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Souza LEC, Camino L, Lima TJS, Fontenele ABG. O papel do sotaque nas relações intergrupais: apresentação de uma área de pesquisa. psi saber soc 2018. [DOI: 10.12957/psi.saber.soc.2017.33626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão teórica sobre o estudo do sotaque e sua influência nas relações intergrupais dentro da Psicologia Social. Nesse sentido, analisamos a definição de sotaque e sua centralidade já nos primeiros anos de vida, discutimos sobre o mito de uma língua padrão e apresentamos as principais metodologias no estudo do sotaque. Além disso, analisamos o processo de avaliação dos sotaques, evidenciando a importância que eles têm para a identidade social dos indivíduos, para desencadear o processo de categorização social e formação de estereótipos e, consequentemente, na discriminação em diversos contextos sociais contra falantes de sotaques considerados fora do padrão. Finalmente, analisamos diferentes interpretações acerca da atribuição de valor negativo a falantes de sotaques considerados fora do padrão e propomos que essa avaliação negativa do sotaque funciona como uma justificação aparentemente neutra utilizada por indivíduos preconceituosos para discriminar falantes de sotaques não padrão, ou seja, os membros de grupos minoritários. Deste modo, defendemos que o estigma do sotaque per se não leva à discriminação, isso só vai ocorrer naqueles indivíduos que já tenham uma representação negativa do grupo alvo.Palavras-chave: sotaque; relações intergrupais; preconceito; discriminação; legitimação.ABSTRACT: This article presents a theoretical review on the study of the accent and its influence on intergroup relations within Social Psychology. In this sense, we analyze the definition of an accent and its centrality already in the first years of life, we discuss about the myth of a standard language and present the main methodologies in the study of the accent. In addition, we analyze the process of assessment of accents, highlighting the importance its have for the social identity of individuals, to trigger the process of social categorization and stereotyping and, consequently, discrimination in various social contexts against speakers of accents considered non-standard. Finally, we analyze different interpretations of negative evaluations of speakers of accents considered non-standard and propose that this negative assessment of accent works as a seemingly neutral justification used by prejudiced individuals to discriminate non-standard accent speakers, that is, the minority groups. In this way, we argue that the accent stigma per se does not lead to discrimination, this will only occur in those individuals who already have a negative representation of the target group.Keywords: accent; intergroup relations; prejudice; discrimination; legitimacy.
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Becker M, Vignoles VL, Owe E, Easterbrook MJ, Brown R, Smith PB, Abuhamdeh S, Cendales Ayala B, Garðarsdóttir RB, Torres A, Camino L, Bond MH, Nizharadze G, Amponsah B, Schweiger Gallo I, Prieto Gil P, Lorente Clemares R, Campara G, Espinosa A, Yuki M, Zhang X, Zhang J, Zinkeng M, Villamar JA, Kusdil E, Çağlar S, Regalia C, Manzi C, Brambilla M, Bourguignon D, Möller B, Fülöp M, Macapagal MEJ, Pyszczynski T, Chobthamkit P, Gausel N, Kesebir P, Herman G, Courtois M, Harb C, Jalal B, Tatarko A, Aldhafri S, Kreuzbauer R, Koller SH, Mekonnen KH, Fischer R, Milfont TL, Des Rosiers SE, Jaafar JL, Martin M, Baguma P, Lv S, Schwartz SJ, Gavreliuc A, Fritsche I, González R, Didier N, Carrasco D, Lay S. Being oneself through time: Bases of self-continuity across 55 cultures. Self and Identity 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2017.1330222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Becker
- CLLE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UT2J, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Ellinor Owe
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Rupert Brown
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Peter B. Smith
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Sami Abuhamdeh
- Department of Psychology, Istanbul Şehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Ana Torres
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Leoncio Camino
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Michael Harris Bond
- Faculty of Business, Department of Management and Marketing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, China
| | - George Nizharadze
- Department of Social Sciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Inge Schweiger Gallo
- Departamento de Psicología Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Prieto Gil
- Departamento de Psicología Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gabriella Campara
- Departamento de Psicología Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Espinosa
- Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Masaki Yuki
- Department of Behavioral Science, Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Martina Zinkeng
- Department of Guidance Counselling, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Juan A. Villamar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ersin Kusdil
- Department of Psychology, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Selinay Çağlar
- Department of Psychology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Camillo Regalia
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Manzi
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Brambilla
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Bettina Möller
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Márta Fülöp
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Tom Pyszczynski
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Phatthanakit Chobthamkit
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Division of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Library Science, and Geography, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicolay Gausel
- Department of Psychosocial Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Pelin Kesebir
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ginette Herman
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marie Courtois
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Charles Harb
- Department of Psychology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Baland Jalal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Tatarko
- Department of Psychology, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Said Aldhafri
- Department of Psychology, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Silvia H. Koller
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Ronald Fischer
- Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Taciano L. Milfont
- Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Jas Laile Jaafar
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mariana Martin
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Peter Baguma
- Department of Educational, Social and Organizational Psychology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Shaobo Lv
- Department of Psychology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Seth J. Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Alin Gavreliuc
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Immo Fritsche
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberto González
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolas Didier
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Carrasco
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Siugmin Lay
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Lins SLB, Lima TJSD, Souza LECD, Lima-Nunes A, Camino L. Racial prejudice and social values: how I perceive others and myself. Psico-USF 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712017220210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The process of attribution values to some groups can be used as a resource for determining differences between ingroup and outgroup, what may lead to discriminatory behavior against the outgroup. In this sense, the present study sought to determine whether individuals perceive dissimilarities between the values attibuted to themselves, to white and to black people, and if these dissimilarities can follow a prejudice-based logic, expressing subtle racial prejudice. Study 1 (n = 220) aimed to rank the values in terms of socio-economic progress, identifying values that are representative of developed and underdeveloped countries. Study 2 (n = 420) evaluated whether the values attibuted to themselves, to the black and to the white are different and this difference follows a prejudice-based. Overall, results showed a tendency towards the association of third world values such as collectivism to blacks, and first world values such as individualism to whites.
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Smith PB, Vignoles VL, Becker M, Owe E, Easterbrook MJ, Brown R, Bourguignon D, Garðarsdóttir RB, Kreuzbauer R, Cendales Ayala B, Yuki M, Zhang J, Lv S, Chobthamkit P, Jaafar JL, Fischer R, Milfont TL, Gavreliuc A, Baguma P, Bond MH, Martin M, Gausel N, Schwartz SJ, Des Rosiers SE, Tatarko A, González R, Didier N, Carrasco D, Lay S, Nizharadze G, Torres A, Camino L, Abuhamdeh S, Macapagal MEJ, Koller SH, Herman G, Courtois M, Fritsche I, Espinosa A, Villamar JA, Regalia C, Manzi C, Brambilla M, Zinkeng M, Jalal B, Kusdil E, Amponsah B, Çağlar S, Mekonnen KH, Möller B, Zhang X, Schweiger Gallo I, Prieto Gil P, Lorente Clemares R, Campara G, Aldhafri S, Fülöp M, Pyszczynski T, Kesebir P, Harb C. Individual and culture-level components of survey response styles: A multi-level analysis using cultural models of selfhood. Int J Psychol 2016; 51:453-463. [DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maja Becker
- CLLE, Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Ellinor Owe
- School of Psychology; University of Sussex; Brighton UK
| | | | - Rupert Brown
- School of Psychology; University of Sussex; Brighton UK
| | | | | | - Robert Kreuzbauer
- Department of Marketing and International Business and Institute on Asian Consumer Insight, Nanyang Business School; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | | | - Masaki Yuki
- Behavioral Science/Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Hokkaido University; Hokkaido Japan
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Shaobo Lv
- Department of Psychology; North China University of Science and Technology; Tangshan China
| | - Phatthanakit Chobthamkit
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Library Science, and Geography, Thammasat University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Jas Laile Jaafar
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ronald Fischer
- Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington New Zealand
| | - Taciano L. Milfont
- Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington New Zealand
| | - Alin Gavreliuc
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timisoara; Timisoara Romania
| | - Peter Baguma
- Department of Educational, Social and Organizational Psychology, School of Psychology, Makerere University; Kampala Uganda
| | - Michael Harris Bond
- Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business, Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong
| | - Mariana Martin
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Namibia; Windhoek Namibia
| | - Nicolay Gausel
- Department of Psychosocial Health, University of Agder; Norway
| | - Seth J. Schwartz
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | | | - Alexander Tatarko
- Department of Psychology, Higher School of Economics; National Research University; Moscow Russia
| | - Roberto González
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Nicolas Didier
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Diego Carrasco
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Siugmin Lay
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - George Nizharadze
- Department of Social Sciences, Free University of Tbilisi; Tbilisi Georgia
| | - Ana Torres
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba; Joao Pessoa Brazil
| | - Leoncio Camino
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba; Joao Pessoa Brazil
| | - Sami Abuhamdeh
- Department of Psychology, Istanbul Şehir University; Istanbul Turkey
| | | | - Silvia H. Koller
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Ginette Herman
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Marie Courtois
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Immo Fritsche
- Institute of Psychology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Agustín Espinosa
- Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú; Lima Peru
| | - Juan A. Villamar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Northwestern University; Chicago IL USA
| | - Camillo Regalia
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Claudia Manzi
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Maria Brambilla
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Martina Zinkeng
- Department of Guidance and Counseling, University of Buea; Buea Cameroon
| | - Baland Jalal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Ersin Kusdil
- Department of Psychology; Uludag University; Bursa Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Bettina Möller
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Inge Schweiger Gallo
- Departamento de Psicología Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Paula Prieto Gil
- Departamento de Psicología Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | | | - Gabriella Campara
- Departamento de Psicología Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Said Aldhafri
- Department of Psychology, Sultan Qaboos University; Muscat Oman
| | - Márta Fülöp
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
| | - Tom Pyszczynski
- Department of Psychology; University of Colorado at Colorado Springs; CO USA
| | - Pelin Kesebir
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison; USA
| | - Charles Harb
- Department of Psychology, American University of Beirut; Beirut Lebanon
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de Souza LEC, Pereira CR, Camino L, de Lima TJS, Torres ARR. The legitimizing role of accent on discrimination against immigrants. Eur J Soc Psychol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cicero Roberto Pereira
- Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon; Lisbon Portugal
- Federal University of Paraíba; João Pessoa Brazil
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Vignoles VL, Owe E, Becker M, Smith PB, Easterbrook MJ, Brown R, González R, Didier N, Carrasco D, Cadena MP, Lay S, Schwartz SJ, Des Rosiers SE, Villamar JA, Gavreliuc A, Zinkeng M, Kreuzbauer R, Baguma P, Martin M, Tatarko A, Herman G, de Sauvage I, Courtois M, Garðarsdóttir RB, Harb C, Schweiger Gallo I, Prieto Gil P, Lorente Clemares R, Campara G, Nizharadze G, Macapagal MEJ, Jalal B, Bourguignon D, Zhang J, Lv S, Chybicka A, Yuki M, Zhang X, Espinosa A, Valk A, Abuhamdeh S, Amponsah B, Özgen E, Güner EÜ, Yamakoğlu N, Chobthamkit P, Pyszczynski T, Kesebir P, Vargas Trujillo E, Balanta P, Cendales Ayala B, Koller SH, Jaafar JL, Gausel N, Fischer R, Milfont TL, Kusdil E, Çağlar S, Aldhafri S, Ferreira MC, Mekonnen KH, Wang Q, Fülöp M, Torres A, Camino L, Lemos FCS, Fritsche I, Möller B, Regalia C, Manzi C, Brambilla M, Bond MH. Beyond the 'east-west' dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood. J Exp Psychol Gen 2016; 145:966-1000. [PMID: 27359126 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama's predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Didier
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Diego Carrasco
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | | | - Siugmin Lay
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami
| | | | - Juan A Villamar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University
| | | | | | - Robert Kreuzbauer
- Department of Marketing and International Business and Institute on Asian Consumer Insight, Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Peter Baguma
- Department of Educational, Social and Organizational Psychology, School of Psychology, Makerere University
| | | | - Alexander Tatarko
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics
| | - Ginette Herman
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain
| | | | - Marie Courtois
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain
| | | | - Charles Harb
- Department of Psychology, American University of Beirut
| | | | - Paula Prieto Gil
- Departamento de Psicología Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
| | | | - Gabriella Campara
- Departamento de Psicología Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
| | | | | | - Baland Jalal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge
| | | | - Jianxin Zhang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Shaobo Lv
- Department of Psychology, North China University of Science and Technology
| | | | - Masaki Yuki
- Department of Behavioral Science, Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Agustín Espinosa
- Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
| | - Aune Valk
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu
| | | | | | - Emre Özgen
- Department of Psychology, Yaşar University
| | | | | | - Phatthanakit Chobthamkit
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Library Science, and Geography, Thammasat University
| | - Tom Pyszczynski
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs
| | - Pelin Kesebir
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | | | | | - Silvia H Koller
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
| | - Jas Laile Jaafar
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, University of Malaya
| | | | - Ronald Fischer
- Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington
| | - Taciano L Milfont
- Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qian Wang
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Márta Fülöp
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences
| | - Ana Torres
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba
| | | | | | | | - Bettina Möller
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
| | | | - Claudia Manzi
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan
| | | | - Michael Harris Bond
- Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business, Hong Kong Polytechnic University
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Abstract
Na ânsia de compreender o preconceito racial, psicologia social tem buscado identificar fatores que influenciam sua presença ou ausência nas sociedades. Um fator a ser explorado é sua relação com os valores sociais. Este artigo objetiva analisar a relação existente entre os valores sociais, determinadas expressões do preconceito (flagrante, simbólico) e variáveis político-ideológicas. Participaram deste estudo 420 universitários. Foram utilizados medidas clássicas para identificar as referidas formas de preconceito: o questionário de valores psicossociais, a escala de distâncias percebidas e a escala de atitudes favoráveis aos países de 1º e 3º mundo. Constatou-se que a adesão a valores hedonistas e materialistas, assim como a adoção de atitudes favoráveis a países de 1º mundo podem predizer a expressão do preconceito contra os negros. Por outro lado, a adesão aos valores de justiça social e a proximidade com pessoas de cor negra apresentaram uma relação com a não expressão do preconceito.
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Becker M, Vignoles VL, Owe E, Easterbrook MJ, Brown R, Smith PB, Bond MH, Regalia C, Manzi C, Brambilla M, Aldhafri S, González R, Carrasco D, Paz Cadena M, Lay S, Schweiger Gallo I, Torres A, Camino L, Özgen E, Güner ÜE, Yamakoğlu N, Silveira Lemos FC, Trujillo EV, Balanta P, Macapagal MEJ, Cristina Ferreira M, Herman G, de Sauvage I, Bourguignon D, Wang Q, Fülöp M, Harb C, Chybicka A, Mekonnen KH, Martin M, Nizharadze G, Gavreliuc A, Buitendach J, Valk A, Koller SH. Cultural Bases for Self-Evaluation. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2014; 40:657-75. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167214522836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several theories propose that self-esteem, or positive self-regard, results from fulfilling the value priorities of one’s surrounding culture. Yet, surprisingly little evidence exists for this assertion, and theories differ about whether individuals must personally endorse the value priorities involved. We compared the influence of four bases for self-evaluation (controlling one’s life, doing one’s duty, benefitting others, achieving social status) among 4,852 adolescents across 20 cultural samples, using an implicit, within-person measurement technique to avoid cultural response biases. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses showed that participants generally derived feelings of self-esteem from all four bases, but especially from those that were most consistent with the value priorities of others in their cultural context. Multilevel analyses confirmed that the bases of positive self-regard are sustained collectively: They are predictably moderated by culturally normative values but show little systematic variation with personally endorsed values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Diego Carrasco
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Siugmin Lay
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qian Wang
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
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Camino L, Tavares TL, Torres ARR, Álvaro JL, Garrido A. Repertórios discursivos de estudantes universitários sobre cotas raciais nas universidades públicas brasileiras. Psicol Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-71822014000500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Este estudo investiga os repertórios discursivos de estudantes universitários sobre as ações afirmativas. Os participantes (N= 105) responderam por escrito a uma pergunta sobre a implantação de cotas raciais nas universidades públicas. As análises feitas a partir do software Alceste evidenciaram quatro classes discursivas, que compartilham uma forte oposição às cotas raciais, diferenciando-se apenas em relação ao argumento utilizado. A primeira classe enfatiza a inexistência de diferenças intelectuais entre negros e brancos e, na segunda classe, vem a ideia de que as desigualdades sociais entre negros e brancos seriam produto do preconceito contra pobres, assim as cotas deveriam ser sociais. As duas últimas classes compartilham a preocupação com a qualidade do ensino, defendendo que o sistema de cotas poderia baixar o nível intelectual das universidades e que o correto seria investir na melhoria do ensino fundamental e médio.
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Camino L, Gouveia L, Maia LM, Paz MMÁ, Laureano M. Repertórios discursivos contemporâneos sobre as desigualdades raciais no Brasil: um estudo com estudantes paraibanos de pós-graduação. Psicol Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-71822013000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Esta pesquisa avaliou discursos de mestrandos sobre a natureza das diferenças raciais, suas consequências sociais e os fatores psicossociais a que estão relacionados em um estudo exploratório, de natureza quali-quantitativa, com 19 alunos do mestrado em Psicologia e 15 do de Direito Econômico. Verificou-se que os discursos analisados organizaram-se em três classes: diferenças existem e são genéticas; diferenças não existem; processos de exclusão usam traços fenotípicos como critério de diferenciação. Constatou-se que o primeiro condena as reivindicações do movimento negro e é contrário às quotas e à sua autonomia política e cultural; o segundo, mais frequente em estudantes politizados, é favorável a essas reivindicações; o último agrega respostas negativas, positivas e interrogativas em relação aos aspectos mencionados. Os resultados evidenciam repertórios discursivos que negam ou naturalizam as desigualdades raciais: tanto expressam posições adversas às reivindicações dos negros quanto as justificam, racionalizando como não preconceituosas posições que o são.
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Álvaro-Estramiana JL, Bacellar-e-Silva P, Lima MEO, Torres ARR, Camino L. Actitudes de los estudiantes españoles ante la ampliación de los derechos sociales de hijos de inmigrantes: Un análisis de los valores como discurso legitimador. Persona 2012. [DOI: 10.26439/persona2012.n015.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Owe E, Vignoles VL, Becker M, Brown R, Smith PB, Lee SWS, Easterbrook M, Gadre T, Zhang X, Gheorghiu M, Baguma P, Tatarko A, Aldhafri S, Zinkeng M, Schwartz SJ, Des Rosiers SE, Villamar JA, Mekonnen KH, Regalia C, Manzi C, Brambilla M, Kusdil E, Çağ lar S, Gavreliuc A, Martin M, Jianxin Z, Lv S, Fischer R, Milfont TL, Torres A, Camino L, Kreuzbauer R, Gausel N, Buitendach JH, Lemos FCS, Fritsche I, Möller B, Harb C, Valk A, Espinosa A, Jaafar JL, Yuki M, Ferreira MC, Chobthamkit P, Fülöp M, Chybicka A, Wang Q, Bond MH, González R, Didier N, Carrasco D, Cadena MP, Lay S, Garðarsdóttir RB, Nizharadze G, Pyszczynski T, Kesebir P, Herman G, de Sauvage I, Courtois M, Bourguignon D, Özgen E, Güner ÜE, Yamakoğlu N, Abuhamdeh S, Mogaji A, Macapagal MEJ, Koller SH, Amponsah B, Misra G, Kapur P, Vargas Trujillo E, Balanta P, Cendales Ayala B, Schweiger Gallo I, Prieto Gil P, Clemares RL, Campara G, Jalal B. Contextualism as an Important Facet of Individualism-Collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022111430255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Beliefs about personhood are understood to be a defining feature of individualism-collectivism (I-C), but they have been insufficiently explored, given the emphasis of research on values and self-construals. We propose the construct of contextualism, referring to beliefs about the importance of context in understanding people, as a facet of cultural collectivism. A brief measure was developed and refined across 19 nations (Study 1: N = 5,241), showing good psychometric properties for cross-cultural use and correlating well at the nation level with other supposed facets and indicators of I-C. In Study 2 ( N = 8,652), nation-level contextualism predicted ingroup favoritism, corruption, and differential trust of ingroup and outgroup members, while controlling for other facets of I-C, across 35 nations. We conclude that contextualism is an important part of cultural collectivism. This highlights the importance of beliefs alongside values and self-representations and contributes to a wider understanding of cultural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
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- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Pelin Kesebir
- University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
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Becker M, Vignoles VL, Owe E, Brown R, Smith PB, Easterbrook M, Herman G, de Sauvage I, Bourguignon D, Torres A, Camino L, Lemos FCS, Ferreira MC, Koller SH, González R, Carrasco D, Cadena MP, Lay S, Wang Q, Bond MH, Trujillo EV, Balanta P, Valk A, Mekonnen KH, Nizharadze G, Fülöp M, Regalia C, Manzi C, Brambilla M, Harb C, Aldhafri S, Martin M, Macapagal MEJ, Chybicka A, Gavreliuc A, Buitendach J, Gallo IS, Özgen E, Güner ÜE, Yamakoğlu N. Culture and the distinctiveness motive: Constructing identity in individualistic and collectivistic contexts. J Pers Soc Psychol 2012; 102:833-55. [DOI: 10.1037/a0026853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Neste estudo, objetivou-se verificar como se apresentam a atitude político-ideológica e a inserção social, no contexto universitário, frente ao preconceito sutil. Participaram 206 estudantes, 80% mulheres e idade média de 23 anos (DP=5,34), sendo heterogênea a divisão entre as áreas do conhecimento humano, saúde e educação. Foram utilizadas as escalas de inserção universitária, preconceito sutil e atitude favorável ao 1º e 3º mundos. Foi realizada ANOVA (Scheffé) entre as áreas do conhecimento e inserções, onde se verificou a promoção de inserções em diferentes atividades na universidade. Regressões (stepwise) constatam que as atitudes primeiro e terceiro mundistas são inversamente preditivas às inserções universitárias, assim como sua pertença às áreas, e que a inserção extracurricular prediz menor expressão de preconceito sutil. Infere-se que atitudes político-ideológicas atuam indiretamente no preconceito sutil, diferentemente da sua atuação mais direta frente à inserção social e ao antirracismo.
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Belo RP, Souza TRD, Camino L. Análise de repertórios discursivos sobre profissões e o sexo: um estudo empírico na cidade de João Pessoa. Psicol Soc 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-71822010000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O presente estudo buscou observar as representações elaboradas socialmente sobre o sexo como determinante do exercício das atividades profissionais. Foram entrevistadas 221 pessoas da cidade de João Pessoa (sendo 133 mulheres - 60,2%), entre 17 e 79 anos (M=2,3; DP=1,25), com escolaridade de nível superior. Por meio de uma entrevista semi-estruturada, os participantes citaram profissões/atividades consideradas adequadas a cada sexo, e se posicionaram diante de questões como características das profissões apropriadas para os homens e para as mulheres e o sexo como determinante para as escolhas profissionais. Observou-se que foram citadas aproximadamente 80 profissões caracterizadas como femininas e 130 como masculinas. A análise dos repertórios discursivos, realizada por meio do ALCESTE, apresentou em sua maioria uma caracterização diferenciada das atividades vistas como masculinas e femininas. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de uma segmentação entre os perfis profissionais de homens e mulheres para o campo de trabalho.
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Abstract
A reforma psiquiátrica é um processo em construção, não ocorrendo de forma consensual em todo o mundo. Está relacionada às particularidades das condições econômicas, históricas, políticas e culturais que caracterizam as diferentes regiões e países. Enquanto prática social, é construída coletivamente, sendo composta por profissionais, familiares e usuários e pela sociedade em geral. O presente estudo visa a analisar os significados atribuídos por familiares de doentes mentais à família, à família do doente mental e à inclusão social no atual contexto da reforma psiquiátrica. Foi realizado em João Pessoa, na Paraíba, com 60 familiares de doentes mentais atendidos em um hospital psiquiátrico e em uma unidade do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS). Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se o Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras, que foi analisado pelo software Tri-Deux-Mots. Os resultados revelaram que a família do doente mental cnsidera possuir atribuições como preconceito, sobrecarga, tristeza e sofrimento, o que constitui um sério empecilho para a inclusão sociofamiliar do doente mental, dificultando assim a aceitação da reforma psiquiátrica e de seus pressupostos.
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Fernandes S, Costa JD, Camino L, Mendoza R. Valores psicossociais e orientação à dominância social: um estudo acerca do preconceito. Psicol Reflex Crit 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-79722007000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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Abstract
Este artigo apresenta o Questionário de Valores Psicossociais (QVP) como instrumento adequado para a análise dos sistemas de valores de estudantes universitários. No estudo realizado (N = 300), os resultados de uma análise fatorial confirmatória mostram a adequação conceitual da estrutura e dos conteúdos dos quatro sistemas responsáveis pela organização dos valores dos universitários: materialista, religioso, hedonista e pós-materialista. Os resultados também mostram que os sistemas são correlacionados positivamente. A discussão enfatiza a natureza societal dos sistemas de valores e a adequação do QVP para mensurar esses sistemas.
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Abstract
Este artigo verifica a representação que universitários têm do seu envolvimento e do envolvimento do governo com os Direitos Humanos (DH), analisa a relação entre essa representação e variáveis psicossociais e compara alguns valores morais veiculados pela Rede Globo de Televisão à representação dos universitários. Para verificar as representações dos estudantes sobre os DH, foi realizado, baseado na teoria psicossociológica das representações sociais, um estudo com 93 universitários da UFPB e da UEPB. Os resultados revelaram que a representação do envolvimento possui quatro dimensões - pessoal-abstrato, pessoal-concreto, governamental-abstrato e governamental-concreto; o compromisso dos estudantes é maior com direitos individuais do que com direitos societais; a representação do envolvimento com os DH está ancorada, sobretudo, na identificação partidária e na participação desses estudantes em atividades sócio-políticas; e que existe uma similitude entre valores morais predominantes nos programas analisados e o tipo de artigo da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos mais valorizado pelos estudantes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleonice Camino
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
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Pereira C, Camino L. Representações sociais, envolvimento nos Direitos Humanos e ideologia política em estudantes universitários de João Pessoa. Psicol Reflex Crit 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-79722003000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Camino C, Camino L, Moraes R. Moralidade e socialização: estudos empíricos sobre práticas maternas de controle social e o julgamento moral. Psicol Reflex Crit 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-79722003000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Lacerda M, Pereira C, Camino L. Um estudo sobre as formas de preconceito contra homossexuais na perspectiva das representações sociais. Psicol Reflex Crit 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-79722002000100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Este trabalho aborda as concepções da feminilidade e masculinidade da escala BSRI de Bem (1974). Discute na identidade de gênero as existências de características especificam que salientam o expressar e comportar-se de ambos - homem e mulher. Assim, a dimensão de feminilidade refere-se mais a estereótipo que a disposição individual, possuindo traços, como: o apoio afetivo as outras pessoas, etc. apresentando expressividade; a dimensão masculinidade apresenta as características: necessidade de realização, agressividade, dominância e etc. uma maior instrumentalidade. Assim, pretende-se estudar a maneira em que estas duas dimensões se encontram para os universitários. A pesquisa foi realizada em 423 sujeitos, entre as universidades públicas e privadas de João Pessoa, nos cursos de ciências humanas. Os sujeitos responderam a escala BSRI de Bem, entre outras variáveis. Observou-se que as mulheres apresentam maior freqüência na dimensão de feminilidade e os homens na de masculinidade. Conclui-se que, os sujeitos percebem tais dimensões de forma estereotipada, generalizando as características para ambos os gêneros.
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Camino L, Silva EAD, Souza SMD. Primeiros passos para a elaboração de um Modelo Psicossociológico do Comportamento Eleitoral: estudo dos eleitores de João Pessoa na campanha de 1992. Estud psicol (Natal) 1998. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-294x1998000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O debate sobre os fatores intervenientes no processo eleitoral tem-se polarizado entre duas perspectivas: a sociológica e a psicológica. Situando a escolha eleitoral num processo dialético, Camino, Torres e Da Costa (1995) organizaram os fatores que influenciam no voto utilizando duas dimensões independentes. A primeira, constituída pelas duas vertentes do processo de construção da realidade política: as alternativas políticas concretas e o ato individual de escolha. A segunda constituída por três níveis de análise: o observacional, o mediacional e o metateórico. Esta sistematização guiou um conjunto de pesquisas eleitorais com estudantes realizadas por Camino e colaboradores (1995). Os resultados permitiram elaborar um Modelo Psicossociológico, no qual pressupõe-se que a Escolha Eleitoral é um processo que se estabelece desde a inserção do indivíduo nas organizações da sociedade até o momento de depositar seu voto na urna. O modelo localiza etapas do processo e as relaciona com a escolha eleitoral. Este trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa cujos resultados confirmam as principais relações propostas no "Modelo Psicossociológico". Observa-se que os eleitores com participação social são os que mais acreditam na eficácia das atividades eleitorais. Constata-se também que as diversas formas de participação social modelam visões próprias no que concerne à estrutura social. A visão da estrutura social, enquanto matriz ideológica, influencia também a escolha eleitoral. Os dados mostraram ainda que existe uma relação estreita entre a ideologia do partido de simpatia e o tipo de representação da estrutura social. Finalmente, discutem-se as perspectivas que o modelo abre no estudo do comportamento eleitoral.
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Leyens J-P, Camino L, Parke R, Berkowitz L. Effects of movie violence on aggression in a field setting as a function of group dominance and cohesion. J Pers Soc Psychol 1975. [PMID: 1206474 DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.32.2.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this quasi-experimental field study, delinquent members belonging to two cottages viewed aggressive commercial movies every evening for a week, while at the same time, subjects from two other cottages were exposed to neutral commercial movies. Behavioral observations were obtained through a nonhier-archical, minimally inferential procedure of a time-sampling nature; they were taken during a baseline week (at noon and in the evening), a treatment week (noon and evening) and a posttreatment week (noon). The main immediate effects of the violent films were an overall increase of both active behaviors and physical aggression; the effects on verbal aggression were more persistent but limited to one of the two cottages. On the other hand, more interactions occurred as an immediate consequence of viewing the films in both neutral treatment cottages; moreover, one of these two cottages also decreased its level of physical (short-term effect) and verbal (short- and long-term effects) aggression. In the aggressive treatment cottage, which was most affected, subjects who were most dominant, most popular, and least popular were influenced the most: an opposite effect was exhibited by those subjects who were judged as least aggressive by their peers. Complementary data are presented and discussed; the difference between the single individual laboratory paradigm and the existing group field paradigm is especially stressed.
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Camino L, Parke R, Berkowitz L. Effects of movie violence on aggression in a field setting as a function of group dominance and cohesion. J Pers Soc Psychol 1975; 32:346-60. [PMID: 1206474 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this quasi-experimental field study, delinquent members belonging to two cottages viewed aggressive commercial movies every evening for a week, while at the same time, subjects from two other cottages were exposed to neutral commercial movies. Behavioral observations were obtained through a nonhier-archical, minimally inferential procedure of a time-sampling nature; they were taken during a baseline week (at noon and in the evening), a treatment week (noon and evening) and a posttreatment week (noon). The main immediate effects of the violent films were an overall increase of both active behaviors and physical aggression; the effects on verbal aggression were more persistent but limited to one of the two cottages. On the other hand, more interactions occurred as an immediate consequence of viewing the films in both neutral treatment cottages; moreover, one of these two cottages also decreased its level of physical (short-term effect) and verbal (short- and long-term effects) aggression. In the aggressive treatment cottage, which was most affected, subjects who were most dominant, most popular, and least popular were influenced the most: an opposite effect was exhibited by those subjects who were judged as least aggressive by their peers. Complementary data are presented and discussed; the difference between the single individual laboratory paradigm and the existing group field paradigm is especially stressed.
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