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Nogales P, Velasco C, Gonzalez-Cintado L, Morales Cano D, Mota-Cobián A, Mota RA, Torroja C, Sharysh D, Benguria A, Dopazo A, Carramolino L, España S, Mateo de Castro J, Bentzon JF. Abstract 418:
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FDG-PET Monitors Atherosclerosis Disease Activity In Minipigs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.42.suppl_1.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives:
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FDG-PET imaging is used as clinical endpoint to monitor efficacy of drugs in atherosclerosis, but the link between disease activity and FDG uptake is not well understood. Previous studies in PCSK9
D374Y
minipigs showed that FDG is taken up quantitatively in multiple plaque cell types. Here, we developed methods to alter disease activity of established atherosclerosis in PCSK9
D374Y
minipigs and analyzed the ability of FDG-PET to monitor the changes and the underlying mechanisms.
Methods:
Atherosclerosis was induced in PCSK9
D374Y
minipigs by high-fat feeding for 12 months. Pigs were then either euthanized for analysis of baseline atherosclerosis (Baseline pigs, n=7) or subjected to a 3-months LDL- lowering intervention with low-fat diet (LF pigs, n=8) or low-fat diet supplemented with microsomal transfer protein inhibitor (BMS-212122, 0.5mg/kg/day, MTPi pigs, n=8). Wild-type pigs on low-fat diet provided non-atherosclerotic controls (n=5).
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FDG-PET imaging was performed in all animals at the endpoint, and serial sections of the abdominal aorta, iliac and LAD arteries were analyzed for plaque morphology, lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), and macrophage content (CD68 and muramidase). In a separate experiment, abdominal plaques from Baseline (n= 5) and MTPi pigs (n=3) were analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing.
Results:
MTPi pigs reached low LDL cholesterol levels (<1.8 mM) and had significant reductions in plaque lipid content (56%, p=0.002) and necrotic area (50%, p=0.002) compared with Baseline pigs. Macrophage content was numerically, but not significantly, altered.
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FDG signal was substantially reduced in MTPi compared with Baseline pigs (SUVmean 1.04 vs 1.54, p=0.019) reaching levels similar to non-atherosclerotic wild-type pigs (SUVmean 1.11). Analysis of scRNA-seq data indicated that reduced FDG uptake was explained by lowered glycolytic activity across multiple cell types, including macrophages, lymphocytes, and smooth muscle cells.
Conclusion:
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FDG-PET imaging can monitor disease activity in atherosclerosis because disease activity is associated with increased glycolysis across all of the major cell types of plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Nogales
- Cntr Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Rubén A Mota
- Cntr Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Torroja
- Cntr Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Benguria
- Cntr Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Cntr Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Carramolino
- Cntr Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Jacob F Bentzon
- Cntr Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Martos-Rodríguez CJ, Albarrán-Juárez J, Morales-Cano D, Caballero A, MacGrogan D, de la Pompa JL, Carramolino L, Bentzon JF. Fibrous Caps in Atherosclerosis Form by Notch-Dependent Mechanisms Common to Arterial Media Development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e427-e439. [PMID: 34261328 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective Atheromatous fibrous caps are produced by smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that are recruited to the subendothelial space. We tested whether the recruitment mechanisms are the same as in embryonic artery development, which relies prominently on Notch signaling to form the subendothelial medial SMC layers. Approach and Results Notch elements were expressed in regions of fibrous cap in human and mouse plaques. To assess the causal role of Notch signaling in cap formation, we studied atherosclerosis in mice where the Notch pathway was inactivated in SMCs by conditional knockout of the essential effector transcription factor RBPJ (recombination signal-binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region). The recruitment of cap SMCs was significantly reduced without major effects on plaque size. Lineage tracing revealed the accumulation of SMC-derived plaque cells in the cap region was unaltered but that Notch-defective cells failed to re-acquire the SMC phenotype in the cap. Conversely, to analyze whether the loss of Notch signaling is required for SMC-derived cells to accumulate in atherogenesis, we studied atherosclerosis in mice with constitutive activation of Notch signaling in SMCs achieved by conditional expression of the Notch intracellular domain. Forced Notch signaling inhibited the ability of medial SMCs to contribute to plaque cells, including both cap SMCs and osteochondrogenic cells, and significantly reduced atherosclerosis development. Conclusions Sequential loss and gain of Notch signaling is needed to build the cap SMC population. The shared mechanisms with embryonic arterial media assembly suggest that the cap forms as a neo-media that restores the connection between endothelium and subendothelial SMCs, transiently disrupted in early atherogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Arteries/metabolism
- Arteries/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Progression
- Fibrosis
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein/genetics
- Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Jagged-1 Protein/genetics
- Jagged-1 Protein/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Rats
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tunica Media/metabolism
- Tunica Media/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Martos-Rodríguez
- Experimental Pathology of Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (C.J.M.-R., D.M.-C., A.C., L.C., J.F.B.)
| | - Julián Albarrán-Juárez
- Heart Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine (J.A.-J., A.C., J.F.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Daniel Morales-Cano
- Experimental Pathology of Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (C.J.M.-R., D.M.-C., A.C., L.C., J.F.B.)
| | - Ainoa Caballero
- Experimental Pathology of Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (C.J.M.-R., D.M.-C., A.C., L.C., J.F.B.)
- Heart Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine (J.A.-J., A.C., J.F.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Donal MacGrogan
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
| | - Laura Carramolino
- Experimental Pathology of Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (C.J.M.-R., D.M.-C., A.C., L.C., J.F.B.)
| | - Jacob F Bentzon
- Experimental Pathology of Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (C.J.M.-R., D.M.-C., A.C., L.C., J.F.B.)
- Heart Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine (J.A.-J., A.C., J.F.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Department of Clinical Medicine (J.F.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark
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3
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Durán Alonso MB, Vendrell V, López-Hernández I, Alonso MT, Martin DM, Giráldez F, Carramolino L, Giovinazzo G, Vázquez E, Torres M, Schimmang T. Meis2 Is Required for Inner Ear Formation and Proper Morphogenesis of the Cochlea. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:679325. [PMID: 34124068 PMCID: PMC8194062 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.679325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Meis genes have been shown to control essential processes during development of the central and peripheral nervous system. Here we have explored the roles of the Meis2 gene during vertebrate inner ear induction and the formation of the cochlea. Meis2 is expressed in several tissues required for inner ear induction and in non-sensory tissue of the cochlear duct. Global inactivation of Meis2 in the mouse leads to a severely reduced size of the otic vesicle. Tissue-specific knock outs of Meis2 reveal that its expression in the hindbrain is essential for otic vesicle formation. Inactivation of Meis2 in the inner ear itself leads to an aberrant coiling of the cochlear duct. By analyzing transcriptomes obtained from Meis2 mutants and ChIPseq analysis of an otic cell line, we define candidate target genes for Meis2 which may be directly or indirectly involved in cochlear morphogenesis. Taken together, these data show that Meis2 is essential for inner ear formation and provide an entry point to unveil the network underlying proper coiling of the cochlear duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Beatriz Durán Alonso
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Victor Vendrell
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Iris López-Hernández
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Alonso
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Donna M Martin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Fernando Giráldez
- CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomédica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Carramolino
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanna Giovinazzo
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Vázquez
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Torres
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Schimmang
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
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4
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Jacobsen K, Lund MB, Shim J, Gunnersen S, Füchtbauer EM, Kjolby M, Carramolino L, Bentzon JF. Diverse cellular architecture of atherosclerotic plaque derives from clonal expansion of a few medial SMCs. JCI Insight 2017; 2:95890. [PMID: 28978793 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrous cap smooth muscle cells (SMCs) protect atherosclerotic lesions from rupturing and causing thrombosis, while other plaque SMCs may have detrimental roles in plaque development. To gain insight into recruitment of different plaque SMCs, we mapped their clonal architecture in aggregation chimeras of eGFP+Apoe-/- and Apoe-/- mouse embryos and in mice with a mosaic expression of fluorescent proteins in medial SMCs that were rendered atherosclerotic by PCSK9-induced hypercholesterolemia. Fibrous caps in aggregation chimeras were found constructed from large, endothelial-aligned layers of either eGFP+ or nonfluorescent SMCs, indicating substantial clonal expansion of a few cells. Similarly, plaques in mice with SMC-restricted Confetti expression showed oligoclonal SMC populations with little intermixing between the progeny of different medial SMCs. Phenotypes comprised both ACTA2+ SMCs in the cap and heterogeneous ACTA2- SMCs in the plaque interior, including chondrocyte-like cells and cells with intracellular lipid and crystalline material. Fibrous cap SMCs were invariably arranged in endothelium-aligned clonal sheets, confirming results in the aggregation chimeras. Analysis of the clonal structure showed that a low number of local medial SMCs partake in atherosclerosis and that single medial SMCs can produce several different SMC phenotypes in plaque. The combined results show that few medial SMCs proliferate to form the entire phenotypically heterogeneous plaque SMC population in murine atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jacobsen
- Deparment of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marie Bek Lund
- Deparment of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeong Shim
- Deparment of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stine Gunnersen
- Deparment of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Kjolby
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Laura Carramolino
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacob Fog Bentzon
- Deparment of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Marcos S, González-Lázaro M, Beccari L, Carramolino L, Martin-Bermejo MJ, Amarie O, Martín DMS, Torroja C, Bogdanović O, Doohan R, Puk O, de Angelis MH, Graw J, Gomez-Skarmeta JL, Casares F, Torres M, Bovolenta P. Meis1 coordinates a network of genes implicated in eye development and microphthalmia. Development 2015; 142:3009-20. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.122176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmos is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by reduced eye size and visual deficits of variable degrees. Sporadic and hereditary microphthalmos has been associated to heterozygous mutations in genes fundamental for eye development. Yet, many cases are idiopathic or await the identification of molecular causes. Here we show that haploinsufficiency of Meis1, a transcription factor with an evolutionary conserved expression in the embryonic trunk, brain and sensory organs, including the eye, causes microphthalmic traits and visual impairment, in adult mice. By combining the analysis of Meis1 loss-of-function and conditional Meis1 functional rescue with ChIP-seq and RNA-seq approaches we show that, in contrast to Meis1 preferential association with Hox-Pbx binding sites in the trunk, Meis1 binds to Hox/Pbx-independent sites during optic cup development. In the eye primordium, Meis1 coordinates, in a dose-dependent manner, retinal proliferation and differentiation by regulating genes responsible for human microphthalmia and components the Notch signalling pathway. In addition, Meis1 is required for eye patterning by controlling a set of eye territory-specific transcription factors, so that in Meis1−/− embryos boundaries among the different eye territories are shifted or blurred. We thus propose that Meis1 is at the core of a genetic network implicated in eye patterning/microphthalmia, itself representing an additional candidate for syndromic cases of these ocular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Marcos
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica González-Lázaro
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonardo Beccari
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Carramolino
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Martin-Bermejo
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oana Amarie
- Institute of Developmental Genetics Helmholtz Center Munich; D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Mateos-San Martín
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Torroja
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ozren Bogdanović
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-UPO, Carretera de Utrera Km1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
- ARC Center of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Roisin Doohan
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver Puk
- Institute of Developmental Genetics Helmholtz Center Munich; D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Graw
- Institute of Developmental Genetics Helmholtz Center Munich; D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-UPO, Carretera de Utrera Km1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Casares
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-UPO, Carretera de Utrera Km1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel Torres
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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6
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González-Lázaro M, Roselló-Díez A, Delgado I, Carramolino L, Sanguino MA, Giovinazzo G, Torres M. Two new targeted alleles for the comprehensive analysis ofMeis1functions in the mouse. Genesis 2014; 52:967-75. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica González-Lázaro
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC; Madrid Spain
| | - Alberto Roselló-Díez
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC; Madrid Spain
| | - Irene Delgado
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC; Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Carramolino
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC; Madrid Spain
| | - María Angeles Sanguino
- Pluripotent Cell Technology Unit; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC; Madrid Spain
| | - Giovanna Giovinazzo
- Pluripotent Cell Technology Unit; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC; Madrid Spain
| | - Miguel Torres
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC; Madrid Spain
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7
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Padron-Barthe L, Temino S, Villa C, Carramolino L, Torres M. P319Identification of haemogenic endothelium as the main source of the blood-endothelium common lineage in the mouse embryo. Cardiovasc Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu091.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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8
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Chamorro S, Vela M, Franco-Villanueva A, Carramolino L, Gutiérrez J, Gómez L, Lozano M, Salvador B, García-Gallo M, Martínez-A C, Kremer L. Antitumor effects of a monoclonal antibody to human CCR9 in leukemia cell xenografts. MAbs 2014; 6:1000-12. [PMID: 24870448 PMCID: PMC4171004 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor expression of certain chemokine receptors is associated with resistance to apoptosis, migration, invasiveness and metastasis. Because CCR9 chemokine receptor expression is very restricted in healthy tissue, whereas it is present in tumors of distinct origins including leukemias, melanomas, prostate and ovary carcinomas, it can be considered a suitable candidate for target-directed therapy. Here, we report the generation and characterization of 91R, a mouse anti-human CCR9 IgG2b monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope within the CCR9 N-terminal domain. This antibody inhibits the growth of subcutaneous xenografts from human acute T lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 cells in immunodeficient Rag2−/− mice. Tumor size in 91R-treated mice was reduced by 85% compared with isotype-matched antibody-treated controls. Tumor reduction in 91R-treated mice was concomitant with an increase in the apoptotic cell fraction and tumor necrotic areas, as well as a decrease in the fraction of proliferating cells and in tumor vascularization. In the presence of complement or murine natural killer cells, 91R promoted in vitro lysis of MOLT-4 leukemia cells, indicating that this antibody might eliminate tumor cells via complement- and cell-dependent cytotoxicity. The results show the potential of the 91R monoclonal antibody as a therapeutic agent for treatment of CCR9-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Chamorro
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Vela
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Franco-Villanueva
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Carramolino
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain; Current Affiliation: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CNIC/ISCIII); Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Gutiérrez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucio Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain; Protein Tools Unit; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - María Lozano
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain; Protein Tools Unit; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Salvador
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica García-Gallo
- Protein Tools Unit; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-A
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain; Protein Tools Unit; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
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9
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Hidalgo I, Herrera-Merchan A, Ligos JM, Carramolino L, Nuñez J, Martinez F, Dominguez O, Torres M, Gonzalez S. Ezh1 is required for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and prevents senescence-like cell cycle arrest. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:649-62. [PMID: 23122289 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are key epigenetic regulators of hematopietic stem cell (HSC) fate. The PcG members Ezh2 and Ezh1 are important determinants of embryonic stem cell identity, and the transcript levels of these histone methyltransferases are inversely correlated during development. However, the role of Ezh1 in somatic stem cells is largely unknown. Here we show that Ezh1 maintains repopulating HSCs in a slow-cycling, undifferentiated state, protecting them from senescence. Ezh1 ablation induces significant loss of adult HSCs, with concomitant impairment of their self-renewal capacity due to a potent senescence response. Epigenomic and gene expression changes induced by Ezh1 deletion in senesced HSCs demonstrated that Ezh1-mediated PRC2 activity catalyzes monomethylation and dimethylation of H3K27. Deletion of Cdkn2a on the Ezh1 null background rescued HSC proliferation and survival. Our results suggest that Ezh1 is an important histone methyltransferase for HSC maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hidalgo
- Stem Cell Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Johnen H, González-Silva L, Carramolino L, Flores JM, Torres M, Salvador JM. Gadd45g is essential for primary sex determination, male fertility and testis development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58751. [PMID: 23516551 PMCID: PMC3596291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans and most mammals, differentiation of the embryonic gonad into ovaries or testes is controlled by the Y-linked gene SRY. Here we show a role for the Gadd45g protein in this primary sex differentiation. We characterized mice deficient in Gadd45a, Gadd45b and Gadd45g, as well as double-knockout mice for Gadd45ab, Gadd45ag and Gadd45bg, and found a specific role for Gadd45g in male fertility and testis development. Gadd45g-deficient XY mice on a mixed 129/C57BL/6 background showed varying degrees of disorders of sexual development (DSD), ranging from male infertility to an intersex phenotype or complete gonadal dysgenesis (CGD). On a pure C57BL/6 (B6) background, all Gadd45g(-/-) XY mice were born as completely sex-reversed XY-females, whereas lack of Gadd45a and/or Gadd45b did not affect primary sex determination or testis development. Gadd45g expression was similar in female and male embryonic gonads, and peaked around the time of sex differentiation at 11.5 days post-coitum (dpc). The molecular cause of the sex reversal was the failure of Gadd45g(-/-) XY gonads to achieve the SRY expression threshold necessary for testes differentiation, resulting in ovary and Müllerian duct development. These results identify Gadd45g as a candidate gene for male infertility and 46,XY sex reversal in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Johnen
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura González-Silva
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Carramolino
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Maria Flores
- Animal Surgery and Medicine Department, Veterinary School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Torres
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Salvador
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Carramolino L, Fuentes J, García-Andrés C, Azcoitia V, Riethmacher D, Torres M. Platelets play an essential role in separating the blood and lymphatic vasculatures during embryonic angiogenesis. Circ Res 2010; 106:1197-201. [PMID: 20203303 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.218073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several mutations that impair the development of blood lineages in the mouse also impair the formation of the lymphatic vasculature and its separation from the blood vasculature. However, the basis for these defects has remained unknown because the mutations characterized affect more than one blood lineage. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that megakaryocytes/platelets are required for the formation of the lymphatic vasculature and its separation from the blood vascular system. METHODS AND RESULTS We characterized the vascular patterning defects of mice deficient for the homeodomain transcription factor Meis1 (myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1), which completely lack megakaryocyte/platelets. Meis1 null embryos fail to separate the blood and lymphatic vasculature, showing blood-filled primary lymphatic sacs and superficial lymphatic vessels. To test the involvement of megakaryocytes/platelets in this phenotype, we generated megakaryocyte/platelet-specific deficient mice by targeted lineage ablation, without affecting other blood lineages. This model reproduces the lymphatic/blood vasculature separation defects observed in Meis1 mutants. A similar phenotype was induced by antibody-mediated ablation of circulating platelets in wild type mice. Strong association of platelets with vascular endothelium at regions of contact between lymphatic sacs and veins confirmed a direct role of platelets in the separation of the 2 vasculatures. CONCLUSIONS In addition to their known protective function in the response accidental vascular injury, platelets are also required during embryonic lymphangiogenesis for the separation of the nascent lymphatic vasculature from blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carramolino
- Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Goya I, Villares R, Zaballos A, Gutiérrez J, Kremer L, Gonzalo JA, Varona R, Carramolino L, Serrano A, Pallarés P, Criado LM, Kolbeck R, Torres M, Coyle AJ, Gutiérrez-Ramos JC, Martínez-A C, Márquez G. Absence of CCR8 does not impair the response to ovalbumin-induced allergic airway disease. J Immunol 2003; 170:2138-46. [PMID: 12574386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.4.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of chemokines with their specific receptors results in tight control of leukocyte migration and positioning. CCR8 is a chemokine receptor expressed mainly in CD4(+) single-positive thymocytes and Th2 cells. We generated CCR8-deficient mice (CCR8(-/-)) to study the in vivo role of this receptor, and describe in this study the CCR8(-/-) mouse response in OVA-induced allergic airway disease using several models, including an adoptive transfer model and receptor-blocking experiments. All CCR8(-/-) mice developed a pathological response similar to that of wild-type animals with respect to bronchoalveolar lavage cell composition, peripheral blood and bone marrow eosinophilia, lung infiltrates, and Th2 cytokine levels in lung and serum. The results contrast with a recent report using one of the OVA-induced asthma models studied here. Similar immune responses were also observed in CCR8(-/-) and wild-type animals in a different model of ragweed allergen-induced peritoneal eosinophilic inflammation, with an equivalent number of eosinophils and analogous increased levels of Th2 cytokines in peritoneum and peripheral blood. Our results show that allergic diseases course without critical CCR8 participation, and suggest that further work is needed to unravel the in vivo role of CCR8 in Th2-mediated pathologies.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Allergens/administration & dosage
- Allergens/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Eosinophilia/immunology
- Eosinophilia/pathology
- Female
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Peritonitis/pathology
- Receptors, CCR8
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Recombination, Genetic/immunology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/genetics
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Goya
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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13
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Svensson M, Marsal J, Ericsson A, Carramolino L, Brodén T, Márquez G, Agace WW. CCL25 mediates the localization of recently activated CD8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes to the small-intestinal mucosa. J Clin Invest 2002. [PMID: 12393847 DOI: 10.1172/jci0215988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of antigen-specific T lymphocytes to the intestinal mucosa is central to the development of an effective mucosal immune response, yet the mechanism by which this process occurs remains to be fully defined. Here we show that the CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) is selectively and functionally expressed on murine alpha(E)beta(7)(+) naive CD8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes and a subset of recently activated CD69(+) CD8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes. Using a T cell receptor transgenic transfer model, we demonstrate that CCR9 expression is functionally maintained on CD8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes following activation in mesenteric lymph nodes but rapidly downregulated on CD8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes activated in peripheral lymph nodes. These recently activated CCR9(+) CD8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes selectively localized to the small-intestinal mucosa, and in vivo neutralization of the CCR9 ligand, CCL25, reduced the ability of these cells to populate the small-intestinal epithelium. Together these results demonstrate an important role for chemokines in the localization of T lymphocytes to the small-intestinal mucosa and suggest that targeting CCL25 and/or CCR9 may provide a means to selectively modulate small-intestinal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Svensson
- Immunology Section, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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14
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Marsal J, Svensson M, Ericsson A, Iranpour AH, Carramolino L, Márquez G, Agace WW. Involvement of CCL25 (TECK) in the generation of the murine small-intestinal CD8alpha alpha+CD3+ intraepithelial lymphocyte compartment. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:3488-97. [PMID: 12442331 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200212)32:12<3488::aid-immu3488>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The CC chemokine CCL25 (TECK) is selectively expressed in the thymus and small intestine, indicating a potential role in T lymphocyte development. In the present study we examined the role of CCL25 in the generation of the small-intestinal CD8alpha alpha(+)CD3(+) intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) compartment. CCL25 mRNA expression in the murine small intestine increased at three weeks of age and corresponded with the appearance of CD8alpha alpha(+)CD3(+) lymphocytes in the small-intestinal epithelium. Administration of monoclonal neutralizing anti-CCL25 antibody to two-week-old mice led to a approximately 50% reduction in the total number of CD8alpha alpha(+)TCRgamma delta(+) and CD8alpha alpha(+)TCRalpha beta(+) IEL at four weeks of age. Freshly isolated murine CD8alpha alpha(+)CD3(+) IEL migrated in response to CCL25 and expressed the CCL25 receptor, CCR9. Analysis of CCR9 expression on putative IEL precursor populations demonstrated the presence of both CCR9(-) and CCR9(+) cells and indicated that up-regulation of this receptor occurred during IEL precursor differentiation. Finally, data from wild-type and RAG(-/-) mice suggested that the reduction in CD8alpha alpha(+)CD3(+) IEL in anti-CCL25 antibody treated mice resulted primarily from defective maintenance and/or development of IEL precursors rather than a direct effect on mature CD8alpha alpha(+)CD3(+) IEL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Survival
- Chemokines, CC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Genes, RAG-1
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Marsal
- Immunology Section, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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15
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Svensson M, Marsal J, Ericsson A, Carramolino L, Brodén T, Márquez G, Agace WW. CCL25 mediates the localization of recently activated CD8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes to the small-intestinal mucosa. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:1113-21. [PMID: 12393847 PMCID: PMC150799 DOI: 10.1172/jci15988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of antigen-specific T lymphocytes to the intestinal mucosa is central to the development of an effective mucosal immune response, yet the mechanism by which this process occurs remains to be fully defined. Here we show that the CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) is selectively and functionally expressed on murine alpha(E)beta(7)(+) naive CD8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes and a subset of recently activated CD69(+) CD8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes. Using a T cell receptor transgenic transfer model, we demonstrate that CCR9 expression is functionally maintained on CD8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes following activation in mesenteric lymph nodes but rapidly downregulated on CD8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes activated in peripheral lymph nodes. These recently activated CCR9(+) CD8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes selectively localized to the small-intestinal mucosa, and in vivo neutralization of the CCR9 ligand, CCL25, reduced the ability of these cells to populate the small-intestinal epithelium. Together these results demonstrate an important role for chemokines in the localization of T lymphocytes to the small-intestinal mucosa and suggest that targeting CCL25 and/or CCR9 may provide a means to selectively modulate small-intestinal immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cell Movement
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Svensson
- Immunology Section, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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16
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Varona R, Villares R, Carramolino L, Goya I, Zaballos A, Gutiérrez J, Torres M, Martínez-A C, Márquez G. CCR6-deficient mice have impaired leukocyte homeostasis and altered contact hypersensitivity and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. J Clin Invest 2001; 107:R37-45. [PMID: 11254677 PMCID: PMC208945 DOI: 10.1172/jci11297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2000] [Accepted: 12/11/2000] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR6 expression in dendritic, T, and B cells suggests that this beta-chemokine receptor may regulate the migration and recruitment of antigen-presenting and immunocompetent cells during inflammatory and immunological responses. Here we demonstrate that CCR6-/- mice have underdeveloped Peyer's patches, in which the myeloid CD11b+ CD11c+ dendritic-cell subset is not present in the subepithelial dome. CCR6-/- mice also have increased numbers in T-cell subpopulations within the intestinal mucosa. In 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) studies, CCR6-/- mice developed more severe and more persistent inflammation than wild-type (WT) animals. Conversely, in a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) model induced with allogeneic splenocytes, CCR6-/- mice developed no inflammatory response. The altered responses seen in the CHS and DTH assays suggest the existence of a defect in the activation and/or migration of the CD4(+) T-cell subsets that downregulate or elicit the inflammation response, respectively. These findings underscore the role of CCR6 in cutaneous and intestinal immunity and the utility of CCR6-/- mice as a model to study pathologies in these tissues. This article was published online in advance of the print edition. The date of publication is available from the JCI website, http://www.jci.org.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Movement
- Dermatitis, Contact/genetics
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Female
- Homeostasis
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Langerhans Cells/immunology
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- Peyer's Patches/pathology
- Receptors, CCR6
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- R Varona
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Carramolino L, Zaballos A, Kremer L, Villares R, Martín P, Ardavín C, Martínez-A C, Márquez G. Expression of CCR9 beta-chemokine receptor is modulated in thymocyte differentiation and is selectively maintained in CD8(+) T cells from secondary lymphoid organs. Blood 2001; 97:850-7. [PMID: 11159507 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.4.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines appear to have an important role in the seeding of lymphoid progenitors in the thymus, the regulation of the coordinated movements of the maturing T cells within this organ, and the egress of the resulting naive T cells to secondary lymphoid organs. CCR9, the specific receptor for the beta-chemokine TECK/CCL25, is selectively expressed in thymus, lymph node, and spleen. Using a specific anti-CCR9 polyclonal antibody, K629, and a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction procedure, a detailed study of CCR9 expression in the thymus and secondary lymphoid organs was performed. The results show that CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive thymocytes have the highest CCR9 expression in thymus. Single-positive CD8(+) thymocytes continue to express this receptor after abandoning the thymus as mature naive T cells, as suggested by the existence of a CD8(+)CD69(low)CD62L(high) CCR9(+) cell subset. Consistent with this, CD8(+) lymphocytes from lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer patches express a functional CCR9, as its expression correlates with migration in response to CCL25. Conversely, CD4(+) thymocytes lose CCR9 before abandoning the thymus, and CD4(+) T cells from secondary lymphoid organs also lack CCR9 expression. Analysis of CCR9 expression in thymocytes from mice of different ages showed that CCR9 levels are affected by age, as this receptor is more abundant, and its response to CCL25 is more potent in newborn animals. Collectively, these results suggest that CCR9 has a role in thymocyte development throughout murine life, with clear differences between the CD4(+) and CD8(+) lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carramolino
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Spain
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18
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Kremer L, Carramolino L, Goya I, Zaballos A, Gutiérrez J, Moreno-Ortiz M del C, Martínez-A C, Márquez G. The transient expression of C-C chemokine receptor 8 in thymus identifies a thymocyte subset committed to become CD4+ single-positive T cells. J Immunol 2001; 166:218-25. [PMID: 11123295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developing T cells journey through the different thymic microenvironments while receiving signals that eventually will allow some of them to become mature naive T cells exported to the periphery. This maturation can be visualized by the phenotype of the developing cells. CCR8 is a ss-chemokine receptor preferentially expressed in the thymus. We have developed 8F4, an anti-mouse CCR8 mAb that is able to neutralize the ligand-induced activation of CCR8, and used it to characterize the CCR8 protein expression in the different thymocyte subsets. Taking into account the intrathymic lineage relationships, our data showed that CCR8 expression in thymus followed two transient waves along T cell maturation. The first one took place in CD4(-) CD8(-) double-negative thymocytes, which showed a low CCR8 expression, and the second wave occurred after TCR activation by the Ag-dependent positive selection in CD4(+) CD8(+) double-positive cells. From that maturation stage, CCR8 expression gradually increased as the CD4(+) cell differentiation proceeded, reaching a maximum at the CD4(+) CD8(-) single-positive stage. These CD4(+) cells expressing CCR8 were also CD69(high) CD62L(low) thymocytes, suggesting that they still needed to undergo some differentiation step before becoming functionally competent naive T cells ready to be exported from the thymus. Interestingly, no significant amounts of CCR8 protein were detectable in CD4(-) CD8(+) thymocytes. Our data showing a clear regulation of the CCR8 protein in thymus suggest a relevant role for CCR8 in this lymphoid organ, and identify CCR8 as a possible marker of thymocyte subsets recently committed to the CD4(+) lineage.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity
- Binding Sites, Antibody/immunology
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Chemokine CCL1
- Chemokines, CC
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muromonab-CD3/pharmacology
- Receptors, CCR8
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kremer
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Carramolino L, Kremer L, Goya I, Varona R, Buesa JM, Gutiérrez J, Zaballos A, Martínez-A C, Márquez G. Down-regulation of the beta-chemokine receptor CCR6 in dendritic cells mediated by TNF-alpha and IL-4. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 66:837-44. [PMID: 10577517 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.66.5.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are involved in the control of dendritic cell (DC) trafficking, which is critical for the immune response. We have generated DC from human umbilical cord blood CD34+ progenitors cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and stem cell factor. Using an anti-CCR6 monoclonal antibody, we observed that these cells showed maximum expression of this beta-chemokine receptor when they were immature, as determined by their relatively low expression of several DC maturation markers such as CD1a, CD11c, CD14, CD40, CD80, and CD83. Immature DC responded strongly to macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha (MIP-3alpha), the CCR6 ligand, in migration and calcium mobilization assays. CCR6 expression decreased in parallel with the DC maturation induced by prolonged TNF-alphaq treatments. Interleukin-4 was also able to decrease CCR6 protein levels. Our findings suggest that the MIP-3alpha/CCR6 interaction plays an important role in the trafficking of immature DC to chemokine production sites such as injured or inflamed peripheral tissues, where DC undergo maturation on contact with antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carramolino
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, UAM, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Carramolino L, Lee BC, Zaballos A, Peled A, Barthelemy I, Shav-Tal Y, Prieto I, Carmi P, Gothelf Y, González de Buitrago G, Aracil M, Márquez G, Barbero JL, Zipori D. SA-1, a nuclear protein encoded by one member of a novel gene family: molecular cloning and detection in hemopoietic organs. Gene 1997; 195:151-9. [PMID: 9305759 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the molecular cloning of a novel gene family. The first member of this family was cloned from a mouse lambda gt11 cDNA library using the B92 monoclonal antibody (mAb) raised against stromal cell extracts. This was followed by RACE-PCR using mRNA from the stromal cell line. A 4 kb cDNA was obtained encoding a unique protein sequence of 1258 aa, that we designate stromal antigen (SA)-1. The human SA-1 gene was cloned by homology from a thymus cDNA library and the sequence of the predicted protein was found to be highly homologous to the murine SA-1 (>98.9%). Another cDNA was cloned and the deduced protein (SA-2) was 71% homologous to SA-1. Northern blot and PCR analysis indicated that on the mRNA level the SA-1 gene is expressed in all tissues analyzed and probably encodes a single transcript. The identification of SA-1 protein in tissues and cells required combined immunoprecipitation and Western blotting using a polyclonal antiserum raised against a predicted peptide of SA-1 and the B92 mAb. Using this assay we identified a protein of about 120 kDa in hemopoietic organs. Subcellular fractionation indicated that SA-1 is a nuclear protein. Thus, despite the ubiquitous expression on the mRNA level, the protein was predominantly detected in hemopoietic organs and may therefore be controlled on a post-transcriptional level. The SA-1 gene described in this study is highly conserved between mouse and man. This implies a crucial function for this protein.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Library
- Humans
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/chemical synthesis
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Peptides/immunology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Precipitin Tests
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Stromal Cells
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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21
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Barthelemy I, Carramolino L, Gutiérrez J, Barbero JL, Márquez G, Zaballos A. zhx-1: a novel mouse homeodomain protein containing two zinc-fingers and five homeodomains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 224:870-6. [PMID: 8713137 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding the complete reading frame of a novel homeodomain-containing protein, named zhx-1, has been cloned from a mouse bone marrow stromal cell line. The ORF encodes a protein of 873 amino acids, in which two C2-H2 zinc-fingers and five homeodomains have been identified. These features classify zhx-1 as a member of the ZF class of homeodomain transcription factors, zhx-1 mRNA is widely expressed in adult mouse, although it is preferentially expressed in brain. At least, two homologous mRNAs are present in humans suggesting that zhx-1 is the first member of a novel subclass of homeodomain factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barthelemy
- Departamento de Investigación, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Abstract
Penicillium chrysogenum has been transformed to sulfonamide resistance by vectors containing the dihydropteroate synthetase gene from plasmid R388 controlled by the promoter and terminator sequences of the P. chrysogenum trpC gene. Transformation frequencies of four to ten transformants per microgram of vector DNA were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carramolino
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Antibióticos, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Ramón D, Carramolino L, Patiño C, Sánchez F, Peñalva MA. Cloning and characterization of the isopenicillin N synthetase gene mediating the formation of the beta-lactam ring in Aspergillus nidulans. Gene X 1987; 57:171-81. [PMID: 3319778 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic clones containing an Aspergillus nidulans isopenicillin N synthetase (IPNS) gene have been identified by heterologous hybridization with a Cephalosporium acremonium DNA probe. The open reading frame encodes a 331 amino acid polypeptide with extensive homology with the genes of other beta-lactam-producing fungi. The gene product has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and shown to have activity of IPNS. This represents the first evidence at the molecular level that the biosynthesis of penicillins in A. nidulans occurs by the same pathway as in other beta-lactam-producing microorganisms. Comparison of available nucleotide sequences from IPNS genes suggests a horizontal transmission of the gene between the prokaryotic beta-lactam producers of the genus Streptomyces and the filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ramón
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Antibióticos S.A., Madrid, Spain
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24
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Campuzano S, Balcells L, Villares R, Carramolino L, García-Alonso L, Modolell J. Excess function hairy-wing mutations caused by gypsy and copia insertions within structural genes of the achaete-scute locus of Drosophila. Cell 1986; 44:303-12. [PMID: 3002632 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hairy-wing (Hw) mutations cause the differentiation of extra chaetes on the cuticle of Drosophila. They are associated with modifications of the achaete-scute complex that consist, in the mutants studied, of insertions of the transposable elements gypsy (Hw1, HwBS) or copia (HwUa). gypsy and copia are inserted in achaete and scute transcribed regions, respectively. Transcription of the insertion-split genes starts at the normal site but terminates within the transposable element sequences. The RNA truncated within gypsy is 5-20 times more abundant than its homolog in wild-type flies. The abundance is reduced in Hw1 revertants and Hw1 stocks carrying su(Hw) mutations. These and other data suggest that the excess function phenotypes of Hw mutations are generated by an increase in achaete or scute transcripts.
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25
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Campuzano S, Carramolino L, Cabrera CV, Ruíz-Gómez M, Villares R, Boronat A, Modolell J. Molecular genetics of the achaete-scute gene complex of D. melanogaster. Cell 1985; 40:327-38. [PMID: 3917860 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The achaete-scute gene complex (AS-C), involved in differentiation of the sensory chaetes of D. melanogaster, and the yellow locus have been cloned. The yellow locus is the most distal and is followed, proximally, by the achaete and the scute loci. In the scute locus (75 kb), three transcription units separated by long stretches of DNA give rise to poly(A)+ RNAs of 1.6, 1.2, and 1.6 kb. Most DNA lesions associated with scute mutations map within the presumably untranscribed DNA. Their mutant phenotypes are stronger the closer the lesions are to the structural gene of one transcript (T4 RNA). Genetic and developmental data suggest that only this RNA is fundamental for the scute function. Its transcription might be perturbed by far removed DNA lesions. A second transcript is probably implicated in the lethal of scute embryonic function, while the third transcript is unnecessary for the differentiation of most macrochaetes. Two additional polyadenylated RNAs are transcribed from the achaete (1.1 kb) and yellow (1.9 kb) loci.
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26
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Abstract
The achaete-scute gene complex (AS-C) of Drosophila melanogaster is involved in the differentiation of innervated elements in the adult (chaetes) and in the embryo (central nervous system). Genetically, the AS-C is subdivided into four regions: achaete, scute alpha, lethal of scute, and scute beta. Using a previously cloned fragment of scute DNA, we have now cloned 62 kb of wild-type DNA from the scute region. No repetitive sequences have been detected in this stretch of DNA. Of 16 scute mutants with chromosomal rearrangements studied (inversions, deletions, and translocations), nine, included genetically in scute beta, have breakpoints in the cloned region. The remaining rearrangements, which genetically correspond to scute alpha, map outside and to the left of the cloned region. Of nine scute ;point mutants' studied, eight have large DNA alterations within the cloned region. These alterations include insertions (five) and deletions (three). The DNA alterations found in both ;point mutants' and rearrangements are interspersed and scattered over 40 kb. The relationship between the sites of the DNA alterations and the mutant phenotypes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carramolino
- Centro de Biología Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Canto Blanco, Madrid-34, Spain
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