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Anabalón L, Solano J, Encina-Montoya F, Bustos M, Figueroa A, Gangitano D. Cannabis Seeds Authentication by Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Analysis Coupled with High-Resolution Melting Method for Quality Control Purposes. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:548-556. [PMID: 34142864 PMCID: PMC9418366 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabis plants and their seed have been used in many cultures as a source of medicine and feeding during history. Today, there is an increasing demand for cannabis seeds for medical use. Moreover, a seed sales market with no legal regulations has also grown. This may pose some issues if a quality control is not set in place. Identification of cannabis strains is important for quality control purposes in a nonregulated growing market and in cases of illegal traffic and medical use. Owing to the high price as a pharmacological drug, commercial products of cannabis plants and seeds for medical users are often subjected to adulterations, either when packing or distributing certified seeds in the market. Materials and Methods: Cannabis commercial seeds and cannabis seeds for medical use were analyzed with high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis using barcoding markers. Humulus lupulus L. plants from a local market were used as outgroup control. DNA barcoding uses specific regions of the genome to identify differences in the genetic sequence of conserved regions such as internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and rbcL. DNA barcoding data can be generated with real-time polymerase chain reaction combined with HRM analysis to distinguish specific conserved DNA regions of closely related species. HRM analysis is the method of choice for rapid analysis of sequence variation. Results: The melting temperature (Tm) of homogeneous packages was consistent with single genotypes. However, packages containing contaminating seeds showed Tm differences of 0.2°C on average. Conclusions: An effective, rapid, and low-cost method based on ITS nuclear DNA and on chloroplast rbcL regions for screening and detection of contamination in commercial cannabis seeds was developed and applied for the analysis of different samples. This approach can be used as a quality control tool for cannabis seeds or other plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Anabalón
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jaime Solano
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Francisco Encina-Montoya
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Núcleo de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Marco Bustos
- Departamento de Administración Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Alejandra Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Criminalística, Policía de Investigaciones de Chile, Temuco, Chile
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Roman MG, Gangitano D, Figueroa A, Solano J, Anabalón L, Houston R. Use of Eucalyptus DNA profiling in a case of illegal logging. Sci Justice 2020; 60:487-494. [PMID: 33077031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Eucalyptus is grown world-wide for paper pulp, solid wood, and other industries. Theft or illegal cutting of the trees causes hardship to owners of plantations and countries whose economies rely on the sale and export of eucalyptus products. Unfortunately, many of these crimes go unpunished due to lack of forensic evidence. Over 1200 short tandem repeat (STR) markers have been identified in the genomes of genus Eucalyptus and related species. However, their importance and utility in aiding forensic investigations of wood theft have not been explored. This study evaluated nine STRs for diversity and applied them to a case involving suspected wood theft. As expected, three dinucleotide STR markers showed greater variability but resulted in harder to interpret profiles. Four STR tetranucleotide markers evaluated in this study were found to contain additional repeat structures (dinucleotide or trinucleotide) that enhanced their variability but resulted in profiles with peaks at multiple stutter positions and heterozygote peak imbalance. The most promising STR markers were EGM37 and EMBRA 1374. Though less variable, they yielded robust and reproducible DNA profiles. All nine STR markers were applied to a case involving suspected wood theft. Samples were collected from seized wood and from remaining stumps in a plantation. No DNA match was found, thus eliminating the evidence samples as having originated from the forest. Dendrochronology analysis also resulted in an exclusion. This case study represents the first report using STR markers in any eucalyptus species to provide DNA evidence in a case of suspected wood theft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Roman
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA.
| | - David Gangitano
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA.
| | - Alejandra Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Criminalística Regional Temuco, Policía de Investigaciones de Chile, Región de La Araucanía, Chile.
| | - Jaime Solano
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile.
| | - Leonardo Anabalón
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile.
| | - Rachel Houston
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA.
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Anabalón L, Encina‐Montoya F, Sánchez P, Solano J, Benavente F, Guiñez B, Olivares F, Oberti C, Vega R. High-resolution melting of the cytochrome B gene in fecal DNA: A powerful approach for fox species identification of the Lycalopex genus in Chile. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7448-7454. [PMID: 31346415 PMCID: PMC6635928 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Easy, economic, precise species authentication is currently necessary in many areas of research and diagnosis in molecular biology applied to conservation studies of endangered species. Here, we present a new method for the identification of three fox species of the Lycalopex genus in Chile. We developed an assay based on high-resolution melt analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene, allowing a simple, low cost, fast, and accurate species determination. To validate the assay applicability for noninvasive samples, we collected fecal samples in the Atacama Desert, finding unexpectedly one species outside of its known distribution range. We conclude that the assay has a potential to become a valuable tool for a standardized genetic monitoring of the Lycalopex species in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Anabalón
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y QuímicasUniversidad Católica de TemucoTemucoChile
| | - Francisco Encina‐Montoya
- Departamento de Ciencias AmbientalesUniversidad Católica de TemucoTemucoChile
- Núcleo de Estudios AmbientalesUniversidad Católica de TemucoTemucoChile
| | - Pamela Sánchez
- Departamento de Ciencias AmbientalesUniversidad Católica de TemucoTemucoChile
| | - Jaime Solano
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y AcuícolasUniversidad Católica de TemucoTemucoChile
| | - Felipe Benavente
- Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Católica de TemucoTemucoChile
| | | | | | - Carlos Oberti
- Departamento de Ciencias AmbientalesUniversidad Católica de TemucoTemucoChile
| | - Rolando Vega
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y AcuícolasUniversidad Católica de TemucoTemucoChile
- Núcleo de Producción AlimentariaUniversidad Católica de TemucoTemucoChile
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Solano J, Anabalón L, Encina F, Esse C, Penneckamp D. Hybrid identification in Nothofagus subgenus using high resolution melting with ITS and trnL approach. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6779. [PMID: 31119070 PMCID: PMC6511385 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Nothofagus is the main component of southern South American temperate forests. The 40 Nothofagus species, evergreen and deciduous, and some natural hybrids are spread among Central and Southern Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia. Nothofagus nervosa, Nothofagus obliqua and Nothofagus dombeyi are potentially very important timber producers due to their high wood quality and relative fast growth; however, indiscriminate logging has degraded vast areas the Chilean forest causing a serious state of deterioration of their genetic resource. The South of Chile has a large area covered by secondary forests of Nothofagus dombeyi. These forests have a high diversity of species, large amount of biomass and high silvicultural potential. This work shows a case of hybrid identification in Nothofagus subgenus in different secondary forests of Chile, using high resolution melting. Unknown samples of Nothofagus subgenus are genetically distinguishable with the ITS region of Nothofagus antarctica, Nothofagus nitida and N. obliqua species. It was not possible to distinguish between unknown samples of Andean versus coastal origin. Melting curves with ITS approach of unknown material are genetically similar, positioned between N. dombeyi and N. antarctica and distant from N. nitida. The unknown samples are genetically very close to Nothofagus dombeyi. This suggests the presence of hybrid individuality between species (N. dombeyi × N. antarctica) with the possibility of introgression towards the gene pool of N. antarctica, producing the deciduous foliage that is both present. The trnL locus has no distinction between the N. dombeyi and N. antarctica species, since a similar melting curve is present and equal Tm (80.00 °C). The trnL locus cannot be genetically distinguished from one unknown sample of Nothofagus to another, as highlighted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Solano
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Leonardo Anabalón
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Francisco Encina
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carlos Esse
- Instituto de Estudios del Hábitat (IEH), Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Centro de Investigación Multidisciplinario de la Araucanía (CIMA), Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Diego Penneckamp
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Solano J, Anabalón L, Figueroa S, Lizama C, Reyes LC, Gangitano D. Psychedelic fungus (Psilocybe sp.) authentication in a case of illegal drug traffic: sporological, molecular analysis and identification of the psychoactive substance. Sci Justice 2018; 59:102-108. [PMID: 30654963 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In nature, there are >200 species of fungi with hallucinogenic properties. These fungi are classified as Psilocybe, Gymnopilus, and Panaeolus which contain active principles with hallucinogenic properties such as ibotenic acid, psilocybin, psilocin, or baeocystin. In Chile, fungi seizures are mainly of mature specimens or spores. However, clandestine laboratories have been found that process fungus samples at the mycelium stage. In this transient stage of growth (mycelium), traditional taxonomic identification is not feasible, making it necessary to develop a new method of study. Currently, DNA analysis is the only reliable method that can be used as an identification tool for the purposes of supporting evidence, due to the high variability of DNA between species. One way to identify the species of a distinctive DNA fragment is to study PCR products analyzed by real time PCR and sequencing. One of the most popular sequencing methods of forensic interest at the generic and intra-generic levels in plants is internal transcribed spacer (ITS). With real time PCR it is possible to distinguish PCR products by differential analysis of their melting temperature (Tm) curves. This paper describes morphological, chemical, and genetic analysis of mycelia of psychedelic fungi collected from a clandestine laboratory. The fungus species were identified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mass spectrometry, HRM analysis, and ITS sequencing. The sporological studies showed a generally smooth surface and oval shape, with maximum length 10.1 μm and width 6.4 μm. The alkaloid Psilocyn was identified by mass spectrometry, while HRM analysis and ITS sequencing identified the species as Psilocybe cubensis. A genetic match was confirmed between the HRM curves obtained from the mycelia (evidence) and biological tissue extracted from the fruiting bodies. Mycelia recovered from the evidence and fruiting bodies (control) were genetically indistinguishable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Solano
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Avenida Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Temuco, Región de La Araucanía 4813302, Chile.
| | - Leonardo Anabalón
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Avenida Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Temuco, Región de La Araucanía 4813302, Chile
| | - Sylvia Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Criminalística, Policía de Investigaciones de Chile, Chile
| | - Cristian Lizama
- Laboratorio de Criminalística, Policía de Investigaciones de Chile, Chile
| | - Luis Chávez Reyes
- Laboratorio de Criminalística, Policía de Investigaciones de Chile, Chile
| | - David Gangitano
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
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Solano J, Anabalón L, Encina F. Identification case of evidence in timber tracing of Pinus radiate, using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 21:e6-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Roa JC, Anabalón L, Roa I, Melo A, Araya JC, Tapia O, de Aretxabala X, Muñoz S, Schneider B. Promoter methylation profile in gallbladder cancer. J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:269-75. [PMID: 16699861 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-005-1752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylation in the promoter region of genes is an important mechanism of inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Our objective was to analyze the methylation pattern of some of the genes involved in carcinogenesis of the gallbladder, examining the immunohistochemical expression of proteins, clinical features, and patient survival time. METHODS Twenty cases of gallbladder cancer were selected from the frozen tumor bank. The DNA extracted was analyzed by means of a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction test for the CDKN2A (p16), MLH1, APC, FHIT, and CDH1 (E-cadherin) genes. Morphological and clinical data and follow-up information were obtained. RESULTS All cases were in an advanced stage: histologically moderate or poorly differentiated tumors (95%). Methylation of the promoter area of genes was observed in 5%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 65% of cases, and an altered immunohistochemical pattern (AIP) in 5%, 35%, 21%, 25%, and 66% for the MLH1, CDKN2A, FHIT, APC, and CDH1 genes, respectively. The Kappa concordance index between methylation of the promoter area and AIP for the MLH1 and CDH1 genes was very high (K > 0.75) and substantial for APC (K > 0.45). No correlation was found between survival time and the methylation of the genes studied. CONCLUSIONS The high frequency of gene methylation (with the exception of MLH1) and the high agreement between AIP and methylation of the gene promoter area for the MLH1, APC, and CDH1 genes suggest that the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and of the genes related to the control of cellular proliferation through this mechanism is involved in gallbladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Manuel Montt 112, Temuco, 478-1176, Chile
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Roa JC, Anabalón L, Tapia O, Melo A, de Aretxabala X, Roa I. [Frequency of K-ras mutation in biliary and pancreatic tumors]. Rev Med Chil 2005; 133:1434-1440. [PMID: 16446870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ras gene family (H-ras, N-ras and K-ras) are oncogenes that mutate frequently in human cancer, specially in tumors of the biliary tract and pancreas. AIM To determine the frequency of K-ras gene codon 12 mutation in pancreatic and biliary tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples of 35 gallbladder, 15 ampulla of Vater, 10 biliary tract and 9 pancreatic tumors, were analyzed. The tumor tissue was microdissected from paraffin embedded biopsies. The mutation was detected by a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RESULTS Overall, 46% of samples had K-ras gene mutations. Mutation frequency was 80, 56, 50 and 29% for ampulla of Vater, pancreatic, biliary tract and gallbladder tumors, respectively. When compared with the rest, gallbladder tumors had a significantly lower frequency of the mutation. Median survival for biliary tract tumors was 6 months, compared with 65 months for gallbladder tumors (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Gallbladder carcinoma had the lower frequency of K-ras mutation, when compared with pancreatic, biliary tract and ampulla of Vater tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Roa
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Frontera.
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Araya JC, Anabalón L, Roá I, Bravo M, Villaseca MA, Guzmán P, Roa JC. [Association between Helicobacter pylori genotype and the severity of gastritis in infected adults]. Rev Med Chil 2005; 132:1345-54. [PMID: 15693196 DOI: 10.4067/s0034-98872004001100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The damaging capacity of Helicobacter pylori is variable and depends, in part, on its genetic polymorphism. AIM To study H pylori genes vacA, cagA and iceA and the relationship of these genotypes with the features of acute damage in chronic gastritis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gastric endoscopic biopsies were obtained in 75 adults for pathological study and genetic typification of H pylori by specific PCR. RESULTS In only 64 cases, complete information was available. In 53 of these, there was H pylori infection demonstrated by PCR. Twenty one percent had infection by two or more H pylori strains, vacA gene had genotypes s2/m2, s1/m1 and s1/m2 in 36, 25 and 8% of cases respectively, cagA gene was present in 49% of infected patients. iceA gene had genotypes iceA 1 ad iceA 2 in 15 and 60% of patients respectively. The presence of cagA or alleles s1/m1 and s1/m2 of vacA gene was directly correlated with polymorphonuclear infiltration and the severity of epithelial damage. The genotype s2/m2 of vacA gene was significantly associated with a milder or absent mucosal damage. No association was found between iceA alleles and the pathological features of gastritis. CONCLUSIONS Alleles of vacA and cagA genes of H pylori are associated with the severity of gastric mucosal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Araya
- Departamentos de Anatomía Patològica y de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
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Roa JC, Anabalón L, Roa I, Tapia O, Melo A, Villaseca M, Araya JC. [Promoter methylation profile in gastric cancer]. Rev Med Chil 2005; 133:874-880. [PMID: 16163424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promoter genomic DNA methylation is an important inactivation mechanism of tumor suppressor genes. This genetic-molecular pathway for cancer may separate a subset of patients with different prognoses and eventually different responses to specific therapies. AIM To analyze the methylation pattern of important genes related to different carcinogenic mechanisms in patients with gastric cancer (GC) and the relationship with its morphological features and biological behavior. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-seven fresh-frozen GC samples were selected. The methylation-specific PCR (MSP) test was used to analyze promoter methylation status for genes MLH1, CDKN2A (p16), APC, CDH1 (Cadherin E) and FHIT. Follow-up and complete morphological features were obtained for all cases. RESULTS We found methylation in at least one of the genes studied in 83% of the cases. The frequencies of promoter hypermethylation of MLH1, CDKN2A, APC, CDH1 and FHIT were 31%, 43%, 46%, 80% y 62%, respectively. We found a relationship between APC methylation and good histological differentiation (p =0.03); CDH1 methylation with diffuse type by Lauren and 3 or more metastasic lymph nodes (p <0.05); FHIT, CDKN2A and CDH1 methylation and female condition (p <0.04). We also found a non-significant relationship between CDKN2A methylation and better survival (p =0.07). CONCLUSIONS The high frequency promoter methylation found confirms its importance in gastric carcinogenesis. The finding of alterations in the methylation pattern of genes studied and its association with prognostic factors is a helpful tool in the search for new criteria in clinical and therapeutic decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Roa
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
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Roa JC, Anabalón L, Tapia O, Martínez J, Araya JC, Villaseca M, Guzmán P, Roa I. [Promoter methylation profile in breast cancer]. Rev Med Chil 2004; 132:1069-77. [PMID: 15543763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic DNA methylation, mutations and allelic deletions explain the inactivation of genes involved in cell proliferation and cell cycle control mechanisms. AIM To analyze the methylation pattern of important genes related to different carcinogenic mechanisms in patients with breast cancer and the relationship with its biological behavior. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy fresh-frozen breast cancer samples were selected. The methylation specific PCR (MSP) test was used to analyze promoter methylation status for genes CDKN2A (p16), hMLH1, APC, CDH1 (Cadherin E) and FHIT. RESULTS We found methylation in at least one of the genes studied in 88% of cases and in 3 or more genes in 40.5% of cases. The frequencies of promoter hypermethylation of CDKN2A, hMLH1, APC, CDH1 and FHT were 41.4%, 11.4%, 52.9%, 70% and 42.9%, respectively. We found a relationship between CDKN2A methylatlon and better survival (p=0.002). CDH1 methylation and poor histological differentiation (p=0.007), hMLH1 methylation and non-Mapuche ethnicity (p=-0.03), APC methylation and larger tumor size (p<0.05), FHIT methylatton and lack of estrogen rectptor IHC expression (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The high frequency of promoter methylation in patients with breast cancer confirms its role in breast carcinogenesis. The finding of alterations in the methylation pattern of genes studied and its association with prognostic factors is a helpful tool in the search of new criteria for clinical and therapeutic decision making.
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MESH Headings
- Acid Anhydride Hydrolases/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cadherins/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carrier Proteins
- Case-Control Studies
- DNA Methylation
- Female
- Gene Amplification/genetics
- Genes, APC
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genes, p16
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- MutL Protein Homolog 1
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Roa
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
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