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Mizumachi H, Yoshida S, Tomokiyo A, Hasegawa D, Hamano S, Yuda A, Sugii H, Serita S, Mitarai H, Koori K, Wada N, Maeda H. Calcium-sensing receptor-ERK signaling promotes odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cells. Bone 2017; 101:191-201. [PMID: 28506888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the G protein-coupled calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) has crucial roles in skeletal development and bone turnover. Our recent study has identified a role for activated CaSR in the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. Furthermore, odontoblasts residing inside the tooth pulp chamber play a central role in dentin formation. However, it remains unclear how CaSR activation affects the odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). We have investigated the odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs exposed to elevated levels of extracellular calcium (Ca) and strontium (Sr), and the contribution of CaSR and the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (L-VDCC) to this process. Immunochemical staining of rat dental pulp tissue demonstrated that CaSR was expressed at high levels in the odontoblastic layer, moderate levels in the sublayer, and low levels in the central pulp tissue. Although normal HDPCs expressed low levels of CaSR, stimulation with Ca or Sr promoted both CaSR expression and odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs along with increased expression of odontoblastic makers. These effects were inhibited by treatment with a CaSR antagonist, whereas treatment with an L-VDCC inhibitor had no effect. Additionally, knockdown of CaSR with siRNA suppressed odontoblastic differentiation of Ca- and Sr-treated HDPCs. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was observed in Ca- and Sr-treated HDPCs, whereas CaSR antagonist treatment or CaSR knockdown blocked ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK1/2 suppressed mineralization of Ca- and Sr-treated HDPCs. These results suggest that elevated concentrations of extracellular Ca and Sr induce odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs through CaSR activation and the ERK1/2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mizumachi
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yoshida
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tomokiyo
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daigaku Hasegawa
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayuri Hamano
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Asuka Yuda
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Sugii
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Suguru Serita
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mitarai
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Koori
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naohisa Wada
- Division of General Dentistry, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Sugii H, Maeda H, Tomokiyo A, Yamamoto N, Wada N, Koori K, Hasegawa D, Hamano S, Yuda A, Monnouchi S, Akamine A. Effects of Activin A on the phenotypic properties of human periodontal ligament cells. Bone 2014; 66:62-71. [PMID: 24928494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue plays an important role in tooth preservation by structurally maintaining the connection between the tooth root and the bone. The mechanisms involved in the healing and regeneration of damaged PDL tissue, caused by bacterial infection, caries and trauma, have been explored. Accumulating evidence suggests that Activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and a dimer of inhibinβa, contributes to tissue healing through cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation of various target cells. In bone, Activin A has been shown to exert an inhibitory effect on osteoblast maturation and mineralization. However, there have been no reports examining the expression and function of Activin A in human PDL cells (HPDLCs). Thus, we aimed to investigate the biological effects of Activin A on HPDLCs. Activin A was observed to be localized in HPDLCs and rat PDL tissue. When PDL tissue was surgically damaged, Activin A and IL-1β expression increased and the two proteins were shown to be co-localized around the lesion. HPDLCs treated with IL-1β or TNF-α also up-regulated the expression of the gene encoding inhibinβa. Activin A promoted chemotaxis, migration and proliferation of HPDLCs, and caused an increase in fibroblastic differentiation of these cells while down-regulating their osteoblastic differentiation. These osteoblastic inhibitory effects of Activin A, however, were only noted during the early phase of HPDLC osteoblastic differentiation, with later exposures having no effect on differentiation. Collectively, our results suggest that Activin A could be used as a therapeutic agent for healing and regenerating PDL tissue in response to disease, trauma or surgical reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Sugii
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tomokiyo
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Naohide Yamamoto
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naohisa Wada
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Koori
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daigaku Hasegawa
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sayuri Hamano
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Asuka Yuda
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Monnouchi
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akifumi Akamine
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Monnouchi S, Maeda H, Yuda A, Hamano S, Wada N, Tomokiyo A, Koori K, Sugii H, Serita S, Akamine A. Mechanical induction of interleukin-11 regulates osteoblastic/cementoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem/progenitor cells. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:231-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Monnouchi
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation; Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - H. Maeda
- Department of Endodontology; Kyushu University Hospital; Fukuoka Japan
| | - A. Yuda
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation; Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - S. Hamano
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation; Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - N. Wada
- Department of Endodontology; Kyushu University Hospital; Fukuoka Japan
| | - A. Tomokiyo
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation; Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - K. Koori
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation; Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - H. Sugii
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation; Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - S. Serita
- Department of Endodontology; Kyushu University Hospital; Fukuoka Japan
| | - A. Akamine
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation; Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
- Department of Endodontology; Kyushu University Hospital; Fukuoka Japan
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Teramatsu Y, Maeda H, Sugii H, Tomokiyo A, Hamano S, Wada N, Yuda A, Yamamoto N, Koori K, Akamine A. Expression and effects of epidermal growth factor on human periodontal ligament cells. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:633-43. [PMID: 24850273 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Repair of damaged periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue is an essential challenge in tooth preservation. Various researchers have attempted to develop efficient therapies for healing and regenerating PDL tissue based on tissue engineering methods focused on targeting signaling molecules in PDL stem cells and other mesenchymal stem cells. In this context, we investigated the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in normal and surgically wounded PDL tissues and its effect on chemotaxis and expression of osteoinductive and angiogenic factors in human PDL cells (HPDLCs). EGF as well as EGF receptor (EGFR) expression was observed in HPDLCs and entire PDL tissue. In a PDL tissue-injured model of rat, EGF and IL-1β were found to be upregulated in a perilesional pattern. Interleukin-1β induced EGF expression in HPDLCs but not EGFR. It also increased transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) expression. Transwell assays demonstrated the chemotactic activity of EGF on HPDLCs. In addition, EGF treatment significantly induced secretion of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor, and gene expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), and early growth response-1 and -2 (EGR-1/2). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells developed well-formed tube networks when cultured with the supernatant of EGF-treated HPDLCs. These results indicated that EGF upregulated under inflammatory conditions plays roles in the repair of wounded PDL tissue, suggesting its function as a prospective agent to allow the healing and regeneration of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Teramatsu
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Maeda H, Tomokiyo A, Wada N, Koori K, Kawachi G, Akamine A. Regeneration of the periodontium for preservation of the damaged tooth. Histol Histopathol 2014; 29:1249-62. [PMID: 24777740 DOI: 10.14670/hh-29.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The population of the world grows every year, and life expectancy tends to increase. Thus, long-term preservation of teeth in aged individuals is an urgent issue. The main causes of tooth loss are well known to be periodontitis, caries, fractures, and orthodontic conditions. Although implant placement is a widely accepted treatment for tooth loss, most patients desire to preserve their own teeth. Many clinicians and researchers are therefore challenged to treat and preserve teeth that are irreversibly affected by deep caries, periodontitis, fractures, and trauma. Tissue engineering techniques are beneficial in addressing this issue; stem cells, signal molecules, and scaffolds are the main elements of such techniques. In this review, we describe these three elements with respect to their validation for regeneration of the periodontium and focus particularly on the potency of diverse scaffolds. In addition, we provide a short overview of the ongoing studies of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride/methyl methacrylate-tri-n-butyl-borane resin including calcium chloride or hydroxyapatite for periodontium regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tomokiyo
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naohisa Wada
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Koori
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Giichiro Kawachi
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akifumi Akamine
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, and Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tomokiyo A, Maeda H, Fujii S, Monnouchi S, Wada N, Hori K, Koori K, Yamamoto N, Teramatsu Y, Akamine A. Alternation of extracellular matrix remodeling and apoptosis by activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in human periodontal ligament cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:3093-103. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Yamamoto N, Maeda H, Tomokiyo A, Fujii S, Wada N, Monnouchi S, Kono K, Koori K, Teramatsu Y, Akamine A. Expression and effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor on periodontal ligament cells. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:556-64. [PMID: 22512503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression in normal and wounded rat periodontal ligament (PDL) and the effects of GDNF on human PDL cells (HPDLCs) migration and extracellular matrix expression in HPDLCs. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of GDNF and GDNF receptors was examined by immunocyto/histochemical analyses. Gene expression in HPDLCs treated with GDNF, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was quantified by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). In addition, we examined the migratory effect of GDNF on HPDLCs. RESULTS GDNF was expressed in normal rat PDL and cultured HPDLCs. HPDLCs also expressed GDNF receptors. In wounded rat PDL, GDNF expression was up-regulated. QRT-PCR analysis revealed that IL-1β and TNF-α significantly increased the expression of GDNF in HPDLCs. Furthermore, GDNF induced migration of HPDLCs, which was blocked by pre-treatment with the peptide including Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, or neutralizing antibodies against integrin αVβ3 or GDNF. Also, GDNF up-regulated expression of bone sialoprotein (BSP) and fibronectin in HPDLCs. CONCLUSIONS GDNF expression is increased in rat wounded PDL tissue and HPDLCs treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. GDNF enhances the expression of BSP and fibronectin, and migration in an RGD-dependent manner via the integrin αVβ3. These findings suggest that GDNF may contribute to wound healing in PDL tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Yamamoto
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Japan
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Tomokiyo A, Maeda H, Fujii S, Monnouchi S, Wada N, Kono K, Yamamoto N, Koori K, Teramatsu Y, Akamine A. A multipotent clonal human periodontal ligament cell line with neural crest cell phenotypes promotes neurocytic differentiation, migration, and survival. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2040-50. [PMID: 21751215 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Repair of injured peripheral nerve is thought to play important roles in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Recent experiments have demonstrated enhanced functional recovery of damaged neurons by some types of somatic stem cells. It remains unclear, however, if periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells possess such functions. We recently developed a multipotent clonal human PDL cell line, termed cell line 1-17. Here, we investigated the effects of this cell line on neurocytic differentiation, migration, and survival. This cell line expressed the neural crest cell marker genes Slug, SOX10, Nestin, p75NTR, and CD49d and mesenchymal stem cell-related markers CD13, CD29, CD44, CD71, CD90, CD105, and CD166. Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) underwent neurocytic differentiation when co-cultured with cell line 1-17 or in conditioned medium from cell line 1-17 (1-17CM). ELISA analysis revealed that 1-17CM contained approximately 50 pg/ml nerve growth factor (NGF). Cell line 1-17-induced migration of PC12 cells, which was inhibited by a neutralizing antibody against NGF. Furthermore, 1-17CM exerted antiapoptotic effects on differentiated PC12 cells as evidenced by inhibition of neurite retraction, reduction in annexin V and caspase-3/7 staining, and induction of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL mRNA expression. Thus, cell line 1-17 promoted neurocytic differentiation, migration, and survival through secretion of NGF and possibly synergistic factors. PDL stem cells may play a role in peripheral nerve reinnervation during PDL regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tomokiyo
- Faculty of Dental Science, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Maeda H, Tomokiyo A, Koori K, Monnouchi S, Fujii S, Wada N, Kono K, Yamamoto N, Saito T, Akamine A. An in vitro evaluation of two resin-based sealers on proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. Int Endod J 2011; 44:425-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kawabata S, Beisel HG, Huber R, Bode W, Gokudan S, Muta T, Tsuda R, Koori K, Kawahara T, Seki N, Mizunoe Y, Wai SN, Iwanaga S. Role of tachylectins in host defense of the Japanese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 484:195-202. [PMID: 11418985 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1291-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Kawabata
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
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Inamori K, Koori K, Mishima C, Muta T, Kawabata S. A horseshoe crab receptor structurally related to Drosophila Toll. J Endotoxin Res 2001; 6:397-9. [PMID: 11521062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity against microbial pathogens relies on the pattern recognition of cell wall components on invading microbes. Recent evidence has shown that a mammalian Toll-like receptor (TLR) is activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The innate immunity in invertebrates is also triggered by LPS, as seen in the hemolymph coagulation in horseshoe crab. We report the cloning of a TLR from the Japanese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus. A cDNA coding for Tachypleus Toll was isolated from a hemocyte cDNA library and the open reading frame codes for a proprotein including a signal sequence. Like Drosophila Toll, Tachypleus Toll is a type I transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain consisting of two leucine-rich repeats flanked by two cystein-rich clusters and a cytoplasmic domain exhibiting striking similarity with the cytoplasmic domain of interleukin-1 receptor. Tachypleus Toll is most similar to Drosophila Toll in the domain architecture and the overall length.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Inamori
- Department of Molecular Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Gokudan S, Muta T, Tsuda R, Koori K, Kawahara T, Seki N, Mizunoe Y, Wai SN, Iwanaga S, Kawabata S. Horseshoe crab acetyl group-recognizing lectins involved in innate immunity are structurally related to fibrinogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:10086-91. [PMID: 10468566 PMCID: PMC17846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.18.10086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have characterized and cloned newly isolated lectins from hemolymph plasma of the horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus, which we named tachylectins 5A and 5B (TLs-5). TLs-5 agglutinated all types of human erythrocytes and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. TLs-5 specifically recognize acetyl group-containing substances including noncarbohydrates; the acetyl group is required and is sufficient for recognition. TLs-5 enhanced the antimicrobial activity of a horseshoe crab-derived big defensin. cDNA sequences of TLs-5 indicated that they consist of a short N-terminal Cys-containing segment and a C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain with the highest sequence identity (51%) to that of mammalian ficolins. TLs-5, however, lack the collagenous domain found in a kind of "bouquet arrangement" of ficolins and collectins. Electron microscopy revealed that TLs-5 form two- to four-bladed propeller structures. The horseshoe crab is equipped with a unique functional homologue of vertebrate fibrinogen, coagulogen, as the target protein of the clotting cascade. Our observations clearly show that the horseshoe crab has fibrinogen-related molecules in hemolymph plasma and that they function as nonself-recognizing lectins. An ancestor of fibrinogen may have functioned as a nonself-recognizing protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gokudan
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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