of the Eimeria spp. affecting brown kiwi and have important implications for the management of captive-reared kiwi, in particular for the accurate interpretation of faecal oocyst counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Taylor
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - K J Morgan
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.,Wildbase, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - W E Pomroy
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - K McInnes
- Department of Conservation, Conservation House, PO Box 10420, Wellington, 6143, New Zealand
| | - N Lopez-Villalobos
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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Masters NJ, Alexander S, Jackson B, Sigler L, Chatterton J, Harvey C, Gibson R, Humphrey S, Rawdon TG, Spence RP, Ha HJ, McInnes K, Jakob-Hoff R. Dermatomycosis caused by Paranannizziopsis australasiensis in five tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) and a coastal bearded dragon (Pogona barbata) in a zoological collection in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2016; 64:301-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2016.1177473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- NJ Masters
- Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - S Alexander
- New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine, Auckland Zoo, Western Springs 1022, New Zealand
| | - B Jackson
- New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine, Auckland Zoo, Western Springs 1022, New Zealand
| | - L Sigler
- University of Alberta Microfungus Collection and Herbarium, Devonian Botanic Garden, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - J Chatterton
- New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine, Auckland Zoo, Western Springs 1022, New Zealand
| | - C Harvey
- New Zealand Veterinary Pathology, Western Springs 1022, New Zealand
| | - R Gibson
- New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine, Auckland Zoo, Western Springs 1022, New Zealand
| | - S Humphrey
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand
| | - TG Rawdon
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand
| | - RP Spence
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand
| | - HJ Ha
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand
| | - K McInnes
- Department of Conservation, PO Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand
| | - R Jakob-Hoff
- New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine, Auckland Zoo, Western Springs 1022, New Zealand
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Abstract
AIMS To identify network measures with relevance to disease spread in a network of movements derived from the Department of Conservation (DOC) translocation records from 1970 to mid-2014, and to identify conservation sites that should be prioritised for surveillance activities and improvements to data collection to make the best use of network analysis techniques in the future. METHODS Data included the source and destination of translocated specimens, the species and the dates the translocations were expected to occur. The data were used to construct a directed, non-weighted network in which a translocation event represented a tie in the network. Network density, in-degree (movements entering a node of interest) and out-degree (movements leaving a node of interest) and reciprocity were calculated. RESULTS The data analysed consisted of 692 unique translocations between 307 sites, with the majority (518; 73%) being for birds. The constructed network for bird, reptile and frog translocations comprised 260 nodes, with 34/260 (13%) having two-way movements and 47/260 (18%) non-reciprocal movements. The median degree score (sum of in- and out-degree) was two (min 0, max 36) with a mean of 3.5 in a right skewed distribution. Most sites acted as receivers or senders of consignments with only a few having both high in- and high out-degree, and thus had characteristics that made them sites of interest for surveillance activities. These included the National Wildlife Centre at Mount Bruce, Tiritiri Matangi Island and Te Kakahu (Chalky Island). CONCLUSIONS The presence of linking sites that join larger clusters within the network creates the potential for rapid disease spread if a pathogen were to be introduced. The important sites that supply or receive specimens for translocations are already well recognised by those performing translocations in New Zealand, and this paper provides further information by quantifying their role within the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Van Andel
- a Ministry for Primary Industries , Investigation & Diagnostic Centres and Response Directorate PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140 , New Zealand
| | - K McInnes
- b Department of Conservation , PO Box 10420, Wellington 6011 , New Zealand
| | - T Tana
- a Ministry for Primary Industries , Investigation & Diagnostic Centres and Response Directorate PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140 , New Zealand
| | - N P French
- c mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre , Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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van Andel M, Jackson BH, Midwinter AC, Alley MR, Ewen JG, McInnes K, Jakob Hoff R, Reynolds AD, French N. Investigation of mortalities associated with Salmonella spp. infection in wildlife on Tiritiri Matangi Island in the Hauraki Gulf of New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2015; 63:235-9. [PMID: 25482376 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.990065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY Salmonellosis was suspected as the cause of death in eight wild animals on Tiritiri Matangi Island, in the Hauraki Gulf of New Zealand, between November and September 2011, including three hihi (Notiomystis cincta), a tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), a masked lapwing (Vanellus miles novaehollandiae), and a saddleback (Philesturnus carunculatus). An outbreak investigation to identify the source and distribution of infection was undertaken over the summer of 2011-2012. CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FINDINGS Surveillance of five species of forest bird (n=165) in December 2011 returned a single positive result for Salmonella spp. Environmental sampling of 35 key water sources and hihi supplementary feeding stations conducted in December 2011 and March 2012 returned isolates of S. enterica subspecies houtenae and S. enterica serovar Saintpaul from a stream, a dam and a supplementary feeding station. The same serotypes were identified in tissue samples collected from post mortem specimens of the affected birds, and their similarity was confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. DIAGNOSIS Mortality in wildlife associated with infection with S. enterica subspecies houtenae and S. enterica serovar Saintpaul. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This is the first detection of these Salmonella spp. from wild birds in New Zealand. Our study highlights how active surveillance in response to observed disease emergence (here mortalities) can provide important insight for risk assessment and management within populations of endangered species and inform risk assessment in translocation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Andel
- a Ministry for Primary Industries , Wellington , New Zealand
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Gartrell BD, Argilla L, Finlayson S, Gedye K, Gonzalez Argandona AK, Graham I, Howe L, Hunter S, Lenting B, Makan T, McInnes K, Michael S, Morgan KJ, Scott I, Sijbranda D, van Zyl N, Ward JM. Ventral dermatitis in rowi (Apteryx rowi) due to cutaneous larval migrans. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2014; 4:1-10. [PMID: 25830099 PMCID: PMC4356737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rowi on a crèche island showed loss of feathers and dermatitis. We identified cutaneous larval migrans, possibly due to Trichostrongylus. This is the first instance of cutaneous larval migrans to be recorded in birds. Fatal complications resulted in the death of eight birds from aspergillosis. Intensive conservation management can result in pathways for novel infections.
The rowi is a critically endangered species of kiwi. Young birds on a crèche island showed loss of feathers from the ventral abdomen and a scurfy dermatitis of the abdominal skin and vent margin. Histology of skin biopsies identified cutaneous larval migrans, which was shown by molecular sequencing to be possibly from a species of Trichostrongylus as a cause of ventral dermatitis and occasional ulcerative vent dermatitis. The predisposing factors that led to this disease are suspected to be the novel exposure of the rowi to parasites from seabirds or marine mammals due to the island crèche and the limited management of roost boxes. This is the first instance of cutaneous larval migrans to be recorded in birds. Severe and fatal complications of the investigation resulted in the death of eight birds of aspergillosis and pulmonary complications associated with the use of bark as a substrate in hospital. Another bird died of renal failure during the period of hospitalisation despite oral and intravenous fluid therapy. The initiating cause of the renal failure was not determined. These complications have the potential to undermine the working relationship between wildlife veterinarians and conservation managers. This case highlights that intensive conservation management can result in increased opportunities for novel routes of cross-species pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Gartrell
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - L Argilla
- Wellington Zoo, 200 Daniell Street, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - S Finlayson
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand ; Wellington Zoo, 200 Daniell Street, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - K Gedye
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - A K Gonzalez Argandona
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand ; Wellington Zoo, 200 Daniell Street, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - I Graham
- Department of Conservation, Franz Josef Office, State Highway 6, Franz Josef Glacier, 7856, New Zealand
| | - L Howe
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - S Hunter
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - B Lenting
- Wellington Zoo, 200 Daniell Street, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - T Makan
- Science and Capability Group, Department of Conservation, National Office, 18-32 Manners Street, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - K McInnes
- Science and Capability Group, Department of Conservation, National Office, 18-32 Manners Street, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - S Michael
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand ; Wellington Zoo, 200 Daniell Street, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - K J Morgan
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - I Scott
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - D Sijbranda
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand ; Wellington Zoo, 200 Daniell Street, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - N van Zyl
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - J M Ward
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important aspect of health and development, a number of policy and practice initiatives across education, health and social care are aimed at increasing children's emotional well-being. Links have been made between young children's emotional well-being and play although empirical evidence is limited. This paper demonstrates that when children perceive an activity as play, they show more signs of emotional well-being than when they perceive the same activity as not play. METHODS One hundred and twenty-nine children aged between 3 and 5 years participated in the study. The cues children use to differentiate play and not play were used to create an activity session that was 'like play' and an activity session that was 'not like play'. The activity itself remained constant. Children were allocated to either of the activity session types alternately and emotional well-being was measured using the Leuvens Involvement Scale. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the level of emotional well-being displayed by children in the two activity session types. Children who undertook the 'like play' activity scored significantly higher than children who undertook the same activity but 'not like play'. Detailed observational analysis also showed increased behavioural indicators relating to emotional well-being among children participating in the 'like play' rather than 'not like play' activity session. CONCLUSION Children demonstrate increased emotional well-being when they perceive an activity as play rather than not play. Findings support the proposition that play can be seen as an observable behaviour but also as a mental state. As well as providing important evidence as to the value of play for enhancing children's emotional well-being, findings are discussed in relation to professional practice in children's services. The paper highlights the training needs of practitioners to enable them to understand children's views about play and use this information to create playful situations which maximize the developmental potential of play.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Howard
- Centre for Children and Young Peoples Emotional Health and Wellbeing, College of Human and Health Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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14
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Abstract
AIM To describe a temporal cluster of avian malaria (Plasmodium spp.) at an Operation Nest Egg™ (ONE) site in Rotorua which caused mortality in a juvenile kiwi and had high population prevalence in brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). METHODS A 70-day-old wild-born captive brown kiwi was submitted for post-mortem examination to Massey University Wildlife Health Centre. Post-mortem examination and histopathology were used to determine the cause of death. Plasmodium specific PCR analysis was subsequently conducted on tissue samples and 108 individual blood samples from living kiwi from five ONE breeding sites and two rowi kiwi crèches. Positive PCR products were sequenced to identify the Plasmodium spp. isolated. Where possible, blood smear microscopic examination was used to determine the level of parasitaemia in the infected kiwi. RESULTS Plasmodium spp. was detected in the kiwi which died and it showed histopathological evidence of disseminated protozoal infection. A high prevalence of Plasmodium was found in blood samples from kiwi concurrently residing at ONE Rotorua by blood smear microscopy (22/32, 68%) and PCR (25/32, 78%). All kiwi with positive blood smears had only a low level of peripheral parasitaemia at the time of sampling. However, 0/17 additional kiwi sampled at Rotorua 3 weeks after the juvenile's death, 0/23 Rotorua juveniles sampled 1 year later and 0/59 kiwi from the five other locations were positive for Plasmodium by these methods. Sequencing analysis revealed a cosmopolitan Plasmodium (Huffia) elongatum lineage in all positive birds. CONCLUSIONS This is the first description of an avian malaria (Plasmodium spp.) infection associated with mortality and a high population prevalence in brown kiwi at a ONE site in the 20 years of the programme. The study suggests that this level of infection in a population of kiwi was unusual and provides evidence in support of continued vigilance of disease risks associated with this and other conservation management programmes involving wildlife translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Banda
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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16
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McInnes K, Landon BE, Malitz FE, Wilson IB, Marsden PV, Fleishman JA, Gustafson DH, Cleary PD. Differences in patient and clinic characteristics at CARE Act funded versus non-CARE Act funded HIV clinics. AIDS Care 2010; 16:851-7. [PMID: 15385240 DOI: 10.1080/09540120412331290202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Ryan White CARE Act supports comprehensive care to persons with HIV infection. With an annual budget of over $1 billion, it is the largest federally funded programme for HIV care in the USA. We analysed data from the HIV Costs and Services Utilization Study, a nationally representative sample of HIV patients. Patient data were collected in 1996-97 and clinic data were collected in 1998-99. We examined whether CARE Act funded clinics differed from other HIV clinics in (1) the characteristics of their patients, and (2) their organization, staffing, and services. We found that patients at CARE Act clinics were younger, less educated, poorer, and more likely to be female, non-white, unemployed, uninsured, and have heterosexual contact as an HIV risk factor, compared to patients at other HIV clinics. CARE Act clinics tended to specialize in HIV care, had more infectious disease specialists, had fewer total patients, and provided more support services (e.g. mental health, nutrition, case management, child care). These results are consistent with findings of other studies that were limited by non-probability samples or restricted geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K McInnes
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-5899, USA
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17
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Abstract
This paper describes the effect of a disease outbreak on the success of a translocation for conservation management in a critically endangered species. Three juvenile kakapo from a group of 19 translocated birds died within 72 h of transport between New Zealand offshore islands. Clinical findings, gross necropsy changes, cytology, histopathology and bacterial culture confirmed systemic disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. On the island from which the kakapo were sourced, positive cultures of E. rhusiopathiae were obtained from the medulla of the ulna from 10 out of 15 seabird carcasses examined, suggesting that this could be the source of infection for the kakapo. Immediately after the diagnosis, all of the translocated birds were re-captured and treated with antibiotics. A vaccination programme has commenced using a commercial killed bacterin developed for turkeys. The disease outbreak has had costly implications for the population and conservation management of the species. This is the first report of erysipelas in wild parrots, and the first report of the management of erysipelas in a critically endangered wild population of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Gartrell
- New Zealand Wildlife Health Centre, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Private Bag 11222, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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ØVretveit J, Bate P, Cleary P, Cretin S, Gustafson D, McInnes K, McLeod H, Molfenter T, Plsek P, Robert G, Shortell S, Wilson T. Quality collaboratives: lessons from research. Qual Saf Health Care 2002; 11:345-51. [PMID: 12468695 PMCID: PMC1757995 DOI: 10.1136/qhc.11.4.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Quality improvement collaboratives are increasingly being used in many countries to achieve rapid improvements in health care. However, there is little independent evidence that they are more cost effective than other methods, and little knowledge about how they could be made more effective. A number of systematic evaluations are being performed by researchers in North America, the UK, and Sweden. This paper presents the shared ideas from two meetings of these researchers. The evidence to date is that some collaboratives have stimulated improvements in patient care and organisational performance, but there are significant differences between collaboratives and teams. The researchers agreed on the possible reasons why some were less successful than others, and identified 10 challenges which organisers and teams need to address to achieve improvement. In the absence of more conclusive evidence, these guidelines are likely to be useful for collaborative organisers, teams and their managers and may also contribute to further research into collaboratives and the spread of innovations in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J ØVretveit
- The Nordic School of Public Health, Goteborg, Sweden The Health Services Management Centre, Birmingham University, UK.
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Abstract
Healthcare practitioners are often called upon to share their expertise with colleagues. Frequently, expert practitioners are asked to make presentations at patient support groups, professional rounds, workshops, meetings, and conferences. Often these expert practitioners have not had the opportunity to develop strong presentation skills. Consequently, many are reluctant to give presentations. When they do present, they often have difficulty communicating their ideas effectively. This article describes the creation of a presentation skills program for healthcare practitioners. Essential program content is identified as well as measures taken to make this an effective, economical, and popular training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- K McInnes
- Education Resources Department, Brant Community Healthcare System, Brantford, Ontario, Canada.
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Mollica RF, McInnes K, Sarajlić N, Lavelle J, Sarajlić I, Massagli MP. Disability associated with psychiatric comorbidity and health status in Bosnian refugees living in Croatia. JAMA 1999; 282:433-9. [PMID: 10442658 DOI: 10.1001/jama.282.5.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The relationship between psychiatric symptoms and disability in refugee survivors of mass violence is not known. OBJECTIVE To determine if risk factors, such as demographics, trauma, health status, and psychiatric illness, are associated with disability in Bosnian refugees. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional survey conducted in 1996 of Bosnian refugee adults living in a camp established by the Croatian government near the city of Varazdin. One adult aged 18 years or older was randomly selected from each of 573 camp families; 534 (93%) agreed to participate (mean age, 50 years; 41% male). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Culturally validated measures for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) included the Hopkins Symptom Checklist 25 and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, respectively. Disability measures included the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 20, a physical functioning scale based on World Health Organization criteria, and self-reports of socioeconomic activity, levels of physical energy, and perceived health status. RESULTS Respondents reported a mean (SD) of 6.5 (4.7) unduplicated trauma events; 18% (n=95) had experienced 1 or more torture events. While 55.2% reported no psychiatric symptoms, 39.2% and 26.3% reported symptoms that meet DSM-IV criteria for depression and PTSD, respectively; 20.6% reported symptoms comorbid for both disorders. A total of 25.5% reported having a disability. Refugees who reported symptoms comorbid for both depression and PTSD were associated with an increased risk for disability compared with asymptomatic refugees (unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.05-8.26; adjusted OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.10-3.86). Older age, cumulative trauma, and chronic medical illness were also associated with disability. CONCLUSIONS In a population of Bosnian refugees who had recently fled from the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, psychiatric comorbidity was associated with disability independent of the effects of age, trauma, and health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Mollica
- Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, USA.
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Mollica RF, McInnes K, Poole C, Tor S. Dose-effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass violence. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173:482-8. [PMID: 9926076 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.173.6.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dose-effect relationships of cumulative trauma to the psychiatric symptoms of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a community study of Cambodian survivors of mass violence were evaluated. METHOD In 1990, a survey of 1000 households was conducted in a Thai refugee camp (Site 2) using a multi-stage random sampling design. Trauma history and psychiatric symptoms were assessed for two time periods. Analysis used linear dose-response regression modelling. RESULTS 993 Cambodian adults reported a mean of 14 Pol Pot era trauma events and 1.3 trauma events during the past year. Symptom categories of depression, PTSD, dissociative and culturally dependent symptoms exhibited strong dose-effect responses with the exception of avoidance. All symptom categories, except avoidant symptoms, were highly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Cumulative trauma continued to affect psychiatric symptom levels a decade after the original trauma events. The diagnostic validity of PTSD criteria, with the notable exception of avoidance, was supported. Inclusion of dissociative and culturally dependent symptoms increased the cultural sensitivity of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Mollica
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Mollica RF, McInnes K, Pham T, Smith Fawzi MC, Murphy E, Lin L. The dose-effect relationships between torture and psychiatric symptoms in Vietnamese ex-political detainees and a comparison group. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998; 186:543-53. [PMID: 9741560 DOI: 10.1097/00005053-199809000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine in Vietnamese ex-political detainees newly arrived into the United States a) the prevalence of torture and psychiatric symptoms and b) the dose-effect relationships between cumulative torture experience and the psychiatric symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression. The study population included Vietnamese ex-political detainees (N = 51) and a comparison group (N = 22). All respondents received culturally validated instruments with known psychometric properties including Vietnamese versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. The ex-political detainees, in contrast to the comparison group, had experienced more torture events (12.2 SD = 4.2 vs. 2.6 SD = 3.1) and had higher rates of PTSD (90% vs. 79%) and depression (49% vs. 15%). Dose-effect relationships between cumulative torture experience and psychiatric symptoms were positive with the PTSD subcategory of "increased arousal" revealing the strongest association. These findings provide evidence that torture is associated with psychiatric morbidity in Vietnamese refugees. The demonstration of significant dose-effect responses supports the hypothesis that torture is a major risk factor in the etiology of major depression and PTSD. The generalizability of these results to other torture survivor groups is unknown. The interaction between torture and other pre- and post-migration risk factors over time in different cultural settings still needs to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Mollica
- Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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