1
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Groiss S, Viertler C, Kap M, Bernhardt G, Mischinger HJ, Sieuwerts A, Verhoef C, Riegman P, Kruhøffer M, Svec D, Sjöback SR, Becker KF, Zatloukal K. Inter-patient heterogeneity in the hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury transcriptome: Implications for research and diagnostics. N Biotechnol 2024; 79:20-29. [PMID: 38072306 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cellular responses induced by surgical procedure or ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) may severely alter transcriptome profiles and complicate molecular diagnostics. To investigate this effect, we characterized such pre-analytical effects in 143 non-malignant liver samples obtained from 30 patients at different time points of ischemia during surgery from two individual cohorts treated either with the Pringle manoeuvre or total vascular exclusion. Transcriptomics profiles were analyzed by Affymetrix microarrays and expression of selected mRNAs was validated by RT-PCR. We found 179 mutually deregulated genes which point to elevated cytokine signaling with NFκB as a dominant pathway in ischemia responses. In contrast to ischemia, reperfusion induced pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory cascades involving TNF, NFκB and MAPK pathways. FOS and JUN were down-regulated in steatosis compared to their up-regulation in normal livers. Surprisingly, molecular signatures of underlying primary and secondary cancers were present in non-tumor tissue. The reported inter-patient variability might reflect differences in individual stress responses and impact of underlying disease conditions. Furthermore, we provide a set of 230 pre-analytically highly robust genes identified from histologically normal livers (<2% covariation across both cohorts) that might serve as reference genes and could be particularly suited for future diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Groiss
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Viertler
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marcel Kap
- Pathology Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Bernhardt
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Jörg Mischinger
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anieta Sieuwerts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cees Verhoef
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Riegman
- Pathology Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - David Svec
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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2
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Barroux M, Horstmann J, Fricke L, Schömig L, Werner M, Kraynova E, Kamarádová K, Fléjou JF, Maerkel B, Kumarasinghe MP, Vieth M, Westerhoff M, Patil DT, Steiger K, Becker KF, Weichert W, Schmid RM, Quante M, Slotta-Huspenina J. Histological evaluation of PAXgene tissue fixation in Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma diagnostics. Virchows Arch 2022; 482:887-898. [PMID: 36527466 PMCID: PMC10156762 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The dysplasia grading of Barrett’s esophagus (BE), based on the histomorphological assessment of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, suffers from high interobserver variability leading to an unsatisfactory prediction of cancer risk. Thus, pre-analytic preservation of biological molecules, which could improve risk prediction in BE enabling molecular and genetic analysis, is needed. We aimed to evaluate such a molecular pre-analytic fixation tool, PAXgene-fixed paraffin-embedded (PFPE) biopsies, and their suitability for histomorphological BE diagnostics in comparison to FFPE. In a ring trial, 9 GI pathologists evaluated 116 digital BE slides of non-dysplastic BE (NDBE), low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC) using virtual microscopy. Overall quality, cytological and histomorphological parameters, dysplasia criteria, and diagnosis were analyzed. PFPE showed better preservation of nuclear details as chromatin and nucleoli, whereas overall quality and histomorphologic parameters as visibility of basal lamina, goblet cells, and presence of artifacts were scored as equal to FFPE. The interobserver reproducibility with regard to the diagnosis was best for NDBE and EAC (κF = 0.72–0.75) and poor for LGD and HGD (κF = 0.13–0.3) in both. In conclusion, our data suggest that PFPE allows equally confident histomorphological diagnosis of BE and EAC, introducing a novel tool for molecular analysis and parallel histomorphological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Barroux
- Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Julia Horstmann
- Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Fricke
- Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Linus Schömig
- Department of Medicine II, Universitaetsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Werner
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Kraynova
- Department of Pathology, Yaroslavl Regional Cancer Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russian Federation
| | - Katerina Kamarádová
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-François Fléjou
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Université, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Maerkel
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Medical Center Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - M Priyanthi Kumarasinghe
- Department of Pathology, PathWest Laboratory-University of Western Australia, WA, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institute for Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Klinikum Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Deepa T Patil
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Quante
- Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Universitaetsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Klingler C, von Jagwitz-Biegnitz M, Baber R, Becker KF, Dahl E, Eibner C, Fuchs J, Groenewold MK, Hartung ML, Hummel M, Jahns R, Kirsten R, Kopfnagel V, Maushagen R, Nussbeck SY, Schoneberg A, Winter T, Specht C. Stakeholder engagement to ensure the sustainability of biobanks: a survey of potential users of biobank services. Eur J Hum Genet 2022; 30:1344-1354. [PMID: 34031552 PMCID: PMC9712417 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-021-00905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobanks are important infrastructures facilitating biomedical research. After a decade of rolling out such infrastructures, a shift in attention to the sustainability of biobanks could be observed in recent years. In this regard, an increase in the as yet relatively low utilisation rates of biobanks has been formulated as a goal. Higher utilisation rates can only be achieved if the perspectives of potential users of biobanks-particularly researchers not yet collaborating with biobanks-are adequately considered. To better understand their perspectives, a survey was conducted at ten different research institutions in Germany hosting a centralised biobank. The survey targeted potential users of biobank services, i.e. researchers working with biosamples. It addressed the general demand for biosamples, strategies for biosample acquisition/storage and reasons for/against collaborating with biobanks. In total, 354 researchers filled out the survey. Most interestingly, only a minority of researchers (12%) acquired their biosamples via biobanks. Of the respondents not collaborating with biobanks on sample acquisition, around half were not aware of the (services of the) respective local biobank. Those who actively decided against acquiring biosamples via a biobank provided different reasons. Most commonly, respondents stated that the biosamples required were not available, the costs were too high and information about the available biosamples was not readily accessible. Biobanks can draw many lessons from the results of the survey. Particularly, external communication and outreach should be improved. Additionally, biobanks might have to reassess whether their particular collection strategies are adequately aligned with local researchers' needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Klingler
- German Biobank Node, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Ronny Baber
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Leipzig Medical Biobank, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karl-Friedrich Becker
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Gewebebank des Klinikums rechts der Isar und der Technischen Universität München, Am Institut für Pathologie der TU München, Trogerstr. 18, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Edgar Dahl
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XRWTH centralized Biomaterial Bank (RWTH cBMB), Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Eibner
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Integrated Biobank Jena (IBBJ), Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Fuchs
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Interdisciplinary Bank of Biomaterials and Data Würzburg (ibdw), University Hospital of Würzburg, Straubmühlweg 2a, building A8/A9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maike K. Groenewold
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology/Core Facility Biobank, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mara Lena Hartung
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662German Biobank Node, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hummel
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662German Biobank Node, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Central Biobank Charité (ZeBanC), Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Jahns
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Interdisciplinary Bank of Biomaterials and Data Würzburg (ibdw), University Hospital of Würzburg, Straubmühlweg 2a, building A8/A9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Romy Kirsten
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908NCT Liquid Biobank, National Center for Tumor Diseases and BioMaterialBank Heidelberg (BMBH), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Kopfnagel
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Regina Maushagen
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Interdisciplinary Center for Biobanking-Lübeck (ICB-L), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sara Yasemin Nussbeck
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Central Biobank UMG, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Schoneberg
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Central Biobank UMG, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Theresa Winter
- grid.5603.0Integrated Research Biobank Greifswald, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cornelia Specht
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662German Biobank Node, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Schmidt M, Ankerst DP, Chen Y, Wiethaler M, Slotta-Huspenina J, Becker KF, Horstmann J, Kohlmayer F, Lehmann A, Linkohr B, Strauch K, Schmid RM, Quante AS, Quante M. Epidemiologic Risk Factors in a Comparison of a Barrett Esophagus Registry (BarrettNET) and a Case-Control Population in Germany. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:377-384. [PMID: 32066580 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic screening for Barrett's esophagus as the major precursor lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma is mostly offered to patients with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, other epidemiologic risk factors might affect the development of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Therefore, efforts to improve the efficiency of screening to find the Barrett's esophagus population "at risk" compared with the normal population are needed. In a cross-sectional analysis, we compared 587 patients with Barrett's esophagus from the multicenter German BarrettNET registry to 1976 healthy subjects from the population-based German KORA cohort, with and without GERD symptoms. Data on demographic and lifestyle factors, including age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical activity, and symptoms were collected in a standardized epidemiologic survey. Increased age, male gender, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, low physical activity, low health status, and GERD symptoms were significantly associated with Barrett's esophagus. Surprisingly, among patients stratified for GERD symptoms, these associations did not change. Demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors as well as GERD symptoms were associated with Barrett's esophagus development in Germany, suggesting that a combination of risk factors could be useful in developing individualized screening efforts for patients with Barrett's esophagus and GERD in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Schmidt
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), München, Germany
| | - Donna P Ankerst
- Department of Mathematics and Life Sciences, TUM, Boltzmannstr, Garching, Germany
| | - Yiyao Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Life Sciences, TUM, Boltzmannstr, Garching, Germany
| | - Maria Wiethaler
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), München, Germany
| | - Julia Slotta-Huspenina
- Institute of Pathology, TUM, München, Germany.,Tissue Bank of the Klinikum rechts der Isar Munich and TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Friedrich Becker
- Institute of Pathology, TUM, München, Germany.,Tissue Bank of the Klinikum rechts der Isar Munich and TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Horstmann
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), München, Germany
| | - Florian Kohlmayer
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Lehmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Linkohr
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), München, Germany
| | - Anne S Quante
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Quante
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), München, Germany.
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5
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Dagher G, Becker KF, Bonin S, Foy C, Gelmini S, Kubista M, Kungl P, Oelmueller U, Parkes H, Pinzani P, Riegman P, Schröder U, Stumptner C, Turano P, Sjöback R, Wutte A, Zatloukal K. Pre-analytical processes in medical diagnostics: New regulatory requirements and standards. N Biotechnol 2019; 52:121-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Wiethaler M, Slotta-Huspenina J, Brandtner A, Horstmann J, Wein F, Baumeister T, Radani N, Gerland S, Anand A, Lange S, Schmidt M, Janssen KP, Conrad A, Johannes W, Strauch K, Quante AS, Linkohr B, Kuhn KA, Blaser R, Lehmann A, Kohlmayer F, Weichert W, Schmid RM, Becker KF, Quante M. BarrettNET-a prospective registry for risk estimation of patients with Barrett's esophagus to progress to adenocarcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2019; 32:5479247. [PMID: 31329831 DOI: 10.1093/dote/doz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Risk stratification in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) to prevent the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is an unsolved task. The incidence of EAC and BE is increasing and patients are still at unknown risk. BarrettNET is an ongoing multicenter prospective cohort study initiated to identify and validate molecular and clinical biomarkers that allow a more personalized surveillance strategy for patients with BE. For BarrettNET participants are recruited in 20 study centers throughout Germany, to be followed for progression to dysplasia (low-grade dysplasia or high-grade dysplasia) or EAC for >10 years. The study instruments comprise self-administered epidemiological information (containing data on demographics, lifestyle factors, and health), as well as biological specimens, i.e., blood-based samples, esophageal tissue biopsies, and feces and saliva samples. In follow-up visits according to the individual surveillance plan of the participants, sample collection is repeated. The standardized collection and processing of the specimen guarantee the highest sample quality. Via a mobile accessible database, the documentation of inclusion, epidemiological data, and pathological disease status are recorded subsequently. Currently the BarrettNET registry includes 560 participants (23.1% women and 76.9% men, aged 22-92 years) with a median follow-up of 951 days. Both the design and the size of BarrettNET offer the advantage of answering research questions regarding potential causes of disease progression from BE to EAC. Here all the integrated methods and materials of BarrettNET are presented and reviewed to introduce this valuable German registry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wiethaler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Julia Slotta-Huspenina
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich.,Tissue Bank of the Klinikum rechts der Isar Munich and Technical University of Munich
| | - Anna Brandtner
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Julia Horstmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Frederik Wein
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Theresa Baumeister
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Nikole Radani
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Sophie Gerland
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Akanksha Anand
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Sebastian Lange
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Melissa Schmidt
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Anja Conrad
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich.,Tissue Bank of the Klinikum rechts der Isar Munich and Technical University of Munich
| | - Widya Johannes
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich.,Tissue Bank of the Klinikum rechts der Isar Munich and Technical University of Munich
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München
| | - Anne S Quante
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Birgit Linkohr
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus A Kuhn
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Rainer Blaser
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Andreas Lehmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Florian Kohlmayer
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich.,Tissue Bank of the Klinikum rechts der Isar Munich and Technical University of Munich
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Karl-Friedrich Becker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich.,Tissue Bank of the Klinikum rechts der Isar Munich and Technical University of Munich
| | - Michael Quante
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
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7
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Riegman PHJ, Becker KF, Zatloukal K, Pazzagli M, Schröder U, Oelmuller U. How standardization of the pre-analytical phase of both research and diagnostic biomaterials can increase reproducibility of biomedical research and diagnostics. N Biotechnol 2019; 53:35-40. [PMID: 31202859 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of published biomedical studies shows that a large proportion are irreproducible, causing severe damage to society and creating an image of wasted investments. These observations are of course damaging to the biomedical research field, which is currently full of future promise. Precision medicine and disease prevention are successful, but are progressing slowly due to irreproducible study results. Although standardization is mentioned as a possible solution, it is not always clear how this could decrease or prevent irreproducible results in biomedical studies. In this article more insight is given into what quality, norms, standardization, certification, accreditation and optimized infrastructure can accomplish to reveal causes of irreproducibility and increase reproducibility when collecting biomaterials. CEN and ISO standards for the sample pre-analytical phase are currently being developed with the support of the SPIDIA4P project, and their role in increasing reproducibility in both biomedical research and diagnostics is demonstrated. In particular, it is described how standardized methods and quality assurance documentation can be exploited as tools for: 1) recognition and rejection of 'not fit for purpose' samples on the basis of detailed sample metadata, and 2) identification of methods that contribute to irreproducibility which can be adapted or replaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H J Riegman
- Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Pathology department, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - K F Becker
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Pathology, Trogerstrasse 18, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - K Zatloukal
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - M Pazzagli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - U Schröder
- DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., Saatwinkler Damm 42/43, 13627 Berlin, Germany
| | - U Oelmuller
- QIAGEN GmbH, MDx Development, QIAGEN Str. 1, 40724 Hilden, Germany
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8
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Braun T, Becker KF, Hoelck O, Voges S, Kahle R, Dreissigacker M, Schneider-Ramelow M. Fan-Out Wafer and Panel Level Packaging as Packaging Platform for Heterogeneous Integration. Micromachines 2019; 10:mi10050342. [PMID: 31126083 PMCID: PMC6562530 DOI: 10.3390/mi10050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Fan-out wafer level packaging (FOWLP) is one of the latest packaging trends in microelectronics. Besides technology developments towards heterogeneous integration, including multiple die packaging, passive component integration in packages and redistribution layers or package-on-package approaches, larger substrate formats are also targeted. Manufacturing is currently done on a wafer level of up to 12”/300 mm and 330 mm respectively. For a higher productivity and, consequently, lower costs, larger form factors are introduced. Instead of following the wafer level roadmaps to 450 mm, panel level packaging (PLP) might be the next big step. Both technology approaches offer a lot of opportunities as high miniaturization and are well suited for heterogeneous integration. Hence, FOWLP and PLP are well suited for the packaging of a highly miniaturized energy harvester system consisting of a piezo-based harvester, a power management unit and a supercapacitor for energy storage. In this study, the FOWLP and PLP approaches have been chosen for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) package development with integrated SMD (surface mount device) capacitors. The process developments and the successful overall proof of concept for the packaging approach have been done on a 200 mm wafer size. In a second step, the technology was scaled up to a 457 × 305 mm2 panel size using the same materials, equipment and process flow, demonstrating the low cost and large area capabilities of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Ole Hoelck
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Steve Voges
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ruben Kahle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marc Dreissigacker
- Forschungsschwerpunkt Technologien der Mikroperipherik, Technical University Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Schneider-Ramelow
- Forschungsschwerpunkt Technologien der Mikroperipherik, Technical University Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
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Avril S, Dincer Y, Malinowsky K, Wolff C, Gündisch S, Hapfelmeier A, Boxberg M, Bronger H, Becker KF, Schmalfeldt B. Increased PDGFR-beta and VEGFR-2 protein levels are associated with resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy and adverse outcome of ovarian cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:97851-97861. [PMID: 29228656 PMCID: PMC5716696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite frequent initial response rates of epithelial ovarian cancer to platinum-based chemotherapy the majority of patients develop drug resistance. Our aim was to evaluate differential expression of signaling-pathway proteins in platinum-sensitive versus platinum-resistant primary epithelial ovarian cancer specimens to identify predictive biomarkers for treatment response. 192 patients were studied comprising of independent training (n = 89) and validation (n = 103) cohorts. Full-length proteins were extracted from paraffin-embedded samples including multiple regions per tumor to account for intratumoral heterogeneity. Quantitative reverse-phase-protein-arrays were used to analyze protein and phospho-protein levels of 41 signaling molecules including growth-factor receptors, AKT and MAPK signaling pathways as well as angiogenesis and cell-adhesion. Platinum-resistant ovarian cancers (56/192) demonstrated significantly higher intratumoral levels of the angiogenesis-associated growth-factor receptors PDGFR-beta and VEGFR2 compared to platinum-sensitive tumors. In addition, patients with high PDGFR-beta expression had significantly shorter overall and progression-free survival (HR 3.6 and 2.4; p < 0.001). The prognostic value of PDGFR-beta and VEGFR2 was confirmed in publicly available microarray-datasets. High intratumoral levels of the angiogenesis-related growth-factor receptors PDGFR-beta and VEGFR2 might serve as novel predictive biomarkers to identify primary resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. Those ovarian cancer patients might particularly benefit from additional anti-vascular therapy including anti-VEGF antibody or receptor tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Avril
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Current address: Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Yasemin Dincer
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Wolff
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gündisch
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Hapfelmeier
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Boxberg
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Bronger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Schmalfeldt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Current address: Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Thasler RMK, Berghammer AJ, Kirchner T, Slotta-Huspenina J, Becker KF, Schiergens T, Thasler WE, Wichmann HE. Federated Biobanking with Corporate Service Unit: The Munich Biobank Alliance Blueprint. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 15:75-79. [PMID: 27991833 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2016.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard M K Thasler
- 1 Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU Munich , Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Kirchner
- 3 Institute for Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Tobias Schiergens
- 1 Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU Munich , Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Thasler
- 1 Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU Munich , Munich, Germany
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11
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Schläfli AM, Adams O, Galván JA, Gugger M, Savic S, Bubendorf L, Schmid RA, Becker KF, Tschan MP, Langer R, Berezowska S. Prognostic value of the autophagy markers LC3 and p62/SQSTM1 in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:39544-39555. [PMID: 27250032 PMCID: PMC5129952 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular degrading process that promotes tumor cell survival or cell death in cancer, depending on the progress of oncogenesis. Protein light chain 3 (LC3) and p62/SQSTM1 (p62) are associated with autophagosomal membranes that engulf cytoplasmic content for subsequent degradation. We studied LC3 and p62 expression using immunohistochemistry in a large cohort of 466 stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using a tissue microarray. We evaluated dot-like cytoplasmic expression of LC3 and dot-like, cytoplasmic and nuclear staining for p62 in relation to clinico-pathological parameters.LC3 expression correlated with all p62 patterns, as those correlated among each other (p < 0.001 each). There was no correlation with stage, age or gender. A combination of high LC3/high p62 dot-like staining (suggesting impaired autophagy) showed a trend for better outcome (p = 0.11). Interestingly, a combined low cytoplasmic/low nuclear p62 expression regardless of dot-like staining was an independent prognostic factor for longer survival (p = 0.006; HR=1.96), in addition to tumor stage (p = 0.004; HR=1.4).The autophagy markers LC3 and p62 are differentially expressed in NSCLC, pointing towards a biologically significant role. High LC3 levels seem to be linked to lower tumor aggressiveness, while high general p62 expression was significantly associated with aggressive tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Adams
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - José A. Galván
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Gugger
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Promed Laboratoire Médical, Marly, Switzerland
| | - Spasenija Savic
- Institute of Pathology, Universty Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Bubendorf
- Institute of Pathology, Universty Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A. Schmid
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Mario P. Tschan
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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13
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Gündisch S, Annaratone L, Beese C, Drecol E, Marchiò C, Quaglino E, Sapino A, Becker KF, Bussolati G. Critical roles of specimen type and temperature before and during fixation in the detection of phosphoproteins in breast cancer tissues. J Transl Med 2015; 95:561-71. [PMID: 25730369 PMCID: PMC4421866 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The most efficient approach for therapy selection to inhibit the deregulated kinases in cancer tissues is to measure their phosphorylation status prior to the treatment. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of pre-analytical parameters (cold ischemia time, temperature before and during tissue fixation, and sample type) on the levels of proteins and phosphoproteins in breast cancer tissues, focusing on the PI3 kinase/AKT pathway. The BALB-neuT mouse breast cancer model expressing HER2 and pAKT proteins and human biopsy and resection specimens were analyzed. By using quantitative reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA), 9 proteins and 16 phosphoproteins relevant to breast cancer biology were assessed. Cold temperatures before and during fixation resulted in a marked improvement in the preservation of the reactivity of biological markers (eg, ER, HER2) in general and, specifically, pHER2 and pAKT. Some phosphoproteins, eg, pHER2 and pAKT, were more sensitive to prolonged cold ischemia times than others (eg, pS6RP and pSTAT5). By comparing the phosphoprotein levels in core needle biopsies with those in resection specimens, we found a marked decrease in many phosphoproteins in the latter. Cold conditions can improve the preservation of proteins and phosphoproteins in breast cancer tissues. Biopsies ≤ 1 mm in size are the preferred sample type for assessing the activity of deregulated kinases for personalized cancer treatments because the phosphoprotein levels are better preserved compared with resection specimens. Each potential new (phospho)protein biomarker should be tested for its sensitivity to pre-analytical processing prior to the development of a diagnostic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Gündisch
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Annaratone
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena, Turin, Italy
| | - Christian Beese
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse, Munich, Germany
| | - Enken Drecol
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse, Munich, Germany
| | - Caterina Marchiò
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena, Turin, Italy,Pathology Service, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Via Santena, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Sapino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena, Turin, Italy,Pathology Service, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Via Santena, Turin, Italy
| | - Karl-Friedrich Becker
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse, Munich, Germany,Technische Universität München, Institute of Pathology, Trogerstrasse18, Munich, D-81675, Germany. E-mail:
| | - Gianni Bussolati
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena, Turin, Italy,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 7, Turin 10126, Italy. E-mail:
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14
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Avril S, von Minckwitz G, Gündisch S, Gade S, Malinowsky K, Fasching PA, Karn T, Hartmann A, Untch M, Denkert C, Becker KF, Loibl S. Abstract P3-06-36: Assessment of phosphorylated HER2 protein as predictive biomarker to stratify anti-HER2 treatment in HER2 non-amplified patients – A translational study in the GeparQuattro and GeparQuinto trials. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs14-p3-06-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aims: There is evidence that the benefit of anti-HER2 treatment in combination with chemotherapy may not be limited to patients with HER2 amplification. This study tested if phosphorylated HER2 (pHER2) and co-activation of HER2 downstream targets are predictive of response to anti-HER2 treatment in HER2 non-amplified patients.
Methods: Patients initially classified as HER2 positive (IHC, FISH) by local testing from the GeparQuattro and GeparQuinto trials received neoadjuvant anti-HER2 treatment (trastuzumab or lapatinib) in combination with anthracycline-taxane-based chemotherapy. However, on a central pathology review 98 out of 1060 patients were considered HER2 non-amplified. In order to assess the potential benefit from anti-HER2 treatment in these patients the levels of pHER2 and downstream targets including pHER3, EGFR, AKT, PI3K, ERK, PTEN, S6RP and their phosphorylated forms were quantitatively assessed using reverse-phase protein arrays. Histopathological complete response (pCR; ypT0/is) and disease free and overall survival served as reference standard. Optimal cutpoints for each protein were calculated to achieve maximum separation between pCR and non-pCR using ROC analysis.
Results: 25 (26%) patients achieved pCR. The level of pHER2 was not significantly different between groups of histopathologic responders and non-responders. S6RP and pS6RP were the only proteins significantly associated with pCR (p=0.01 and 0.03, respectively) with a higher pretherapeutic expression in patients who subsequently achieved pCR. In contrast, low expression of S6RP and pS6RP were associated with longer disease free (p<0.01) and overall survival (p<0.05). Expression of S6RP and pS6RP did not correlate with that of other HER2 signaling proteins, whereas all remaining proteins were positively correlated with each other.
Conclusions: Expression of S6 ribosomal protein (S6RP), a downstream target of S6 kinase, and its phosphorylated form pS6RP are significantly associated with short and long-term outcome following anti-HER2 treatment in HER2 non-amplified breast cancer patients. In contrast, activation status of the HER2 pathway reflected by pHER2 and other downstream targets was not predictive of response, and showed no significant correlation with S6RP expression. These results suggest that S6RP and pS6RP may be novel predictive biomarkers for response to anti-HER2 treatment in non-amplified patients, possibly through a mechanism independent of global HER2 pathway activation.
Citation Format: Stefanie Avril, Gunter von Minckwitz, Sibylle Gündisch, Stephan Gade, Katharina Malinowsky, Peter A Fasching, Thomas Karn, Arndt Hartmann, Michael Untch, Carsten Denkert, Karl-Friedrich Becker, Sibylle Loibl. Assessment of phosphorylated HER2 protein as predictive biomarker to stratify anti-HER2 treatment in HER2 non-amplified patients – A translational study in the GeparQuattro and GeparQuinto trials [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-06-36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Avril
- 1Technische Universität München
- 8Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter A Fasching
- 3University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN
| | | | | | | | - Carsten Denkert
- 7Institute of Pathology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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15
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Boellner S, Becker KF. Reverse Phase Protein Arrays-Quantitative Assessment of Multiple Biomarkers in Biopsies for Clinical Use. Microarrays (Basel) 2015; 4:98-114. [PMID: 27600215 PMCID: PMC4996393 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays4020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) represent a very promising sensitive and precise high-throughput technology for the quantitative measurement of hundreds of signaling proteins in biological and clinical samples. This array format allows quantification of one protein or phosphoprotein in multiple samples under the same experimental conditions at the same time. Moreover, it is suited for signal transduction profiling of small numbers of cultured cells or cells isolated from human biopsies, including formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues. Owing to the much easier sample preparation, as compared to mass spectrometry based technologies, and the extraordinary sensitivity for the detection of low-abundance signaling proteins over a large linear range, RPPA have the potential for characterization of deregulated interconnecting protein pathways and networks in limited amounts of sample material in clinical routine settings. Current aspects of RPPA technology, including dilution curves, spotting, controls, signal detection, antibody validation, and calculation of protein levels are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Boellner
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 18, 81675 München, Germany.
| | - Karl-Friedrich Becker
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 18, 81675 München, Germany.
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16
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Becker KF. Using tissue samples for proteomic studies-Critical considerations. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:257-67. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Akbani R, Becker KF, Carragher N, Goldstein T, de Koning L, Korf U, Liotta L, Mills GB, Nishizuka SS, Pawlak M, Petricoin EF, Pollard HB, Serrels B, Zhu J. Realizing the promise of reverse phase protein arrays for clinical, translational, and basic research: a workshop report: the RPPA (Reverse Phase Protein Array) society. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1625-43. [PMID: 24777629 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.o113.034918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse phase protein array (RPPA) technology introduced a miniaturized "antigen-down" or "dot-blot" immunoassay suitable for quantifying the relative, semi-quantitative or quantitative (if a well-accepted reference standard exists) abundance of total protein levels and post-translational modifications across a variety of biological samples including cultured cells, tissues, and body fluids. The recent evolution of RPPA combined with more sophisticated sample handling, optical detection, quality control, and better quality affinity reagents provides exquisite sensitivity and high sample throughput at a reasonable cost per sample. This facilitates large-scale multiplex analysis of multiple post-translational markers across samples from in vitro, preclinical, or clinical samples. The technical power of RPPA is stimulating the application and widespread adoption of RPPA methods within academic, clinical, and industrial research laboratories. Advances in RPPA technology now offer scientists the opportunity to quantify protein analytes with high precision, sensitivity, throughput, and robustness. As a result, adopters of RPPA technology have recognized critical success factors for useful and maximum exploitation of RPPA technologies, including the following: preservation and optimization of pre-analytical sample quality, application of validated high-affinity and specific antibody (or other protein affinity) detection reagents, dedicated informatics solutions to ensure accurate and robust quantification of protein analytes, and quality-assured procedures and data analysis workflows compatible with application within regulated clinical environments. In 2011, 2012, and 2013, the first three Global RPPA workshops were held in the United States, Europe, and Japan, respectively. These workshops provided an opportunity for RPPA laboratories, vendors, and users to share and discuss results, the latest technology platforms, best practices, and future challenges and opportunities. The outcomes of the workshops included a number of key opportunities to advance the RPPA field and provide added benefit to existing and future participants in the RPPA research community. The purpose of this report is to share and disseminate, as a community, current knowledge and future directions of the RPPA technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Akbani
- From the *University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Neil Carragher
- §Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Ted Goldstein
- ¶Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
| | | | - Ulrike Korf
- **German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Gordon B Mills
- From the *University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Michael Pawlak
- §§§The Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Harvey B Pollard
- ¶¶Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bryan Serrels
- §Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Jingchun Zhu
- ¶Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
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18
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Mittermeyer G, Malinowsky K, Beese C, Höfler H, Schmalfeldt B, Becker KF, Avril S. Variation in cell signaling protein expression may introduce sampling bias in primary epithelial ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77825. [PMID: 24204986 PMCID: PMC3810127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the expression of cell signaling proteins is used as prognostic and predictive biomarker, variability of protein levels within tumors is not well studied. We assessed intratumoral heterogeneity of protein expression within primary ovarian cancer. Full-length proteins were extracted from 88 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 13 primary high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas with 5–9 samples each. In addition, 14 samples of normal fallopian tube epithelium served as reference. Quantitative reverse phase protein arrays were used to analyze the expression of 36 cell signaling proteins including HER2, EGFR, PI3K/Akt, and angiogenic pathways as well as 15 activated (phosphorylated) proteins. We found considerable intratumoral heterogeneity in the expression of proteins with a mean coefficient of variation of 25% (range 17–53%). The extent of intratumoral heterogeneity differed between proteins (p<0.005). Interestingly, there were no significant differences in the extent of heterogeneity between phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated proteins. In comparison, we assessed the variation of protein levels amongst tumors from different patients, which revealed a similar mean coefficient of variation of 21% (range 12–48%). Based on hierarchical clustering, samples from the same patient clustered more closely together compared to samples from different patients. However, a clear separation of tumor versus normal tissue by clustering was only achieved when mean expression values of all individual samples per tumor were analyzed. While differential expression of some proteins was detected independently of the sampling method used, the majority of proteins only demonstrated differential expression when mean expression values of multiple samples per tumor were analyzed. Our data indicate that assessment of established and novel cell signaling proteins as diagnostic or prognostic markers may require sampling of serous ovarian cancers at several distinct locations to avoid sampling bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Beese
- Department of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heinz Höfler
- Department of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Karl-Friedrich Becker
- Department of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (KB); (SA)
| | - Stefanie Avril
- Department of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (KB); (SA)
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Gündisch S, Grundner-Culemann K, Wolff C, Schott C, Reischauer B, Machatti M, Groelz D, Schaab C, Tebbe A, Becker KF. Delayed times to tissue fixation result in unpredictable global phosphoproteome changes. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4424-34. [PMID: 23984901 DOI: 10.1021/pr400451z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation controls the activity of signal transduction pathways regulated by kinases and phosphatases. Little is known, however, about the impact of preanalytical factors, for example, delayed times to tissue fixation, on global phosphoprotein levels in tissues. The aim of this study was to characterize the potential effects of delayed tissue preservation (cold ischemia) on the levels of phosphoproteins using targeted and nontargeted proteomic approaches. Rat and murine liver samples were exposed to different cold ischemic conditions ranging from 10 to 360 min prior to cryopreservation. The phosphoproteome was analyzed using reverse phase protein array (RPPA) technology and phosphoprotein-enriched quantitative tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RPPA analysis of rat liver tissues with long (up to 360 min) cold ischemia times did not reveal statistically significant alterations of specific phosphoproteins even though nonphosphorylated cytokeratin 18 (CK18) showed increased levels after 360 min of delay to freezing. Keeping the samples on ice prior to cryopreservation prevented this effect. LC-MS/MS-based quantification of 1684 phosphorylation sites in rat liver tissues showed broadening of their distribution compared to time point zero, but without reaching statistical significance for individual phosphosites. Similarly, RPPA analysis of mouse liver tissues with short (<60 min) cold ischemia times did not reveal directed or predictable changes of protein and phosphoprotein levels. Using LC-MS/MS and quantification of 791 phosphorylation sites, we found that the distribution of ratios compared to time point zero broadens with prolonged ischemia times, but these were rather undirected and diffuse changes, as we could not detect significant alterations of individual phosphosites. On the basis of our results from RPPA and LC-MS/MS analysis of rat and mouse liver tissues, we conclude that prolonged cold ischemia results in unspecific phosphoproteome changes that can be neither predicted nor assigned to individual proteins. On the other hand, we identified a number of phosphosites which were extraordinarily stable even after 360 min of cold ischemia and, therefore, may be used as general reference markers for future companion diagnostics for kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Gündisch
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München , Trogerstrasse 18, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Yentrapalli R, Azimzadeh O, Sriharshan A, Malinowsky K, Merl J, Wojcik A, Harms-Ringdahl M, Atkinson MJ, Becker KF, Haghdoost S, Tapio S. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is implicated in the premature senescence of primary human endothelial cells exposed to chronic radiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70024. [PMID: 23936371 PMCID: PMC3731291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (CVD) after chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation is only marginally understood. We have previously shown that a chronic low-dose rate exposure (4.1 mGy/h) causes human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to prematurely senesce. We now show that a dose rate of 2.4 mGy/h is also able to trigger premature senescence in HUVECs, primarily indicated by a loss of growth potential and the appearance of the senescence-associated markers ß-galactosidase (SA-ß-gal) and p21. In contrast, a lower dose rate of 1.4 mGy/h was not sufficient to inhibit cellular growth or increase SA-ß-gal-staining despite an increased expression of p21. We used reverse phase protein arrays and triplex Isotope Coded Protein Labeling with LC-ESI-MS/MS to study the proteomic changes associated with chronic radiation-induced senescence. Both technologies identified inactivation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway accompanying premature senescence. In addition, expression of proteins involved in cytoskeletal structure and EIF2 signaling was reduced. Age-related diseases such as CVD have been previously associated with increased endothelial cell senescence. We postulate that a similar endothelial aging may contribute to the increased rate of CVD seen in populations chronically exposed to low-dose-rate radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Yentrapalli
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arundhathi Sriharshan
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Juliane Merl
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Harms-Ringdahl
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael J. Atkinson
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Siamak Haghdoost
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Gündisch S, Hauck S, Sarioglu H, Schott C, Viertler C, Kap M, Schuster T, Reischauer B, Rosenberg R, Verhoef C, Mischinger HJ, Riegman P, Zatloukal K, Becker KF. Variability of protein and phosphoprotein levels in clinical tissue specimens during the preanalytical phase. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5748-62. [PMID: 23134551 DOI: 10.1021/pr300560y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The quality of human tissue specimens can have a significant impact on analytical data sets for biomarker research. The aim of this study was to characterize fluctuations of protein and phosphoprotein levels in human tissue samples during the preanalytical phase. Eleven intestine and 17 liver specimens were surgically resected, aliquoted, and either snap-frozen or fixed in formalin immediately or exposed to different ischemic conditions before preservation. Protein levels in the resultant samples were investigated by reverse phase protein array, Western blot analysis, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Our data revealed that the degree of sensitivity of proteins and phosphoproteins to delayed preservation varied between different patients and tissue types. For example, up-regulation of phospho-p42/44 MAPK in intestine samples was seen in some patients but not in others. General trends toward up- or down-regulation of most proteins were not evident due to pronounced interpatient variability but signal intensities of only a few proteins, such as cytokeratin 18, were altered from baseline in postresection samples. In contrast, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was found to be stable during periods of cold ischemia. Our study represents a proper approach for studying potential protein fluctuations in tissue specimens for future biomarker development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Gündisch
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 18, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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22
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Wulfkuhle JD, Berg D, Wolff C, Langer R, Tran K, Illi J, Espina V, Pierobon M, Deng J, DeMichele A, Walch A, Bronger H, Becker I, Waldhör C, Höfler H, Esserman L, Liotta LA, Becker KF, Petricoin EF. Molecular analysis of HER2 signaling in human breast cancer by functional protein pathway activation mapping. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6426-35. [PMID: 23045247 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeting of the HER2 protein in human breast cancer represents a major advance in oncology but relies on measurements of total HER2 protein and not HER2 signaling network activation. We used reverse-phase protein microarrays (RPMA) to measure total and phosphorylated HER2 in the context of HER family signaling to understand correlations between phosphorylated and total levels of HER2 and downstream signaling activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Three independent study sets, comprising a total of 415 individual patient samples from flash-frozen core biopsy samples and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) surgical and core samples, were analyzed via RPMA. The phosphorylation and total levels of the HER receptor family proteins and downstream signaling molecules were measured in laser capture microdissected (LCM) enriched tumor epithelium from 127 frozen pretreatment core biopsy samples and whole-tissue lysates from 288 FFPE samples and these results were compared with FISH and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS RPMA measurements of total HER2 were highly concordant (>90% all sets) with FISH and/or IHC data, as was phosphorylation of HER2 in the FISH/IHC(+) population. Phosphorylation analysis of HER family signaling identified HER2 activation in some FISH/IHC(-) tumors and, identical to that seen with FISH/IHC(+) tumors, the HER2 activation was concordant with EGF receptor (EGFR) and HER3 phosphorylation and downstream signaling endpoint activation. CONCLUSIONS Molecular profiling of HER2 signaling of a large cohort of human breast cancer specimens using a quantitative and sensitive functional pathway activation mapping technique reveals IHC(-)/FISH(-)/pHER2(+) tumors with HER2 pathway activation independent of total HER2 levels and functional signaling through HER3 and EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Wulfkuhle
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
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23
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Slotta-Huspenina J, Berg D, Bauer K, Wolff C, Malinowsky K, Bauer L, Drecoll E, Bettstetter M, Feith M, Walch A, Höfler H, Becker KF, Langer R. Evidence of prognostic relevant expression profiles of heat-shock proteins and glucose-regulated proteins in oesophageal adenocarcinomas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41420. [PMID: 22911792 PMCID: PMC3404067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A high percentage of oesophageal adenocarcinomas show an aggressive clinical behaviour with a significant resistance to chemotherapy. Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) are molecular chaperones that play an important role in tumour biology. Recently, novel therapeutic approaches targeting HSP90/GRP94 have been introduced for treating cancer. We performed a comprehensive investigation of HSP and GRP expression including HSP27, phosphorylated (p)-HSP27((Ser15)), p-HSP27((Ser78)), p-HSP27((Ser82)), HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, GRP78 and GRP94 in 92 primary resected oesophageal adenocarcinomas by using reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR). Results were correlated with pathologic features and survival. HSP/GRP protein and mRNA expression was detected in all tumours at various levels. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering showed two distinct groups of tumours with specific protein expression patterns: The hallmark of the first group was a high expression of p-HSP27((Ser15, Ser78, Ser82)) and low expression of GRP78, GRP94 and HSP60. The second group showed the inverse pattern with low p-HSP27 and high GRP78, GRP94 and HSP60 expression. The clinical outcome for patients from the first group was significantly improved compared to patients from the second group, both in univariate analysis (p = 0.015) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.029). Interestingly, these two groups could not be distinguished by immunohistochemistry or qPCR analysis. In summary, two distinct and prognostic relevant HSP/GRP protein expression patterns in adenocarcinomas of the oesophagus were detected by RPPA. Our approach may be helpful for identifying candidates for specific HSP/GRP-targeted therapies.
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24
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Viertler C, Groelz D, Gündisch S, Kashofer K, Reischauer B, Riegman PHJ, Winther R, Wyrich R, Becker KF, Oelmüller U, Zatloukal K. A new technology for stabilization of biomolecules in tissues for combined histological and molecular analyses. J Mol Diagn 2012; 14:458-66. [PMID: 22749745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For accurate diagnosis, prediction of outcome, and selection of appropriate therapies, the molecular characterization of human diseases requires analysis of a broad spectrum of altered biomolecules, in addition to morphological features, in affected tissues such as tumors. In a high-throughput screening approach, we have developed the PAXgene Tissue System as a novel tissue stabilization technology. Comprehensive characterization of this technology in stabilized and paraffin-embedded human tissues and comparison with snap-frozen tissues revealed excellent preservation of morphology and antigenicity, as well as outstanding integrity of nucleic acids (genomic DNA, miRNA, and mRNA) and phosphoproteins. Importantly, PAXgene-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues provided RNA quantity and quality not only significantly better than that obtained with neutral buffered formalin, but also similar to that from snap-frozen tissue, which currently represents the gold standard for molecular analyses. The PAXgene tissue stabilization system thus opens new opportunities in a variety of molecular diagnostic and research applications in which the collection of snap-frozen tissue is not feasible for medical, logistic, or ethical reasons. Furthermore, this technology allows performing histopathological analyses together with molecular studies in a single sample, which markedly facilitates direct correlation of morphological disease phenotypes with alterations of nucleic acids and other biomolecules.
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Schuster C, Malinowsky K, Liebmann S, Berg D, Wolff C, Tran K, Schott C, Reu S, Neumann J, Faber C, Höfler H, Kirchner T, Becker KF, Hlubek F. Antibody validation by combining immunohistochemistry and protein extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Histopathology 2012; 60:E37-50. [PMID: 22393911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Personalized cancer treatment strategies depend on comprehensive and detailed characterization of individual human malignancies. Clinical pathology, particularly immunohistochemical evaluation of biomarkers in tissues, is considered to be the approved standard for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions, having a direct influence on patient management and therapy. Although antibody-based approaches are established and integrated successfully into both clinical and research applications, for personalized treatment regimens new demands have been placed on the quality, reproducibility and accuracy of antibody-based assays. To ensure the accuracy of specific antigen detection in immunohistochemistry, we introduce a novel approach for antibody validation. METHODS AND RESULTS In a tandem approach we used the same archival tissue of interest for antibody validation by combining extraction of immunoreactive proteins from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue with Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. This procedure allows for specification of the antigen detected and for localization of the protein in the tissue. Of the 32 antibodies tested used in research and routine diagnostics, 19 showed reliable specificity in both assays. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the advantage of combining suitable methods to ensure reproducibility and specific antigen detection. Based on our results, we propose a novel step-by-step strategy to validate antibody specificity and reduce variability of immunohistochemical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schuster
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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26
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Braun M, Menon R, Nikolov P, Kirsten R, Petersen K, Schilling D, Schott C, Gündisch S, Fend F, Becker KF, Perner S. The HOPE fixation technique--a promising alternative to common prostate cancer biobanking approaches. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:511. [PMID: 22151117 PMCID: PMC3248383 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The availability of well-annotated prostate tissue samples through biobanks is key for research. Whereas fresh-frozen tissue is well suited for a broad spectrum of molecular analyses, its storage and handling is complex and cost-intensive. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens (FFPE) are easy to handle and economic to store, but their applicability for molecular methods is restricted. The recently introduced Hepes-glutamic acid-buffer mediated Organic solvent Protection Effect (HOPE) is a promising alternative, which might have the potential to unite the benefits of FFPE and fresh-frozen specimen. Aim of the study was to compare HOPE-fixed, FFPE and fresh-frozen bio-specimens for their accessibility for diagnostic and research purposes. Methods 10 prostate cancer samples were each preserved with HOPE, formalin, and liquid nitrogen and studied with in-situ and molecular methods. Samples were H&E stained, and assessed by immunohistochemistry (i.e. PSA, GOLPH2, p63) and FISH (i.e. ERG rearrangement). We assessed DNA integrity by PCR, using control genes ranging from 100 to 600 bp amplicon size. RNA integrity was assessed through qRT-PCR on three housekeeping genes (TBP, GAPDH, β-actin). Protein expression was analysed by performing western blot analysis using GOLPH2 and PSA antibodies. Results Of the HOPE samples, morphologic quality of H&E sections, immunohistochemical staining, and the FISH assay was at least equal to FFPE tissue, and significantly better than the fresh-frozen specimens. DNA, RNA, and protein analysis of HOPE samples provided similar results as compared to fresh-frozen specimens. As expected, FFPE-samples were inferior for most of the molecular analyses. Conclusions This is the first study, comparatively assessing the suitability of these fixation methods for diagnostic and research utilization. Overall, HOPE-fixed bio-specimens combine the benefits of FFPE- and fresh-frozen samples. Results of this study have the potential to expand on contemporary prostate tissue biobanking approaches and can serve as a model for other organs and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Braun
- Institute of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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27
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Kap M, Smedts F, Oosterhuis W, Winther R, Christensen N, Reischauer B, Viertler C, Groelz D, Becker KF, Zatloukal K, Langer R, Slotta-Huspenina J, Bodo K, de Jong B, Oelmuller U, Riegman P. Histological assessment of PAXgene tissue fixation and stabilization reagents. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27704. [PMID: 22110732 PMCID: PMC3218013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Within SPIDIA, an EC FP7 project aimed to improve pre analytic procedures, the PAXgene Tissue System (PAXgene), was designed to improve tissue quality for parallel molecular and morphological analysis. Within the SPIDIA project promising results were found in both genomic and proteomic experiments with PAXgene-fixed and paraffin embedded tissue derived biomolecules. But, for this technology to be accepted for use in both clinical and basic research, it is essential that its adequacy for preserving morphology and antigenicity is validated relative to formalin fixation. It is our aim to assess the suitability of PAXgene tissue fixation for (immuno)histological methods. Normal human tissue specimens (n = 70) were collected and divided into equal parts for fixation either with formalin or PAXgene. Sections of the obtained paraffin-embedded tissue were cut and stained. Morphological aspects of PAXgene-fixed tissue were described and also scored relative to formalin-fixed tissue. Performance of PAXgene-fixed tissue in immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization assays was also assessed relative to the corresponding formalin-fixed tissues. Morphology of PAXgene-fixed paraffin embedded tissue was well preserved and deemed adequate for diagnostics in most cases. Some antigens in PAXgene-fixed and paraffin embedded sections were detectable without the need for antigen retrieval, while others were detected using standard, formalin fixation based, immunohistochemistry protocols. Comparable results were obtained with in situ hybridization and histochemical stains. Basically all assessed histological techniques were found to be applicable to PAXgene-fixed and paraffin embedded tissue. In general results obtained with PAXgene-fixed tissue are comparable to those of formalin-fixed tissue. Compromises made in morphology can be called minor compared to the advantages in the molecular pathology possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Kap
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Berg D, Wolff C, Malinowsky K, Tran K, Walch A, Bronger H, Schuster T, Höfler H, Becker KF. Profiling signalling pathways in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissues reveals cross-talk between EGFR, HER2, HER3 and uPAR. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:204-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Berg D, Wolff C, Langer R, Schuster T, Feith M, Slotta-Huspenina J, Malinowsky K, Becker KF. Discovery of new molecular subtypes in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23985. [PMID: 21966358 PMCID: PMC3179464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of patients suffering from oesophageal adenocarcinomas do not respond to conventional chemotherapy; therefore, it is necessary to identify new predictive biomarkers and patient signatures to improve patient outcomes and therapy selections. We analysed 87 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) oesophageal adenocarcinoma tissue samples with a reverse phase protein array (RPPA) to examine the expression of 17 cancer-related signalling molecules. Protein expression levels were analysed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and overall patient survival. Proteomic analyses revealed a new, very promising molecular subtype of oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients characterised by low levels of the HSP27 family proteins and high expression of those of the HER family with positive lymph nodes, distant metastases and short overall survival. After confirmation in other independent studies, our results could be the foundation for the development of a Her2-targeted treatment option for this new patient subgroup of oesophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Berg
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Wolff
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tibor Schuster
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Feith
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Kothmaier H, Rohrer D, Stacher E, Quehenberger F, Becker KF, Popper HH. Comparison of formalin-free tissue fixatives: a proteomic study testing their application for routine pathology and research. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135:744-52. [PMID: 21631267 DOI: 10.5858/2009-0676-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue is the routine processing method for diagnostics practiced in pathology departments worldwide. OBJECTIVE To determine the potential value of non-cross-linking, formalin-free tissue fixation for diagnostics in pathology and proteomic investigations. DESIGN We tested 3 commercially available, formalin-free tissue fixatives-FineFIX, RCL2, and HOPE-in lung cancer specimens from 10 patients. The fixatives were evaluated for their effects on tissue morphology, protein recovery, and immunoreactivity for a selected panel of proteins differently expressed in lung cancer, using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS Tumor-cell analysis with hematoxylin-eosin worked equally well for all tested fixatives when compared with the standard formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded procedure. Movat pentachrome stains showed comparable results for the different matrices and cellular proteins analyzed. The RCL2 (P = .01) and HOPE fixatives (P = .03) improved protein recovery when compared with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded or frozen tissues. Our data clearly show that the fixatives evaluated influenced immunoreactivity to matched, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung cancer tissue. In particular, membrane-bound proteins, such as epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR, can be detected more efficiently by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that formalin-free fixatives have the potential in routine pathology and research to replace formalin in histomorphology and protein preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Kothmaier
- Institute of Pathology, Research Unit for Molecular Lung and Pleura Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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31
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Schuster C, Hlubek F, Malinowsky K, Liebmann S, Berg D, Wolff C, Reu S, Neumann J, Faber C, Hoefler H, Kirchner T, Becker KF. Abstract 4875: Combining immunohistochemistry and proteomics for improved antibody validation in complex FFPE tissues. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-4875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Personalized cancer treatment strategies depend on comprehensive and detailed characterization of individual human cancers. Translation of biomarker research into successful and tailored medical therapy at tumor and patient level require the identification and development of informative biomarkers that could be used to improve early diagnosis and prognosis. In clinical pathology, particularly IHC evaluation of biomarkers in tissue is considered as gold standard for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions, having a direct influence on patient management and therapeutic treatment. Although antibody-based approaches are established and successfully integrated into both clinical and research applications, for personalized treatment regimens new demands have been placed on the quality, reproducibility and accuracy of antibody-based assays. There is an ongoing debate on implementation and standardization of validation guidelines to provide for reliable and reproducible antibody-based tools in clinical management and basic research.
To overcome variations of epitope specificity in immunohistochemistry, we introduce a novel approach combining extraction of immunoreactive proteins from FFPE tissue with Western Blot analysis and IHC using the same archival tissue of interest for antibody validation. This tandem application allows for specific characterization of the antigen, taking advantage of the main properties of both technologies: localization of the protein of interest in tissue sections stained by IHC and specification of the biochemical identity by molecular weight analysis in immunoblot experiments. We assessed a panel of antibodies used in both, academic research as well as routine diagnostics for their usability across various validation platforms. While a significant proportion of the antibodies tested showed reliable specificity in both assays, some proved to be unsuited for dual application in IHC and WB, failing in either assay. The results presented here, reflect the heterogeneity in antibody specificity and emphasize the advantage of combining a series of suitable methods to ensure reproducibility and specific epitope detection. Based on our results presented here, we propose an improved step by step strategy to validate antibody immunoreactivity and control for variability across protocols.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4875. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4875
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Falk Hlubek
- 1Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Muenchen, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniela Berg
- 2Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Claudia Wolff
- 2Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Simone Reu
- 1Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Jens Neumann
- 1Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Muenchen, Germany
| | | | - Heinz Hoefler
- 2Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen, Germany
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Wolff C, Schott C, Porschewski P, Reischauer B, Becker KF. Successful protein extraction from over-fixed and long-term stored formalin-fixed tissues. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16353. [PMID: 21305021 PMCID: PMC3031559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major breakthroughs in molecular pathology during the last decade was the successful extraction of full-length proteins from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical tissues. However, only limited data are available for the protein extraction efficiency of over-fixed tissues and FFPE blocks that had been stored for more than 15 years in pathology archives. In this study we evaluated the protein extraction efficiency of FFPE tissues which had been formalin-fixed for up to 144 hours and tissue blocks that were stored for 20 years, comparing an established and a new commercial buffer system. Although there is a decrease in protein yield with increasing fixation time, the new buffer system allows a protein recovery of 66% from 144 hours fixed tissues compared to tissues that were fixed for 6 hours. Using the established extraction procedure, less than 50% protein recovery was seen. Similarly, the protein extraction efficiency decreases with longer storage times of the paraffin blocks. Comparing the two buffer systems, we found that 50% more proteins can be extracted from FFPE blocks that were stored for 20 years when the new buffer system is used. Taken together, our data show that the new buffer system is superior compared to the established one. Because tissue fixation times vary in the routine clinical setting and pathology archives contain billions of FFPE tissues blocks, our data are highly relevant for research, diagnosis, and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wolff
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Schott
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Bilge Reischauer
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Berg D, Malinowsky K, Reischauer B, Wolff C, Becker KF. Use of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues for diagnosis and therapy in routine clinical settings. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 785:109-122. [PMID: 21901596 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-286-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are used routinely everyday in hospitals world-wide for histopathological diagnosis of diseases like cancer. Due to formalin-induced cross-linking of proteins, FFPE tissues present a particular challenge for proteomic analysis. Nevertheless, there has been recent progress for extraction-based protein analysis in these tissues. Novel tools developed in the last few years are urgently needed because precise protein biomarker quantification in clinical FFPE tissues will be crucial for treatment decisions and to assess success or failure of current and future personalized molecular therapies. Furthermore, they will help to conceive why only a subset of patients responds to individualized treatments. Reverse phase protein array (RPPA) is a very promising new technology for quick and simultaneous analysis of many patient samples allowing relative and absolute protein quantifications. In this chapter, we show how protein extraction from FFPE tissues might facilitate the implementation of RPPA for therapy decisions and discuss challenges for application of RPPA in clinical trials and routine settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Berg
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Ergin B, Meding S, Langer R, Kap M, Viertler C, Schott C, Ferch U, Riegman P, Zatloukal K, Walch A, Becker KF. Proteomic analysis of PAXgene-fixed tissues. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5188-96. [PMID: 20812734 DOI: 10.1021/pr100664e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Formalin fixation and paraffin embedding is the standard technique for preserving biological material for both storage and histological analysis. Although recent progress has been made in the molecular analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, proteomic applications are a special challenge due to the cross-linking property of formalin. Here we present the results of a new formalin-free tissue fixative, PAXgene, and demonstrate successful extraction of nondegraded and immunoreactive protein for subsequent standard protein assays, such as Western blot analysis and reverse-phase protein arrays. High amounts of protein can be obtained from PAXgene-fixed, paraffin-embedded (PFPE) mouse liver and human spleen, breast, duodenum, and stomach tissues, similar to frozen material. By Western blot analysis, we found that the detection of membrane, cytoplasmic, nuclear, and phosphorylated protein from PAXgene-fixed human tissue samples was comparable to cryopreserved samples. Furthermore, the distribution of protein in PAXgene-fixed human tissue specimens is adequate for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry for in situ proteomic analysis. Taken together, we demonstrate here that PAXgene has great potential to serve as a novel multimodal fixative for modern pathology, enabling extensive protein biomarker studies on clinical tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Ergin
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Wolff C, Malinowsky K, Berg D, Schragner K, Schuster T, Walch A, Bronger H, Höfler H, Becker KF. Signalling networks associated with urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-1 in breast cancer tissues: new insights from protein microarray analysis. J Pathol 2010; 223:54-63. [PMID: 21125664 DOI: 10.1002/path.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the main uPA inhibitor PAI-1 play important roles in cell migration and invasion in both physiological and pathological contexts. Both factors are clinically applicable predictive markers in node-negative breast cancer patients that are used to stratify patients for adjuvant chemotherapy. In addition to their classical functions in plasmin regulation, both factors are key components in cancer-related cell signalling. Such signalling cascades are well described in cell culture systems, but a better understanding of uPA- and PAI-1-associated signalling networks in clinical tissues is needed. We examined the expression of uPA, PAI-1, and 21 signalling molecules in 201 primary breast cancer tissues using protein microarrays. Expression of uPA was significantly correlated with the expression of ERK and Stat3, while expression of PAI-1 was correlated with the uPA receptor and Akt activation, presumably via integrin and HER-receptor signalling. Analysis of uPA expression did not reveal any significant correlation with staging, grading or age of the patients. The PAI-1 expression was correlated with nodal stage. Network monitoring for uPA and PAI-1 in breast cancer reveals interactions with main signalling cascades and extends the findings from cell culture experiments. Our results reveal possible mechanisms underlying cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wolff
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Corbo V, Dalai I, Scardoni M, Barbi S, Beghelli S, Bersani S, Albarello L, Doglioni C, Schott C, Capelli P, Chilosi M, Boninsegna L, Becker KF, Falconi M, Scarpa A. MEN1 in pancreatic endocrine tumors: analysis of gene and protein status in 169 sporadic neoplasms reveals alterations in the vast majority of cases. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010; 17:771-83. [PMID: 20566584 DOI: 10.1677/erc-10-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) may be part of hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome. While MEN1 gene mutation is the only ascertained genetic anomaly described in PETs, no data exist on the cellular localization of MEN1-encoded protein, menin, in normal pancreas and PETs. A total of 169 PETs were used to assess the i) MEN1 gene mutational status in 100 clinically sporadic PETs by direct DNA sequencing, ii) immunohistochemical expression of menin in normal pancreas and 140 PETs, including 71 cases screened for gene mutations, and iii) correlation of these findings with clinical-pathological parameters. Twenty-seven PETs showed mutations that were somatic in 25 patients and revealed to be germline in 2 patients. Menin immunostaining showed strong nuclear and very faint cytoplasmic signal in normal islet cells, whereas it displayed abnormal location and expression levels in 80% of tumors. PETs harboring MEN1 truncating mutations lacked nuclear protein, and most PETs with MEN1 missense mutations showed a strong cytoplasmic positivity for menin. Menin was also misplaced in a significant number of cases lacking MEN1 mutations. In conclusion, the vast majority of PETs showed qualitative and/or quantitative alterations in menin localization. In 30% of cases, this was associated with MEN1 mutations affecting sequences involved in nuclear localization or protein-protein interaction. In cases lacking MEN1 mutations, the alteration of one of the menin interactors may have prevented its proper localization, as suggested by recent data showing that menin protein shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm and also affects the subcellular localization of its interactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Corbo
- ARC-NET Research Center Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi c/o Piastra Odontoiatrica, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, Verona, Italy
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Berg D, Hipp S, Malinowsky K, Böllner C, Becker KF. Molecular profiling of signalling pathways in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded cancer tissues. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:47-55. [PMID: 19914823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In most hospitals word-wide, histopathological cancer diagnosis is currently based on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. In the last few years new approaches and developments in patient-tailored cancer therapy have raised the need to select more precisely those patients, who will respond to personalised treatments. The most efficient way for optimal therapy and patient selection is probably to provide a tumour-specific protein network portrait prior to treatment. The discovery and characterisation of deregulated signalling molecules (e.g. human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, mitogen-activated protein kinases) are very promising candidates for the identification of new suitable therapy targets and for the selection of those patients who will receive the greatest benefit from individualised treatments. The reverse phase protein array (RPPA) is a promising new technology that allows quick, precise and simultaneous analysis of many components of a network. Importantly it requires only limited amounts of routine clinical material (e.g. FFPE biopsies) and can be used for absolute protein measurements. We and other research groups have described successful protein extraction from routine FFPE tissues. In this manuscript we show how these recent developments might facilitate the implementation of RPPA in clinical trials and routine settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Berg
- Technische Universität München, Institut für Pathologie, Trogerstrasse 18, 81675 München, Germany
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Abstract
Proteomics raises high expectations in finding novel and reliable biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy prediction. The goal of the 2-day workshop "Protein analysis of tissues-current views and clinical perspectives" was to bring together scientists from multiple areas of protein research interested in tissue analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Friedrich Becker
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 18, München 81675, Germany.
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Kojc N, Zidar N, Gale N, Poljak M, Fujs Komlos K, Cardesa A, Höfler H, Becker KF. Transcription factors Snail, Slug, Twist, and SIP1 in spindle cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Virchows Arch 2009; 454:549-55. [PMID: 19381684 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC) is a biphasic tumor composed of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and malignant spindle cells. There is mounting evidence that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SpCC. Transcription repression has recently emerged as a fundamental mechanism triggering EMT in experimental models. Our aim is to analyze the expression of transcription repressors Snail, Slug, Twist, and SIP1 in SpCC of the head and neck in comparison to SCC, matched for location and stage. Thirty cases of SpCC and 30 cases of SCC of the head and neck were included. Snail, Slug, Twist, and SIP1 expression was analyzed on mRNA and protein levels, using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. By RT-PCR, we found upregulation of mRNA for transcription factors Snail, Slug, Twist, and SIP1 in SpCC when compared to SCC. This upregulation was statistically significant for Slug, Twist, and SIP1 but nonsignificant for Snail. Immunohistochemistry was performed for Snail, Slug, and SIP1 and demonstrated a positive reaction for Slug and SIP1 in all cases and for Snail in two thirds of SpCC cases. Our finding of upregulation of all four tested transcription factors supports the hypothesis that EMT plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SpCC of the head and neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Kojc
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Rowe RG, Li XY, Hu Y, Saunders TL, Virtanen I, Garcia de Herreros A, Becker KF, Ingvarsen S, Engelholm LH, Bommer GT, Fearon ER, Weiss SJ. Mesenchymal cells reactivate Snail1 expression to drive three-dimensional invasion programs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 184:399-408. [PMID: 19188491 PMCID: PMC2646556 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200810113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is required for mesodermal differentiation during development. The zinc-finger transcription factor, Snail1, can trigger EMT and is sufficient to transcriptionally reprogram epithelial cells toward a mesenchymal phenotype during neoplasia and fibrosis. Whether Snail1 also regulates the behavior of terminally differentiated mesenchymal cells remains unexplored. Using a Snai1 conditional knockout model, we now identify Snail1 as a regulator of normal mesenchymal cell function. Snail1 expression in normal fibroblasts can be induced by agonists known to promote proliferation and invasion in vivo. When challenged within a tissue-like, three-dimensional extracellular matrix, Snail1-deficient fibroblasts exhibit global alterations in gene expression, which include defects in membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP)-dependent invasive activity. Snail1-deficient fibroblasts explanted atop the live chick chorioallantoic membrane lack tissue-invasive potential and fail to induce angiogenesis. These findings establish key functions for the EMT regulator Snail1 after terminal differentiation of mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Grant Rowe
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Hipp S, Walch A, Schuster T, Losko S, Laux H, Bolton T, Höfler H, Becker KF. Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor results in snail protein but not mRNA overexpression in endometrial cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:3858-67. [PMID: 19604315 PMCID: PMC4516533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced E-cadherin expression is associated with tumour progression of many carcinomas, including endometrial cancers. The transcription factor Snail is known as one of the most prominent transcriptional E-cadherin repressors; its regulation in cancer tissues, however, still remains unclear. Here, we report that activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) resulted in overexpression of Snail and also identified critical downstream signalling molecules. Stimulation of two endometrial carcinoma cell lines with epidermal growth factor (EGF) lead to an increase of Snail protein expression. In primary human endometrioid endometrial carcinomas Snail protein expression correlated with the activated, phosphorylated form of EGFR (Tyr1086) as revealed by profiling 24 different signalling proteins using protein lysate microarrays. In addition, we observed an inverse correlation between Snail and E-cadherin protein levels in these tumours. Most likely, p38 MAPK, PAK1, AKT, ERK1/2 and GSK-3β are involved in the up-regulation of Snail downstream of EGFR. Snail mRNA expression did not show a correlation with activated EGFR in these tumours. Taken together, profiling of signalling proteins in primary human tissues provided strong evidence that EGFR signalling is involved in Snail protein overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hipp
- Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Institut fuer Pathologie, Muenchen, Germany
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Zidar N, Gale N, Kojc N, Volavsek M, Cardesa A, Alos L, Höfler H, Blechschmidt K, Becker KF. Cadherin-catenin complex and transcription factor Snail-1 in spindle cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Virchows Arch 2008; 453:267-74. [PMID: 18712413 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC) is a biphasic tumor composed of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and a malignant spindle cell component. There is mounting evidence that SpCC is a monoclonal neoplasm originating from a stem cell giving rise to both components. We tested the hypothesis that spindle cell phenotype might be related to the cadherin-catenin complex, which forms adherens junctions between cells. We analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of E- and N-cadherin, alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin, and Snail-1, a transcription repressor of E-cadherin, in 30 cases of SpCC, and 30 cases of SCC of the head and neck. In SpCC, cadherin and catenin expression was similar in the SCC component, whereas in the spindle cell component, loss of E-cadherin and neo-expression of N-cadherin was found in 19 cases, loss of cadherins in seven, and their co-expression in four cases. Catenin expression were altered in 18 SpCCs. Snail-1 was found in 19 SpCC cases. In SCC, E-cadherin and catenins were expressed in all cases, and N-cadherin focally in five cases. Snail-1 was observed in the stroma. To summarize, in SpCC, there is an altered expression of the cadherin-catenin complex, associated with morphological transition from epithelial to spindle cell phenotype. These features are reminiscent of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our study thus indicates that EMT might play an important role in the pathogenesis of SpCC. This conclusion is further supported by our finding of Snail-1 expression, a potent inducer of EMT, in more than half SpCC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zidar
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Becker KF, Mack H, Schott C, Hipp S, Rappl A, Piontek G, Hofler H. Extraction of Phosphorylated Proteins from Formalin-Fixed Cancer Cells and Tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2174/1874375700802010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kroll J, Becker KF, Kuphal S, Hein R, Hofstädter F, Bosserhoff AK. Isolation of high quality protein samples from punches of formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue blocks. Histol Histopathol 2008; 23:391-5. [PMID: 18228195 DOI: 10.14670/hh-23.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In general, it is believed that the extraction of proteins from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples is not feasible. However, recently a new technique was developed, presenting the extraction of non-degraded, full length proteins from formalin fixed tissues, usable for western blotting and protein arrays. In the study presented here, we applied this technique to punch biopsies of formalin fixed tissues embedded in paraffin to reduce heterogeneity of the tissue represented in sections, and to ensure analysing mainly defined cellular material. Successful extraction was achieved even from very small samples (0.7 mm(3)). Additionally, we were able to detect highly glycosylated proteins and protein modification, such as phosphorylation. Interestingly, with this technique it is feasible to extract high quality proteins from 14 year old samples. In summary, the new technique makes a great pool of material now usable for molecular analysis with high throughput tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kroll
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Becker KF, Schott C, Becker I, Höfler H. Guided protein extraction from formalin-fixed tissues for quantitative multiplex analysis avoids detrimental effects of histological stains. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:737-43. [PMID: 21136870 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues are the basis for histopathological diagnosis of many diseases around the world. For translational research and routine diagnostics, protein analysis from FFPE tissues is very important. We evaluated the potential influence of six histological stains, including hematoxylin (Mayer and Gill), fast red, light green, methyl blue and toluidine blue, for yield, electrophoretic mobility in 1-D gels, and immunoreactivity of proteins isolated from formalin-fixed breast cancer tissues. Proteins extracted from stained FFPE tissues using a recently established technique were compared with proteins obtained from the same tissues but without prior histological staining. Western blot and quantitative protein lysate microarray analysis demonstrated that histological staining can result in decreased protein yield but may not have much influence on immunoreactivity and electrophoretic mobility. Interestingly, not all staining protocols tested are compatible with subsequent protein analysis. The commonly used hematoxylin staining was found to be suitable for multiplexed quantitative protein measurement technologies although protein extraction was less efficient. For best results we suggest a guided protein extraction method, in which an adjacent hematoxylin/eosin-stained tissue section is used to control dissection of an unstained specimen for subsequent protein extraction and quantification for research and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Friedrich Becker
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse, München, Germany.
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Bremm A, Walch A, Fuchs M, Mages J, Duyster J, Keller G, Hermannstädter C, Becker KF, Rauser S, Langer R, von Weyhern CH, Höfler H, Luber B. Enhanced activation of epidermal growth factor receptor caused by tumor-derived E-cadherin mutations. Cancer Res 2008; 68:707-14. [PMID: 18245470 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the tumor suppressor E-cadherin and overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are among the most frequent genetic alterations associated with diffuse-type gastric carcinoma. Accumulating evidence suggests a functional relationship between E-cadherin and EGFR that regulates both proteins. We report that somatic mutation of E-cadherin is associated with increased activation of EGFR followed by enhanced recruitment of the downstream acting signaling components growth factor receptor binding protein 2 and Shc, and activation of Ras. Reduced complex formation of mutant E-cadherin - with an in frame deletion of exon 8 in the extracellular domain resulting in reduced adhesion and increased motility - with EGFR was observed compared with wild-type E-cadherin. We conclude that reduced binding of mutant E-cadherin to EGFR in a multicomponent complex or reduced stability of the complex may enhance EGFR surface motility, thereby facilitating EGFR dimerization and activation. Furthermore, reduced surface localization due to enhanced internalization of mutant E-cadherin compared with the wild-type protein was observed. The internalization of EGFR was decreased in response to epidermal growth factor stimulation in cells expressing mutant E-cadherin, suggesting that mutation of E-cadherin also influences the endocytosis of EGFR. Moreover, we show increased activation of EGFR in gastric carcinoma samples with mutant E-cadherin lacking exons 8 or 9. In summary, we describe activation of EGFR by mutant E-cadherin as a novel mechanism in tumor cells that explains the enhanced motility of tumor cells in the presence of an extracellular mutation of E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bremm
- Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, München, Germany
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Bamba M, Sugihara H, Becker KF, Becker I, Höfler H, Hattori T. A case of multiple diffuse gastric carcinoma with regional expression of mutant E-cadherin. Virchows Arch 2008; 452:581-3. [PMID: 18247049 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Blechschmidt K, Kremmer E, Hollweck R, Mylonas I, Höfler H, Kremer M, Becker KF. The E-cadherin Repressor Snail Plays a Role in Tumor Progression of Endometrioid Adenocarcinomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 16:222-8. [DOI: 10.1097/pdm.0b013e31806219ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Schwartzkopff S, Gründemann C, Schweier O, Rosshart S, Karjalainen KE, Becker KF, Pircher H. Tumor-associated E-cadherin mutations affect binding to the killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 in humans. J Immunol 2007; 179:1022-9. [PMID: 17617594 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) is expressed by NK cells and memory T cells in man and mice. Cadherins were recently identified as ligands for mouse KLRG1 but ligands for human KLRG1 have not yet been defined. In this study, we first demonstrate that human E-cadherin is a ligand for human KLRG1. This finding is remarkable because human and mouse KLRG1 show only an intermediate degree of homology (57% aa identity). In addition, we show that E-cadherin, expressed on K562 target cells, inhibited polyclonal human NK cells. Inhibition of NK cell function was observed consistently in three independent functional assays but the extent of inhibition was modest and required high expression of E-cadherin on target cells. E-cadherin function is often inactivated during development of human carcinomas and splice-site mutations resulting in in-frame loss of exon 8 or 9 occur frequently in diffuse type gastric carcinomas. Our experiments further revealed that interaction of human KLRG1 to E-cadherin was susceptible to these tumor-associated mutations and that KLRG1(+) NK cells were triggered more easily by K562 target cells carrying these mutations in comparison to target cells expressing wild-type E-cadherin. These results also indicate that the E-cadherin binding sites important for homophilic interaction are also involved in KLRG1 binding. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the main adhesion molecule of epithelial tissue, E-cadherin, is involved in regulation of NK cells in both humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Schwartzkopff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, Germany
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