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Carrera JM, Aktepe TE, Earnest L, Christiansen D, Wheatley AK, Tan HX, Chung AW, Collett S, McPherson K, Torresi J, Mackenzie JM, Simmons CP. Adenovirus vector produced Zika virus-like particles induce a long-lived neutralising antibody response in mice. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00757-0. [PMID: 37391311 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Countermeasures against Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemics are urgently needed. In this study we generated a ZIKV virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccine candidate and assessed the immunogenicity of these particles in mice. The ZIKV-VLPs were morphologically similar to ZIKV by electron microscopy and were recognized by anti-Flavivirus neutralising antibodies. We observed that a single dose of unadjuvanted ZIKV-VLPs, or inactivated ZIKV, generated an immune response that lasted over 6 months, but did not neutralize ZIKV infection of cells in vitro. However, when we co-administered the ZIKV VLPs with either Aluminium hydroxide (Alhydrogel®; Alum), AddaVax or Pam2Cys we observed that Alum was the most effective in a single dose regime, since it not only produced antibodies that neutralized the virus, but also generated a greater number of antigen-specific memory B cells. We additionally observed that the generation of the neutralising antibodies persisted for up to 6 months. Our results suggest that a single dose ZIKV VLPs could be a suitable single dose vaccine candidate for use in outbreak settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M Carrera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Institute of Vector-Borne Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Turgut E Aktepe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Linda Earnest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dale Christiansen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Simon Collett
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kirsty McPherson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Cameron P Simmons
- Institute of Vector-Borne Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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2
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Collett S, Earnest L, Carrera Montoya J, Edeling MA, Yap A, Wong CY, Christiansen D, Roberts J, Mumford J, Lecouturier V, Pavot V, Marco S, Loi JK, Simmons C, Gulab SA, Mackenzie JM, Elbourne A, Ramsland PA, Cameron G, Hans D, Godfrey DI, Torresi J. Development of virus-like particles with inbuilt immunostimulatory properties as vaccine candidates. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1065609. [PMID: 37350788 PMCID: PMC10282183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1065609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccines for human papillomavirus, hepatitis B and hepatitis E viruses represented a breakthrough in vaccine development. However, for dengue and COVID-19, technical complications, such as an incomplete understanding of the requirements for protective immunity, but also limitations in processes to manufacture VLP vaccines for enveloped viruses to large scale, have hampered VLP vaccine development. Selecting the right adjuvant is also an important consideration to ensure that a VLP vaccine induces protective antibody and T cell responses. For diseases like COVID-19 and dengue fever caused by RNA viruses that exist as families of viral variants with the potential to escape vaccine-induced immunity, the development of more efficacious vaccines is also necessary. Here, we describe the development and characterisation of novel VLP vaccine candidates using SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus (DENV), containing the major viral structural proteins, as protypes for a novel approach to produce VLP vaccines. The VLPs were characterised by Western immunoblot, enzyme immunoassay, electron and atomic force microscopy, and in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity studies. Microscopy techniques showed proteins self-assemble to form VLPs authentic to native viruses. The inclusion of the glycolipid adjuvant, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) in the vaccine formulation led to high levels of natural killer T (NKT) cell stimulation in vitro, and strong antibody and memory CD8+ T cell responses in vivo, demonstrated with SARS-CoV-2, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and DEN VLPs. This study shows our unique vaccine formulation presents a promising, and much needed, new vaccine platform in the fight against infections caused by enveloped RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Collett
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda Earnest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Julio Carrera Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa A. Edeling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley Yap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chinn Yi Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale Christiansen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason Roberts
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Mumford
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Joon Keit Loi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cameron Simmons
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Shivali A. Gulab
- Avalia Immunotherapies Limited, Wellington, New Zealand
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jason M. Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A. Ramsland
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dhiraj Hans
- Research, Innovation and Commercialisation, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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3
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Tran BM, Grimley SL, McAuley JL, Hachani A, Earnest L, Wong SL, Caly L, Druce J, Purcell DFJ, Jackson DC, Catton M, Nowell CJ, Leonie L, Deliyannis G, Waters SA, Torresi J, Vincan E. Air-Liquid-Interface Differentiated Human Nose Epithelium: A Robust Primary Tissue Culture Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:835. [PMID: 35055020 PMCID: PMC8776210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global urgency to uncover medical countermeasures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has revealed an unmet need for robust tissue culture models that faithfully recapitulate key features of human tissues and disease. Infection of the nose is considered the dominant initial site for SARS-CoV-2 infection and models that replicate this entry portal offer the greatest potential for examining and demonstrating the effectiveness of countermeasures designed to prevent or manage this highly communicable disease. Here, we test an air-liquid-interface (ALI) differentiated human nasal epithelium (HNE) culture system as a model of authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Progenitor cells (basal cells) were isolated from nasal turbinate brushings, expanded under conditionally reprogrammed cell (CRC) culture conditions and differentiated at ALI. Differentiated cells were inoculated with different SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolates. Infectious virus release into apical washes was determined by TCID50, while infected cells were visualized by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. We demonstrate robust, reproducible SARS-CoV-2 infection of ALI-HNE established from different donors. Viral entry and release occurred from the apical surface, and infection was primarily observed in ciliated cells. In contrast to the ancestral clinical isolate, the Delta variant caused considerable cell damage. Successful establishment of ALI-HNE is donor dependent. ALI-HNE recapitulate key features of human SARS-CoV-2 infection of the nose and can serve as a pre-clinical model without the need for invasive collection of human respiratory tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang M. Tran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - Samantha L. Grimley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (S.L.G.); (J.L.M.); (A.H.); (L.E.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.C.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Julie L. McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (S.L.G.); (J.L.M.); (A.H.); (L.E.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.C.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Abderrahman Hachani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (S.L.G.); (J.L.M.); (A.H.); (L.E.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.C.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Linda Earnest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (S.L.G.); (J.L.M.); (A.H.); (L.E.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.C.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Sharon L. Wong
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (S.L.W.); (S.A.W.)
| | - Leon Caly
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (L.C.); (J.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (L.C.); (J.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Damian F. J. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (S.L.G.); (J.L.M.); (A.H.); (L.E.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.C.J.); (G.D.)
| | - David C. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (S.L.G.); (J.L.M.); (A.H.); (L.E.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.C.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Mike Catton
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (L.C.); (J.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Cameron J. Nowell
- Imaging, FACS and Analysis Core, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Laura Leonie
- Melbourne Histology Platform, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Georgia Deliyannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (S.L.G.); (J.L.M.); (A.H.); (L.E.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.C.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Shafagh A. Waters
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (S.L.W.); (S.A.W.)
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (S.L.G.); (J.L.M.); (A.H.); (L.E.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.C.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (L.C.); (J.D.); (M.C.)
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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4
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Clark MP, Huynh T, Rao S, Mackiewicz L, Mason H, Romal S, Stutz MD, Ahn SH, Earnest L, Sozzi V, Littlejohn M, Tran BM, Wiedemann N, Vincan E, Torresi J, Netter HJ, Mahmoudi T, Revill P, Pellegrini M, Ebert G. Clinical stage drugs targeting inhibitor of apoptosis proteins purge episomal Hepatitis B viral genome in preclinical models. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:641. [PMID: 34162831 PMCID: PMC8222287 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major unmet clinical need is a therapeutic capable of removing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome from the liver of infected individuals to reduce their risk of developing liver cancer. A strategy to deliver such a therapy could utilize the ability to target and promote apoptosis of infected hepatocytes. Presently there is no clinically relevant strategy that has been shown to effectively remove persistent episomal covalently closed circular HBV DNA (cccDNA) from the nucleus of hepatocytes. We used linearized single genome length HBV DNA of various genotypes to establish a cccDNA-like reservoir in immunocompetent mice and showed that clinical-stage orally administered drugs that antagonize the function of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins can eliminate HBV replication and episomal HBV genome in the liver. Primary human liver organoid models were used to confirm the clinical relevance of these results. This study underscores a clinically tenable strategy for the potential elimination of chronic HBV reservoirs in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P Clark
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Thao Huynh
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shringar Rao
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liana Mackiewicz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hugh Mason
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shahla Romal
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael D Stutz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Sang H Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Linda Earnest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vitina Sozzi
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret Littlejohn
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bang M Tran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hans J Netter
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Peter Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Gregor Ebert
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
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5
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Nguyen THO, Rowntree LC, Petersen J, Chua BY, Hensen L, Kedzierski L, van de Sandt CE, Chaurasia P, Tan HX, Habel JR, Zhang W, Allen LF, Earnest L, Mak KY, Juno JA, Wragg K, Mordant FL, Amanat F, Krammer F, Mifsud NA, Doolan DL, Flanagan KL, Sonda S, Kaur J, Wakim LM, Westall GP, James F, Mouhtouris E, Gordon CL, Holmes NE, Smibert OC, Trubiano JA, Cheng AC, Harcourt P, Clifton P, Crawford JC, Thomas PG, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Rossjohn J, Torresi J, Kedzierska K. CD8 + T cells specific for an immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid epitope display high naive precursor frequency and TCR promiscuity. Immunity 2021; 54:1066-1082.e5. [PMID: 33951417 PMCID: PMC8049468 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To better understand primary and recall T cell responses during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is important to examine unmanipulated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T cells. By using peptide-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) tetramers for direct ex vivo analysis, we characterized CD8+ T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in COVID-19 patients and unexposed individuals. Unlike CD8+ T cells directed toward subdominant epitopes (B7/N257, A2/S269, and A24/S1,208) CD8+ T cells specific for the immunodominant B7/N105 epitope were detected at high frequencies in pre-pandemic samples and at increased frequencies during acute COVID-19 and convalescence. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells in pre-pandemic samples from children, adults, and elderly individuals predominantly displayed a naive phenotype, indicating a lack of previous cross-reactive exposures. T cell receptor (TCR) analyses revealed diverse TCRαβ repertoires and promiscuous αβ-TCR pairing within B7/N105+CD8+ T cells. Our study demonstrates high naive precursor frequency and TCRαβ diversity within immunodominant B7/N105-specific CD8+ T cells and provides insight into SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell origins and subsequent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jan Petersen
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Luca Hensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066CX, the Netherlands
| | - Priyanka Chaurasia
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Habel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Wuji Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Lilith F Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Linda Earnest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kai Yan Mak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kathleen Wragg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Francesca L Mordant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicole A Mifsud
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Denise L Doolan
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Jasveen Kaur
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Glen P Westall
- Lung Transplant Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Fiona James
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Effie Mouhtouris
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Claire L Gordon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Natasha E Holmes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; Department of Medicine and Radiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia; Data Analytics Research and Evaluation (DARE) Centre, Austin Health and The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Olivia C Smibert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jason A Trubiano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Centre for Antibiotic Allergy and Research, Department of Infectious Diseases Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | | | | | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan.
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Johnston H, Koukoulas I, Jeyaseelan K, Armugam A, Earnest L, Baird R, Dawson N, Ferraro T, Wintour EM. Ontogeny of aquaporins 1 and 3 in ovine placenta and fetal membranes. Placenta 2000; 21:88-99. [PMID: 10692256 DOI: 10.1053/plac.1999.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and highly reproducible method has been used to show that Aquaporin 3 (AQP(3)) mRNA is present in the ovine placenta and chorion from at least 60 days of gestation (term=145-150d) with levels increasing substantially (>16 fold) at 100 days, and remaining constant thereafter. By immuno- and hybridization histochemistry, the epithelial cells expressing AQP(3)were found to be the trophoblast cells. Some AQP(3)was expressed in fibroblasts of the amnion and allantois but none was expressed in the epithelia of these membranes. AQP(1)was expressed in endothelial cells of fetal and maternal blood vessels but not in any epithelial cell of the ovine placenta and fetal membranes. The level of AQP(3)expression is consistent with known ovine placental permeabilities to water, glycerol and urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Johnston
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
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8
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the relative insensitivity of the ovine fetal kidney to arginine vasopressin (AVP) is due to low levels of expression of the gene for aquaporin-2 (AQP2) which encodes the AVP-regulated water channel. We report the cloning of the cDNA for the ovine AQP2 which has a major transcript at 4.2 kilobases (kb) and a minor transcript at 1.5 kb, resembling the human gene transcripts. At 40-60 days' (term = 145-150 days'), mRNA levels are very low, detectable only by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). By Northern blot analysis AQP2 mRNA is detectable at 75 days'. The ratio of AQP2/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA increases approximately 2.4-fold between 100 and 140 days' when it is about 41% of adult values. Both glucocorticoids and the renin-angiotensin system are involved in maturation of renal function. When fetuses at 75 or 85 days of gestation were exposed to high levels of dexamethasone for 2-3 days, mRNAs for both GAPDH and AQP2 doubled, but the ratio was unchanged. Angiotensin I, infused for 3 days at 115-120 days' gestation, increased the AQP2/GAPDH mRNA ratios by twofold (major transcript) and sixfold (minor transcript), which were highly significant (P<0.001). The increasing sensitivity of the ovine fetal kidney to AVP, from 100-140 days of gestation, is largely due to increasing AQP2 gene expression over this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Butkus
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Wintour EM, Alcorn D, Albiston A, Boon WC, Butkus A, Earnest L, Moritz K, Shandley L. The renin-angiotensin system and the development of the kidney and adrenal in sheep. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl 1998; 25:S97-100. [PMID: 9809201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The earliest form of the kidney, the pronephros, does not really occur in the ovine embryo; instead, a giant glomerulus forms at the anterior end of the mesonephros. 2. In the sheep, the mesonephros is present from 11-38% of total gestation (150 days) and produces a dilute urine, as well as expressing the genes for erythropoietin, renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme and the angiotensin II (AngII) receptors AT1 and AT2. 3. The ovine metanephros begins to develop at 18% of gestation and nephrogenesis is complete several weeks before birth. All components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are expressed from at least 27% of gestation. 4. Both AT1 and AT2 receptors are expressed by the adrenocortical cells early in gestation but, at mid-gestation, exogenous AngII does not stimulate aldosterone secretion in vivo. 5. Preliminary results suggest that AngII has important roles in renal development in the ovine foetus but the role(s), if any, in adrenal development, remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Wintour
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Marelyn_Wintour-Coghlan.HFI.@muwaye.unimelb.edu.au
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10
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Abstract
The cDNA for the ovine aquaporin 1 (AQP1) was obtained and found to be 97%, 88%, and 85%, respectively, homologous to the bovine, human, and rat AQP1 cDNA. The level of total kidney mRNA expressed as a ratio to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase increased sevenfold from 60 days to 140 days of gestation (term=150 days) and reached adult values by 6 weeks after birth. Treatment of pregnant ewes (and their fetuses) at 64 and 74 days of gestation with dexamethasone (0.76 mg/h for 48 h) resulted in a small but statistically significant increase in AQP1 mRNA only in the 74-day fetuses. By immunohistochemistry, it was shown that the increase in AQP1 mRNA with dexamethasone resulted largely from an increase in maturity of the inner zone of the fetal renal cortex (i.e., more tubules) as well as stronger expression of AQP1 in proximal tubules and thin descending limbs of loops of Henle. A similar effect occurred in fetuses infused for 3 days with angiotensin I (6.7 microg/h) in the last third of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Wintour
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Chang HR, Loo LH, Jeyaseelan K, Earnest L, Stackebrandt E. Phylogenetic relationships of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella typhimurium based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1997; 47:1253-4. [PMID: 9336938 DOI: 10.1099/00207713-47-4-1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The 16S rRNA gene sequences of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella typhimurium were amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. These sequences were analyzed by comparison with reference organisms from the family Enterobacteriaceae. Both S. typhi and S. typhimurium belong to the gamma subdivision of the class Proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Butkus A, Alcorn D, Earnest L, Moritz K, Giles M, Wintour EM. Expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) in the adult and developing sheep kidney. Biol Cell 1997; 89:313-20. [PMID: 9468602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of aquaporin-1 mRNA and protein were studied by hybridization histochemistry with a homologous riboprobe and immunohistochemistry, in the adult sheep kidney. Heaviest labelling occurred in the thin descending limb (DTL) of the loop of Henle in the inner stripe of the outer medulla, with apparent decreasing expression in the inner medulla, outer stripe of the outer medulla and cortex, but no quantitation was performed. Only proximal tubules (PT) (convoluted and straight) and DTL labelled. The glomerulus showed no labelling, consistent with the pattern in the rat but different to that in the human. During ontogeny, no labelling occurred in the mesonephros at 27 or 41 days of gestation (term = 145-150 days) but other structures did label at 27 days (heart, lung bud, blood vessels surrounding developing spinal cord). Labelling first occurred faintly in the metanephros at 41 days of gestation and increased throughout gestation consistent with morphological development of nephrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Butkus
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Armugam A, Earnest L, Chung MC, Gopalakrishnakone P, Tan CH, Tan NH, Jeyaseelan K. Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding three isoforms of phospholipase A2 in Malayan spitting cobra (Naja naja sputatrix) venom. Toxicon 1997; 35:27-37. [PMID: 9028006 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
cDNAs encoding three phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isoforms in Naja naja sputatrix were cloned and characterized. One of them encoded an acidic PLA2 (APLA) while the others encoded neutral PLA2 (NPLA-1 and NPLA-2). The specific characteristics of APLA and NPLA were attributed to mutations at nt139 and nt328 from G to C and G to A, respectively, resulting in amino acid substitutions from Asp20 and 83 in APLA to His20 and Asn83 in NPLA. Amino acid sequencing of purified protein also showed the presence of this Asp20 and His20 in APLA and NPLA, respectively. The cDNA encoding one of the PLA2 (NAJPLA-2A), when expressed in Escherichia coli, yielded a protein that exhibited PLA2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Armugam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Wintour EM, Butkus A, Earnest L, Pompolo S. The erythropoietin gene is expressed strongly in the mammalian mesonephric kidney. Blood 1996; 88:3349-53. [PMID: 8896399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the ovine fetus at 41 days of gestation (term is 150 days), there are two sets of kidneys, mesonephrol and metanephrol. We have examined the expression of the erythropoietin (Epo) gene in both types of kidneys by competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and hybridization histochemistry and compared the expression to that of the 60-day fetal metanephros. At 41 days, the Epo gene was expressed in both mesonephros and metanephros, as well as in the fetal liver. The cells expressing the Epo gene in the mesonephros were interstitial cells in the vicinity of the proximal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Wintour
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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15
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Wintour EM, Alcorn D, Butkus A, Congiu M, Earnest L, Pompolo S, Potocnik SJ. Ontogeny of hormonal and excretory function of the meso- and metanephros in the ovine fetus. Kidney Int 1996; 50:1624-33. [PMID: 8914029 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1996.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry we investigated the ontogeny of renin, angiotensinogen and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the mesonephros at 27 and 41 days of gestation, and the metanephros at 41 and 64 days of gestation in ovine fetuses (term is 145 to 150 days). The volume and composition of fetal urine, stored as allantoic fluid were measured in 12 fetuses at 27 days, and 13 fetuses at 41 days. Renin, angiotensinogen and ACE were identified in both meso- and metanephroi at 41 days but not in the mesonephros at 27 to 30 days. Allantoic fluid volumes were 21 +/- 3 and 45 +/- 5 ml at 27 to 30 days and 41 days, respectively. This fluid was significantly different in composition to that of amniotic fluid or maternal plasma. The results suggest that the mesonephros can substantially modify its glomerular filtrate by 27 days of gestation, and can produce local angiotensin II by 41 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Wintour
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
The organization of the genes involved in xylose catabolism in a thermophilic Bacillus sp. LW2 was found to be different from that of mesophiles such as B. subtilis and Escherichia coli. We have reported previously the cloning and characterization of the xylose isomerase gene (xylA) from this thermophilic Bacillus sp. A xylose transport permease gene (xylP) was located immediately upstream of xylA. This gene encoded a hydrophobic protein (392 amino acids) with a calculated molecular weight of 42,307. Further upstream of xylP, another related gene xylO encoding a sugar transport ATP-binding protein was observed. A xylulose kinase gene (xylB) was identified downstream of xylA. Its open reading frame extended up to 1122 bp and represented a part (372 aa) of the enzyme. The order of the xyl genes in the thermophilic Bacillus sp. is therefore 5'-xylO (ATP-binding protein)-xylP (xylose permease)-xylA (xylose isomerase)-xylB (xylulose kinase)-3'. The polarity of expression of these four genes was found to be unidirectional from xylO to xylB.
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Affiliation(s)
- W X Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) gene expression in ovine fetal liver and kidneys was measured by competitive RT-PCR in situations in which fetal glucocorticoid status was altered. Bilateral adrenalectomy at 120 +/- 0.3 days gestation (term is 145-150 days) caused a significant (P < 0.05) 5-fold increase in renal Epo messenger RNA (mRNA) levels at 145 +/- 1 days compared to those in age-matched controls. With cortisol replacement in adrenalectomized fetuses, renal Epo mRNA levels dropped to 17% of this values (P < 0.05). Cortisol infusion (230 micrograms/h for 48 h) at 108 +/- 1 day decreased renal Epo gene expression significantly (P < 0.01) to 23% of the control value; dexamethasone treatment of the ewe at midgestation (0.76 mg/h for 48 h) also decreased fetal, but not adult, renal Epo mRNA levels (to 12% of control value; P < 0.01). Fetal and maternal liver Epo mRNA levels were unaffected by glucocorticoid status at any stage of pregnancy. Thus, glucocorticoids can influence fetal renal, but not maternal, Epo gene expression. In the presence of high concentrations of fetal glucocorticoids, plasma Epo values were consistently 4-5 mU/ml, close to the sensitivity of the assay, whereas in seven adrenalectomized fetuses, the plasma Epo value was 9.1 +/- 1.4 mU/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Lim
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Armugam A, Lachumanan R, Earnest L, Tan N, Gopalakrishnakone P, Tan C, Jeyaseelan K. Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding two different neurotoxins in the venom of Naja naja sputatrix. Toxicon 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(95)00080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Armugam A, Earnest L, Tan N, Gopalakrishnakone P, Tan C, Jeyaseelan K. Cloning of cDNAs encoding the phospholipases in Naja naja sputatrix and expression of the structural genes in Escherichia coli. Toxicon 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(95)98349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Liao WX, Earnest L, Kok SL, Jeyaseelan K. Molecular cloning and characterization of the xylose isomerase gene from a thermophilic Bacillus species. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1995; 36:401-10. [PMID: 7663444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The gene (xylA) encoding a thermostable xylose isomerase has been isolated and characterized from a thermophilic Bacillus species for the first time. The xylA open reading frame of 1323 bp encoded a protein containing 441 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 50,176. The amino acid sequence of this protein showed 76% homology to xylose isomerase isolated from Bacillus subtilis and contained all the important catalytic domains of the enzyme. The gene complemented the xyl-5 mutation and produced a functional enzyme constitutively in Escherichia coli. The crude cell-free extract of E. coli recombinants exhibited xylose isomerase activity over a wide range of temperatures from 60 to 100 degrees C with an optimal enzyme activity of 10.4 Units/mg protein at 85 degrees C. This optimal temperature was one of the highest reported so far for thermostable xylose isomerases. The recombinant enzyme was found to be a tetramer with each subunit having molecular weight of 50,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- W X Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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Fan D, Poste G, Ruffolo R, Dong Z, Seid C, Earnest L, Campbell T, Clyne R, Beltran P, Fidler I. Circumvention of multidrug-resistance in murine fibrosarcoma and colon-carcinoma cells by treatment with the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist furobenzazepine. Int J Oncol 1994; 4:789-98. [PMID: 21566983 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.4.4.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether agonists and antagonists of alpha-adrenoceptors that affect calcium fluxes and protein kinase C signal transduction alter the chemosensitivity of cancer cells that exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR). The effects of nine alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists or antagonists on the in vitro chemosensitivity of the UV-2237 murine fibrosarcoma and its doxorubicin-selected MDR variants (UV-2237-R1 and UV-2237-R10) were examined. Noncytotoxic concentrations of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist furobenzazepine enhanced the antitumor activity of doxorubicin, actinomycin D, vinblastine and vincristine, but not 5-fluorouracil. Similar effects of furobenzazepine were also observed in recently established doxorubicin-resistant MDR variants of the CT-26 murine colon carcinoma. The chemosensitizing effect of furobenzazepine was associated with an increase in intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs. Furobenzazepine did not compete with [H-3]azidopine for photoaffinity labeling of P-glycoprotein, but it did produce a transient 30% reduction of P-glycoprotein in the MDR cells. These data indicate that furobenzazepine can reverse a P-glycoprotein-mediated experimental MDR phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fan
- SMITHKLINE BEECHAM PHARMACEUT,KING OF PRUSSIA,PA 19406
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Fan D, Poste G, Obrian C, Seid C, Ward N, Earnest L, Fidler I. Chemosensitization of murine fibrosarcoma cells to drugs affected by the multidrug resistance phenotype by the antidepressant trazodone - an experimental-model for the reversal of intrinsic drug-resistance. Int J Oncol 1992; 1:735-742. [PMID: 21584609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of resistance phenotypes to cytotoxic agents in bacteria, protozoa parasites and mammalian cells are mediated by evolutionarily conserved proteins of the mdr family. The finding that chloroquine resistance in the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, that is mediated by an mdr-1 gene product can be circumvented by tricyclic antidepressant drugs has stimulated the present study to assess whether this class of agents might also modulate the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype(s) in mammalian tumor cells. The possible chemosensitizing effects of nine antidepressant drugs have been tested against the UV-2237M murine fibrosarcoma line and its MDR variant. At nontoxic concentrations all nine antidepressants markedly enhanced the cytotoxicity of ADR against the parental cells but were much less effective against the MDR cells. The most active antidepressant, trazodone, also enhanced the cytotoxicities of vinblastine and vincristine, but not those of actinomycin D, mitomycin C, or 5-fluorouracil. The parental cells treated with trazodone exhibited an increased accumulation of intracellular ADR, but lacked detectable alterations in the expression and drug-binding activity of plasma membrane P-glycoprotein, and trazodone did not affect the activities of isolated protein kinase C and calmodulin. These data suggest that the antidepressant drug trazodone may be useful in the reversal of the intrinsic drug resistance of tumor cells that express low levels of P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fan
- SMITHKLINE BEECHAM PHARMACEUT,RES & DEV,KING OF PRUSSIA,PA 19406
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Moochhala SM, Lee EJ, Earnest L, Wong JY, Ngoi SS. Inhibition of drug metabolism in rat and human liver microsomes by FK 506 and cyclosporine. Transplant Proc 1991; 23:2786-8. [PMID: 1721277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Moochhala
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore
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Cooley RL, Marshall TD, Earnest L. Retention of pins in amalgam. Am J Dent 1991; 4:37-9. [PMID: 2003894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Max 021 titanium alloy self-threading retentive pin was evaluated for retention in amalgam and compared to the Link Plus titanium alloy self-threading pin. Fifteen specimens in which amalgam was condensed around the retentive pins were prepared. The specimens were mounted in a specially constructed test apparatus in an Instron Testing Machine and placed under a continuous tensile force (1 mm/min) until failure occurred. The mean force required to induce failure in the Max pin specimens was 87.6 (+/- 37.4) Newtons while the mean for the Link Plus pins was 180.4 (+/- 39.8) Newtons. The failure of the specimens using the Max pins was primarily a result of fracture of the amalgam with removal of the pin intact. The failure site of the Link Plus pin was primarily fracture of the pin itself. Statistically, a significantly greater force was required to induce failure in the Link Plus pins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Cooley
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
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