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Osum KC, Jenkins MK. Toward a general model of CD4 + T cell subset specification and memory cell formation. Immunity 2023; 56:475-484. [PMID: 36921574 PMCID: PMC10084496 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, a number of transformative discoveries have been made regarding memory CD8+ T cell biology; meanwhile, the CD4+ T cell field has lagged behind this progress. This perspective focuses on CD4+ helper T (Th) cell subset specification and memory cell formation. Here, we argue that the sheer number of Th effector and memory cell subsets and a focus on their differences have been a barrier to a general model of CD4+ memory T cell formation that applies to all immune responses. We highlight a bifurcation model that relies on an IL-2 signal-dependent switch as an explanation for the balanced production of diverse Th memory cells that participate in cell-mediated or humoral immunity in most contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Osum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Naive CD4+ T cells become memory cells after proliferating in response to their cognate major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-bound peptide and passing through an effector cell stage. The process by which CD4+ memory T cells emerge from the effector cell pool, however, is less well understood than in the case of CD8+ T cells. During certain acute infections, naive CD4+ T cells proliferate and differentiate into various forms of type 1 (Th1) and follicular helper (Tfh) effector cells. We review the evidence that about 10% of the cells in each of these subsets survive to become memory cells that resemble their effector cell precursors. The roles that asymmetric cell division, the TCF-1 transcription factor, metabolic activity, reactive oxygen species, and the IL-7 receptor play in the effector to memory cell transition are discussed. We propose a speculative model in which the metabolic activity needed for rapid clonal expansion also generates toxic products that induce apoptosis in most effector cells. Memory cells then arise from the effector cells in each subset that are at the low end of the metabolic activity spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Krueger
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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3
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Krueger PD, Goldberg MF, Hong SW, Osum KC, Langlois RA, Kotov DI, Dileepan T, Jenkins MK. Two sequential activation modules control the differentiation of protective T helper-1 (Th1) cells. Immunity 2021; 54:687-701.e4. [PMID: 33773107 PMCID: PMC8495663 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD4+ T helper-1 (Th1) cells are critical for protection from microbes that infect the phagosomes of myeloid cells. Current understanding of Th1 cell differentiation is based largely on reductionist cell culture experiments. We assessed Th1 cell generation in vivo by studying antigen-specific CD4+ T cells during infection with the phagosomal pathogen Salmonella enterica (Se), or influenza A virus (IAV), for which CD4+ T cells are less important. Both microbes induced T follicular helper (Tfh) and interleukin-12 (IL-12)-independent Th1 cells. During Se infection, however, the Th1 cells subsequently outgrew the Tfh cells via an IL-12-dependent process and formed subsets with increased IFN-γ production, ZEB2-transcription factor-dependent cytotoxicity, and capacity to control Se infection. Our results indicate that many infections induce a module that generates Tfh and poorly differentiated Th1 cells, which is followed in phagosomal infections by an IL-12-dependent Th1 cell amplification module that is critical for pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Krueger
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Sung-Wook Hong
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Dmitri I Kotov
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
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4
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Stolley JM, Johnston TS, Soerens AG, Beura LK, Rosato PC, Joag V, Wijeyesinghe SP, Langlois RA, Osum KC, Mitchell JS, Masopust D. Retrograde migration supplies resident memory T cells to lung-draining LN after influenza infection. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151876. [PMID: 32568362 PMCID: PMC7398169 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous observations indicate that resident memory T cells (TRM) undergo unusually rapid attrition within the lung. Here we demonstrate that contraction of lung CD8+ T cell responses after influenza infection is contemporized with egress of CD69+/CD103+ CD8+ T cells to the draining mediastinal LN via the lymphatic vessels, which we term retrograde migration. Cells within the draining LN retained canonical markers of lung TRM, including CD103 and CD69, lacked Ly6C expression (also a feature of lung TRM), maintained granzyme B expression, and did not equilibrate among immunized parabiotic mice. Investigations of bystander infection or removal of the TCR from established memory cells revealed that the induction of the TRM phenotype was dependent on antigen recognition; however, maintenance was independent. Thus, local lung infection induces CD8+ T cells with a TRM phenotype that nevertheless undergo retrograde migration, yet remain durably committed to the residency program within the draining LN, where they provide longer-lived regional memory while chronicling previous upstream antigen experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Stolley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Timothy S Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Andrew G Soerens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Pamela C Rosato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Vineet Joag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sathi P Wijeyesinghe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jason S Mitchell
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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5
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Osum KC, Burrack AL, Martinov T, Sahli NL, Mitchell JS, Tucker CG, Pauken KE, Papas K, Appakalai B, Spanier JA, Fife BT. Interferon-gamma drives programmed death-ligand 1 expression on islet β cells to limit T cell function during autoimmune diabetes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8295. [PMID: 29844327 PMCID: PMC5974126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoreactive T cell-mediated β cell destruction. Even though co-inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) restrains autoimmunity, the expression and regulation of its cognate ligands on β cell remains unknown. Here, we interrogated β cell-intrinsic programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in mouse and human islets. We measured a significant increase in the level of PD-L1 surface expression and the frequency of PD-L1+ β cells as non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice aged and developed diabetes. Increased β cell PD-L1 expression was dependent on T cell infiltration, as β cells from Rag1-deficient mice lacked PD-L1. Using Rag1-deficient NOD mouse islets, we determined that IFN-γ promotes β cell PD-L1 expression. We performed analogous experiments using human samples, and found a significant increase in β cell PD-L1 expression in type 1 diabetic samples compared to type 2 diabetic, autoantibody positive, and non-diabetic samples. Among type 1 diabetic samples, β cell PD-L1 expression correlated with insulitis. In vitro experiments with human islets from non-diabetic individuals showed that IFN-γ promoted β cell PD-L1 expression. These results suggest that insulin-producing β cells respond to pancreatic inflammation and IFN-γ production by upregulating PD-L1 expression to limit self-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Osum
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Adam L Burrack
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nathanael L Sahli
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jason S Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Christopher G Tucker
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Klearchos Papas
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Justin A Spanier
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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6
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Burrack AL, Malhotra D, Dileepan T, Osum KC, Swanson LA, Fife BT, Jenkins MK. Cutting Edge: Allograft Rejection Is Associated with Weak T Cell Responses to Many Different Graft Leukocyte-Derived Peptides. J Immunol 2017; 200:477-482. [PMID: 29255075 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplants are rapidly rejected because T cells in the recipient attack the foreign MHC molecules on the graft. The robustness of the T cell response to histoincompatible tissue is not understood. We found that mice have many small T cell populations with Ag receptors specific for a foreign MHC class II molecule type loaded with peptides from leukocytes from the graft. These T cells proliferated modestly after skin transplantation and underwent relatively weak functional differentiation compared with T cells stimulated by a vaccine. Thus, the potency of the T cell response to histoincompatible tissue is likely due to many small T cell populations responding weakly to hundreds of MHC-bound peptides from graft-derived leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Burrack
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Deepali Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Linnea A Swanson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; .,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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7
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Smith MJ, Reichenbach DK, Parker SL, Riddle MJ, Mitchell J, Osum KC, Mohtashami M, Stefanski HE, Fife BT, Bhandoola A, Hogquist KA, Holländer GA, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Tolar J, Blazar BR. T cell progenitor therapy-facilitated thymopoiesis depends upon thymic input and continued thymic microenvironment interaction. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92056. [PMID: 28515359 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infusion of in vitro-derived T cell progenitor (proT) therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplant aids the recovery of the thymus damaged by total body irradiation. To understand the interaction between proTs and the thymic microenvironment, WT mice were lethally irradiated and given T cell-deficient (Rag1-/-) marrow with WT in vitro-generated proTs, limiting mature T cell development to infused proTs. ProTs within the host thymus led to a significant increase in thymic epithelial cells (TECs) by day 21 after transplant, increasing actively cycling TECs. Upon thymus egress (day 28), proT TEC effects were lost, suggesting that continued signaling from proTs is required to sustain TEC cycling and cellularity. Thymocytes increased significantly by day 21, followed by a significant improvement in mature T cell numbers in the periphery by day 35. This protective surge was temporary, receding by day 60. Double-negative 2 (DN2) proTs selectively increased thymocyte number, while DN3 proTs preferentially increased TECs and T cells in the spleen that persisted at day 60. These findings highlight the importance of the interaction between proTs and TECs in the proliferation and survival of TECs and that the maturation stage of proTs has unique effects on thymopoiesis and peripheral T cell recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Smith
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Dawn K Reichenbach
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Sarah L Parker
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan J Riddle
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jason Mitchell
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mahmood Mohtashami
- Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather E Stefanski
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- T-Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Georg A Holländer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Paediatrics and Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jakub Tolar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, and
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Spanier JA, Frederick DR, Taylor JJ, Heffernan JR, Kotov DI, Martinov T, Osum KC, Ruggiero JL, Rust BJ, Landry SJ, Jenkins MK, McLachlan JB, Fife BT. Efficient generation of monoclonal antibodies against peptide in the context of MHCII using magnetic enrichment. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11804. [PMID: 27292946 PMCID: PMC4909947 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies specific for foreign antigens, auto-antigens, allogeneic antigens and tumour neo-antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) are highly desirable as novel immunotherapeutics. However, there is no standard protocol for the efficient generation of monoclonal antibodies that recognize peptide in the context of MHCII, and only a limited number of such reagents exist. In this report, we describe an approach for the generation and screening of monoclonal antibodies specific for peptide bound to MHCII. This approach exploits the use of recombinant peptide:MHC monomers as immunogens, and subsequently relies on multimers to pre-screen and magnetically enrich the responding antigen-specific B cells before fusion and validation, thus saving significant time and reagents. Using this method, we have generated two antibodies enabling us to interrogate antigen presentation and T-cell activation. This methodology sets the standard to generate monoclonal antibodies against the peptide–MHCII complexes. Generating antibodies specific for the peptide–MHCII complexes has been challenging, with only a handful made to date. Here, the authors develop a more efficient approach to generate these antibodies, and demonstrate their potential in research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Spanier
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Daniel R Frederick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - James R Heffernan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Dmitri I Kotov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Jenna L Ruggiero
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Blake J Rust
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Samuel J Landry
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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9
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Martinov T, Pauken KE, Spanier J, Heffernan JR, Osum KC, Fife BT. Phenotypic characterization of islet antigen-specific CD4 T cell subsets in mice of varying susceptibilities to Type 1 Diabetes. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.186.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from lymphocyte-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. Islet-reactive CD4 T cells are critical mediators of disease. Here, we investigated the phenotype and regulation of insulin-specific and bulk CD4 T cells in diabetes-prone (NOD) and diabetes-resistant (NOR or B6.g7) mice. We utilized dual color tetramer staining with enriment techniques to enumerate and phenotype insulin-specific CD4 T cells in NOD, NOR and B6.g7 mice. To test whether there are inherent differences in the CD4 T cell compartment between the strains, we stimulated sorted CD4 T cells in vitro with αCD3/CD28 and performed transcriptional analysis of >40 targets. Additionally, we analyzed Th1/Th2/Th9/Th17/Th22/Treg cytokine production. Both insulin-specific CD4 T cells and bulk polyclonal CD4 T cells displayed a strong Th1 skewing in NOD and not in NOR or B6.g7 mice, indicating that different disease susceptibilities could be in part due to inherent differences in CD4 T cell activation. Experiments are underway to determine the transcriptional profile of insulin-specific CD4 T cells in these strains using an unbiased approach, and identify the peripheral tolerance mechanisms underlying diabetes resistance.
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10
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Pauken KE, Nelson CE, Martinov T, Spanier JA, Heffernan JR, Sahli NL, Quarnstrom CF, Osum KC, Schenkel JM, Jenkins MK, Blazar BR, Vezys V, Fife BT. Cutting edge: identification of autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets resistant to PD-1 pathway blockade. J Immunol 2015; 194:3551-3555. [PMID: 25769925 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) promotes T cell tolerance. Despite therapeutically targeting this pathway for chronic infections and tumors, little is known about how different T cell subsets are affected during blockade. We examined PD-1/PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) regulation of self-antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in autoimmune-susceptible models. PD-L1 blockade increased insulin-specific effector CD4 T cells in type 1 diabetes. However, anergic islet-specific CD4 T cells were resistant to PD-L1 blockade. Additionally, PD-L1 was critical for induction, but not maintenance, of CD8 T cell intestinal tolerance. PD-L1 blockade enhanced functionality of effector T cells, whereas established tolerant or anergic T cells were not dependent on PD-1/PD-L1 signaling to remain unresponsive. This highlights the existence of Ag-experienced T cell subsets that do not rely on PD-1/PD-L1 regulation. These findings illustrate how positive treatment outcomes and autoimmunity development during PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition are linked to the differentiation state of a T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Christine E Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Justin A Spanier
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - James R Heffernan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Nathanael L Sahli
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Clare F Quarnstrom
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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