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Kent ME, Hu B, Eggleston TM, Squires RS, Zimmerman KA, Weiss RM, Roghair RD, Lin F, Cornell RA, Haskell SE. Hypersensitivity of Zebrafish htr2b Mutant Embryos to Sertraline Indicates a Role for Serotonin Signaling in Cardiac Development. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 80:261-269. [PMID: 35904815 PMCID: PMC9354722 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are antidepressants prescribed in 10% of pregnancies in the United States. Maternal use of SSRIs has been linked to an elevated rate of congenital heart defects, but the exact mechanism of pathogenesis is unknown. Previously, we have shown a decrease in cardiomyocyte proliferation, left ventricle size, and reduced cardiac expression of the serotonin receptor 5-HT 2B in offspring of mice exposed to the SSRI sertraline during pregnancy, relative to offspring of untreated mice. These results suggest that disruption of serotonin signaling leads to heart defects. Supporting this conclusion, we show here that zebrafish embryos exposed to sertraline develop with a smaller ventricle, reduced cardiomyocyte number, and lower cardiac expression of htr2b relative to untreated embryos. Moreover, zebrafish embryos homozygous for a nonsense mutation of htr2b ( htr2bsa16649 ) were sensitized to sertraline treatment relative to wild-type embryos. Specifically, the ventricle area was reduced in the homozygous htr2b mutants treated with sertraline compared with wild-type embryos treated with sertraline and homozygous htr2b mutants treated with vehicle control. Whereas long-term effects on left ventricle shortening fraction and stroke volume were observed by echocardiography in adult mice exposed to sertraline in utero, echocardiograms of adult zebrafish exposed to sertraline as embryos were normal. These results implicate the 5-HT 2B receptor functions in heart development and suggest zebrafish are a relevant animal model that can be used to investigate the connection between maternal SSRI use and elevated risk of congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Hu
- Anatomy and Cell Biology; and
| | | | | | - Kathy A. Zimmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Robert M. Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
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Zimmerman KA, Kim J, Karton C, Lochhead L, Sharp DJ, Hoshizaki T, Ghajari M. Player position in American football influences the magnitude of mechanical strains produced in the location of chronic traumatic encephalopathy pathology: A computational modelling study. J Biomech 2021; 118:110256. [PMID: 33545573 PMCID: PMC7612336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
American football players are frequently exposed to head impacts, which can cause concussions and may lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Player position appears to influence the risk of concussion but there is limited work on its effect on the risk of CTE. Computational modelling has shown that large brain deformations during head impacts co-localise with CTE pathology in sulci. Here we test whether player position has an effect on brain deformation within the sulci, a possible biomechanical trigger for CTE. We physically reconstructed 148 head impact events from video footage of American Football games. Players were separated into 3 different position profiles based on the magnitude and frequency of impacts. A detailed finite element model of TBI was then used to predict Green-Lagrange strain and strain rate across the brain and in sulci. Using a one-way ANOVA, we found that in positions where players were exposed to large magnitude and low frequency impacts (e.g. defensive back and wide receiver), strain and strain rate across the brain and in sulci were highest. We also found that rotational head motion is a key determinant in producing large strains and strain rates in the sulci. Our results suggest that player position has a significant effect on impact kinematics, influencing the magnitude of deformations within sulci, which spatially corresponds to where CTE pathology is observed. This work can inform future studies investigating different player-position risks for concussion and CTE and guide design of prevention systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Zimmerman
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK; HEAD Lab, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - J Kim
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Karton
- Neurotrauma Impact Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - L Lochhead
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D J Sharp
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK; Care Research & Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - T Hoshizaki
- Neurotrauma Impact Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - M Ghajari
- HEAD Lab, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
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Sandgren JA, Deng G, Linggonegoro DW, Scroggins SM, Perschbacher KJ, Nair AR, Nishimura TE, Zhang SY, Agbor LN, Wu J, Keen HL, Naber MC, Pearson NA, Zimmerman KA, Weiss RM, Bowdler NC, Usachev YM, Santillan DA, Potthoff MJ, Pierce GL, Gibson-Corley KN, Sigmund CD, Santillan MK, Grobe JL. Arginine vasopressin infusion is sufficient to model clinical features of preeclampsia in mice. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99403. [PMID: 30282823 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Copeptin, a marker of arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion, is elevated throughout human pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia (PE), and AVP infusion throughout gestation is sufficient to induce the major phenotypes of PE in mice. Thus, we hypothesized a role for AVP in the pathogenesis of PE. AVP infusion into pregnant C57BL/6J mice resulted in hypertension, renal glomerular endotheliosis, intrauterine growth restriction, decreased placental growth factor (PGF), altered placental morphology, placental oxidative stress, and placental gene expression consistent with human PE. Interestingly, these changes occurred despite a lack of placental hypoxia or elevations in placental fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (FLT1). Coinfusion of AVP receptor antagonists and time-restricted infusion of AVP uncovered a mid-gestational role for the AVPR1A receptor in the observed renal pathologies, versus mid- and late-gestational roles for the AVPR2 receptor in the blood pressure and fetal phenotypes. These findings demonstrate that AVP is sufficient to initiate phenotypes of PE in the absence of placental hypoxia, and indicate that AVP may mechanistically (independently, and possibly synergistically with hypoxia) contribute to the development of clinical signs of PE in specific subtypes of human PE. Additionally, they identify divergent and gestational time-specific signaling mechanisms that mediate the development of PE phenotypes in response to AVP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Donna A Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology.,University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics Center for Hypertension Research
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Pharmacology.,University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics Center for Hypertension Research.,François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center.,Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, and.,Obesity Research & Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa USA
| | - Gary L Pierce
- Department of Health & Human Physiology.,University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics Center for Hypertension Research.,François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Katherine N Gibson-Corley
- Department of Pathology.,University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics Center for Hypertension Research.,Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, and
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Pharmacology.,University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics Center for Hypertension Research.,François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center.,Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, and.,Obesity Research & Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa USA
| | - Mark K Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology.,University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics Center for Hypertension Research
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Pharmacology.,University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics Center for Hypertension Research.,François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center.,Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, and.,Obesity Research & Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa USA
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Weiss RM, Chu Y, Brooks RM, Lund DD, Cheng J, Zimmerman KA, Kafa MK, Sistla P, Doshi H, Shao JQ, El Accaoui RN, Otto CM, Heistad DD. Discovery of an Experimental Model of Unicuspid Aortic Valve. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.006908. [PMID: 29960994 PMCID: PMC6064885 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background The epithelial growth factor receptor family of tyrosine kinases modulates embryonic formation of semilunar valves. We hypothesized that mice heterozygous for a dominant loss‐of‐function mutation in epithelial growth factor receptor, which are EgfrVel/+ mice, would develop anomalous aortic valves, valve dysfunction, and valvular cardiomyopathy. Methods and Results Aortic valves from EgfrVel/+ mice and control mice were examined by light microscopy at 2.5 to 4 months of age. Additional EgfrVel/+ and control mice underwent echocardiography at 2.5, 4.5, 8, and 12 months of age, followed by histologic examination. In young mice, microscopy revealed anatomic anomalies in 79% of EgfrVel/+ aortic valves, which resembled human unicuspid aortic valves. Anomalies were not observed in control mice. At 12 months of age, histologic architecture was grossly distorted in EgfrVel/+ aortic valves. Echocardiography detected moderate or severe aortic regurgitation, or aortic stenosis was present in 38% of EgfrVel/+ mice at 2.5 months of age (N=24) and in 74% by 8 months of age. Left ventricular enlargement, hypertrophy, and reversion to a fetal myocardial gene expression program occurred in EgfrVel/+ mice with aortic valve dysfunction, but not in EgfrVel/+ mice with near‐normal aortic valve function. Myocardial fibrosis was minimal or absent in all groups. Conclusions A new mouse model uniquely recapitulates salient functional, structural, and histologic features of human unicuspid aortic valve disease, which are phenotypically distinct from other forms of congenital aortic valve disease. The new model may be useful for elucidating mechanisms by which congenitally anomalous aortic valves become critically dysfunctional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Weiss
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Yi Chu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Robert M Brooks
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Donald D Lund
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Justine Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kathy A Zimmerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Melissa K Kafa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Phanicharan Sistla
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Hardik Doshi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jian Q Shao
- The Central Microscopy Core, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Ramzi N El Accaoui
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Catherine M Otto
- Division of Cardiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Donald D Heistad
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Chu Y, Lund DD, Doshi H, Keen HL, Knudtson KL, Funk ND, Shao JQ, Cheng J, Hajj GP, Zimmerman KA, Davis MK, Brooks RM, Chapleau MW, Sigmund CD, Weiss RM, Heistad DD. Fibrotic Aortic Valve Stenosis in Hypercholesterolemic/Hypertensive Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:466-74. [PMID: 26769049 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are associated with aortic valve stenosis (AVS) in humans. We have examined aortic valve function, structure, and gene expression in hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Control, hypertensive, hypercholesterolemic (Apoe(-/-)), and hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice were studied. Severe aortic stenosis (echocardiography) occurred only in hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice. There was minimal calcification of the aortic valve. Several structural changes were identified at the base of the valve. The intercusp raphe (or seam between leaflets) was longer in hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice than in other mice, and collagen fibers at the base of the leaflets were reoriented to form a mesh. In hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice, the cusps were asymmetrical, which may contribute to changes that produce AVS. RNA sequencing was used to identify molecular targets during the developmental phase of stenosis. Genes related to the structure of the valve were identified, which differentially expressed before fibrotic AVS developed. Both RNA and protein of a profibrotic molecule, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, were increased greatly in hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice. CONCLUSIONS Hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice are the first model of fibrotic AVS. Hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice develop severe AVS in the absence of significant calcification, a feature that resembles AVS in children and some adults. Structural changes at the base of the valve leaflets include lengthening of the raphe, remodeling of collagen, and asymmetry of the leaflets. Genes were identified that may contribute to the development of fibrotic AVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chu
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Donald D Lund
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Hardik Doshi
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Henry L Keen
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Kevin L Knudtson
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Nathan D Funk
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Jian Q Shao
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Justine Cheng
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Georges P Hajj
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Kathy A Zimmerman
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Melissa K Davis
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Robert M Brooks
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Mark W Chapleau
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Robert M Weiss
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Donald D Heistad
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.).
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6
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Hajj GP, Chu Y, Lund DD, Magida JA, Funk ND, Brooks RM, Baumbach GL, Zimmerman KA, Davis MK, El Accaoui RN, Hameed T, Doshi H, Chen B, Leinwand LA, Song LS, Heistad DD, Weiss RM. Spontaneous Aortic Regurgitation and Valvular Cardiomyopathy in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1653-62. [PMID: 25997932 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the mechanistic links between fibrocalcific changes in the aortic valve and aortic valve function in mice homozygous for a hypomorphic epidermal growth factor receptor mutation (Wave mice). We also studied myocardial responses to aortic valve dysfunction in Wave mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS At 1.5 months of age, before development of valve fibrosis and calcification, aortic regurgitation, but not aortic stenosis, was common in Wave mice. Aortic valve fibrosis, profibrotic signaling, calcification, osteogenic markers, lipid deposition, and apoptosis increased dramatically by 6 and 12 months of age in Wave mice. Aortic regurgitation remained prevalent, however, and aortic stenosis was rare, at all ages. Proteoglycan content was abnormally increased in aortic valves of Wave mice at all ages. Treatment with pioglitazone prevented abnormal valve calcification, but did not protect valve function. There was significant left ventricular volume overload, hypertrophy, and fetal gene expression, at all ages in Wave mice with aortic regurgitation. Left ventricular systolic function was normal until 6 months of age in Wave mice, but became impaired by 12 months of age. Myocardial transverse tubules were normal in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy at 1.5 and 3 months of age, but became disrupted by 12 months of age. CONCLUSIONS We present the first comprehensive phenotypic and molecular characterization of spontaneous aortic regurgitation and volume-overload cardiomyopathy in an experimental model. In Wave mice, fibrocalcific changes are not linked to valve dysfunction and are epiphenomena arising from structurally incompetent myxomatous valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges P Hajj
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Yi Chu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Donald D Lund
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Jason A Magida
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Nathan D Funk
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Robert M Brooks
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Gary L Baumbach
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Kathy A Zimmerman
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Melissa K Davis
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Ramzi N El Accaoui
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Tariq Hameed
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Hardik Doshi
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - BiYi Chen
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Long-Sheng Song
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Donald D Heistad
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder.
| | - Robert M Weiss
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (G.P.H., Y.C., D.D.L., N.D.F., R.M.B., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.N.E.A., T.H., H.D., B.C., L.-S.S., D.D.H., R.M.W.), Department of Pharmacology (D.D.H.), and Department of Pathology (G.L.B.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (J.A.M., L.A.L., D.D.H.), University of Colorado, Boulder.
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El Accaoui RN, Gould ST, Hajj GP, Chu Y, Davis MK, Kraft DC, Lund DD, Brooks RM, Doshi H, Zimmerman KA, Kutschke W, Anseth KS, Heistad DD, Weiss RM. Aortic valve sclerosis in mice deficient in endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1302-13. [PMID: 24610917 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00392.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Risk factors for fibrocalcific aortic valve disease (FCAVD) are associated with systemic decreases in bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO). In patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), vascular expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is decreased, and eNOS(-/-) mice have increased prevalence of BAV. The goal of this study was to test the hypotheses that EDNO attenuates profibrotic actions of valve interstitial cells (VICs) in vitro and that EDNO deficiency accelerates development of FCAVD in vivo. As a result of the study, coculture of VICs with aortic valve endothelial cells (vlvECs) significantly decreased VIC activation, a critical early phase of FCAVD. Inhibition of VIC activation by vlvECs was attenuated by N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester or indomethacin. Coculture with vlvECs attenuated VIC expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, which depended on stiffness of the culture matrix. Coculture with vlvECs preferentially inhibited collagen-3, compared with collagen-1, gene expression. BAV occurred in 30% of eNOS(-/-) mice. At age 6 mo, collagen was increased in both bicuspid and trileaflet eNOS(-/-) aortic valves, compared with wild-type valves. At 18 mo, total collagen was similar in eNOS(-/-) and wild-type mice, but collagen-3 was preferentially increased in eNOS(-/-) mice. Calcification and apoptosis were significantly increased in BAV of eNOS(-/-) mice at ages 6 and 18 mo. Remarkably, these histological changes were not accompanied by physiologically significant valve stenosis or regurgitation. In conclusion, coculture with vlvECs inhibits specific profibrotic VIC processes. In vivo, eNOS deficiency produces fibrosis in both trileaflet and BAVs but produces calcification only in BAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi N El Accaoui
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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Weiss RM, Lund DD, Chu Y, Brooks RM, Zimmerman KA, El Accaoui R, Davis MK, Hajj GP, Zimmerman MB, Heistad DD. Osteoprotegerin inhibits aortic valve calcification and preserves valve function in hypercholesterolemic mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65201. [PMID: 23762316 PMCID: PMC3675204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no rigorously confirmed effective medical therapies for calcific aortic stenosis. Hypercholesterolemic Ldlr (-/-) Apob (100/100) mice develop calcific aortic stenosis and valvular cardiomyopathy in old age. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) modulates calcification in bone and blood vessels, but its effect on valve calcification and valve function is not known. OBJECTIVES To determine the impact of pharmacologic treatment with OPG upon aortic valve calcification and valve function in aortic stenosis-prone hypercholesterolemic Ldlr (-/-) Apob (100/100) mice. METHODS Young Ldlr (-/-) Apob (100/100) mice (age 2 months) were fed a Western diet and received exogenous OPG or vehicle (N = 12 each) 3 times per week, until age 8 months. After echocardiographic evaluation of valve function, the aortic valve was evaluated histologically. Older Ldlr (-/-) Apob (100/100) mice were fed a Western diet beginning at age 2 months. OPG or vehicle (N = 12 each) was administered from 6 to 12 months of age, followed by echocardiographic evaluation of valve function, followed by histologic evaluation. RESULTS In Young Ldlr (-/-) Apob (100/100) mice, OPG significantly attenuated osteogenic transformation in the aortic valve, but did not affect lipid accumulation. In Older Ldlr (-/-) Apob (100/100) mice, OPG attenuated accumulation of the osteoblast-specific matrix protein osteocalcin by ∼80%, and attenuated aortic valve calcification by ∼ 70%. OPG also attenuated impairment of aortic valve function. CONCLUSIONS OPG attenuates pro-calcific processes in the aortic valve, and protects against impairment of aortic valve function in hypercholesterolemic aortic stenosis-prone Ldlr (-/-) Apob (100/100) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Weiss
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America.
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Hemmi N, Zimmerman KA, Dreger ZA, Gupta YM. High spectral resolution, real-time, Raman spectroscopy in shock compression experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:083109. [PMID: 21895235 DOI: 10.1063/1.3627444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of Raman measurements to examine molecular changes associated with shock-induced structural and chemical changes in condensed materials often poses two challenging requirements: high spectral resolution and significantly reduced background light. Here, we describe an experimental method that addresses these requirements and provides better quality data than the time resolved approach used previously. Representative measurements are presented for shock compression of two energetic crystals: pentaerythritol tetranitrate and cyclotrimethylene trinitramine. The high spectral resolution data have provided insight into molecular changes that could not be obtained from lower-resolution, time-resolved methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hemmi
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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Peotta VA, Weiss RM, Zimmerman KA, Lu Y, Russo AF, Abboud FM, Chapleau MW. Consequences of Enhanced CGRP Receptor Signaling on Cardiac Function and Mortality Post‐Myocardial Infarction. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.1037.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Berry CJ, Thedens DR, Light-McGroary K, Miller JD, Kutschke W, Zimmerman KA, Weiss RM. Effects of deep sedation or general anesthesia on cardiac function in mice undergoing cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2009; 11:16. [PMID: 19454023 PMCID: PMC2689210 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-11-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically engineered mouse models of human cardiovascular disease provide an opportunity to understand critical pathophysiological mechanisms. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) provides precise reproducible assessment of cardiac structure and function, but, in contrast to echocardiography, requires that the animal be immobilized during image acquisition. General anesthetic regimens yield satisfactory images, but have the potential to significantly perturb cardiac function. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of general anesthesia and a new deep sedation regimen, respectively, on cardiac function in mice as determined by CMR, and to compare them to results obtained in mildly sedated conscious mice by echocardiography. RESULTS In 6 mildly sedated normal conscious mice assessed by echo, heart rate was 615 +/- 25 min-1 (mean +/- SE) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 0.94 +/- 0.01. In the CMR studies of normal mice, heart rate was slightly lower during deep sedation with morphine/midazolam (583 +/- 30 min-1), but the difference was not statistically significant. General anesthesia with 1% inhaled isoflurane significantly depressed heart rate (468 +/- 7 min-1, p < 0.05 vs. conscious sedation). In 6 additional mice with ischemic LV failure, trends in heart rate were similar, but not statistically significant. In normal mice, deep sedation depressed LVEF (0.79 +/- 0.04, p < 0.05 compared to light sedation), but to a significantly lesser extent than general anesthesia (0.60 +/- 0.04, p < 0.05 vs. deep sedation). In mice with ischemic LV failure, ejection fraction measurements were comparable when performed during light sedation, deep sedation, and general anesthesia, respectively. Contrast-to-noise ratios were similar during deep sedation and during general anesthesia, indicating comparable image quality. Left ventricular mass measurements made by CMR during deep sedation were nearly identical to those made during general anesthesia (r2 = 0.99, mean absolute difference < 4%), indicating equivalent quantitative accuracy obtained with the two methods. The imaging procedures were well-tolerated in all mice. CONCLUSION In mice with normal cardiac function, CMR during deep sedation causes significantly less depression of heart rate and ejection fraction than imaging during general anesthesia with isoflurane. In mice with heart failure, the sedation/anesthesia regimen had no clear impact on cardiac function. Deep sedation and general anesthesia produced CMR with comparable image quality and quantitative accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Berry
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Daniel R Thedens
- Department of Radiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - KellyAnn Light-McGroary
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Jordan D Miller
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - William Kutschke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Robert M Weiss
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa USA
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Zimmerman KA, Dabezies MA, Schnall SF, Maurer AH, Dempsey DT. Acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the jejunum after orthotopic heart transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88:1449-50. [PMID: 8362848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K A Zimmerman
- Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
To elucidate the molecular events associated with postnatal and compensatory renal growth, the expression of growth/differentiation genes (c-fos, c-myc, c-H-ras, c-K-ras), a stress-related gene (HSP70) and a structural gene (collagen type IV, alpha 1 and 2) were examined. Northern analysis of messenger ribonucleic acid from the newborn mouse reveals high levels of expression of HSP70, c-H-ras, and c-K-ras during the first week of life. By day 40 HSP70-related and c-H-ras expression decreases somewhat, c-K-ras remains unchanged and collagen type IV, which encodes for the renal glomerular basement membrane, expression decreases significantly. During compensatory renal growth increased expression of HSP70, c-H-ras and c-K-ras occurs. The results seem to indicate that growth/differentiation genes may be necessary for continued cell growth (hypertrophy) in postnatal and compensatory renal growth, and that collagen type IV formation continues up through week 2 of postnatal growth consistent with the interval of glomerular basement membrane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Sawczuk
- Department of Urology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Maddon PJ, Molineaux SM, Maddon DE, Zimmerman KA, Godfrey M, Alt FW, Chess L, Axel R. Structure and expression of the human and mouse T4 genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:9155-9. [PMID: 3501122 PMCID: PMC299711 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.24.9155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The T4 molecule may serve as a T-cell receptor recognizing molecules on the surface of specific target cells and also serves as the receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus. To define the mechanisms of interaction of T4 with the surface of antigen-presenting cells as well as with human immunodeficiency virus, we have further analyzed the sequence, structure, and expression of the human and mouse T4 genes. T4 consists of an extracellular segment comprised of a leader sequence followed by four tandem variable-joining (VJ)-like domains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic segment. The structural domains of the T4 protein deduced from amino acid sequence are precisely reflected in the intron-exon organization of the gene. Analysis of the expression of the T4 gene indicates that T4 RNA is expressed not only in T lymphocytes, but in B cells, macrophages, and granulocytes. T4 is also expressed in a developmentally regulated manner in specific regions of the brain. It is, therefore, possible that T4 plays a more general role in mediating cell recognition events that are not restricted to the cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Maddon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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Nisen PD, Zimmerman KA, Cotter SV, Gilbert F, Alt FW. Enhanced expression of the N-myc gene in Wilms' tumors. Cancer Res 1986; 46:6217-22. [PMID: 2430692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activation of myc-family oncogenes has been implicated in the genesis of a variety of neoplasms. In addition, these genes exhibit specific patterns of expression during murine development. We now report that N- and c-myc are differentially expressed in normal developing human renal tissues and in Wilms' tumor, a neoplasm which derives from primitive kidney cells. Twelve of 13 Wilms' tumors tested exhibited greatly enhanced levels of expression which occurred in the absence of gene amplification. We also detected N-myc expression in other primitive neoplasms including medulloblastoma and hepatoblastoma. Our observations suggest that N-myc expression is not limited to neuroectodermal tumors as was previously thought, but is a marker for several neoplasms that derive from primitive cell precursors. Finally, high level expression of N-myc was associated with markedly diminished levels of c-myc, suggesting that enhanced expression of N-myc gene might lead to down-regulation of c-myc.
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Yancopoulos GD, DePinho RA, Zimmerman KA, Lutzker SG, Rosenberg N, Alt FW. Secondary genomic rearrangement events in pre-B cells: VHDJH replacement by a LINE-1 sequence and directed class switching. EMBO J 1986; 5:3259-66. [PMID: 3028778 PMCID: PMC1167320 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe rearrangement events which alter expression from a productive VHDJH rearrangement in an Abelson murine leukemia virus-transformed pre-B cell line. One such rearrangement results in replacement of the initially expressed variable region gene by a site-specific join between the open reading frame of a LINE-1 repetitive element and a remaining JH segment. We discuss this event in the context of the 'accessibility' model of recombinase control, and with respect to similar rearrangements involved in oncogene activation. In another subclone of the same pre-B cell line, altered heavy chain expression resulted from a mu to gamma 2b class switch recombination which occurred by a recombination-deletion mechanism but involved a complex inversion. We provide evidence that the germline gamma 2b region is specifically expressed in pre-B cell lines and early in normal development. We propose that the predisposition of pre-B cell lines to switch to gamma 2b production may reflect a normal physiological phenomenon in which the switch event is directed by an increased 'accessibility' of the germline gamma 2b locus to switch-recombination enzymatic machinery. Our findings support the hypothesis that the apparently distinct recombination systems involved in variable region gene assembly and heavy chain class switching are both directed by the accessibility of their substrate gene segments.
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West JC, Kelley SE, Campbell P, Burns-Morrison B, Zimmerman KA. Philosophy and financing of organ transplants. Pa Med 1986; 89:22, 26. [PMID: 3517762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zimmerman KA. MENTAL HEALTH IN THE PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAM. Calif Med 1948; 69:212-216. [PMID: 18731535 PMCID: PMC1643430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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