1
|
Kharnaf M, Abplanalp WA, Young C, Sprague C, Rosenfeldt L, Smith R, Wang D, Palumbo JS, Morales DLS. Unmasking the Impact of Oxygenator Induced Hypocapnia on Blood Lactate in Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ASAIO J 2024:00002480-990000000-00443. [PMID: 38483814 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000002191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is often associated with disturbances in acid/base status that can be triggered by the underlying pathology or the ECMO circuit itself. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is known to cause hypocapnia, but the impact of reduced partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) on biomarkers of tissue perfusion during veno-arterial (VA)-ECMO has not been evaluated. To study the impact of low pCO2 on perfusion indices in VA-ECMO, we placed Sprague-Dawley rats on an established VA-ECMO circuit using either an oxygen/carbon dioxide mixture (O2 95%, CO2 5%) or 100% O2 delivered through the oxygenator (n = 5 per cohort). Animals receiving 100% O2 developed a significant VA CO2 difference (pCO2 gap) and rising blood lactate levels that were inversely proportional to the decrease in pCO2 values. In contrast, pCO2 gap and lactate levels remained similar to pre-ECMO baseline levels in animals receiving the O2/CO2 mixture. More importantly, there was no significant difference in venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) between the two groups, suggesting that elevated blood lactate levels observed in the rats receiving 100% O2 were a response to oxygenator induced hypocapnia and alkaline pH rather than reduced perfusion or underlying tissue hypoxia. These findings have implications in clinical and experimental extracorporeal support contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Kharnaf
- From the The Heart Institute, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio
| | - William A Abplanalp
- From the The Heart Institute, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Courtney Young
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Division of Hematology,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Cassandra Sprague
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Division of Hematology,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Division of Hematology,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Reanna Smith
- ECMO Program, Patient Services Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Division of Hematology,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio
| | - David L S Morales
- From the The Heart Institute, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kharnaf M, Zafar F, Hogue S, Rosenfeldt L, Cantrell RL, Sharma BK, Pearson A, Sprague C, Leino D, Abplanalp WA, Zelek WM, McCrae KR, Shim YJ, Morales D, Tweddell J, Qualls JE, Palumbo JS. Factor XII promotes the thromboinflammatory response in a rat model of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023:S0022-5223(23)00756-0. [PMID: 37683721 PMCID: PMC10918029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factor XII (FXII) is a multifunctional protease capable of activating thrombotic and inflammatory pathways. FXII has been linked to thrombosis in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), but the role of FXII in ECMO-induced inflammatory complications has not been studied. We used novel gene-targeted FXII- deficient rats to evaluate the role of FXII in ECMO-induced thromboinflammation. METHODS FXII-deficient (FXII-/-) Sprague-Dawley rats were generated using CRISPR/Cas9. A minimally invasive venoarterial (VA) ECMO model was used to compare wild-type (WT) and FXII-/- rats in 2 separate experimental cohorts: rats placed on ECMO without pharmacologic anticoagulation and rats anticoagulated with argatroban. Rats were maintained on ECMO for 1 hour or until circuit failure occurred. Comparisons were made with unchallenged rats and rats that underwent a sham surgical procedure without ECMO. RESULTS FXII-/- rats were maintained on ECMO without pharmacologic anticoagulation with low resistance throughout the 1-hour experiment. In contrast, WT rats placed on ECMO without anticoagulation developed thrombotic circuit failure within 10 minutes. Argatroban provided a means to maintain WT and FXII-/- rats on ECMO for the 1-hour time frame without thrombotic complications. Analyses of these rats demonstrated that ECMO resulted in increased neutrophil migration into the liver that was significantly blunted by FXII deficiency. ECMO also resulted in increases in high molecular weight kininogen cleavage and complement activation that were abrogated by genetic deletion of FXII. CONCLUSIONS FXII initiates hemostatic system activation and key inflammatory sequelae in ECMO, suggesting that therapies targeting FXII could limit both thromboembolism and inopportune inflammatory complications in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Kharnaf
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Farhan Zafar
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Spencer Hogue
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rachel L Cantrell
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bal Krishan Sharma
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amelia Pearson
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Cassandra Sprague
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Daniel Leino
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - William A Abplanalp
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Wioleta M Zelek
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R McCrae
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Young Jun Shim
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David Morales
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James Tweddell
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Biological Sciences, St Elizabeth College of Natural and Health Sciences, Thomas More University, Crestview Hills, Ky
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cantrell R, Rosenfeldt L, Sharma BK, Gourley B, Revenko A, Monia B, Palumbo J. The role of the Thrombin/PAR axis in modulating CD8+ T cell anti-tumor immunity. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.121.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are critical for tumor clearance following immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Thrombin, the central hemostatic protease, is activated in the tumor microenvironment and CD8+ T cells express the thrombin-cleavable protease activated receptors (PAR-1, -2, -3, -4). Recent studies showed that thrombin can enhance CD8+ T cell effector functions, but the role of thrombin in ICI is unknown. We hypothesized that thrombin enhances CD8+ TIL anti-tumor effector functions (αTEF) during ICI therapy. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that reducing circulating prothrombin to ~10% of normal completely abrogated the efficacy of PD-1 blockade therapy to reduce tumor growth, reduced CD8+ TIL infiltration into tumor tissue, and limited αTEF.
Mechanistic in vitro studies showed that thrombin stimulation of isolated murine or human CD8+ T cells resulted in a dose-dependent increase in survival, proliferation and cytokine production (activation profile). Surprisingly, when we stimulated CD8+ T cells lacking PAR-1 or PAR-2, we observed an increase in their activation profile relative to WT CD8+T cells in the absence of thrombin, which was further enhanced with thrombin. Moreover, stimulation of PAR-2 deficient CD8+ T cells with a specific PAR-1 activating peptide resulted in an increased activation profile compared to WT CD8+ T cells stimulated with the same peptide. Together these data suggest that 1) thrombin promotes adaptive tumor immunity in the context of ICI therapy, 2) thrombin promotes αTEF through PAR-1 dependent and independent mechanisms and 3) PAR-2 suppresses CD8+ T cell functions independently of thrombin and limits the capacity of PAR-1 activation to enhance effector functions.
Supported by grants from NIH T32 (5T32AI118697-04)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Cantrell
- 1Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- 2Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- 3Division of Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center
| | - Bal Krishan Sharma
- 3Division of Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center
| | - Benjamin Gourley
- 3Division of Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center
| | | | | | - Joseph Palumbo
- 3Division of Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharma BK, Mureb D, Murab S, Rosenfeldt L, Francisco B, Cantrell R, Karns R, Romick-Rosendale L, Watanabe-Chailland M, Mast J, Flick MJ, Whitlock PW, Palumbo JS. Fibrinogen activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) promoting colorectal adenocarcinoma growth. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2480-2494. [PMID: 34192410 PMCID: PMC8493761 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that fibrinogen is a major determinant of the growth of a murine model of colorectal cancer (CRC). OBJECTIVE Our aim was to define the mechanisms coupling fibrin(ogen) to CRC growth. RESULTS CRC tumors transplanted into the dorsal subcutis of Fib- mice were less proliferative and demonstrated increased senescence relative to those grown in Fib+ mice. RNA-seq analyses of Fib+ and Fib- tumors revealed 213 differentially regulated genes. One gene highly upregulated in tumors from Fib- mice was stratifin, encoding 14-3-3σ, a master regulator of proliferation/senescence. In a separate cohort, we observed significantly increased protein levels of 14-3-3σ and its upstream and downstream targets (i.e., p53 and p21) in tumors from Fib- mice. In vitro analyses demonstrated increased tumor cell proliferation in a fibrin printed three-dimensional environment compared with controls, suggesting that fibrin(ogen) in the tumor microenvironment promotes tumor growth in this context via a tumor cell intrinsic mechanism. In vivo analyses showed diminished activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a key negative regulator of p53, in Fib- tumors. Furthermore, nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics demonstrated significantly reduced metabolic activity in tumors from Fib- relative to Fib+ mice. Together, these findings suggest that fibrin(ogen)-mediated engagement of colon cancer cells activates FAK, which inhibits p53 and its downstream targets including 14-3-3σ and p21, thereby promoting cellular proliferation and preventing senescence. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that fibrin(ogen) is an important component of the colon cancer microenvironment and may be exploited as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bal Krishan Sharma
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Duaa Mureb
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sumit Murab
- Division of Orthopaedics Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Brenton Francisco
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Rachel Cantrell
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Lindsey Romick-Rosendale
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Miki Watanabe-Chailland
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jacob Mast
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Patrick W. Whitlock
- Division of Orthopaedics Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Joseph S. Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bode MF, Schmedes CM, Egnatz GJ, Bharathi V, Hisada YM, Martinez D, Kawano T, Weithauser A, Rosenfeldt L, Rauch U, Palumbo JS, Antoniak S, Mackman N. Cell type-specific roles of PAR1 in Coxsackievirus B3 infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14264. [PMID: 34253819 PMCID: PMC8275627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is widely expressed in humans and mice, and is activated by a variety of proteases, including thrombin. Recently, we showed that PAR1 contributes to the innate immune response to viral infection. Mice with a global deficiency of PAR1 expressed lower levels of CXCL10 and had increased Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis compared with control mice. In this study, we determined the effect of cell type-specific deletion of PAR1 in cardiac myocytes (CMs) and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) on CVB3-induced myocarditis. Mice lacking PAR1 in either CMs or CFs exhibited increased CVB3 genomes, inflammatory infiltrates, macrophages and inflammatory mediators in the heart and increased CVB3-induced myocarditis compared with wild-type controls. Interestingly, PAR1 enhanced poly I:C induction of CXCL10 in rat CFs but not in rat neonatal CMs. Importantly, activation of PAR1 reduced CVB3 replication in murine embryonic fibroblasts and murine embryonic cardiac myocytes. In addition, we showed that PAR1 reduced autophagy in murine embryonic fibroblasts and rat H9c2 cells, which may explain how PAR1 reduces CVB3 replication. These data suggest that PAR1 on CFs protects against CVB3-induced myocarditis by enhancing the anti-viral response whereas PAR1 on both CMs and fibroblasts inhibits viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bode
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Clare M Schmedes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Grant J Egnatz
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Vanthana Bharathi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yohei M Hisada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David Martinez
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tomohiro Kawano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alice Weithauser
- CharitéCentrum 11 Cardiovascular Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ursula Rauch
- CharitéCentrum 11 Cardiovascular Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cantrell R, Rosenfeldt L, Mureb D, Lehn M, Sharma B, Revenko A, Monia B, Janssen E, Palumbo J. OC-10 Thrombin tips the scales towards effective immune checkpoint blockade in cancer. Thromb Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(21)00152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
Boucher AA, Rosenfeldt L, Mureb D, Shafer J, Sharma BK, Lane A, Crowther RR, McKell MC, Whitt J, Alenghat T, Qualls J, Antoniak S, Mackman N, Flick MJ, Steinbrecher KA, Palumbo JS. Cell type-specific mechanisms coupling protease-activated receptor-1 to infectious colitis pathogenesis. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:91-103. [PMID: 31539206 PMCID: PMC7026906 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) plays a major role in multiple disease processes, including colitis. Understanding the mechanisms coupling PAR-1 to disease pathogenesis is complicated by the fact that PAR-1 is broadly expressed across multiple cell types. OBJECTIVE Determine the specific contributions of PAR-1 expressed by macrophages and colonic enterocytes to infectious colitis. METHODS Mice carrying a conditional PAR-1 allele were generated and bred to mice expressing Cre recombinase in a myeloid- (PAR-1ΔM ) or enterocyte-specific (PAR-1ΔEPI ) fashion. Citrobacter rodentium colitis pathogenesis was analyzed in mice with global PAR-1 deletion (PAR-1-/- ) and cell type-specific deletions. RESULTS Constitutive deletion of PAR-1 had no significant impact on weight loss, crypt hypertrophy, crypt abscess formation, or leukocyte infiltration in Citrobacter colitis. However, colonic shortening was significantly blunted in infected PAR-1-/- mice, and these animals exhibited decreased local levels of IL-1β, IL-22, IL-6, and IL-17A. In contrast, infected PAR-1ΔM mice lost less weight and had fewer crypt abscesses relative to controls. PAR-1ΔM mice had diminished CD3+ T cell infiltration into colonic tissue, but macrophage and CD4+ T cell infiltration were similar to controls. Also contrasting results in global knockouts, PAR-1ΔM mice exhibited lower levels of IL-1β, but not Th17-related cytokines (ie, IL-22, IL-6, IL-17A). Infected PAR-1ΔEPI mice exhibited increased crypt hypertrophy and crypt abscess formation, but local cytokine elaboration was similar to controls. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal complex, cell type-specific roles for PAR-1 in modulating the immune response to Citrobacter colitis that are not readily apparent in analyses limited to mice with global PAR-1 deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Boucher
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Duaa Mureb
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jessica Shafer
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bal Krishan Sharma
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Adam Lane
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rebecca R. Crowther
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Melanie C. McKell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jordan Whitt
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joseph Qualls
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kris A. Steinbrecher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joseph S. Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adams GN, Sharma BK, Rosenfeldt L, Frederick M, Flick MJ, Witte DP, Mosnier LO, Harmel-Laws E, Steinbrecher KA, Palumbo JS. Protease-activated receptor-1 impedes prostate and intestinal tumor progression in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2258-2269. [PMID: 30152921 PMCID: PMC6214773 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) has been proposed to drive cancer progression. Surprisingly, PAR-1 deletion accelerated tumor progression in two distinct experimental settings. PAR-1 deletion was shown to limit the apoptosis of transformed epithelial cells. Thrombin- and activated protein C-mediated PAR-1 activation have unique effects on tumor cell biology. SUMMARY: Background Multiple studies have implicated protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a G-protein-coupled receptor activated by proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminus, as one target coupling thrombin-mediated proteolysis to tumor progression. Objective To analyze the role of PAR-1 in the setting of two distinct spontaneously developing tumor models in mice. Methods We interbred PAR-1-deficient mice with Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mice, which spontaneously develop prostate tumors, and adenomatous polyposis coli Min (APCMin/+ ) mice, which spontaneously develop intestinal adenomas. Results Analyses of TRAMP mice with advanced disease (30 weeks) revealed that PAR-1 deficiency resulted in significantly larger and more aggressive prostate tumors. Prostates collected at an earlier time point (12 weeks of age) revealed that PAR-1 promotes apoptosis in transformed epithelia. In vitro analyses of TRAMP-derived cells revealed that activated protein C-mediated PAR-1 cleavage can induce tumor cell apoptosis, suggesting that tumor cell-intrinsic PAR-1 functions can limit tumor progression. Paralleling results in TRAMP mice, PAR-1-deficient APCMin/+ mice developed three-fold more adenomas than PAR-1-expressing mice, and the adenomas that formed were significantly larger. Moreover, loss of PAR-1 expression was shown to limit apoptosis in transformed intestinal epithelial cells. Conclusions Together, these results demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for PAR-1 in impeding tumor progression in vivo. These results also offer a cautionary note suggesting that long-term PAR-1 inhibition could increase malignancy risk in some contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N. Adams
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Bal Krishan Sharma
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Malinda Frederick
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - David P. Witte
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | | | - Eleana Harmel-Laws
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Kris A. Steinbrecher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Joseph S. Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Goyama S, Shrestha M, Schibler J, Rosenfeldt L, Miller W, O'Brien E, Mizukawa B, Kitamura T, Palumbo JS, Mulloy JC. Protease-activated receptor-1 inhibits proliferation but enhances leukemia stem cell activity in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2016; 36:2589-2598. [PMID: 27819671 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Eradication of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) is the ultimate goal of treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We recently showed that the combined loss of Runx1/Cbfb inhibited the development of MLL-AF9-induced AML. However, c-Kit+/Gr-1- cells remained viable in Runx1/Cbfb-deleted cells, indicating that suppressing RUNX activity may not eradicate the most immature LSCs. In this study, we found upregulation of several hemostasis-related genes, including the thrombin-activatable receptor PAR-1 (protease-activated receptor-1), in Runx1/Cbfb-deleted MLL-AF9 cells. Similar to the effect of Runx1/Cbfb deletion, PAR-1 overexpression induced CDKN1A/p21 expression and attenuated proliferation in MLL-AF9 cells. To our surprise, PAR-1 deficiency also prevented leukemia development induced by a small number of MLL-AF9 leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in vivo. PAR-1 deficiency also reduced leukemogenicity of AML1-ETO-induced leukemia. Re-expression of PAR-1 in PAR-1-deficient cells combined with a limiting-dilution transplantation assay demonstrated the cell-dose-dependent role of PAR-1 in MLL-AF9 leukemia: PAR-1 inhibited rapid leukemic proliferation when there were a large number of LSCs, while a small number of LSCs required PAR-1 for their efficient growth. Mechanistically, PAR-1 increased the adherence properties of MLL-AF9 cells and promoted their engraftment to bone marrow. Taken together, these data revealed a multifaceted role for PAR-1 in leukemogenesis, and highlight this receptor as a potential target to eradicate primitive LSCs in AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Goyama
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Shrestha
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J Schibler
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - L Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - W Miller
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - E O'Brien
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - B Mizukawa
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - T Kitamura
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J C Mulloy
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Adams GN, Rosenfeldt L, Frederick M, Miller W, Waltz D, Kombrinck K, McElhinney KE, Flick MJ, Monia BP, Revenko AS, Palumbo JS. Colon Cancer Growth and Dissemination Relies upon Thrombin, Stromal PAR-1, and Fibrinogen. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4235-43. [PMID: 26238780 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin-mediated proteolysis is a major determinant of metastasis, but is not universally important for primary tumor growth. Here, we report that colorectal adenocarcinoma represents one important exception whereby thrombin-mediated functions support both primary tumor growth and metastasis. In contrast with studies of multiple nongastrointestinal cancers, we found that the growth of primary tumors formed by murine and human colon cancer cells was reduced in mice by genetic or pharmacologic reduction of circulating prothrombin. Reduced prothrombin expression was associated with lower mitotic indices and invasion of surrounding tissue. Mechanistic investigations revealed that thrombin-driven colonic adenocarcinoma growth relied upon at least two targets of thrombin-mediated proteolysis, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) expressed by stromal cells and the extracellular matrix protein, fibrinogen. Colonic adenocarcinoma growth was reduced in PAR-1-deficient mice, implicating stromal cell-associated PAR-1 as one thrombin target important for tumor outgrowth. Furthermore, tumor growth was dramatically impeded in fibrinogen-deficient mice, offering the first direct evidence of a critical functional role for fibrinogen in malignant tumor growth. Tumors harvested from fibrinogen-deficient mice displayed a relative reduction in cell proliferative indices, as well as increased tumor necrosis and decreased tumor vascular density. Collectively, our findings established a functional role for thrombin and its targets PAR-1 and fibrinogen in the pathogenesis of colonic adenocarcinoma, supporting tumor growth as well as local invasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Adams
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Malinda Frederick
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Whitney Miller
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dusty Waltz
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Keith Kombrinck
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kathryn E McElhinney
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Brett P Monia
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California
| | - Alexey S Revenko
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Turpin B, Miller W, Rosenfeldt L, Kombrinck K, Flick MJ, Steinbrecher KA, Harmel-Laws E, Mullins ES, Shaw M, Witte DP, Revenko A, Monia B, Palumbo JS. Thrombin drives tumorigenesis in colitis-associated colon cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3020-3030. [PMID: 24710407 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The established association between inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer underscores the importance of inflammation in colon cancer development. On the basis of evidence that hemostatic proteases are powerful modifiers of both inflammatory pathologies and tumor biology, gene-targeted mice carrying low levels of prothrombin were used to directly test the hypothesis that prothrombin contributes to tumor development in colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). Remarkably, imposing a modest 50% reduction in circulating prothrombin in fII+/- mice, a level that carries no significant bleeding risk, dramatically decreased adenoma formation following an azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate challenge. Similar results were obtained with pharmacologic inhibition of prothrombin expression or inhibition of thrombin proteolytic activity. Detailed longitudinal analyses showed that the role of thrombin in tumor development in CAC was temporally associated with the antecedent inflammatory colitis. However, direct studies of the antecedent colitis showed that mice carrying half-normal prothrombin levels were comparable to control mice in mucosal damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and associated local cytokine levels. These results suggest that thrombin supports early events coupled to inflammation-mediated tumorigenesis in CAC that are distinct from overall inflammation-induced tissue damage and inflammatory cell trafficking. That prothrombin is linked to early events in CAC was strongly inferred by the observation that prothrombin deficiency dramatically reduced the formation of very early, precancerous aberrant crypt foci. Given the importance of inflammation in the development of colon cancer, these studies suggest that therapeutic interventions at the level of hemostatic factors may be an effective means to prevent and/or impede colitis-associated colon cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Turpin
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, and ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA
| | - Whitney Miller
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, and ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, and ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA
| | - Keith Kombrinck
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, and ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, and ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA
| | - Kris A Steinbrecher
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, and ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA
| | - Eleana Harmel-Laws
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, and ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA
| | - Eric S Mullins
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, and ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA
| | - Maureen Shaw
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, and ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA
| | - David P Witte
- Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, and ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA
| | - Alexey Revenko
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, and ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA
| | - Brett Monia
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, and ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, and ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA
| |
Collapse
|