Demographic and Clinical Factors Associated With Health-Related Quality-of-Life Profiles Among Prostate Cancer Survivors

PURPOSE

Our purpose was to describe the prevalence and predictors of symptom and function clusters related to physical, emotional, and social components of general health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a population-based sample of prostate cancer (PCa) survivors.

METHODS

Participants (N = 1,162) completed a baseline survey at a median of 9 months after diagnosis to ascertain the co-occurrence of eight symptom and functional domains that are common across all cancers and not treatment-specific. We used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify subgroup profiles of survivors with low, moderate, or high HRQOL levels. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to identify clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with survivors' membership in the low versus moderate or high HRQOL profile.

RESULTS

The LPA identified 16% of survivors who were categorized in the low HRQOL profile at baseline, indicative of the highest symptom burden and lowest functioning. Factors related to survivors' membership in the low versus higher HRQOL profile groups included less than age 65 years at diagnosis, identifying as non-Hispanic Black race, not working, being a former versus never smoker, systemic therapy, less companionship, more comorbidities, lower health care financial well-being, or less spirituality. Several factors remained associated with remaining in the low versus higher HRQOL profiles on the follow-up survey (n = 699), including younger age, Black race, comorbidity, and lower financial and spiritual well-being.

CONCLUSION

About one of six PCa survivors experienced elevated physical and psychosocial symptoms that were independent of local curative therapy, but with younger age, race, comorbidity, and lower financial and spiritual well-being as stable risk factors for poor HRQOL over time.

Telephone versus in-person genetic counseling for hereditary cancer risk: Patient predictors of differential outcomes

PURPOSE

Telegenetics has become the predominant mode of cancer genetic counseling during the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to identify potential patient-level contraindicators for telegenetic genetic counseling.

METHODS

We analyzed post-counseling (pre-result disclosure) follow-up data from a randomized noninferiority trial of a telephone genetic counseling versus usual care genetic counseling. Among 669 randomized participants, 600 completed pre-test counseling and 568 completed a 2-week follow-up assessment before receiving test results. In this analysis, we focused on genetic counseling outcomes (knowledge, decisional conflict, and distress). In multivariate models controlling for bivariate predictors of these outcomes, we tested our a priori hypotheses that pre-counseling numeracy, perceived stress, and race/ethnicity would moderate the outcomes of telephone genetic counseling versus usual care.

RESULTS

Only numeracy significantly moderated associations between mode of genetic counseling and outcomes. Higher numeracy was associated with higher post-counseling knowledge following telephone genetic counseling (p < 0.001), but not usual care (p = 0.450). Higher numeracy was also associated with lower distress following telephone genetic counseling (p = 0.009) but not usual care (p = 0.16). Neither perceived stress nor race/ethnicity exhibited differential impacts on telephone genetic counseling versus usual care (ps > 0.20).

CONCLUSION

Although high numeracy was associated with higher levels of knowledge following telegenetic counseling, we did not identify any clinically significant patient-level contraindicators for telegenetic counseling. These results lend further confidence to the broad use of telegenetics.

Relationship between area-level socioeconomic status and health-related quality of life among cancer survivors

Area-level socioeconomic status (SES) impacts cancer outcomes, such as stage at diagnosis, treatments received, and mortality. However, less is known about the relationship between area-level SES and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for cancer survivors. To assess the additive value of area-level SES data and the relative contribution of area- and individual-level SES for estimating cancer survivors' HRQOL, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from a population-based survey study of cancer survivors (the Measuring Your Health [MY-Health] Study). Multilevel multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the relationships between individual-level SES, area-level SES as measured by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Social Vulnerability Index, and HRQOL group membership (high, average, low, or very low HRQOL). Area-level SES did not significantly increase model estimation accuracy compared to models using only individual-level SES. However, area-level SES could be an appropriate proxy when the individual-level SES is missing.

Cultural and linguistic adaptation of a telephone-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention to treat depression and anxiety in Hispanic cancer survivors

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to transcreate a manualized cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention to address depression and anxiety among Hispanic cancer survivors.

DESIGN/RESEARCH APPROACH

Stakeholders reviewed the CBT workbook for language, content, and cultural relevance. We designed semi-structured interview guides to elicit intervention feedback.

SAMPLE/PARTICIPANTS

Stakeholder participants were Hispanic cancer survivors (n = 4), bilingual mental health providers (n = 2), and oncology professionals (n = 4).

METHODS

Transcreation was conducted by initial translation of the workbook followed by incorporation of stakeholder feedback. A bilingual (Spanish and English) interviewer conducted stakeholder interviews. The study team discussed themes/suggestions before refining the workbook.

FINDINGS

Stakeholders reported enthusiasm for the intervention. We gathered significant feedback regarding wording, images, and resources for the workbook.

CONCLUSION

Development of culturally appropriate mental health resources for Hispanic cancer survivors is critical.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOSOCIAL PROVIDERS OR POLICY

By broadening research on psychosocial care to the Hispanic population, we increase the reach of evidence-based psychological care. Future research should fully evaluate the adapted CBT intervention among Hispanic survivors.

An exploration of facilitators and barriers to patient navigator core functions with breast cancer patients: Implications for the development of a human-centered mHealth app

Objectives

To understand the barriers to core functions and workflow among patient navigators (PN) who navigate people diagnosed with breast cancer (BC). To identify how a mobile health (mHealth) app could assist PNs in providing care to BC patients.

Methods

This qualitative research study used purposive sampling to recruit stakeholders (N = 33) from January to August 2021. We conducted individual semi-structured interviews with PNs (n = 11), oncology care providers (n = 12), and BC patients (n = 10). We used conventional content analysis to analyze the interview data.

Results

Participants identified the following sociotechnical systems barriers in PN workflows that negatively impact BC patient care: 1) resources, 2) insurance coverage, 3) communication challenges, and 4) impact of logistical tasks. Participants identified the user experience, app features, and interoperability customizations to enhance PNs' provision of patient care as important design elements to include in a mHealth app.

Conclusion

Feedback from stakeholders provided valuable insights into key design considerations, functions, and content areas for developing a mHealth app for PN use in BC care delivery.

Innovation

This is one of the first studies to incorporate the human-centered design and sociotechnical systems frameworks to understand barriers to PN workflow and provision of BC patient care across the cancer care continuum.

Community Engagement in Behavioral Medicine: A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

Behavioral medicine has made key contributions toward improving health outcomes. Engaging community partners in research is critical to addressing persistent health inequities. The aim of this scoping review was to explore how researchers engaged community partners within the field of behavioral medicine research from 2005 to 2023.

METHOD

Publication databases and gray literature were searched for research that engaged community partners to address questions relevant to behavioral medicine. Articles were screened by title and abstract, and then by full text. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were coded using the framework provided by the Engagement Navigator to identify engagement approaches, methods, and tools and when they were used during the research.

RESULTS

Of 1486 articles initially identified, 58 met the inclusion criteria. Most articles used well-known approaches (e.g., community-based participatory research; 67%), methods (e.g., advisory committees; 59%), and tools (e.g., interviews; 41%), and engaged with healthcare service providers (62%) and/or patients (53%). Community partners were most often included in research planning and design (79%), and less often in dissemination (45%).

CONCLUSION

Community engagement has considerable potential to address health inequities. Our assessment of the approaches, methods, and tools used by behavioral medicine researchers to engage with a diverse range of community partners points toward promising strategies for enhancing the impact of community engagement. Researchers should incorporate explicit descriptions of community engagement strategies in publications, an outcome that could be facilitated by clear publishing guidelines, structured reporting tools, and clear messaging from funders about the value of community engagement in behavioral medicine research.

Greater Social Isolation and Social Constraints Prior to Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Are Associated with Greater Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms

BACKGROUND

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hereafter "HCT") is a physically and psychologically difficult treatment for patients with hematological cancers. This study examined relationships among patients' reports of pre-transplant social isolation, social constraints, and psychological distress.

METHOD

We used baseline data from a multisite randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of expressive helping writing to reduce physical and emotional symptoms in HCT patients. We collected data prior to randomization and before either allogenic or autologous HCT using validated scales to assess social constraints, social isolation, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. We analyzed data using bivariate analysis and multivariate linear regression. We also explored whether social isolation mediated the effect of social constraints on both of our outcomes: anxiety and depressive symptoms.

RESULTS

Among 259 adults recruited prior to transplant, 43.6% were women (mean age = 57.42 years, SD = 12.34 years). In multivariate analysis controlling for relevant covariates, both social isolation (β = 0.24, p < 0.001) and social constraints (β = 0.28, p < 0.001) were associated with anxiety. When both social constraints and social isolation were in the model, only greater social isolation (β = 0.79, p < 0.001) was associated with depressive symptoms. Social isolation fully mediated the association between social constraints and anxiety and depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION

For patients awaiting either allogenic or autologous HCT, the negative association between social constraints and anxiety and depressive symptoms may be related, in part, to the mechanism of perceived social isolation. Interventions prior to and during HCT are needed to support patients' psychological health and sense of social connectedness.

Advancing health equity: A qualitative study assessing barriers and facilitators of implementing hereditary breast and ovarian cancer risk screening tools in community-based organizations

Genetic counseling and testing (GCT) inform cancer management for persons at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). Community-based organizations (CBOs) may play a role in identifying at-risk Latinx individuals to connect them to GCT but data are lacking. Two academic centers and their four CBO partners planned to implement a validated questionnaire for HBOC risk screening ("HBOC risk screening tool"). This study aimed to assess CBO's preferences for HBOC risk screening tools, as well as the barriers and facilitators anticipated for future implementation. Pre-implementation focus groups were conducted with CBO's staff. Discussions centered on current practices to identify and refer at-risk patients. During the discussion, staff were asked to select one out of five validated HBOC risk screening tools to implement and to discuss anticipated barriers/facilitators for implementation. The four focus groups were coded and qualitative analyzed following the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and Health Equity domains. All CBOs chose the Family History Screen 7 (FHS-7). Participants (N = 35) highlighted how the FHS-7 was easy to adapt to better fit the target population and changing guidelines. They had positive attitudes toward implementing the screening tool, stressed how the culture of the organization positioned them to reach the target population, and noted barriers in different CFIR domains (e.g., low knowledge about HBOC and GCT referrals; scarce available resources). Participants pointed to barriers related to health equity domains including limited access to GCT and follow-up care for uninsured and underinsured populations, challenges obtaining accurate family history, and immigration-related barriers. CBOs highlighted the importance of partnering with other stakeholders to overcome barriers. Findings emphasize the need to develop multi-level implementation strategies to overcome barriers and leverage facilitators. This study can inform the development of implementation toolkits for CBOs to implement HBOC screening tools to advance health equity.

Stem Cell Transplant Experiences Among Hispanic/Latinx Patients: A Qualitative Analysis

BACKGROUND

Hispanic/Latinx (H/L) patients with cancer treated with stem cell transplant are vulnerable to adverse outcomes, including higher mortality. This study explored their unmet transplant needs, barriers, and facilitators.

METHODS

Eighteen English- or Spanish-speaking H/L patients (M age = 59.2) who had a transplant in the past year were interviewed about their transplant experience and rated their interest in receiving information about transplant topics (0 = not at all to 10 = extremely).

RESULTS

Content analysis revealed five main themes: (1) pre-transplant barriers and concerns; (2) complex relationships with medical teams; (3) informational mismatch; (4) impacts on daily life after transplant; and (5) methods of coping. Participants were most interested in information about ways of coping with transplant (M = 9.11, SD = 1.45) and words of hope and encouragement (M = 9.05, SD = 1.80). At just above the scale's midpoint, they were least interested in information about side effects and unintended consequences of transplant (M = 5.61, SD = 3.85).

CONCLUSIONS

Cultural factors, social determinants, and structural inequalities give rise to unique needs in this growing patient population. Healthcare team members and researchers can better meet the needs of H/L transplant recipients through attention to described considerations, such as financial barriers, communication difficulties, family dynamics, and coping styles.

Cultural adaptations to a telephone genetic counseling protocol and booklet for Latina breast cancer survivors at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer

Telephone genetic counseling (TGC) is accepted as standard clinical care for people seeking hereditary cancer risk assessment. TGC has been shown to be non-inferior to in-person genetic counseling, but trials have been conducted with a predominantly highly educated, non-Hispanic White population. This article describes the process of culturally adapting a TGC protocol and visual aid booklet for Spanish-preferring Latina breast cancer survivors at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. The adaptation process included two phases. Phase 1 involved a review of the literature and recommendations from an expert team including community partners. Phase 2 included interviews and a pilot with the target population (n = 14) to collect feedback about the adapted protocol and booklet following steps from the Learner Verification and Revision Framework. We describe the adaptation process and report the main adaptations following the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications to Evidence-based Interventions (FRAME). Adaptations in Phase 1 were responsive to the target population needs and characteristics (e.g., delivered in Spanish at an appropriate health literacy level, addressing knowledge gaps, targeting cultural values). Phase 2 interviews were crucial to refine details (e.g., selecting words) and to add components to address GCT barriers (e.g., saliva sample video). Cultural adaptations to evidence-based TGC protocols can increase the fit and quality of care for historically underserved populations. As TGC visits become routine in clinical care, it is crucial to consider the needs of diverse communities to adequately promote equity and justice in cancer care.

Confidence, Connection & Collaboration: Creating a Scalable Bias Reduction Improvement Coaching Train-the-Trainer Program to Mitigate Implicit Bias across a Medical Center

Problem: Academic medical centers need to mitigate the negative effects of implicit bias with approaches that are empirically-based, scalable, sustainable, and specific to departmental needs. Guided by Kotter's Model of Change to create and sustain cultural change, we developed the Bias Reduction Improvement Coaching Program (BRIC), a two-year, train-the-trainer implicit bias coaching program designed to meet the increasing demand for bias training across a university medical center. Intervention: BRIC trained a cohort of faculty and staff as coaches during four quarterly training sessions in Year 1 that covered 1) the science of bias, 2) bias in selection and hiring, 3) bias in mentoring, and 4) bias in promotion, retention, and workplace culture. In Year 2, coaches attended two booster sessions and delivered at least two presentations. BRIC raises awareness of bias mitigation strategies in a scalable way by uniquely building capacity through department-level champions, providing programming that addresses the 'local context,' and setting a foundation for sustained institutional change. Context: In a U.S. academic medical center, 27 faculty and staff from 24 departments were trained as inaugural BRIC coaches. We assessed outcomes at multiple levels: BRIC coach outcomes (feedback on the training sessions; coach knowledge, attitudes, and skills), departmental-level outcomes (program attendee feedback, knowledge, and intentions) and institutional outcomes (activities to sustain change). Impact: After Year 1, coaches reported high satisfaction with BRIC and a statistically significant increase in self-efficacy in their abilities to recognize, mitigate, and teach about implicit bias. In Year 2, attendees at BRIC coach presentations reported an increase in bias mitigation knowledge, and the majority committed to taking follow-up action (e.g., taking an Implicit Association Test). Coaches also launched activities for sustaining change at the broader university and beyond. Lessons Learned: The BRIC Program indicates a high level of interest in receiving bias mitigation training, both among individuals who applied to be BRIC coaches and among presentation attendees. BRIC's initial success supports future expansion. The model appears scalable and sustainable; future efforts will formalize the emerging community of practice around bias mitigation and measure elements of on-going institutional culture change.

Health-related quality of life by race, ethnicity, and country of origin among cancer survivors

BACKGROUND

Typical cancer research studies of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in the United States do not include country of origin when examining race and ethnic group differences. This population-based, cross-sectional study used an innovative methodology to examine how self-reported racial and ethnic groups, by country of origin, report differential HRQOL experiences after adjusting for clinical and demographic characteristics, including socioeconomic status.

METHODS

Recruited from 4 cancer registries in California, Louisiana, and New Jersey, cancer survivors completed Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System measures of fatigue, pain interference, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, physical function, ability to participate in social roles, and cognitive function. Latent profile analysis clustered survivors in HRQOL clusters based on including all the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System domains.

RESULTS

The 5366 participants (60% female; 40% male; average age of 59.8 years) included 17% Asian, 18% Black, 21% Hispanic, and 41% White survivors. Survivors were grouped into 4 clusters: high HRQOL (26%), average HRQOL (34%), low HRQOL (29%), and very low HRQOL (11%). Among many differences by race, ethnicity, and country of origin, Caribbean cancer survivors were more likely to be in the very low HRQOL cluster (odds ratio = 2.67, 95% confidence interval = 1.31 to 5.43) compared with non-Hispanic White survivors. Similarly, American Indian and Alaska Native, Cuban, Dominican, and Puerto Rican cancer survivors had relatively high percentages in the very low HRQOL cluster.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found statistically significant differences in HRQOL experience by race, ethnicity, and country of origin, even after adjusting for social determinants of health. These findings inform future HRQOL research to include these self-reported factors.

Stigma, social support, and spirituality: associations with symptoms among Black, Latina, and Chinese American cervical cancer survivors

PURPOSE

Few studies have examined experiences of stigma and factors associated with symptoms among cervical cancer survivors from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. We investigated survivorship experiences and patient-reported outcomes in the SPADE symptom cluster (sleep disturbance, pain interference, anxiety, depression, and energy/fatigue) among Black, Latina, and Chinese American women diagnosed with cervical cancer.

METHODS

In two phases of research with cervical cancer survivors, we collected qualitative data through individual interviews (N=12; recruited through community referrals) and quantitative data from an observational cohort study (N=91; recruited through 4 national cancer registries). We coded interview transcripts to describe the survivors' experiences. We then evaluated associations between social support, spirituality, and SPADE symptom cluster domains using linear regression models.

RESULTS

Qualitative analysis yielded four themes: perceptions of stigma, empowerment, physical and psychological effects, and social support. These concepts revolved around internal and external stigmas, emotional responses, strengthened faith, and different social support types. Quantitative analyses indicated that greater spirituality was associated with lower symptom burden on all five SPADE domains (p<0.01). We observed nuanced associations between specific types of social support and SPADE domains.

CONCLUSIONS

The survivorship experiences of Black, Latina, and Chinese American women with cervical cancer are negatively influenced by perceptions of stigma. Higher scores on spirituality and varied types of social support were significantly associated with fewer symptoms in the SPADE symptom cluster.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

Results suggest targets for future interventions to reduce symptom burden among women diagnosed with cervical cancer by leveraging spirituality and social support.

Build & Belong: A Peer-Based Intervention to Reduce Medical Student Social Isolation

PROBLEM

Medical school can be a socially isolating experience, particularly for students underrepresented in medicine. Social isolation and perceptions of not belonging can negatively impact students' academic performance and well-being. Therefore, interventions are needed to support students and these efforts should be appealing, brief, and low-burden.

INTERVENTION

Guided by evidence-based approaches, we developed the Build & Belong intervention for medical students as a brief peer-to-peer approach that consisted of four components. First, M3 and M4 students wrote reflections on belonging in medical school. Second, M3 and M4 students video recorded messages for M1 and M2 students using their written reflections. Third, M1 and M2 students watched and discussed the videos in small groups. Fourth, the M1 and M2 students wrote letters to future students. Our intervention differs from previous student belonging interventions in the peer delivery of messages.

CONTEXT

The Build & Belong intervention aimed to improve medical students' social belongingness. Using a longitudinal observational study design, the intervention was piloted at a medical school in the Mid-Atlantic United States in 2017-2018. Students completed surveys before and after the intervention. Paired samples tests (t-tests and Wilcoxon) assessed pre- to post-intervention changes in social isolation, social connectedness, and social assurance.

IMPACT

Among 63 medical students, with 25.9% from backgrounds underrepresented in medicine, we assessed follow-up outcomes in 38 students. Social isolation scores significantly decreased from baseline (M = 54.8, SD = 7.06) to follow-up (M = 51.3, SD = 6.67; p < .001). Social isolation changes were evident regardless of sex, although males reported a greater reduction (M Δ = -5.32, p < .001) than females (M Δ = -2.79, p = .014). Black/African American students had the largest reduction in social isolation (M Δ = -7.24, p = .010). Social assurance and connectedness scores did not change significantly between baseline and follow-up. Medical students appeared to resonate with messages delivered by more experienced peers (M3s and M4s), particularly messages that normalized feelings of not belonging and strategies to reduce those feelings.

LESSONS LEARNED

The Build & Belong intervention appears to reduce social isolation scores among medical students. This pilot test of the Build & Belong intervention provides initial evidence of the effectiveness of a brief, low-cost intervention. Build & Belong may provide a scalable strategy to reduce medical students' social isolation. Our peer-based approach is distinct from administrator-led strategies; peers were seen as trusted and reliable sources of information about belonging and ways to overcome the challenges experienced during medical school.

Optimizing use of Written Peer Support as a Supportive Resource in Cancer: FOCUS GROUP INSIGHTS

PURPOSE

Cancer survivors frequently describe wanting to learn from others who have had similar diagnoses or treatments (peer support). We conducted focus groups to investigate hematopoietic stem cell transplant survivors' attitudes and preferences regarding accessing written peer support through a website. Although written peer support does not allow for interpersonal interactions with peers, it could increase transplant recipients' access to evidence-based benefits of informational and emotional peer support.

METHODS

We conducted four videoconference focus groups with 34 adult transplant survivors who were diverse in their medical and sociodemographic characteristics and geographic location. Discussions were recorded, transcribed, and content analyzed.

RESULTS

Many participants reported need for information about transplant beyond what they received from their healthcare providers. Needs varied across participants, as did preferences for characteristics and timing of information optimally provided through peer support. Participants were enthusiastic about the value of written peer support but emphasized that it should be delivered in a way that accommodates variation in transplant experiences, underscores its trustworthiness, and pairs it with useful psychoeducational content.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings provide guidance for making written peer support an accessible, supportive resource for transplant survivors. Future research should evaluate personalized online delivery of written peer support paired with psychoeducational content that enhances its benefits.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

Written peer support delivered online could be a useful, valued resource for transplant survivors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The prevalence and risk of symptom and function clusters in colorectal cancer survivors

PURPOSE

Our purpose was to describe the prevalence and predictors of symptom and function clusters in a diverse cohort of colorectal cancer survivors.

METHODS

We used data from a cohort of 909 adult colorectal cancer survivors. Participants were surveyed at a median of 9 months after diagnosis to ascertain the co-occurrence of eight distinct symptom and functional domains. We used factor analysis to identify co-occurring domains and latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify subgroups of survivors with different symptom and function clusters. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to identify risk/protective factors.

RESULTS

Factor analysis demonstrated a single underlying factor structure that included all eight health domains with depression and anxiety highly correlated (r = 0.87). The LPA identified three symptom and function clusters, with 30% of survivors in the low health-related quality of life (HRQOL) profile having the highest symptom burden and lowest functioning. In multivariable models, survivors more likely to be in the low HRQOL profile included being non-White, female, those with a history of cardiac or mental health conditions, and chemotherapy recipients. Survivors less likely to be in the low HRQOL profile included those with older age, greater financial well-being, and more spirituality.

CONCLUSION

Nearly one-third of colorectal cancer survivors experienced a cluster of physical and psychosocial symptoms that co-occur with clinically relevant deficits in function.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

Improving the identification of risk factors for having the highest symptom and lowest function profile can inform the development of clinical interventions to mitigate their adverse impact on cancer survivors' HRQOL.

Effectiveness of Recruitment Strategies of Latino Smokers: Secondary Analysis of an mHealth Smoking Cessation Randomized Clinical Trial (Preprint)

Background

Latinos remain disproportionately underrepresented in clinical trials, comprising only 2%-3% of research participants. In order to address health disparities, it is critically important to increase enrollment of Latino smokers in smoking cessation trials. There is limited research examining effective recruitment strategies for this population.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of direct versus mass and high- versus low-effort recruitment strategies on recruitment and retention of Latino smokers to a randomized smoking cessation trial. We also examine how the type of recruitment might have influenced the characteristics of enrolled participants.

Methods

Latino smokers were enrolled into Decídetexto from 4 states—New Jersey, Kansas, Missouri, and New York. Participants were recruited from August 2018 until March 2021. Mass recruitment strategies included English and Spanish advertisements to the Latino community via flyers, Facebook ads, newspapers, television, radio, church bulletins, and our Decídetexto website. Direct, high-effort strategies included referrals from clinics or community-based organizations with whom we partnered, in-person community outreach, and patient registry calls. Direct, low-effort strategies included texting or emailing pre-existing lists of patients who smoked. A team of trained bilingual (English and Spanish) recruiters from 9 different Spanish-speaking countries of origin conducted recruitment, assessed eligibility, and enrolled participants into the trial.

Results

Of 1112 individuals who were screened, 895 (80.5%) met eligibility criteria, and 457 (457/895, 51.1%) enrolled in the trial. Within the pool of screened individuals, those recruited by low-effort recruitment strategies (both mass and direct) were significantly more likely to be eligible (odds ratio [OR] 1.67, 95% CI 1.01-2.76 and OR 1.70, 95% CI 0.98-2.96, respectively) and enrolled in the trial (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.81-3.73 and OR 3.02, 95% CI 2.03-4.51, respectively) compared with those enrolled by direct, high-effort strategies. Among participants enrolled, the retention rates at 3 months and 6 months among participants recruited via low-effort strategies (both mass and direct) were similar to participants recruited via direct, high-effort methods. Compared with enrolled participants recruited via direct (high- and low-effort) strategies, participants recruited via mass strategies were less likely to have health insurance (44.0% vs 71.2% and 71.7%, respectively; P<.001), lived fewer years in the United States (22.4 years vs 32.4 years and 30.3 years, respectively; P<.001), more likely to be 1st generation (92.7% vs 76.5% and 77.5%, respectively; P=.007), more likely to primarily speak Spanish (89.3% vs 65.8% and 66.3%, respectively), and more likely to be at high risk for alcohol abuse (5.8 mean score vs 3.8 mean score and 3.9 mean score, respectively; P<.001).

Conclusions

Although most participants were recruited via direct, high-effort strategies, direct low-effort recruitment strategies yielded a screening pool more likely to be eligible for the trial. Mass recruitment strategies were associated with fewer acculturated enrollees with lower access to health services—groups who might benefit a great deal from the intervention.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03586596; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03586596

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

RR2-DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106188

Association between aspects of social support and health-related quality of life domains among African American and White breast cancer survivors

PURPOSE

Social support is associated with breast cancer survivors' health-related quality of life (HRQoL). More nuanced information is needed regarding aspects of social support associated with different HRQoL domains among diverse populations. We assessed the association between emotional/informational and tangible support and five HRQoL domains and evaluated race as an effect modifier.

METHODS

African American and White women (n = 545) diagnosed with hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer completed a survey that assessed sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors. We assessed bivariate relationships between emotional/informational and tangible support along with overall HRQoL and each HRQoL domain.We tested interactions between race and emotional/informational and tangible social support using linear regression.

RESULTS

The sample included African American (29%) and White (71%) breast cancer survivors. Emotional/informational social support had a statistically significant positive association with emotional well-being (β = .08, p = 0.005), social well-being (β = 0.36, p < 0.001), functional well-being (β = .22, p < .001), breast cancer concerns (β = .16, p = 0.002), and overall HRQoL (β = .83, p < .001). Similarly, tangible social support had a statistically significant positive association with emotional well-being (β = .14, p = 0.004), social well-being (β = .51, p < .001), functional well-being (β = .39, p < .001), and overall HRQoL (β = 1.27, p < .001). The interactions between race and social support were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Results underscore the importance of the different social support types among breast cancer survivors, regardless of survivors' race.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

Population-based interventions can be standardized and disseminated to provide guidance on how to increase emotional/information and tangible support for all breast cancer survivors by caregivers, health providers, and communities.

Feasibility and Effectiveness of Recruiting Latinos in Decídetexto-A Smoking Cessation Clinical Trial from an Emergency Department Patient Registry

There is an underrepresentation of Latinos in smoking cessation clinical trials. This study describes the feasibility and effectiveness of recruiting Latino smokers in the U.S. from an emergency department (ED) patient registry into a randomized smoking cessation clinical trial. Recruitment occurred from the Hackensack University Medical Center ED. Potential participants were contacted from a patient registry. The primary outcome was whether the participant responded to a call or text. Secondary outcomes included the best day of the week, week of the month, and time of day to obtain a response. Of the 1680 potential participants, 1132 were called (67.5%), while 548 (32.5%) were texted. For calls, response rate was higher compared to text (26.4% vs 6.4%; p < 0.001). More participants were interested in the study when contacted by calls compared to text (11.4% vs. 1.8%) and more participants were enrolled in the study when contacted by calls compared to text (1.1% vs. 0.2%). Regression models showed that ethnicity, age, time of day, and week of the month were not significantly associated with response rates. Recruitment of Latinos from an ED patient registry into a smoking cessation clinical trial is feasible using call and text, although enrollment may be low.

Patient‐reported outcomes following autologous stem cell transplant for patients with multiple myeloma

We evaluated changes in patient‐reported outcomes and cognitive function from pre‐ to 3–6 months post‐treatment among 42 newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma undergoing transplant with complete data using PROMIS‐29. There were statistically significant improvements in physical (p < .001) and mental health (p < .001) but not cognition from pre‐treatment to 3–6 month follow‐up. Similar results were seen within age or comorbidity strata. Patients with myeloma undergoing transplant experienced generally improved short‐term health outcomes with no significant declines in cognition.

Development and pilot testing of a training for bilingual community education professionals about hereditary breast and ovarian cancer among Latinas: ÁRBOLES Familiares

Cancer health disparities remain a significant problem in the USA, compounded by lack of access to care, language barriers and systemic biases in health care. These disparities are particularly evident in areas such as genetics/genomics. For example, Latinas at high risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) have extremely low rates of genetic counseling/testing. Long-standing barriers and inequities in access to services such as genetic counseling and testing require innovative solutions. One solution can involve training community outreach and education professionals (CORE-Ps) to bridge the gap between underserved communities and genetic specialists. We sought to develop and pilot test a training program for English-Spanish bilingual CORE-Ps to reduce disparities in access to and uptake of genetic services among Latino populations. Guided by Adult Learning Theory and with input from multiple stakeholders, we developed ÁRBOLES Familiares (Family Trees), an in-person and online training program for bilingual CORE-Ps to facilitate identification, referral, and navigation of Latinas to genetic counseling/testing. We conducted a pilot test of 24 CORE-Ps recruited from across the United States and assessed knowledge, genetic literacy, and self-efficacy at baseline and follow-up. At follow-up, participants in the pilot with complete baseline and follow-up data (N = 15) demonstrated significant improvements in HBOC knowledge, genetic literacy, self-efficacy and reports of fewer barriers to identify/navigate Latinas (ps < .05). Qualitative assessment identified ways to improve the training curriculum. Pilot results suggest ÁRBOLES is a promising approach for training CORE-Ps to identify and refer high-risk Latinas to genetic services. Next steps involve further refinement of ÁRBOLES, development of an online toolkit, and adaptation for virtual delivery.

Community research collaboration to develop a promotores-based hereditary breast cancer education program for Spanish-speaking Latinas

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in Latinas and the leading cause of cancer death. Latinas tend to be diagnosed at later stages, receive poorer quality care and have a higher risk of mortality than non-Latina White (NLW) women. Among women with a genetic predisposition to hereditary BC, genetic counseling can be beneficial. Latinas participate in genetic counseling at lower rates than NLW women. The goal of this study was to develop comprehensive, culturally appropriate materials for community health educators (promotores)-led hereditary BC education program for Spanish-speaking Latinas. We developed the curriculum through feedback from 7 focus groups, with a total of 68 participants (35 promotores and 33 community members). We used a mixed-methods approach that relied on quantitative analysis of survey questions and qualitative content analysis of the focus groups transcripts. Pre and post promotores' training survey responses suggested improvement in the promotores' cancer-related knowledge. Themes that emerged from the qualitative analyses were (i) barriers to health education and/or care; (ii) importance of educating the Latino community about BC and genetics and (iii) role of the promotores. Future research will further evaluate the impact of the program in promotores' knowledge and community members' screening behaviors.

A pilot randomized trial of an educational intervention to increase genetic counseling and genetic testing among Latina breast cancer survivors

Latinas are less likely to participate in genetic counseling (GC) and genetic testing (GT) than non-Hispanic Whites. A multisite, randomized pilot study tested a culturally targeted educational intervention to increase uptake of GC/GT among Latina breast cancer (BC) survivors (N = 52). Participants were recruited in Tampa, FL and Ponce, PR and randomized to: (a) fact sheet about BC survivorship (control) or (b) a culturally targeted educational booklet about GC/GT (intervention). Participants in the intervention condition were also offered no-cost telephone GC followed by free GT with mail-based saliva sample collection. Participants self-reported hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) knowledge and emotional distress at baseline and 1- and 3-month follow-ups. We used logistic regression to examine differences in GC/GT uptake by study arm (primary outcome) and repeated measures ANOVA to examine the effects of study arm and time on HBOC knowledge and emotional distress (secondary outcomes). Compared to the control arm, intervention participants were more likely to complete GC (ORIntervention  = 13.92, 95% CI = 3.06-63.25, p < .01) and GT (ORIntervention  = 12.93, 95% CI = 2.82-59.20, p < .01). Study site did not predict uptake of GC (p = .08) but Ponce participants were more likely to complete GT (ORPonce  = 4.53, 95% CI = 1.04-19.72, p = .04). ANOVAs demonstrated an increase in HBOC knowledge over time across both groups (F(2,88) = 12.24, p < .01, ηp2  = 0.22). We also found a significant interaction of study arm and time, such that intervention participants demonstrated a greater and sustained (to the 3-month follow-up) increase in knowledge than control participants (F(2,88) = 3.66, p = .03, ηp2  = 0.08). No other main or interaction effects were significant (all p's> .15). Study findings demonstrate the potential of our culturally targeted print intervention. Lessons learned from this multisite pilot study for enhancing GC/GT in Latinas include the need to attend to both access to GC/GT and individual factors such as attitudes and knowledge.

Overcoming Disparities in Cancer: A Need for Meaningful Reform for Hispanic and Latino Cancer Survivors

Hispanic and Latino (HL) cancer survivors are at a critical disadvantage compared with non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients regarding sociodemographic adversities and access to equitable treatment options. By 2030, there will be about four million HL cancer survivors in the U.S., representing nearly 20% of survivors in this country. Hispanics and Latinos are subjected to significant challenges in accessing and receiving equitable care relative to NHWs. Hispanics and Latinos also experience lower rates of health insurance and financial resources, limiting health care options. These disparities often originate from disparate social determinants of health, including lower funding for education and school programs, greater neighborhood stressors and violence, lower access to healthy and affordable food, and greater barriers to community health and exercise opportunities. Even among HL cancer survivors with proper access to health care, they experience disparate treatment options, including low inclusion in clinical trials and/or access to experimental therapies. A solution to these barriers necessitates complex and systemic changes that involve, for example, investing in public health programs, increasing the diversity and cultural awareness of the medical workforce, and promoting research opportunities such as clinical trials that are inclusive of HLs. Only through meaningful reform will equitable cancer care be available for all in the U.S. regardless of racial and/or ethnic background. This article reviews some of the critical social determinants of health and biases relevant to HL cancer survivors and provides recommendations for achieving cancer health equity. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Hispanics and Latinos experience a significant and often disproportionate cancer-related burden compared with non-Hispanic and Latino White individuals and other racial and ethnic groups. Meaningful reform to achieve health equity in oncology should focus on approaches to gaining trust among diverse patients, cultural and community sensitivity and engagement in oncology care and research, diversifying the workforce, and improving inclusion in clinical trial participation. Taken together, these recommendations can lead to exemplary and equitable care for all patients.

Overcoming Disparities in Cancer: A Need for Meaningful Reform for Hispanic and Latino Cancer Survivors

Hispanic and Latino (HL) cancer survivors are at a critical disadvantage compared with non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients regarding sociodemographic adversities and access to equitable treatment options. By 2030, there will be about four million HL cancer survivors in the U.S., representing nearly 20% of survivors in this country. Hispanics and Latinos are subjected to significant challenges in accessing and receiving equitable care relative to NHWs. Hispanics and Latinos also experience lower rates of health insurance and financial resources, limiting health care options. These disparities often originate from disparate social determinants of health, including lower funding for education and school programs, greater neighborhood stressors and violence, lower access to healthy and affordable food, and greater barriers to community health and exercise opportunities. Even among HL cancer survivors with proper access to health care, they experience disparate treatment options, including low inclusion in clinical trials and/or access to experimental therapies. A solution to these barriers necessitates complex and systemic changes that involve, for example, investing in public health programs, increasing the diversity and cultural awareness of the medical workforce, and promoting research opportunities such as clinical trials that are inclusive of HLs. Only through meaningful reform will equitable cancer care be available for all in the U.S. regardless of racial and/or ethnic background. This article reviews some of the critical social determinants of health and biases relevant to HL cancer survivors and provides recommendations for achieving cancer health equity. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Hispanics and Latinos experience a significant and often disproportionate cancer-related burden compared with non-Hispanic and Latino White individuals and other racial and ethnic groups. Meaningful reform to achieve health equity in oncology should focus on approaches to gaining trust among diverse patients, cultural and community sensitivity and engagement in oncology care and research, diversifying the workforce, and improving inclusion in clinical trial participation. Taken together, these recommendations can lead to exemplary and equitable care for all patients.

The Genetic Education for Men (GEM) Trial: Development of Web-Based Education for Untested Men in BRCA1/2-Positive Families

Cascade testing for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer is an important public health priority. Increasing attention has been paid to the relevance of testing for men within BRCA1/2-positive families given that such testing may provide important information about their cancer risks, particularly for prostate cancer, and risks to their offspring. However, men are much less likely to seek genetic counseling and testing than their at-risk female relatives. To facilitate access to pre-test information and testing, we developed a web-based intervention (WI) for men that we are evaluating in a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT). This paper describes three phases of research in the development of the WI: (1) formative (qualitative) research among men from BRCA1/2 families to assess needs and preferences for education; (2) a detailed description of the organization, format, and content of the WI; and (3) usability testing. We discuss the aims and hypotheses of the pilot RCT in which the WI is being compared with an enhanced usual care condition among at-risk men. We expect that the WI described here will foster informed decisions and lead to increased use of BRCA1/2 counseling and testing, potentially yielding improved cancer control outcomes for this understudied group, and for their at-risk relatives.

Impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on colorectal cancer patient survival: An analysis of 890,867 patients in the National Cancer Database (NCDB)

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Background: SES has been associated with outcomes in cancer patients (pts). We examined associations between SES and survival of pts with colorectal cancers (CRC). Methods: The NCDB was used to examine the association of SES status with clinicopathological features and outcomes of colorectal cancer pts, categorized by the income and education level of their area of residence. Logistic regression, Cox proportional hazard model, and chi-square test were used to examine the differences between groups. Results: A retrospective analysis of 890,867 pts with CRC (right-sided 34.1%, transverse 11.9%, left-sided 46.2%, and rectal 7.8%) diagnosed between 2004 and 2016, was conducted. About half the pts were male (51.4%); 84.3% were white, 11.2% black, and 4.5% of other races. Overall, 30.8% of pts lived in the highest and 18.4% in the lowest income areas. Twenty-three percent lived in areas comprising the highest high school graduation rate areas (>93%), while 17.4% lived in the lowest (< 79%). Compared to pts living in high-income areas, pts living in the lowest income areas were more likely to be black (OR 6.2, 6.1-6.3), present at a younger age (18-30 yrs vs. >70 yrs; OR 1.28, 1.18-1.39), have T3/T4 disease at presentation (OR 1.03, 95%CI 1.02-1.04), left-sided tumors (OR 1.05, 1.04-1.06), higher Charlson-Deyo score (OR 1.34, 1.33-1.36), and have Medicaid (OR: 3.9, 3.8-4.0) or no health insurance (OR: 2.9, 2.8-3.0). Tumor location and grade, stage, age, sex, race, ethnicity, income, education, insurance status, Charlson-Deyo score, and type of treatment center were independent predictors for survival in the multivariate analysis. Pts living in the lowest income and lowest education areas had a 13% and 4% higher risk of death, respectively, compared to pts in the highest income areas and education areas. Black pts had a 7% increased risk of death. Pts with Medicaid and no insurance coverage had a 44% and 29% increased risk of death, respectively, compared to pts with private insurance. Conclusions: CRC pts living in areas of low income and low education had worse survival. Insurance status and type of treatment center also have a strong impact on survival. Sociodemographic characteristics need to be taken into account and studied further, with the aim of improving outcomes for all pts. [Table: see text]

Socioeconomic status (SES) and survival outcomes in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancers: An analysis of 1.4 million patients in the National Cancer Database (NCDB)

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Background: SES and access to care are factors that may impact patient outcomes. We examined the impact of SES on survival in patients (pts) with GI cancers. Methods: Data obtained from the NCDB were used to examine the association between SES and outcomes of GI cancer pts. Pts were categorized by income and education levels. Logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards models, and chi-square tests were used to examine the differences between the groups. Results: A total of 1,409,177 pts diagnosed with GI cancers between 2004 and 2016 were retrospectively studied (table). The majority of pts were male (54.3%), and 83.7% were white, 11.5% black, and 4.7% of other races. Of the entire cohort, 31% of pts lived in the highest income areas, whereas 18.3% were in the lowest and 50.6% in middle-income areas; 23% lived in the highest high school graduation rate (>93%) areas, whereas 17.4% lived in the lowest graduation rate (< 79%) areas; and 82.4% resided in metropolitan areas. Pts in the lowest compared to highest income areas were more likely to be black (OR: 6.5, 6.4-6.6), uninsured (2.9, 2.8-3.0), or have Medicaid (4.13, 4.04-4.22), and have a Charlson-Deyo score ≥ 1 (1.35, 1.33-1.36). In the multivariate analysis, cancer type, stage, tumor differentiation, income, education, insurance status, gender, race, Charlson-Deyo score, and type of treatment center were independent predictors for survival. After controlling for other factors, black pts had a 3% increased risk of death (HRadj = 1.03; 1.02-1.03; p < 0.001). Pts from lowest vs highest education areas had a 2% increased risk of death (HRadj = 1.02; 1.01-1.03; p < 0.001). Pts from the lowest income vs highest income areas had a 13% increased risk of death (HRadj = 1.13; 1.12-1.14; p < 0.001). Pts with Medicaid insurance had a 33% (HRadj: 1.33, CI 1.32-1.34, p < 0.001) and uninsured pts had 22% (HRadj: 1.22 (1.20-1.23, p < 0.001) increased risk of death compared to pts with private insurance. Pts from urban or rural areas vs metropolitan areas had a 1% increased risk of death (HRadj = 1.01; 1.00-1.02; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Low SES is associated with worse survival in pts with any GI cancer. Pts with low-income status and Medicaid or no health insurance had the highest risk of mortality. These stark inequities must be addressed with renewed efforts to identify, treat, and better support pts at highest risk for poor outcomes. [Table: see text]

Examination of individual and multiple comorbid conditions and health-related quality of life in older cancer survivors

PURPOSE

Older cancer survivors (≥ 65 years at diagnosis) are at high-risk for multimorbidity (2 + comorbid conditions). However, few studies have utilized a generalizable sample of older cancer survivors to understand how individual comorbid conditions, as opposed to total comorbidity burden, are associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL). We examined associations between HRQOL outcomes (pain, fatigue, physical function), individual comorbidities (cardiovascular disease [CVD], lung disease, diabetes, arthritis) and total comorbidity (cancer-only, cancer + 1 condition, cancer + 2 or more conditions).

METHODS

Utilizing a population-based sample of 2019 older cancer survivors, we tested associations between comorbid conditions and the HRQOL outcomes using generalized linear models. HRQOL domains were assessed using Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System^® (PROMIS^®) measures. Comorbidity was assessed via self-report.

RESULTS

Cancer survivors with lung disease reported significantly worse physical functioning (β = - 4.96, p < 0.001), survivors with arthritis reported significantly higher pain (β = 4.37, p < 0.001), and survivors with CVD reported significantly higher fatigue (β = 3.45, p < 0.001) compared to survivors without each condition. Having cancer + 1 condition was not as strongly associated with all outcomes as when individual conditions were tested (e.g. pain: β = 3.09, p < 0.001). Having 2+ comorbidities had a stronger association with all outcomes (e.g. physical function: β = - 7.51, p < 0.001) than examining conditions individually.

CONCLUSIONS

Knowing the specific comorbid condition profile of an older cancer survivor provides insight into specific HRQOL outcomes that may be impaired in cancer survivorship, but understanding total comorbidity burden, regardless of the specific conditions, sheds light on survivors at-risk for multiple impairments in HRQOL. This information, taken together, can inform risk-stratified survivorship care.

Cancer health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities in the United States

There are well-established disparities in cancer incidence and outcomes by race/ethnicity that result from the interplay between structural, socioeconomic, socio-environmental, behavioural and biological factors. However, large research studies designed to investigate factors contributing to cancer aetiology and progression have mainly focused on populations of European origin. The limitations in clinicopathological and genetic data, as well as the reduced availability of biospecimens from diverse populations, contribute to the knowledge gap and have the potential to widen cancer health disparities. In this review, we summarise reported disparities and associated factors in the United States of America (USA) for the most common cancers (breast, prostate, lung and colon), and for a subset of other cancers that highlight the complexity of disparities (gastric, liver, pancreas and leukaemia). We focus on populations commonly identified and referred to as racial/ethnic minorities in the USA-African Americans/Blacks, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asians, Native Hawaiians/other Pacific Islanders and Hispanics/Latinos. We conclude that even though substantial progress has been made in understanding the factors underlying cancer health disparities, marked inequities persist. Additional efforts are needed to include participants from diverse populations in the research of cancer aetiology, biology and treatment. Furthermore, to eliminate cancer health disparities, it will be necessary to facilitate access to, and utilisation of, health services to all individuals, and to address structural inequities, including racism, that disproportionally affect racial/ethnic minorities in the USA.

Management of Distress in Patients with Cancer-Are We Doing the Right Thing?

BACKGROUND

Screening for distress and referral for the provision of psychosocial care is currently the preferred approach to the management of distress in patients with cancer. To date, this approach has shown a limited effect on the reduction of distress. Recent commentaries have argued that the implementation of distress screening should be improved. On the other hand, the underlying assumption that a referral for psychosocial care is required for distressed patients can be questioned. This has led to the development of an alternative approach, called emotional support and case finding.

PURPOSE

In the context of finding innovative solutions to tomorrow's health challenges, we explore ways to optimize distress management in patients with cancer.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We discuss three different approaches: (i) optimization of screening and referral, (ii) provision of emotional support and case finding, and (iii) a hybrid approach with multiple assessments, using mobile technology.

CONCLUSIONS

We suggest continued research on the screening and referral approach, to broaden the evidence-base on improving emotional support and case finding, and to evaluate the utility of multiple assessments of distress with new interactive mobile tools. Lessons learned from these efforts can be applied to other disease areas, such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes.

Decídetexto: Mobile cessation support for Latino smokers. Study protocol for a randomized clinical trial

INTRODUCTION

Latinos, the largest minority group in the U.S., experience tobacco-related disparities, including limited access to cessation resources. Evidence supports the efficacy of mobile interventions for smoking cessation, which may be greater among Latinos, the highest users of text messaging.

OBJECTIVES

To describe the methodology of a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the impact of Decídetexto, a culturally appropriate mobile smoking cessation intervention versus standard care on smoking abstinence (cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence) at Month 6 among Latino smokers.

METHODS

Latino smokers (N = 618) will be randomized to one of two conditions: 1) Decídetexto or 2) standard of care. Decídetexto is a mobile smoking cessation intervention (available in English and Spanish) that incorporates three integrated components: 1) a tablet-based software that collects smoking-related information to develop an individualized quit plan, 2) a 24-week text messaging counseling program with interactive capabilities, and 3) pharmacotherapy support. Decídetexto follows the Social Cognitive Theory as theoretical framework. Standard of care consists of printed smoking cessation materials along with referral to telephone quitline. Participants in both groups are given access to free pharmacotherapy (nicotine patches or gum) by calling study phone number. Promotores de Salud will rely on community-based approaches and clinical settings to recruit smokers into the study. All participants will complete follow-up assessments at Week 12 and Month 6.

DISCUSSION

If successful, Decídetexto will be ready to be implemented in different community- and clinic-based settings to reduce tobacco-related disparities.

Process evaluation of a culturally targeted video for Latinas at risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer

This paper presents a process evaluation of a culturally targeted narrative video about hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) for Latina women at risk for HBOC. Spanish-speaking Latina women at risk for HBOC participated in a single arm study (n = 40). Participants watched the video developed by the authors and responded to surveys. We used mixed methods to assess theoretical constructs that are hypothesized mediators of narrative interventions (i.e., transportation or engagement, identification with characters, emotions) and implementation outcomes (e.g., acceptability). Descriptive statistics summarized theoretical constructs and implementation outcomes. We conducted Mann-Whitney U tests to assess the differences in theoretical and implementation outcomes between participants who were affected versus. unaffected and participants with different levels of education and health literacy. We used the consensual qualitative research framework to analyze qualitative data. Participants' mean age was 47.1 years (SD = 9.48). Most participants were high school graduates or less (62.5%). Acceptability of the video was extremely high (Md = 10.0, IQR = 0.2, scale 1-10). Most (82.5%) suggested video dissemination be through social media. Participants were highly engaged (Md = 5.7, IQR = 1.5, scale 1-7), strongly identified with the main character (Md = 8.7, IQR = 2.6, scale 1-10), and reported experiencing mostly positive emotions (Md = 9.5, IQR = 2.8, scale 1-10). Participants with low health literacy and affected participants reported a significantly higher identification with the main character (p<.05). Qualitative data reinforced the quantitative findings. Women reported gaining knowledge, correcting misconceptions, and feeling empowered. Our culturally targeted video is highly acceptable and targets mechanisms of behavior change for narrative interventions. The video is easily disseminable and can be used as an education tool for patients including affected and unaffected women and patients with different education and health literacy levels. Future studies should test the impact of the video in enhancing genetic counseling and testing uptake.

BRCA1/2 mutations and risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy among Latinas: The UPTAKE study

Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) is a risk management approach with strong evidence of mortality reduction for women with germline mutations in the tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2). Few studies to date have evaluated uptake of BSO in women from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds who carry BRCA1/2 mutations. The objective of the UPTAKE study was to explore rates and predictors of risk-reducing BSO among Latinas affected and unaffected with breast cancer who had a deleterious BRCA1/2 mutation. We recruited 100 Latina women with deleterious BRCA1/2 mutations from community hospitals, academic health systems, community, and advocacy organizations. Women completed interviews in Spanish or English. We obtained copies of genetic test reports for participants who provided signed medical release. After performing threefold cross-validation LASSO for variable selection, we used multiple logistic regression to identify demographic and clinical predictors of BSO. Among 100 participants, 68 had undergone BSO at the time of interview. Of these 68, 35 were US-born (61% of all US-born participants) and 33 were not (77% of the non-US-born participants). Among Latinas with BRCA1/2 mutations, older age (p = 0.004), personal history of breast cancer (p = 0.003), higher income (p = 0.002), and not having a full-time job (p = 0.027) were identified as variables significantly associated with uptake of BSO. Results suggest a high rate of uptake of risk-reducing BSO among a sample of Latinas with BRCA1/2 mutations living in the US. We document factors associated with BSO uptake in a diverse sample of women. Relevant to genetic counseling, our findings identify possible targets for supporting Latinas' decision-making about BSO following receipt of a positive BRCA1/2 test.

Moderators of the effect of psychosocial interventions on fatigue in women with breast cancer and men with prostate cancer: Individual patient data meta-analyses

OBJECTIVE

Psychosocial interventions can reduce cancer-related fatigue effectively. However, it is still unclear if intervention effects differ across subgroups of patients. These meta-analyses aimed at evaluating moderator effects of (a) sociodemographic characteristics, (b) clinical characteristics, (c) baseline levels of fatigue and other symptoms, and (d) intervention-related characteristics on the effect of psychosocial interventions on cancer-related fatigue in patients with non-metastatic breast and prostate cancer.

METHODS

Data were retrieved from the Predicting OptimaL cAncer RehabIlitation and Supportive care (POLARIS) consortium. Potential moderators were studied with meta-analyses of pooled individual patient data from 14 randomized controlled trials through linear mixed-effects models with interaction tests. The analyses were conducted separately in patients with breast (n = 1091) and prostate cancer (n = 1008).

RESULTS

Statistically significant, small overall effects of psychosocial interventions on fatigue were found (breast cancer: β = -0.19 [95% confidence interval (95%CI) = -0.30; -0.08]; prostate cancer: β = -0.11 [95%CI = -0.21; -0.00]). In both patient groups, intervention effects did not differ significantly by sociodemographic or clinical characteristics, nor by baseline levels of fatigue or pain. For intervention-related moderators (only tested among women with breast cancer), statistically significant larger effects were found for cognitive behavioral therapy as intervention strategy (β = -0.27 [95%CI = -0.40; -0.15]), fatigue-specific interventions (β = -0.48 [95%CI = -0.79; -0.18]), and interventions that only targeted patients with clinically relevant fatigue (β = -0.85 [95%CI = -1.40; -0.30]).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings did not provide evidence that any selected demographic or clinical characteristic, or baseline levels of fatigue or pain, moderated effects of psychosocial interventions on fatigue. A specific focus on decreasing fatigue seems beneficial for patients with breast cancer with clinically relevant fatigue.

Behavioral and social scientists' reflections on genomics: a systematic evaluation within the Society of Behavioral Medicine

Clinical and public health translation of genomics could be facilitated by expertise from behavioral medicine, yet genomics has not been a significant focus of the Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM). SBM convened a working group (WG) to lead a systematic exploration of members' views on: (a) whether SBM should give a higher priority to genomic translation and (b) what efforts, if any, should be made to support this increased engagement. The WG used a stepped process over 2 years that began by gaining input from SBM leadership regarding key issues and suggestions for approach, engaging a cross section of membership to expand and record these discussions, followed by systematic qualitative analyses to inform priority action steps. Discussions with SBM leaders and members suggested that genomics was relevant to SBM, particularly for junior members. SBM members' expertise in social and behavioral theory, and implementation study designs, were viewed as highly relevant to genomic translation. Participants expressed that behavioral and social scientists should be engaged in translational genomics work, giving special attention to health disparities. Proposed action steps are aligned with a "push-pull" framework of innovation dissemination. "Push" strategies aim to reach potential adopters and included linking members with genomics expertise to those wanting to become involved and raising awareness of evidence-based genomic applications ready for implementation. "Pull" strategies aim to expand demand and included developing partnerships with genomics societies and advocating for funding, study section modifications, and training programs.

Effects and moderators of coping skills training on symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with cancer: Aggregate data and individual patient data meta-analyses

PURPOSE

This study evaluated the effects of coping skills training (CST) on symptoms of depression and anxiety in cancer patients, and investigated moderators of the effects.

METHODS

Overall effects and intervention-related moderators were studied in meta-analyses of pooled aggregate data from 38 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Patient-related moderators were examined using linear mixed-effect models with interaction tests on pooled individual patient data (n = 1953) from 15 of the RCTs.

RESULTS

CST had a statistically significant but small effect on depression (g = -0.31,95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.40;-0.22) and anxiety (g = -0.32,95%CI = -0.41;-0.24) symptoms. Effects on depression symptoms were significantly larger for interventions delivered face-to-face (p = .003), led by a psychologist (p = .02) and targeted to patients with psychological distress (p = .002). Significantly larger reductions in anxiety symptoms were found in younger patients (p_interaction < 0.025), with the largest reductions in patients <50 years (β = -0.31,95%CI = -0.44;-0.18) and no significant effects in patients ≥70 years. Effects of CST on depression (β = -0.16,95%CI = -0.25;-0.07) and anxiety (β = -0.24,95%CI = -0.33;-0.14) symptoms were significant in patients who received chemotherapy but not in patients who did not (p_interaction < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

CST significantly reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety in cancer patients, and particularly when delivered face-to-face, provided by a psychologist, targeted to patients with psychological distress, and given to patients who were younger and received chemotherapy.

Oncology fellows’ survivorship clinic: An opportunity for education and multidisciplinary care delivery

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Background: Cancer survivors in the U.S. are expected to exceed 20 million by 2026. Most fellows do not receive formal training in survivorship during oncology fellowship despite cancer survivorship comprising 2% of the American Board of Internal Medicine's Oncology examination and the recent accreditation standards related to survivorship care from the Commission on Cancer. Methods: We developed a survivorship curriculum and a multidisciplinary survivorship clinic staffed by a medical oncologist and physiatrist in September 2018. Oncology fellows rotated during their ambulatory block and completed surveys assessing skills and perceptions of competence at the beginning and end of the academic year. Results: 8 fellows completed the pre-survey and 6 of them completed the post-survey. While only a quarter had delivered a survivorship care plan/treatment summary prior to starting clinic, all fellows had delivered these (median=2, range=2-8) at the end of the year. Most fellows had seen survivors of breast, colorectal and hematologic malignancies prior to starting clinic; few had seen survivors with lung (12.5%), GU (0%) or head and neck (25%) cancer. These numbers increased, particularly with fellows’ seeing survivors of GU (50%) and head and neck cancers (100%) at the end of the year. Prior to the rotation less than half the fellows had assisted with managing cancer survivors’ treatment consequences or provided continuity of care through a multidisciplinary team. Similarly, only 25% had counseled cancer survivors with psychosocial concerns. On the post-survey, 100% of fellows reported practicing and feeling experienced in these domains. Post- survey showed improvement in self-reported competence levels in caring for cancer survivors (see Table). Conclusions: Participating in a survivorship clinic has a positive impact on oncology fellows’ experience and competence in caring for cancer survivors. Future directions are geared toward expansion of fellows’ skills to include areas related to cardiovascular and physical medicine. [Table: see text]

Effect of linguistic acculturation on self-efficacy and anxiety in caregivers of Latina breast cancer survivors

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Background: Latina breast cancer survivors and their caregivers face unique challenges. Acculturation is the acquisition of the cultural elements of a dominant society. Higher acculturation in Latino survivors is positively correlated with self-efficacy in patient-provider communication and improved patient-reported outcomes. There is a paucity of research on how language acculturation affects caregiver and patient outcomes. We examined associations over time between linguistic acculturation among caregivers of Latina survivors and outcomes of caregiver self-efficacy and anxiety. Methods: We partnered with four community-based organizations that serve Latino families facing cancer. We enrolled 136 Latina breast cancer survivors and their caregivers for a randomized trial comparing a dyadic coping intervention to usual care (e.g., support groups). Participants completed surveys including demographic and clinical information, the short acculturation scale for Hispanics, caregiver inventory to assess self-efficacy and PROMIS domains of anxiety at baseline and 6-months after the intervention. Results: In multivariate linear regressions models, we examined the effect of acculturation on caregiver self-efficacy and anxiety, controlling for demographics (patient and caregiver age, caregiver education, employment), patient treatment history (chemotherapy and surgery) patient and caregiver language preference (Spanish or English) and intervention arm (intervention vs. usual care). Greater caregiver self-efficacy at 6-months was associated with younger patient age (t=-2.93, p=.004), older caregiver age (t=2.63, p = .01), female caregiver gender (t=2.79, p = .006) and higher acculturation (t=2.01, p=.04), controlling for baseline self-efficacy, patient language and randomization group. Caregiver anxiety was not related to caregiver acculturation or patient language preferences. Conclusions: Caregivers’ language acculturation was significantly associated with their self-efficacy over time, suggesting that caregivers with lower acculturation experience lower confidence in their provision of care for Latina survivors. These findings are particularly salient because participants for this study were enrolled from organizations with bilingual services. Caregivers of Latina survivors without access to these community resources may face even more striking challenges. Future work can explore how caregivers’ confidence relates to survivors’ adherence to care and patient outcomes over time.

Associations between patient-reported outcomes and physiatry assessments in an integrative model of a survivorship clinic

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Background: The Institute of Medicine and Commission on Cancer recommends delivery of comprehensive survivorship care to all cancer survivors. While models exist for high-quality survivorship care, institutions encounter barriers such as lack of resources and training in cancer survivorship. We introduce a shared-care model with physical medicine and rehab (PM&R) to provide comprehensive care to cancer survivors at MedStar Washington Hospital Center. Methods: We implemented a bimonthly survivorship clinic in September 2018, staffed by a medical oncologist, oncology fellow and a cancer rehabilitation fellow. We assessed patient reported outcomes through PROMIS short forms for physical functioning, companionship, satisfaction with social roles and depression. Physiatry assessments included the 6-minute walk test and the Timed Up and Go test. All patients received a treatment summary and survivorship care plan. Results: We evaluated 30 cancer survivors between Sept 2018 and December 2019; mean age was 55.6 years (SD = 10.6 years). Majority were female (60%) and Black (60%). Most patients were overweight or obese (93%) with a mean body mass index of 30.6 mg/m2 (SD = 4.7). Breast (43%) and hematologic malignancy (33%) were the most common cancer diagnoses. The median time between cancer remission and the clinic visit was 16 months (Range = 1 to 65 months). The average score for Timed Up and Go test was within the reference normal value of < 12 sec (8.22 seconds, n = 23). Average distance for the 6-minute walk test was 465.87 meters (n = 18). Survivor age was negatively correlated with the distance walked for the 6-min walk test (r = -0.51, p = 0.027). Better psychosocial functioning assessed with PROMIS were significantly associated with lower scores on the Timed Up and Go Test: satisfaction with social roles (r = -0.67, p = 0.033) and companionship (r = -0.64, p = 0.046); we identified a trend between Timed Up and Go scores and depression (r = 0.47, p = 0.099). Conclusions: An integrative survivorship clinic to provide multidisciplinary survivorship care is a feasible model and results suggest that patients’ physical functioning is significantly associated with psychosocial outcomes. Our approach highlights the importance of assessing both physical functioning and patient-reported outcomes. Future research can evaluate assessments of these outcomes over time.

Culturally Targeted Video Improves Psychosocial Outcomes in Latina Women at Risk of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer

Latina women at risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) have lower awareness, knowledge, and use of genetic counseling and testing services (GCT) than non-Latina Whites. Few interventions have been developed to reduce these disparities among at-risk Latinas. This pilot study assessed the impact of a culturally targeted narrative video developed by our team. The study included 40 Latina immigrants living in the United States who were at risk of HBOC, including affected and unaffected women. We assessed pre-post differences in psychosocial outcomes. Participants were 47.35 years old on average (SD = 9.48). Most (70%) were unaffected with cancer, had an annual income of $40,000 or less (65%), an education of High School or less (62.5%), and were uninsured (77.5%). The video significantly enhanced knowledge (p < 0.001), positive attitudes (p < 0.05), anticipatory positive emotions (p < 0.05), and intentions to participate in counseling (p < 0.001). Importantly, the video also significantly reduced negative attitudes (p < 0.05), and attitudinal ambivalence (p < 0.001). The culturally targeted video shows preliminary evidence in improving psychosocial outcomes related to GCT uptake in Latinas at risk for HBOC. This intervention is a promising easily-disseminable strategy to address disparities in GCT utilization.

Developing a culturally targeted video to enhance the use of genetic counseling in Latina women at increased risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer

Disparities for genetic cancer risk assessment (GCRA) for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) persist between Latina and non-Hispanic Whites. There are few tested culturally targeted interventions. We developed a culturally targeted video to enhance GCRA uptake in at-risk Latinas. Interviews with healthcare providers (n = 20) and at-risk Latinas (n = 20) were conducted as formative research to inform the development of the video. Findings from the formative research, health behavior conceptual models, and evidence-based risk communication strategies informed the messages for the script. Then, we conducted a focus group with at-risk Latinas (n = 7) to obtain feedback for final refinement of the script. The final video was piloted for acceptability and potential dissemination in a sample of Latino community health workers (CHWs) (n = 31). Providers and at-risk Latinas suggested using simple language and visual aids to facilitate comprehension. Participants in the focus group identified areas for further clarification (e.g., cost). The result was an 18-min video that illustrates "Rosa's" story. Rosa learns about HBOC risk factors and overcomes barriers to attend genetic counseling. CHWs reported high overall satisfaction with the video (M = 9.61, SD = .88, range 1-10). A culturally targeted video has the potential to reach underserved populations with low literacy and English proficiency.

Screening for psychosocial distress among patients with cancer: implications for clinical practice, healthcare policy, and dissemination to enhance cancer survivorship

Accreditation standards are at the forefront of evolving healthcare systems, setting metrics for high-quality care. Healthcare outcomes (health, experience, cost, provider satisfaction/burn out) are becoming mutual goals of the patient, provider, payer, and healthcare system. Achieving high-quality outcomes in cancer care necessitates collaboration among interdisciplinary teams of clinical providers, administrators, patient advocates, caregivers, and researchers. Dissemination and implementation science provides necessary frameworks to organize the efforts of these implementation teams, inclusive of identifying facilitators and barriers to implementation of accreditation standards. Since 2015, cancer distress screening has been mandated for continued cancer center accreditation by the American College of Surgeon's Commission on Cancer. Cancer centers have thus become real world implementation laboratories. We present the current context of distress screening, highlighting prior research and key areas of future research. We consider multiple levels of cancer care delivery and the use of interdisciplinary teams to help cancer center teams adopt, implement, and maintain efficient distress screening programs. Finally, we present a case study to identify methods for successful implementation of distress screening at one cancer center and then describe efficiencies that can be introduced using elements from human factors engineering, e- and m-health screening platforms, and community partnerships.

The science of peer support as applied to behavioral medicine and the care of individuals surviving with cancer: a commentary on "Peer mentors delivering a physical activity intervention for cancer survivors: effects among mentors by Pinto et al."

There is a critical gap between the resources available to promote health and wellness after cancer and services that address these public health goals. Researchers, policy makers, healthcare providers, and community stakeholders increasingly recognize the benefits of filling this gap with trained peer mentors who can provide health-promotion services to fellow cancer survivors. This commentary addresses a mixed-method study by Pinto and colleagues that investigated the responses and experiences of trained peer mentors who delivered their telephone-based physical activity intervention for breast cancer survivors. Their findings suggested that peer mentors did not experience harms from their role while revealing that peer mentors reported benefits related to helping themselves and helping others. Drawing on our expertise in peer support provision and peer mentoring, we address the significant opportunity offered by training peer mentors to deliver behavioral interventions, draw connections to relevant literatures and theoretical perspectives on potential benefits for peer mentors, and highlight the need for rigorous, theory-based research to determine the circumstances under which peer mentoring benefits mentors and the mechanisms underlying these benefits.

Effects and moderators of psychosocial interventions on quality of life, and emotional and social function in patients with cancer: An individual patient data meta-analysis of 22 RCTs

Objective

This individual patient data (IPD) meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of psychosocial interventions (PSI) on quality of life (QoL), emotional function (EF), and social function (SF) in patients with cancer, and to study moderator effects of demographic, clinical, personal, and intervention‐related characteristics.

Methods

Relevant studies were identified via literature searches in 4 databases. We pooled IPD from 22 (n = 4217) of 61 eligible randomized controlled trials. Linear mixed‐effect model analyses were used to study intervention effects on the post‐intervention values of QoL, EF, and SF (z‐scores), adjusting for baseline values, age, and cancer type. We studied moderator effects by testing interactions with the intervention for demographic, clinical, personal, and intervention‐related characteristics, and conducted subsequent stratified analyses for significant moderator variables.Results: PSI significantly improved QoL (β = 0.14,95%CI = 0.06;0.21), EF (β = 0.13,95%CI = 0.05;0.20), and SF (β = 0.10,95%CI = 0.03;0.18). Significant differences in effects of different types of PSI were found, with largest effects of psychotherapy. The effects of coping skills training were moderated by age, treatment type, and targeted interventions. Effects of psychotherapy on EF may be moderated by cancer type, but these analyses were based on 2 randomized controlled trials with small sample sizes of some cancer types.

Conclusions

PSI significantly improved QoL, EF, and SF, with small overall effects. However, the effects differed by several demographic, clinical, personal, and intervention‐related characteristics. Our study highlights the beneficial effects of coping skills training in patients treated with chemotherapy, the importance of targeted interventions, and the need of developing interventions tailored to the specific needs of elderly patients.

Long-term follow-up of mind-body medicine practices among medical school graduates

INTRODUCTION

We sought to determine the long-term use of mind-body medicine (MBM) skills after graduation from medical school.

METHODS

An online survey was sent to Georgetown University School of Medicine (GUSOM) graduates who completed at least one semester of a MBM skills training course. Using a quantitative-qualitative mixed-methods approach, we assessed the personal and professional practices of graduates, and identified factors that may influence practice/training after graduation.

RESULTS

Current personal practices were positively related to the level of the course completed and amount of home practice during medical school (N = 112). Over half the sample indicated they currently practice MBM and refer patients to MBM. Moreover, physician specialty and awareness of home institution MBM training was associated with MBM patient training and referral. Participants reported a dearth of MBM training at their home institutions, and provided qualitative insights about the personal and professional impact of MBM training as well as barriers to continued MBM practice.

CONCLUSIONS

The results provide preliminary evidence that MBM training during medical school may be related over time to physician trainee self-care and patient care. Rigorous tests of these relationships should be conducted in future work.

Biospecimen donation among black and white breast cancer survivors: opportunities to promote precision medicine

PURPOSE

Advances in precision medicine (PM) have potential to reduce and/or eliminate breast cancer disparities in both treatment and survivorship. However, compared to white Americans, black Americans are often underrepresented in genetic research. This report assessed factors that influence receipt of buccal cells via saliva kits.

METHODS

This prospective study recruited women with confirmed hormonal-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC). A standardized telephone survey collected sociodemographic, socio-cultural (e.g., religiosity), and healthcare process factors. Clinical information was abstracted from medical records. After the baseline survey, return postage-paid envelopes and mouthwash collection kits were mailed. Univariate and adjusted logistic regression models estimated the probability of biospecimen donation.

RESULTS

Seventy percent of the sample provided buccal cells which were of good quality. No differences were noted by race or other demographic factors. In the multivariable logistic model, time spent with providers (OR 1.61 per 1-point increase; 95% CI 1.242, 2.088) and religiosity (OR 0.957 per 1-point increase; 95% CI 0.931, 0.984) remained associated with biospecimen provision. Women with lower-stage cancer (vs. higher stage III+) were more likely to donate biospecimens (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Cancer care experiences predicted specimen donation. Understanding the contextual reasons for lower receipt among women with higher religiosity scores and higher stage warrants further examination.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

PM is relevant to cancer survivors because of its potential to inform targeted therapies, understand disease resistance, and aide in prediction of toxicity and/or recurrence. Future efforts to launch precision medicine trials with BC survivors may benefit from engaging medical oncologists and/or leveraging patient-provider encounters for trial participation.

Genomic Disparities in Breast Cancer Among Latinas

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among Latinas in the United States and the leading cause of cancer-related death among this population. Latinas tend to be diagnosed at a later stage and have worse prognostic features than their non-Hispanic white counterparts. Genetic and genomic factors may contribute to observed breast cancer health disparities in Latinas.

METHODS

We provide a landscape of our current understanding and the existing gaps that need to be filled across the cancer prevention and control continuum.

RESULTS

We summarize available data on mutations in high and moderate penetrance genes for inherited risk of breast cancer and the associated literature on disparities in awareness of and uptake of genetic counseling and testing in Latina populations. We also discuss common genetic polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer in Latinas. In the treatment setting, we examine tumor genomics and pharmacogenomics in Latina patients with breast cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

As the US population continues to diversify, extending genetic and genomic research into this underserved and understudied population is critical. By understanding the risk of breast cancer among ethnically diverse populations, we will be better positioned to make treatment advancements for earlier stages of cancer, identify more effective and ideally less toxic treatment regimens, and increase rates of survival.