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Marcovecchio ML, Hendriks AEJ, Delfin C, Battelino T, Danne T, Evans ML, Johannesen J, Kaur S, Knip M, Overbergh L, Pociot F, Todd JA, Van der Schueren B, Wicker LS, Peakman M, Mathieu C. The INNODIA Type 1 Diabetes Natural History Study: a European cohort of newly diagnosed children, adolescents and adults. Diabetologia 2024; 67:995-1008. [PMID: 38517484 PMCID: PMC11058619 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 1 diabetes is an heterogenous condition. Characterising factors explaining differences in an individual's clinical course and treatment response will have important clinical and research implications. Our aim was to explore type 1 diabetes heterogeneity, as assessed by clinical characteristics, autoantibodies, beta cell function and glycaemic outcomes, during the first 12 months from diagnosis, and how it relates to age at diagnosis. METHODS Data were collected from the large INNODIA cohort of individuals (aged 1.0-45.0 years) newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, followed 3 monthly, to assess clinical characteristics, C-peptide, HbA1c and diabetes-associated antibodies, and their changes, during the first 12 months from diagnosis, across three age groups: <10 years; 10-17 years; and ≥18 years. RESULTS The study population included 649 individuals (57.3% male; age 12.1±8.3 years), 96.9% of whom were positive for one or more diabetes-related antibodies. Baseline (IQR) fasting C-peptide was 242.0 (139.0-382.0) pmol/l (AUC 749.3 [466.2-1106.1] pmol/l × min), with levels increasing with age (p<0.001). Over time, C-peptide remained lower in participants aged <10 years but it declined in all age groups. In parallel, glucose levels progressively increased. Lower baseline fasting C-peptide, BMI SD score and presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis were associated with lower stimulated C-peptide over time. HbA1c decreased during the first 3 months (p<0.001), whereas insulin requirement increased from 3 months post diagnosis (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In this large cohort with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, we identified age-related differences in clinical and biochemical variables. Of note, C-peptide was lower in younger children but there were no main age differences in its rate of decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loredana Marcovecchio
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - A Emile J Hendriks
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carl Delfin
- Department of Pharmacometrics, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Tadej Battelino
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Danne
- Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Auf Der Bult Children's Hospital, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark L Evans
- Wellcome MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jesper Johannesen
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Paediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Simranjeet Kaur
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Paediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mikael Knip
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Paediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - John A Todd
- Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linda S Wicker
- Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Peakman
- Immunology & Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, MA, USA
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Zhang JY, Whalley JP, Knight JC, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Ferreira RC. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a long-lived pro-inflammatory transcriptional profile. Genome Med 2023; 15:69. [PMID: 37700317 PMCID: PMC10498514 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in COVID-19 patients has been extensively investigated. However, much less is known about the long-term effects of infection in patients and how it could affect the immune system and its capacity to respond to future perturbations. METHODS Using a targeted single-cell multiomics approach, we have recently identified a prolonged anti-inflammatory gene expression signature in T and NK cells in type 1 diabetes patients treated with low-dose IL-2. Here, we investigated the dynamics of this signature in three independent cohorts of COVID-19 patients: (i) the Oxford COVID-19 Multi-omics Blood Atlas (COMBAT) dataset, a cross-sectional cohort including 77 COVID-19 patients and ten healthy donors; (ii) the INCOV dataset, consisting of 525 samples taken from 209 COVID-19 patients during and after infection; and (iii) a longitudinal dataset consisting of 269 whole-blood samples taken from 139 COVID-19 patients followed for a period of up to 7 months after the onset of symptoms using a bulk transcriptomic approach. RESULTS We discovered that SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to a prolonged alteration of the gene expression profile of circulating T, B and NK cells and monocytes. Some of the genes affected were the same as those present in the IL-2-induced anti-inflammatory gene expression signature but were regulated in the opposite direction, implying a pro-inflammatory status. The altered transcriptional profile was detected in COVID-19 patients for at least 2 months after the onset of the disease symptoms but was not observed in response to influenza infection or sepsis. Gene network analysis suggested a central role for the transcriptional factor NF-κB in the regulation of the observed transcriptional alterations. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a prolonged increase in the pro-inflammatory transcriptional status that could predispose post-acute patients to the development of long-term health consequences, including autoimmune disease, reactivation of other viruses and disruption of the host immune system-microbiome ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yuan Zhang
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Justin P Whalley
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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3
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Lee M, Bell CJM, Rubio Garcia A, Godfrey L, Pekalski M, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Ferreira RC. CD56 bright natural killer cells preferentially kill proliferating CD4 + T cells. Discov Immunol 2023; 2:kyad012. [PMID: 37649552 PMCID: PMC10465185 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Human CD56br natural killer (NK) cells represent a small subset of CD56+ NK cells in circulation and are largely tissue-resident. The frequency and number of CD56br NK cells in blood has been shown to increase following administration of low-dose IL-2 (LD-IL2), a therapy aimed to specifically expand CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Given the potential clinical application of LD-IL-2 immunotherapy across several immune diseases, including the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes, a better understanding of the functional consequences of this expansion is urgently needed. In this study, we developed an in vitro co-culture assay with activated CD4+ T cells to measure NK cell killing efficiency. We show that CD56br and CD56dim NK cells show similar efficiency at killing activated CD4+ conventional T (Tconv) and Treg cell subsets. However, in contrast to CD56dim cells, CD56br NK cells preferentially target highly proliferative cells. We hypothesize that CD56br NK cells have an immunoregulatory role through the elimination of proliferating autoreactive CD4+ Tconv cells that have escaped Treg suppression. These results have implications for the interpretation of current and future trials of LD-IL-2 by providing evidence for a new, possibly beneficial immunomodulatory mechanism of LD-IL-2-expanded CD56br NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercede Lee
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles J M Bell
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arcadio Rubio Garcia
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leila Godfrey
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcin Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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4
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Carr AL, Inshaw JR, Flaxman CS, Leete P, Wyatt RC, Russell LA, Palmer M, Prasolov D, Worthington T, Hull B, Wicker LS, Dunger DB, Oram RA, Morgan NG, Todd JA, Richardson SJ, Besser RE. Circulating C-Peptide Levels in Living Children and Young People and Pancreatic β-Cell Loss in Pancreas Donors Across Type 1 Diabetes Disease Duration. Diabetes 2022; 71:1591-1596. [PMID: 35499624 PMCID: PMC9233242 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
C-peptide declines in type 1 diabetes, although many long-duration patients retain low, but detectable levels. Histological analyses confirm that β-cells can remain following type 1 diabetes onset. We explored the trends observed in C-peptide decline in the UK Genetic Resource Investigating Diabetes (UK GRID) cohort (N = 4,079), with β-cell loss in pancreas donors from the network for Pancreatic Organ donors with Diabetes (nPOD) biobank and the Exeter Archival Diabetes Biobank (EADB) (combined N = 235), stratified by recently reported age at diagnosis endotypes (<7, 7-12, ≥13 years) across increasing diabetes durations. The proportion of individuals with detectable C-peptide declined beyond the first year after diagnosis, but this was most marked in the youngest age group (<1-year duration: age <7 years: 18 of 20 [90%], 7-12 years: 107 of 110 [97%], ≥13 years: 58 of 61 [95%] vs. 1-5 years postdiagnosis: <7 years: 172 of 522 [33%], 7-12 years: 604 of 995 [61%], ≥13 years: 225 of 289 [78%]). A similar profile was observed in β-cell loss, with those diagnosed at younger ages experiencing more rapid loss of islets containing insulin-positive (insulin+) β-cells <1 year postdiagnosis: age <7 years: 23 of 26 (88%), 7-12 years: 32 of 33 (97%), ≥13 years: 22 of 25 (88%) vs. 1-5 years postdiagnosis: <7 years: 1 of 12 (8.3%), 7-12 years: 7 of 13 (54%), ≥13 years: 7 of 8 (88%). These data should be considered in the planning and interpretation of intervention trials designed to promote β-cell retention and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L.J. Carr
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
- Corresponding authors: Alice Carr, , Rachel Besser, , or Sarah Richardson,
| | - Jamie R.J. Inshaw
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Christine S. Flaxman
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Pia Leete
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Rebecca C. Wyatt
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Lydia A. Russell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Matthew Palmer
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Dmytro Prasolov
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Thomas Worthington
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Bethany Hull
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - David B. Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Richard A. Oram
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Noel G. Morgan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - John A. Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Sarah J. Richardson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
- Corresponding authors: Alice Carr, , Rachel Besser, , or Sarah Richardson,
| | - Rachel E.J. Besser
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, U.K
- Corresponding authors: Alice Carr, , Rachel Besser, , or Sarah Richardson,
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5
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Trzupek D, Lee M, Hamey F, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Ferreira RC. Single-cell multi-omics analysis reveals IFN-driven alterations in T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:149. [PMID: 35509371 PMCID: PMC9046903 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16883.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The characterisation of the peripheral immune system in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at the single-cell level has been limited by the reduced sensitivity of current whole-transcriptomic technologies. Here we employ a targeted single-cell multi-omics approach, combining protein and mRNA quantification, to generate a high-resolution map of the T lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell populations in blood from SLE patients. Methods: We designed a custom panel to quantify the transcription of 534 genes in parallel with the expression of 51 surface protein targets using the BD Rhapsody AbSeq single-cell system. We applied this technology to profile 20,656 T and NK cells isolated from peripheral blood from an SLE patient with a type I interferon (IFN)-induced gene expression signature (IFN
hi), and an age- and sex- matched IFN
low SLE patient and healthy donor. Results: We confirmed the presence of a rare cytotoxic CD4
+ T cell (CTL) subset, which was exclusively present in the IFN
hi patient. Furthermore, we identified additional alterations consistent with increased immune activation in this patient, most notably a shift towards terminally differentiated CD57
+ CD8
+ T cell and CD16
+ NK
dim phenotypes, and the presence of a subset of recently-activated naïve CD4
+ T cells. Conclusions: Our results identify IFN-driven changes in the composition and phenotype of T and NK cells that are consistent with a systemic immune activation within the IFN
hi patient, and underscore the added resolving power of this multi-omics approach to identify rare immune subsets. Consequently, we were able to find evidence for novel cellular peripheral biomarkers of SLE disease activity, including a subpopulation of CD57
+ CD4
+ CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Trzupek
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mercede Lee
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Hamey
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John A. Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricardo C. Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Jarvis LB, Rainbow DB, Coppard V, Howlett SK, Georgieva Z, Davies JL, Mullay HK, Hester J, Ashmore T, Van Den Bosch A, Grist JT, Coles AJ, Mousa HS, Pluchino S, Mahbubani KT, Griffin JL, Saeb-Parsy K, Issa F, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Wicker LS, Jones JL. Therapeutically expanded human regulatory T-cells are super-suppressive due to HIF1A induced expression of CD73. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1186. [PMID: 34650224 PMCID: PMC8516976 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) is a promising therapeutic approach in transplantation and autoimmunity. However, because large cell numbers are needed to achieve a therapeutic effect, in vitro expansion is required. By comparing their function, phenotype and transcriptomic profile against ex vivo Tregs, we demonstrate that expanded human Tregs switch their metabolism to aerobic glycolysis and show enhanced suppressive function through hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A) driven acquisition of CD73 expression. In conjunction with CD39, CD73 expression enables expanded Tregs to convert ATP to immunosuppressive adenosine. We conclude that for maximum therapeutic benefit, Treg expansion protocols should be optimised for CD39/CD73 co-expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna B Jarvis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Valerie Coppard
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah K Howlett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zoya Georgieva
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica L Davies
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Joanna Hester
- Department of Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tom Ashmore
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - James T Grist
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alasdair J Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hani S Mousa
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Imperial College London Dementia Research Institute & Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Fadi Issa
- Department of Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanne L Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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7
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Robertson CC, Inshaw JRJ, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Chen WM, Santa Cruz DF, Yang H, Cutler AJ, Crouch DJM, Farber E, Bridges SL, Edberg JC, Kimberly RP, Buckner JH, Deloukas P, Divers J, Dabelea D, Lawrence JM, Marcovina S, Shah AS, Greenbaum CJ, Atkinson MA, Gregersen PK, Oksenberg JR, Pociot F, Rewers MJ, Steck AK, Dunger DB, Wicker LS, Concannon P, Todd JA, Rich SS. Fine-mapping, trans-ancestral and genomic analyses identify causal variants, cells, genes and drug targets for type 1 diabetes. Nat Genet 2021; 53:962-971. [PMID: 34127860 PMCID: PMC8273124 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the largest and most diverse genetic study of type 1 diabetes (T1D) to date (61,427 participants), yielding 78 genome-wide-significant (P < 5 × 10-8) regions, including 36 that are new. We define credible sets of T1D-associated variants and show that they are enriched in immune-cell accessible chromatin, particularly CD4+ effector T cells. Using chromatin-accessibility profiling of CD4+ T cells from 115 individuals, we map chromatin-accessibility quantitative trait loci and identify five regions where T1D risk variants co-localize with chromatin-accessibility quantitative trait loci. We highlight rs72928038 in BACH2 as a candidate causal T1D variant leading to decreased enhancer accessibility and BACH2 expression in T cells. Finally, we prioritize potential drug targets by integrating genetic evidence, functional genomic maps and immune protein-protein interactions, identifying 12 genes implicated in T1D that have been targeted in clinical trials for autoimmune diseases. These findings provide an expanded genomic landscape for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Robertson
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jamie R J Inshaw
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David Flores Santa Cruz
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hanzhi Yang
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Antony J Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel J M Crouch
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S Louis Bridges
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Edberg
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert P Kimberly
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jasmin Divers
- Division of Health Services Research, Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Colorado School of Public Health and Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jean M Lawrence
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Santica Marcovina
- Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medpace Reference Laboratories, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amy S Shah
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Peter K Gregersen
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Jorge R Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Department of Pediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Type 1 Diabetes Biology, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Marian J Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrea K Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David B Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrick Concannon
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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8
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Trzupek D, Lee M, Hamey F, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Ferreira RC. Single-cell multi-omics analysis reveals IFN-driven alterations in T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:149. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16883.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The characterisation of the peripheral immune system in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at the single-cell level has been limited by the reduced sensitivity of current whole-transcriptomic technologies. Here we employ a targeted single-cell multi-omics approach, combining protein and mRNA quantification, to generate a high-resolution map of the T lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell populations in blood from SLE patients. Methods: We designed a custom panel to quantify the transcription of 534 genes in parallel with the expression of 51 surface protein targets using the BD Rhapsody AbSeq single-cell system. We applied this technology to profile 20,656 T and NK cells isolated from peripheral blood from an SLE patient with a type I interferon (IFN)-induced gene expression signature (IFNhi), and an age- and sex- matched IFNlow SLE patient and healthy donor. Results: We confirmed the presence of a rare cytotoxic CD4+ T cell (CTL) subset, which was exclusively present in the IFNhi patient. Furthermore, we identified additional alterations consistent with increased immune activation in this patient, most notably a shift towards terminally differentiated CD57+ CD8+ T cell and CD16+ NKdim phenotypes, and the presence of a subset of recently-activated naïve CD4+ T cells. Conclusions: Our results identify IFN-driven changes in the composition and phenotype of T and NK cells that are consistent with a systemic immune activation within the IFNhi patient, and underscore the added resolving power of this multi-omics approach to identify rare immune subsets. Consequently, we were able to find evidence for novel cellular peripheral biomarkers of SLE disease activity, including a subpopulation of CD57+ CD4+ CTLs.
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Trzupek D, Dunstan M, Cutler AJ, Lee M, Godfrey L, Jarvis L, Rainbow DB, Aschenbrenner D, Jones JL, Uhlig HH, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Ferreira RC. Discovery of CD80 and CD86 as recent activation markers on regulatory T cells by protein-RNA single-cell analysis. Genome Med 2020; 12:55. [PMID: 32580776 PMCID: PMC7315544 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally, the transcriptomic and proteomic characterisation of CD4+ T cells at the single-cell level has been performed by two largely exclusive types of technologies: single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and antibody-based cytometry. Here, we present a multi-omics approach allowing the simultaneous targeted quantification of mRNA and protein expression in single cells and investigate its performance to dissect the heterogeneity of human immune cell populations. METHODS We have quantified the single-cell expression of 397 genes at the mRNA level and up to 68 proteins using oligo-conjugated antibodies (AbSeq) in 43,656 primary CD4+ T cells isolated from the blood and 31,907 CD45+ cells isolated from the blood and matched duodenal biopsies. We explored the sensitivity of this targeted scRNA-seq approach to dissect the heterogeneity of human immune cell populations and identify trajectories of functional T cell differentiation. RESULTS We provide a high-resolution map of human primary CD4+ T cells and identify precise trajectories of Th1, Th17 and regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation in the blood and tissue. The sensitivity provided by this multi-omics approach identified the expression of the B7 molecules CD80 and CD86 on the surface of CD4+ Tregs, and we further demonstrated that B7 expression has the potential to identify recently activated T cells in circulation. Moreover, we identified a rare subset of CCR9+ T cells in the blood with tissue-homing properties and expression of several immune checkpoint molecules, suggestive of a regulatory function. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptomic and proteomic hybrid technology described in this study provides a cost-effective solution to dissect the heterogeneity of immune cell populations at extremely high resolution. Unexpectedly, CD80 and CD86, normally expressed on antigen-presenting cells, were detected on a subset of activated Tregs, indicating a role for these co-stimulatory molecules in regulating the dynamics of CD4+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Trzupek
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie Dunstan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antony J Cutler
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mercede Lee
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leila Godfrey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorna Jarvis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominik Aschenbrenner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanne L Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John A Todd
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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10
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Marcovecchio ML, Wicker LS, Dunger DB, Dutton SJ, Kopijasz S, Scudder C, Todd JA, Johnson PRV. Interleukin-2 Therapy of Autoimmunity in Diabetes (ITAD): a phase 2, multicentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:49. [PMID: 32399500 PMCID: PMC7194454 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15697.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a common autoimmune disease due to destruction of pancreatic β cells, resulting in lifelong need for insulin. Evidence suggest that maintaining residual β-cell function can improve glucose control and reduce risk of hypoglycaemia and vascular complications. Non-clinical, preclinical and some preliminary clinical data suggest that low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy could block pancreatic β cells destruction by increasing the number of functional regulatory T cells (Tregs) that inhibit islet-specific autoreactive effector T cells (Teffs). However, there is lack of data on the effect of low-dose IL-2 in newly diagnosed children and adolescents with T1D as well as lack of specific data on its potential effect on β-cell function. The ' Interleukin-2 Therapy of Autoimmunity in Diabetes (ITAD)' is a phase 2, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in children and adolescents (6-18 years; having detectable C-peptide) initiated within 6 weeks of T1D diagnosis. A total of 45 participants will be randomised in a 2:1 ratio to receive either ultra-low dose IL-2 (aldesleukin), at a dose of 0.2 x 10 6 IU/m 2 twice-weekly, given subcutaneously, or placebo, for 6 months. The primary objective is to assess the effects of ultra-low dose aldesleukin administration on endogenous β-cell function as measured by frequent home dried blood spot (DBS) fasting and post-prandial C-peptide in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed T1D. The secondary objectives are: 1) to assess the efficacy of regular dosing of aldesleukin in increasing Treg levels; 2) to confirm the clinical safety and tolerability of ultra-low dose aldesleukin; 3) to assess changes in the immune system indicating benefit or potential risk for future gains/loss in β-cell function and immune function; 4) to assess treatment effect on glycaemic control. Trial registration: EudraCT 2017-002126-20 (06/02/2019).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - David B. Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Susan J. Dutton
- Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Sylwia Kopijasz
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Claire Scudder
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - John A. Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Paul R. V. Johnson
- Islet Transplant Research Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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11
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Inshaw JRJ, Cutler AJ, Crouch DJM, Wicker LS, Todd JA. Genetic Variants Predisposing Most Strongly to Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosed Under Age 7 Years Lie Near Candidate Genes That Function in the Immune System and in Pancreatic β-Cells. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:169-177. [PMID: 31558544 PMCID: PMC6925581 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immunohistological analyses of pancreata from patients with type 1 diabetes suggest distinct autoimmune islet β-cell pathology between those diagnosed at <7 years (<7 group) and those diagnosed at age ≥13 years (≥13 group), with both B- and T-lymphocyte islet inflammation common in children in the <7 group, whereas B cells are rare in the ≥13 group. Based on these observations, we sought to identify differences in genetic susceptibility between these prespecified age-at-diagnosis groups to inform on the etiology of the most aggressive form of type 1 diabetes that initiates in the first years of life. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using multinomial logistic regression models, we tested if known type 1 diabetes loci (17 within the HLA and 55 non-HLA loci) had significantly stronger effect sizes in the <7 group compared with the ≥13 group, using genotype data from 27,071 individuals (18,485 control subjects and 3,121 case subjects diagnosed at <7 years, 3,757 at 7-13 years, and 1,708 at ≥13 years). RESULTS Six HLA haplotypes/classical alleles and six non-HLA regions, one of which functions specifically in β-cells (GLIS3) and the other five likely affecting key T-cell (IL2RA, IL10, IKZF3, and THEMIS), thymus (THEMIS), and B-cell development/functions (IKZF3 and IL10) or in both immune and β-cells (CTSH), showed evidence for stronger effects in the <7 group. CONCLUSIONS A subset of type 1 diabetes-associated variants are more prevalent in children diagnosed under the age of 7 years and are near candidate genes that act in both pancreatic β- and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R J Inshaw
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
| | - Antony J Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Daniel J M Crouch
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
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12
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Ferreira RC, Castro Dopico X, Oliveira JJ, Rainbow DB, Yang JH, Trzupek D, Todd SA, McNeill M, Steri M, Orrù V, Fiorillo E, Crouch DJM, Pekalski ML, Cucca F, Tree TI, Vyse TJ, Wicker LS, Todd JA. Chronic Immune Activation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and the Autoimmune PTPN22 Trp 620 Risk Allele Drive the Expansion of FOXP3 + Regulatory T Cells and PD-1 Expression. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2606. [PMID: 31781109 PMCID: PMC6857542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), perturbed immunoregulation underpins a pathogenic imbalance between regulatory and effector CD4+ T-cell activity. However, to date, the characterization of the CD4+ regulatory T cell (Treg) compartment in SLE has yielded conflicting results. Here we show that patients have an increased frequency of CD4+FOXP3+ cells in circulation owing to a specific expansion of thymically-derived FOXP3+HELIOS+ Tregs with a demethylated FOXP3 Treg-specific demethylated region. We found that the Treg expansion was strongly associated with markers of recent immune activation, including PD-1, plasma concentrations of IL-2 and the type I interferon biomarker soluble SIGLEC-1. Since the expression of the negative T-cell signaling molecule PTPN22 is increased and a marker of poor prognosis in SLE, we tested the influence of its missense risk allele Trp620 (rs2476601C>T) on Treg frequency. Trp620 was reproducibly associated with increased frequencies of thymically-derived Tregs in blood, and increased PD-1 expression on both Tregs and effector T cells (Teffs). Our results support the hypothesis that FOXP3+ Tregs are increased in SLE patients as a consequence of a compensatory mechanism in an attempt to regulate pathogenic autoreactive Teff activity. We suggest that restoration of IL-2-mediated homeostatic regulation of FOXP3+ Tregs by IL-2 administration could prevent disease flares rather than treating at the height of a disease flare. Moreover, stimulation of PD-1 with specific agonists, perhaps in combination with low-dose IL-2, could be an effective therapeutic strategy in autoimmune disease and in other immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xaquin Castro Dopico
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - João J Oliveira
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie H Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Trzupek
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A Todd
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mhairi McNeill
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Orrù
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel J M Crouch
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Tim I Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J Vyse
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Asimit JL, Rainbow DB, Fortune MD, Grinberg NF, Wicker LS, Wallace C. Stochastic search and joint fine-mapping increases accuracy and identifies previously unreported associations in immune-mediated diseases. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3216. [PMID: 31324808 PMCID: PMC6642100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thousands of genetic variants are associated with human disease risk, but linkage disequilibrium (LD) hinders fine-mapping the causal variants. Both lack of power, and joint tagging of two or more distinct causal variants by a single non-causal SNP, lead to inaccuracies in fine-mapping, with stochastic search more robust than stepwise. We develop a computationally efficient multinomial fine-mapping (MFM) approach that borrows information between diseases in a Bayesian framework. We show that MFM has greater accuracy than single disease analysis when shared causal variants exist, and negligible loss of precision otherwise. MFM analysis of six immune-mediated diseases reveals causal variants undetected in individual disease analysis, including in IL2RA where we confirm functional effects of multiple causal variants using allele-specific expression in sorted CD4+ T cells from genotype-selected individuals. MFM has the potential to increase fine-mapping resolution in related diseases enabling the identification of associated cellular and molecular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Asimit
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK.
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mary D Fortune
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Nastasiya F Grinberg
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Level 4, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Chris Wallace
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK. .,Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Level 4, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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14
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Mattner J, Mohammed JP, Fusakio ME, Giessler C, Hackstein CP, Opoka R, Wrage M, Schey R, Clark J, Fraser HI, Rainbow DB, Wicker LS. Genetic and functional data identifying Cd101 as a type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility gene in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008178. [PMID: 31199784 PMCID: PMC6568395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic multi-factorial disorder characterized by the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. Variations at a large number of genes influence susceptibility to spontaneous autoimmune T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, one of the most frequently studied animal models for human disease. The genetic analysis of these mice allowed the identification of many insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) loci and candidate genes, one of them being Cd101. CD101 is a heavily glycosylated transmembrane molecule which exhibits negative-costimulatory functions and promotes regulatory T (Treg) function. It is abundantly expressed on subsets of lymphoid and myeloid cells, particularly within the gastrointestinal tract. We have recently reported that the genotype-dependent expression of CD101 correlates with a decreased susceptibility to T1D in NOD.B6 Idd10 congenic mice compared to parental NOD controls. Here we show that the knockout of CD101 within the introgressed B6-derived Idd10 region increased T1D frequency to that of the NOD strain. This loss of protection from T1D was paralleled by decreased Gr1-expressing myeloid cells and FoxP3+ Tregs and an enhanced accumulation of CD4-positive over CD8-positive T lymphocytes in pancreatic tissues. As compared to CD101+/+ NOD.B6 Idd10 donors, adoptive T cell transfers from CD101-/- NOD.B6 Idd10 mice increased T1D frequency in lymphopenic NOD scid and NOD.B6 Idd10 scid recipients. Increased T1D frequency correlated with a more rapid expansion of the transferred CD101-/- T cells and a lower proportion of recipient Gr1-expressing myeloid cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes. Fewer of the Gr1+ cells in the recipients receiving CD101-/- T cells expressed CD101 and the cells had lower levels of IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA. Thus, our results connect the Cd101 haplotype-dependent protection from T1D to an anti-diabetogenic function of CD101-expressing Tregs and Gr1-positive myeloid cells and confirm the identity of Cd101 as Idd10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Javid P Mohammed
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael E Fusakio
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Claudia Giessler
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carl-Philipp Hackstein
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Opoka
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Marius Wrage
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Schey
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Clark
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Heather I Fraser
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Seelig E, Howlett J, Porter L, Truman L, Heywood J, Kennet J, Arbon EL, Anselmiova K, Walker NM, Atkar R, Pekalski ML, Rytina E, Evans M, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Mander AP, Bond S, Waldron-Lynch F. The DILfrequency study is an adaptive trial to identify optimal IL-2 dosing in patients with type 1 diabetes. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99306. [PMID: 30282826 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from loss of immune regulation, leading to the development of autoimmunity to pancreatic β cells, involving autoreactive T effector cells (Teffs). Tregs, which prevent autoimmunity, require IL-2 for maintenance of immunosuppressive functions. Using a response-adaptive design, we aimed to determine the optimal regimen of aldesleukin (recombinant human IL-2) to physiologically enhance Tregs while limiting expansion of Teffs. METHODS DILfrequency is a nonrandomized, open-label, response-adaptive study of participants, aged 18-70 years, with T1D. The initial learning phase allocated 12 participants to 6 different predefined regimens. Then, 3 cohorts of 8 participants were sequentially allocated dose frequencies, based on repeated interim analyses of all accumulated trial data. The coprimary endpoints were percentage change in Tregs and Teffs and CD25 (α subunit of the IL-2 receptor) expression by Tregs, from baseline to steady state. RESULTS Thirty-eight participants were enrolled, with thirty-six completing treatment. The optimal regimen to maintain a steady-state increase in Tregs of 30% and CD25 expression of 25% without Teff expansion is 0.26 × 106 IU/m2 (95% CI -0.007 to 0.485) every 3 days. Tregs and CD25 were dose-frequency responsive, Teffs were not. The commonest adverse event was injection site reaction (464 of 694 events). CONCLUSIONS Using a response-adaptive design, aldesleukin treatment can be optimized. Our methodology can generally be employed to immediately access proof of mechanism, thereby leading to more efficient and safe drug development. TRIAL REGISTRATION International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register, ISRCTN40319192; ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02265809. FUNDING Sir Jules Thorn Trust, the Swiss National Science Foundation, Wellcome, JDRF, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Seelig
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine.,Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, and.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory and
| | - James Howlett
- National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit
| | - Linsey Porter
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory and
| | - Lucy Truman
- National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory and.,Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery
| | - James Heywood
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory and
| | - Jane Kennet
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine.,Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, and.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory and
| | - Emma L Arbon
- National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit
| | - Katerina Anselmiova
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine.,Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, and.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory and
| | - Neil M Walker
- National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory and.,Department of Clinical Informatics, and
| | - Ravinder Atkar
- National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Dermatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory and.,JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ed Rytina
- National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Evans
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, and.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Linda S Wicker
- National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory and.,JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John A Todd
- National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory and.,JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P Mander
- National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bond
- National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit
| | - Frank Waldron-Lynch
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine.,Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, and.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory and.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit
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16
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Oliveira JJ, Karrar S, Rainbow DB, Pinder CL, Clarke P, Rubio García A, Al-Assar O, Burling K, Morris S, Stratton R, Vyse TJ, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Ferreira RC. The plasma biomarker soluble SIGLEC-1 is associated with the type I interferon transcriptional signature, ethnic background and renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:152. [PMID: 30053827 PMCID: PMC6062988 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular heterogeneity of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has been one of the main obstacles to the development of safe and specific therapeutic options. Here, we evaluated the diagnostic and clinical value of a robust, inexpensive, immunoassay detecting the circulating soluble form of the monocyte-specific surface receptor sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1 (sSIGLEC-1). Methods We developed an immunoassay to measure sSIGLEC-1 in small volumes of plasma/serum from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients (n = 75) and healthy donors (n = 504). Samples from systemic sclerosis patients (n = 99) were studied as an autoimmune control. We investigated the correlation between sSIGLEC-1 and both monocyte surface SIGLEC-1 and type I interferon-regulated gene (IRG) expression. Associations of sSIGLEC-1 with clinical features were evaluated in an independent cohort of SLE patients (n = 656). Results Plasma concentrations of sSIGLEC-1 strongly correlated with expression of SIGLEC-1 on the surface of blood monocytes and with IRG expression in SLE patients. We found ancestry-related differences in sSIGLEC-1 concentrations in SLE patients, with patients of non-European ancestry showing higher levels compared to patients of European ancestry. Higher sSIGLEC-1 concentrations were associated with lower serum complement component 3 and increased frequency of renal complications in European patients, but not with the SLE Disease Activity Index clinical score. Conclusions Our sSIGLEC-1 immunoassay provides a specific and easily assayed marker for monocyte–macrophage activation, and interferonopathy in SLE and other diseases. Further studies can extend its clinical associations and its potential use to stratify patients and as a secondary endpoint in clinical trials. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1649-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- João J Oliveira
- Department of Medical Genetics, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Karrar
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- Department of Medical Genetics, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher L Pinder
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Pamela Clarke
- Department of Medical Genetics, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arcadio Rubio García
- Department of Medical Genetics, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Osama Al-Assar
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Keith Burling
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Core Biochemical Assay Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sian Morris
- UCL Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Richard Stratton
- UCL Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Tim J Vyse
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- Department of Medical Genetics, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - John A Todd
- Department of Medical Genetics, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- Department of Medical Genetics, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
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17
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Huang W, Rainbow DB, Wu Y, Adams D, Shivakumar P, Kottyan L, Karns R, Aronow B, Bezerra J, Gershwin ME, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Ridgway WM. A Novel Pkhd1 Mutation Interacts with the Nonobese Diabetic Genetic Background To Cause Autoimmune Cholangitis. J Immunol 2017; 200:147-162. [PMID: 29158418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that NOD.c3c4 mice develop spontaneous autoimmune biliary disease (ABD) with anti-mitochondrial Abs, histopathological lesions, and autoimmune T lymphocytes similar to human primary biliary cholangitis. In this article, we demonstrate that ABD in NOD.c3c4 and related NOD ABD strains is caused by a chromosome 1 region that includes a novel mutation in polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (Pkhd1). We show that a long terminal repeat element inserted into intron 35 exposes an alternative polyadenylation site, resulting in a truncated Pkhd1 transcript. A novel NOD congenic mouse expressing aberrant Pkhd1, but lacking the c3 and c4 chromosomal regions (NOD.Abd3), reproduces the immunopathological features of NOD ABD. RNA sequencing of NOD.Abd3 common bile duct early in disease demonstrates upregulation of genes involved in cholangiocyte injury/morphology and downregulation of immunoregulatory genes. Consistent with this, bone marrow chimera studies show that aberrant Pkhd1 must be expressed in the target tissue (cholangiocytes) and the immune system (bone marrow). Mutations of Pkhd1 produce biliary abnormalities in mice but have not been previously associated with autoimmunity. In this study, we eliminate clinical biliary disease by backcrossing this Pkhd1 mutation onto the C57BL/6 genetic background; thus, the NOD genetic background (which promotes autoimmunity) is essential for disease. We propose that loss of functional Pkhd1 on the NOD background produces early bile duct abnormalities, initiating a break in tolerance that leads to autoimmune cholangitis in NOD.Abd3 congenic mice. This model is important for understanding loss of tolerance to cholangiocytes and is relevant to the pathogenesis of several human cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Huang
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - David Adams
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Pranavkumar Shivakumar
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Leah Kottyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Jorge Bezerra
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | | | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - William M Ridgway
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267;
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18
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Cutler AJ, Oliveira J, Ferreira RC, Challis B, Walker NM, Caddy S, Lu J, Stevens HE, Smyth DJ, Pekalski ML, Kennet J, Hunter KMD, Goodfellow I, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Waldron-Lynch F. Capturing the systemic immune signature of a norovirus infection: an n-of-1 case study within a clinical trial. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:28. [PMID: 28815218 PMCID: PMC5531165 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11300.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The infection of a participant with norovirus during the adaptive study of interleukin-2 dose on regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes (DILT1D) allowed a detailed insight into the cellular and cytokine immune responses to this prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen. Methods:
Serial blood, serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected pre-, and post-development of the infection. To differentiate between the immune response to norovirus and to control for the administration of a single dose of aldesleukin (recombinant interleukin-2, rIL-2) alone, samples from five non-infected participants administered similar doses were analysed in parallel. Results: Norovirus infection was self-limited and resolved within 24 hours, with the subsequent development of anti-norovirus antibodies. Serum pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, including IL-10, peaked during the symptomatic period of infection, coincident with increased frequencies of monocytes and neutrophils. At the same time, the frequency of regulatory CD4
+ T cell (Treg), effector T cell (Teff) CD4
+ and CD8
+ subsets were dynamically reduced, rebounding to baseline levels or above at the next sampling point 24 hours later. NK cells and NKT cells transiently increased CD69 expression and classical monocytes expressed increased levels of CD40, HLA-DR and SIGLEC-1, biomarkers of an interferon response. We also observed activation and mobilisation of Teffs, where increased frequencies of CD69
+ and Ki-67
+ effector memory Teffs were followed by the emergence of memory CD8
+ Teff expressing the mucosal tissue homing markers CD103 and β7 integrin. Treg responses were coincident with the innate cell, Teff and cytokine response. Key Treg molecules FOXP3, CTLA-4, and CD25 were upregulated following infection, alongside an increase in frequency of Tregs with the capacity to home to tissues. Conclusions:
The results illustrate the innate, adaptive and counter-regulatory immune responses to norovirus infection. Low-dose IL-2 administration induces many of the Treg responses observed during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony J Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Joao Oliveira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ben Challis
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Neil M Walker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Sarah Caddy
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jia Lu
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Helen E Stevens
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Deborah J Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jane Kennet
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Kara M D Hunter
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Frank Waldron-Lynch
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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19
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Burren OS, Rubio García A, Javierre BM, Rainbow DB, Cairns J, Cooper NJ, Lambourne JJ, Schofield E, Castro Dopico X, Ferreira RC, Coulson R, Burden F, Rowlston SP, Downes K, Wingett SW, Frontini M, Ouwehand WH, Fraser P, Spivakov M, Todd JA, Wicker LS, Cutler AJ, Wallace C. Chromosome contacts in activated T cells identify autoimmune disease candidate genes. Genome Biol 2017; 18:165. [PMID: 28870212 PMCID: PMC5584004 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmune disease-associated variants are preferentially found in regulatory regions in immune cells, particularly CD4+ T cells. Linking such regulatory regions to gene promoters in disease-relevant cell contexts facilitates identification of candidate disease genes. Results Within 4 h, activation of CD4+ T cells invokes changes in histone modifications and enhancer RNA transcription that correspond to altered expression of the interacting genes identified by promoter capture Hi-C. By integrating promoter capture Hi-C data with genetic associations for five autoimmune diseases, we prioritised 245 candidate genes with a median distance from peak signal to prioritised gene of 153 kb. Just under half (108/245) prioritised genes related to activation-sensitive interactions. This included IL2RA, where allele-specific expression analyses were consistent with its interaction-mediated regulation, illustrating the utility of the approach. Conclusions Our systematic experimental framework offers an alternative approach to candidate causal gene identification for variants with cell state-specific functional effects, with achievable sample sizes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1285-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S Burren
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Arcadio Rubio García
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Present address: JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Biola-Maria Javierre
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Present address: JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jonathan Cairns
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Nicholas J Cooper
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - John J Lambourne
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Ellen Schofield
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Xaquin Castro Dopico
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Present address: JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Richard Coulson
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Frances Burden
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Sophia P Rowlston
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Kate Downes
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Steven W Wingett
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Mattia Frontini
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Willem H Ouwehand
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Peter Fraser
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Mikhail Spivakov
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Present address: JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Present address: JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Antony J Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Present address: JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Chris Wallace
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK. .,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK. .,MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK.
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20
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Cutler AJ, Oliveira J, Ferreira RC, Challis B, Walker NM, Caddy S, Lu J, Stevens HE, Smyth DJ, Pekalski ML, Kennet J, Hunter KMD, Goodfellow I, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Waldron-Lynch F. Capturing the systemic immune signature of a norovirus infection: an n-of-1 case study within a clinical trial. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [PMID: 28815218 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11300.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The infection of a participant with norovirus during the adaptive study of interleukin-2 dose on regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes (DILT1D) allowed a detailed insight into the cellular and cytokine immune responses to this prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen. METHODS Serial blood, serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected pre-, and post-development of the infection. To differentiate between the immune response to norovirus and to control for the administration of a single dose of aldesleukin (recombinant interleukin-2, rIL-2) alone, samples from five non-infected participants administered similar doses were analysed in parallel. RESULTS Norovirus infection was self-limited and resolved within 24 hours, with the subsequent development of anti-norovirus antibodies. Serum pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, including IL-10, peaked during the symptomatic period of infection, coincident with increased frequencies of monocytes and neutrophils. At the same time, the frequency of regulatory CD4 + T cell (Treg), effector T cell (Teff) CD4 + and CD8 + subsets were dynamically reduced, rebounding to baseline levels or above at the next sampling point 24 hours later. NK cells and NKT cells transiently increased CD69 expression and classical monocytes expressed increased levels of CD40, HLA-DR and SIGLEC-1, biomarkers of an interferon response. We also observed activation and mobilisation of Teffs, where increased frequencies of CD69 + and Ki-67 + effector memory Teffs were followed by the emergence of memory CD8 + Teff expressing the mucosal tissue homing markers CD103 and β7 integrin. Treg responses were coincident with the innate cell, Teff and cytokine response. Key Treg molecules FOXP3, CTLA-4, and CD25 were upregulated following infection, alongside an increase in frequency of Tregs with the capacity to home to tissues. CONCLUSIONS The results illustrate the innate, adaptive and counter-regulatory immune responses to norovirus infection. Low-dose IL-2 administration induces many of the Treg responses observed during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony J Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Joao Oliveira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ben Challis
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Neil M Walker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Sarah Caddy
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jia Lu
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Helen E Stevens
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Deborah J Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jane Kennet
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Kara M D Hunter
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Frank Waldron-Lynch
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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21
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Pekalski ML, García AR, Ferreira RC, Rainbow DB, Smyth DJ, Mashar M, Brady J, Savinykh N, Dopico XC, Mahmood S, Duley S, Stevens HE, Walker NM, Cutler AJ, Waldron-Lynch F, Dunger DB, Shannon-Lowe C, Coles AJ, Jones JL, Wallace C, Todd JA, Wicker LS. Neonatal and adult recent thymic emigrants produce IL-8 and express complement receptors CR1 and CR2. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93739. [PMID: 28814669 PMCID: PMC5621870 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of peripheral naive T lymphocytes in humans is dependent on their homeostatic division, not continuing emigration from the thymus, which undergoes involution with age. However, postthymic maintenance of naive T cells is still poorly understood. Previously we reported that recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) are contained in CD31+CD25− naive T cells as defined by their levels of signal joint T cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (sjTRECs). Here, by differential gene expression analysis followed by protein expression and functional studies, we define that the naive T cells having divided the least since thymic emigration express complement receptors (CR1 and CR2) known to bind complement C3b- and C3d-decorated microbial products and, following activation, produce IL-8 (CXCL8), a major chemoattractant for neutrophils in bacterial defense. We also observed an IL-8–producing memory T cell subpopulation coexpressing CR1 and CR2 and with a gene expression signature resembling that of RTEs. The functions of CR1 and CR2 on T cells remain to be determined, but we note that CR2 is the receptor for Epstein-Barr virus, which is a cause of T cell lymphomas and a candidate environmental factor in autoimmune disease. Complement receptors (CR1 and CR2) and IL-8 production identify T cells that have recently left the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Arcadio Rubio García
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meghavi Mashar
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Brady
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Savinykh
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xaquin Castro Dopico
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sumiyya Mahmood
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Duley
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Stevens
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Neil M Walker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antony J Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Waldron-Lynch
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David B Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, MRL Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Shannon-Lowe
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy and Centre for Human Virology, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair J Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne L Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Wallace
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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22
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Ferreira RC, Simons HZ, Thompson WS, Rainbow DB, Yang X, Cutler AJ, Oliveira J, Castro Dopico X, Smyth DJ, Savinykh N, Mashar M, Vyse TJ, Dunger DB, Baxendale H, Chandra A, Wallace C, Todd JA, Wicker LS, Pekalski ML. Cells with Treg-specific FOXP3 demethylation but low CD25 are prevalent in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2017; 84:75-86. [PMID: 28747257 PMCID: PMC5656572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Identification of alterations in the cellular composition of the human immune system is key to understanding the autoimmune process. Recently, a subset of FOXP3+ cells with low CD25 expression was found to be increased in peripheral blood from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, although its functional significance remains controversial. Here we find in comparisons with healthy donors that the frequency of FOXP3+ cells within CD127lowCD25low CD4+ T cells (here defined as CD25lowFOXP3+ T cells) is increased in patients affected by autoimmune disease of varying severity, from combined immunodeficiency with active autoimmunity, SLE to type 1 diabetes. We show that CD25lowFOXP3+ T cells share phenotypic features resembling conventional CD127lowCD25highFOXP3+ Tregs, including demethylation of the Treg-specific epigenetic control region in FOXP3, HELIOS expression, and lack of IL-2 production. As compared to conventional Tregs, more CD25lowFOXP3+HELIOS+ T cells are in cell cycle (33.0% vs 20.7% Ki-67+; P = 1.3 × 10−9) and express the late-stage inhibitory receptor PD-1 (67.2% vs 35.5%; P = 4.0 × 10−18), while having reduced expression of the early-stage inhibitory receptor CTLA-4, as well as other Treg markers, such as FOXP3 and CD15s. The number of CD25lowFOXP3+ T cells is correlated (P = 3.1 × 10−7) with the proportion of CD25highFOXP3+ T cells in cell cycle (Ki-67+). These findings suggest that CD25lowFOXP3+ T cells represent a subset of Tregs that are derived from CD25highFOXP3+ T cells, and are a peripheral marker of recent Treg expansion in response to an autoimmune reaction in tissues. FOXP3+ compartment within CD127lowCD25low T cells is expanded in autoimmune patients. Increased numbers of CD25lowFOXP3+ T cells are a circulating marker of autoimmunity. CD25lowFOXP3+ HELIOS+ T cells are fully demethylated at the FOXP3 TSDR. CD25lowFOXP3+ T cells could represent a terminal differentiation stage of regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Henry Z Simons
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Whitney S Thompson
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xin Yang
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antony J Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joao Oliveira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xaquin Castro Dopico
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah J Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Natalia Savinykh
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Meghavi Mashar
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim J Vyse
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - David B Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen Baxendale
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anita Chandra
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Wallace
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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23
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Cutler AJ, Oliveira J, Ferreira RC, Challis B, Walker NM, Caddy S, Lu J, Stevens HE, Smyth DJ, Pekalski ML, Kennet J, Hunter KM, Goodfellow I, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Waldron-Lynch F. Capturing the systemic immune signature of a norovirus infection: an n-of-1 case study within a clinical trial. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11300.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The infection of a participant with norovirus during the adaptive study of interleukin-2 dose on regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes (DILT1D) allowed a detailed insight into the cellular and cytokine immune responses to this prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen. Methods: Serial blood, serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected pre-, and post-development of the infection. To differentiate between the immune response to norovirus and to control for the administration of a single dose of aldesleukin (recombinant interleukin-2, rIL-2) alone, samples from five non-infected participants administered similar doses were analysed in parallel. Results: Norovirus infection was self-limited and resolved within 24 hours, with the subsequent development of anti-norovirus antibodies. Serum pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, including IL-10, peaked during the symptomatic period of infection, coincident with increased frequencies of monocytes and neutrophils. At the same time, the frequency of regulatory CD4+ T cell (Treg), effector T cell (Teff) CD4+ and CD8+ subsets were dynamically reduced, rebounding to baseline levels or above at the next sampling point 24 hours later. NK cells and NKT cells transiently increased CD69 expression and classical monocytes expressed increased levels of CD40, HLA-DR and SIGLEC-1, biomarkers of an interferon response. We also observed activation and mobilisation of Teffs, where increased frequencies of CD69+ and Ki-67+ effector memory Teffs were followed by the emergence of memory CD8+ Teff expressing the mucosal tissue homing markers CD103 and β7 integrin. Treg responses were coincident with the innate cell, Teff and cytokine response. Key Treg molecules FOXP3, CTLA-4, and CD25 were upregulated following infection, alongside an increase in frequency of Tregs with the capacity to home to tissues. Conclusions: The results illustrate the innate, adaptive and counter-regulatory immune responses to norovirus infection. Low-dose IL-2 administration induces many of the Treg responses observed during infection.
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24
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Ferreira RC, Rainbow DB, Rubio García A, Pekalski ML, Porter L, Oliveira JJ, Waldron-Lynch F, Wicker LS, Todd JA. In-depth immunophenotyping data of IL-6R on the human peripheral regulatory T cell (Treg) compartment. Data Brief 2017; 12:676-691. [PMID: 28567438 PMCID: PMC5435581 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide in this paper a detailed characterization of the human peripheral CD4+ CD127lowCD25+ regulatory T cell (Treg) compartment, with a particular emphasis in defining the population expressing higher levels of the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). We provide a description of the phenotype of this population by assessing both the surface expression by flow cytometry as well as their transcriptional profile and functional features. In addition, we also present functional data describing the responsiveness of these subsets to IL-6 signalling in vitro and to IL-2 in vivo. The data presented in this paper support the research article “Human IL-6RhiTIGIT− CD4+CD127lowCD25+ T cells display potent in vitro suppressive capacity and a distinct Th17 profile” (Ferreira RC et al., 2017; doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.03.002) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arcadio Rubio García
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linsey Porter
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - João J Oliveira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Waldron-Lynch
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,NIHR Cambridge Clinical Trial Unit, Cambridge NHS University Hospitals Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Ferreira RC, Rainbow DB, Rubio García A, Pekalski ML, Porter L, Oliveira JJ, Waldron-Lynch F, Wicker LS, Todd JA. Human IL-6R hiTIGIT - CD4 +CD127 lowCD25 + T cells display potent in vitro suppressive capacity and a distinct Th17 profile. Clin Immunol 2017; 179:25-39. [PMID: 28284938 PMCID: PMC5471606 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To date many clinical studies aim to increase the number and/or fitness of CD4+ CD127lowCD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vivo to harness their regulatory potential in the context of treating autoimmune disease. Here, we sought to define the phenotype and function of Tregs expressing the highest levels of IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). We have identified a population of CD4+ CD127lowCD25+ TIGIT− T cells distinguished by their elevated IL-6R expression that lacked expression of HELIOS, showed higher CTLA-4 expression, and displayed increased suppressive capacity compared to IL-6RhiTIGIT+ Tregs. IL-6RhiTIGIT− CD127lowCD25+ T cells contained a majority of cells demethylated at FOXP3 and displayed a Th17 transcriptional signature, including RORC (RORγt) and the capacity of producing both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, IL-22 and IL-10. We propose that in vivo, in the presence of IL-6-associated inflammation, the suppressive function of CD4+ CD127lowCD25+ FOXP3+ IL-6RhiTIGIT− T cells is temporarily disarmed allowing further activation of the effector functions and potential pathogenic tissue damage. IL-6R is highly expressed in certain Treg subsets. IL-6RhiTIGIT− CD127lowCD25+ T cells contain a subset of antigen-experienced Tregs with potent suppression capacity. IL-6RhiTIGIT− Tregs display a Th17 transcriptional profile ex vivo, and the capacity to migrate to the gut. IL-2 treatment in humans elicits the trafficking and expansion of Tregs in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arcadio Rubio García
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linsey Porter
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - João J Oliveira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Waldron-Lynch
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Cambridge Clinical Trial Unit, Cambridge NHS University Hospitals Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Todd JA, Evangelou M, Cutler AJ, Pekalski ML, Walker NM, Stevens HE, Porter L, Smyth DJ, Rainbow DB, Ferreira RC, Esposito L, Hunter KMD, Loudon K, Irons K, Yang JH, Bell CJM, Schuilenburg H, Heywood J, Challis B, Neupane S, Clarke P, Coleman G, Dawson S, Goymer D, Anselmiova K, Kennet J, Brown J, Caddy SL, Lu J, Greatorex J, Goodfellow I, Wallace C, Tree TI, Evans M, Mander AP, Bond S, Wicker LS, Waldron-Lynch F. Regulatory T Cell Responses in Participants with Type 1 Diabetes after a Single Dose of Interleukin-2: A Non-Randomised, Open Label, Adaptive Dose-Finding Trial. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1002139. [PMID: 27727279 PMCID: PMC5058548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has an essential role in the expansion and function of CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs reduce tissue damage by limiting the immune response following infection and regulate autoreactive CD4+ effector T cells (Teffs) to prevent autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Genetic susceptibility to T1D causes alterations in the IL-2 pathway, a finding that supports Tregs as a cellular therapeutic target. Aldesleukin (Proleukin; recombinant human IL-2), which is administered at high doses to activate the immune system in cancer immunotherapy, is now being repositioned to treat inflammatory and autoimmune disorders at lower doses by targeting Tregs. METHODS AND FINDINGS To define the aldesleukin dose response for Tregs and to find doses that increase Tregs physiologically for treatment of T1D, a statistical and systematic approach was taken by analysing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single doses of subcutaneous aldesleukin in the Adaptive Study of IL-2 Dose on Regulatory T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes (DILT1D), a single centre, non-randomised, open label, adaptive dose-finding trial with 40 adult participants with recently diagnosed T1D. The primary endpoint was the maximum percentage increase in Tregs (defined as CD3+CD4+CD25highCD127low) from the baseline frequency in each participant measured over the 7 d following treatment. There was an initial learning phase with five pairs of participants, each pair receiving one of five pre-assigned single doses from 0.04 × 106 to 1.5 × 106 IU/m2, in order to model the dose-response curve. Results from each participant were then incorporated into interim statistical modelling to target the two doses most likely to induce 10% and 20% increases in Treg frequencies. Primary analysis of the evaluable population (n = 39) found that the optimal doses of aldesleukin to induce 10% and 20% increases in Tregs were 0.101 × 106 IU/m2 (standard error [SE] = 0.078, 95% CI = -0.052, 0.254) and 0.497 × 106 IU/m2 (SE = 0.092, 95% CI = 0.316, 0.678), respectively. On analysis of secondary outcomes, using a highly sensitive IL-2 assay, the observed plasma concentrations of the drug at 90 min exceeded the hypothetical Treg-specific therapeutic window determined in vitro (0.015-0.24 IU/ml), even at the lowest doses (0.040 × 106 and 0.045 × 106 IU/m2) administered. A rapid decrease in Treg frequency in the circulation was observed at 90 min and at day 1, which was dose dependent (mean decrease 11.6%, SE = 2.3%, range 10.0%-48.2%, n = 37), rebounding at day 2 and increasing to frequencies above baseline over 7 d. Teffs, natural killer cells, and eosinophils also responded, with their frequencies rapidly and dose-dependently decreased in the blood, then returning to, or exceeding, pretreatment levels. Furthermore, there was a dose-dependent down modulation of one of the two signalling subunits of the IL-2 receptor, the β chain (CD122) (mean decrease = 58.0%, SE = 2.8%, range 9.8%-85.5%, n = 33), on Tregs and a reduction in their sensitivity to aldesleukin at 90 min and day 1 and 2 post-treatment. Due to blood volume requirements as well as ethical and practical considerations, the study was limited to adults and to analysis of peripheral blood only. CONCLUSIONS The DILT1D trial results, most notably the early altered trafficking and desensitisation of Tregs induced by a single ultra-low dose of aldesleukin that resolves within 2-3 d, inform the design of the next trial to determine a repeat dosing regimen aimed at establishing a steady-state Treg frequency increase of 20%-50%, with the eventual goal of preventing T1D. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN27852285; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01827735.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (FWL); (JAT)
| | - Marina Evangelou
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antony J. Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin L. Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Neil M. Walker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E. Stevens
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Linsey Porter
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J. Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B. Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo C. Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Esposito
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kara M. D. Hunter
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Loudon
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Irons
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie H. Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J. M. Bell
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Schuilenburg
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Heywood
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Challis
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sankalpa Neupane
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Clarke
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Coleman
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Dawson
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Donna Goymer
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina Anselmiova
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Kennet
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Judy Brown
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Caddy
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Lu
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Greatorex
- Public Health England, Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Wallace
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tim I. Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Evans
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P. Mander
- MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bond
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Waldron-Lynch
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (FWL); (JAT)
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Truman LA, Pekalski ML, Kareclas P, Evangelou M, Walker NM, Howlett J, Mander AP, Kennet J, Wicker LS, Bond S, Todd JA, Waldron-Lynch F. Protocol of the adaptive study of IL-2 dose frequency on regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes (DILfrequency): a mechanistic, non-randomised, repeat dose, open-label, response-adaptive study. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e009799. [PMID: 26646829 PMCID: PMC4679899 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreatic islets, leading to insulinopenia and hyperglycaemia. Genetic analyses indicate that alterations of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) pathway mediating immune activation and tolerance predispose to T1D, specifically the polymorphic expression of the IL-2 receptor-α chain (CD25) on T lymphocytes. Replacement of physiological doses of IL-2 could restore self-tolerance and prevent further autoimmunity by enhancing the function of CD4(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs) to limit the activation of auto reactive T effector cells (Teffs). In this experimental medicine study, we use an adaptive trial design to determine the optimal dosing regimen for IL-2 to improve Treg function while limiting activation of Teffs in participants with T1D. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Adaptive study of IL-2 dose frequency on Tregs in type 1 diabetes(DILfrequency) is a mechanistic, non-randomised, repeat dose open-label, response-adaptive study of 36 participants with T1D. The objective is to establish the optimal dose and frequency of ultra-low dose IL-2: to increase Treg frequency within the physiological range, to increase CD25 expression on Tregs, without increasing CD4(+) Teffs. DILfrequency has an initial learning phase where 12 participants are allocated to six different doses and frequencies followed by an interim statistical analysis. After analysis of the learning phase, the Dose and Frequency Committee will select the optimal targets for Treg frequency, Treg CD25 expression and Teff frequency. Three groups of eight participants will be treated consecutively in the confirming phase. Each dose and frequency selected will be based on statistical analysis of all data collected from the previous groups. ETHICS Ethical approval for DILfrequency was granted on 12 August 2014. RESULTS The results of this study will be reported, through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and an internal organisational report. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS NCT02265809, ISRCTN40319192, CRN17571.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Truman
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paula Kareclas
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marina Evangelou
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Neil M Walker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Howlett
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adrian P Mander
- MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jane Kennet
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Bond
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Waldron-Lynch
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Yang JHM, Cutler AJ, Ferreira RC, Reading JL, Cooper NJ, Wallace C, Clarke P, Smyth DJ, Boyce CS, Gao GJ, Todd JA, Wicker LS, Tree TIM. Natural Variation in Interleukin-2 Sensitivity Influences Regulatory T-Cell Frequency and Function in Individuals With Long-standing Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64. [PMID: 26224887 PMCID: PMC4975524 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Defective immune homeostasis in the balance between FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and effector T cells is a likely contributing factor in the loss of self-tolerance observed in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Given the importance of interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling in the generation and function of Tregs, observations that polymorphisms in genes in the IL-2 pathway associate with T1D and that some individuals with T1D exhibit reduced IL-2 signaling indicate that impairment of this pathway may play a role in Treg dysfunction and the pathogenesis of T1D. Here, we have examined IL-2 sensitivity in CD4+ T-cell subsets in 70 individuals with long-standing T1D, allowing us to investigate the effect of low IL-2 sensitivity on Treg frequency and function. IL-2 responsiveness, measured by STAT5a phosphorylation, was a very stable phenotype within individuals but exhibited considerable interindividual variation and was influenced by T1D-associated PTPN2 gene polymorphisms. Tregs from individuals with lower IL-2 signaling were reduced in frequency, were less able to maintain expression of FOXP3 under limiting concentrations of IL-2, and displayed reduced suppressor function. These results suggest that reduced IL-2 signaling may be used to identify patients with the highest Treg dysfunction and who may benefit most from IL-2 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie H M Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K. National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, U.K.
| | - Antony J Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - James L Reading
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K. National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, U.K
| | - Nicholas J Cooper
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Chris Wallace
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Pamela Clarke
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Deborah J Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | | | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Timothy I M Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K. National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, U.K.
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Fraser HI, Howlett S, Clark J, Rainbow DB, Stanford SM, Wu DJ, Hsieh YW, Maine CJ, Christensen M, Kuchroo V, Sherman LA, Podolin PL, Todd JA, Steward CA, Peterson LB, Bottini N, Wicker LS. Ptpn22 and Cd2 Variations Are Associated with Altered Protein Expression and Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. J Immunol 2015; 195:4841-52. [PMID: 26438525 PMCID: PMC4635565 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
By congenic strain mapping using autoimmune NOD.C57BL/6J congenic mice, we demonstrated previously that the type 1 diabetes (T1D) protection associated with the insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd)10 locus on chromosome 3, originally identified by linkage analysis, was in fact due to three closely linked Idd loci: Idd10, Idd18.1, and Idd18.3. In this study, we define two additional Idd loci—Idd18.2 and Idd18.4—within the boundaries of this cluster of disease-associated genes. Idd18.2 is 1.31 Mb and contains 18 genes, including Ptpn22, which encodes a phosphatase that negatively regulates T and B cell signaling. The human ortholog of Ptpn22, PTPN22, is associated with numerous autoimmune diseases, including T1D. We, therefore, assessed Ptpn22 as a candidate for Idd18.2; resequencing of the NOD Ptpn22 allele revealed 183 single nucleotide polymorphisms with the C57BL/6J (B6) allele—6 exonic and 177 intronic. Functional studies showed higher expression of full-length Ptpn22 RNA and protein, and decreased TCR signaling in congenic strains with B6-derived Idd18.2 susceptibility alleles. The 953-kb Idd18.4 locus contains eight genes, including the candidate Cd2. The CD2 pathway is associated with the human autoimmune disease, multiple sclerosis, and mice with NOD-derived susceptibility alleles at Idd18.4 have lower CD2 expression on B cells. Furthermore, we observed that susceptibility alleles at Idd18.2 can mask the protection provided by Idd10/Cd101 or Idd18.1/Vav3 and Idd18.3. In summary, we describe two new T1D loci, Idd18.2 and Idd18.4, candidate genes within each region, and demonstrate the complex nature of genetic interactions underlying the development of T1D in the NOD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather I Fraser
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Howlett
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Clark
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie M Stanford
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Type 1 Diabetes Research Center, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dennis J Wu
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Type 1 Diabetes Research Center, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Yi-Wen Hsieh
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Christian J Maine
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mikkel Christensen
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay Kuchroo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Linda A Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Patricia L Podolin
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065; and
| | - John A Todd
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Charles A Steward
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1HH, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence B Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065; and
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Type 1 Diabetes Research Center, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Linda S Wicker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;
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Rainbow DB, Yang X, Burren O, Pekalski ML, Smyth DJ, Klarqvist MDR, Penkett CJ, Brugger K, Martin H, Todd JA, Wallace C, Wicker LS. Epigenetic analysis of regulatory T cells using multiplex bisulfite sequencing. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3200-3. [PMID: 26420295 PMCID: PMC4832369 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xin Yang
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Burren
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah J Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcus D R Klarqvist
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kim Brugger
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Molecular Genetics Laboratories, Level 6 Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Howard Martin
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Molecular Genetics Laboratories, Level 6 Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Wallace
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.,MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
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31
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Wallace C, Cutler AJ, Pontikos N, Pekalski ML, Burren OS, Cooper JD, García AR, Ferreira RC, Guo H, Walker NM, Smyth DJ, Rich SS, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Sawcer SJ, Ban M, Richardson S, Todd JA, Wicker LS. Dissection of a Complex Disease Susceptibility Region Using a Bayesian Stochastic Search Approach to Fine Mapping. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005272. [PMID: 26106896 PMCID: PMC4481316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of candidate causal variants in regions associated with risk of common diseases is complicated by linkage disequilibrium (LD) and multiple association signals. Nonetheless, accurate maps of these variants are needed, both to fully exploit detailed cell specific chromatin annotation data to highlight disease causal mechanisms and cells, and for design of the functional studies that will ultimately be required to confirm causal mechanisms. We adapted a Bayesian evolutionary stochastic search algorithm to the fine mapping problem, and demonstrated its improved performance over conventional stepwise and regularised regression through simulation studies. We then applied it to fine map the established multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) associations in the IL-2RA (CD25) gene region. For T1D, both stepwise and stochastic search approaches identified four T1D association signals, with the major effect tagged by the single nucleotide polymorphism, rs12722496. In contrast, for MS, the stochastic search found two distinct competing models: a single candidate causal variant, tagged by rs2104286 and reported previously using stepwise analysis; and a more complex model with two association signals, one of which was tagged by the major T1D
associated rs12722496 and the other by rs56382813. There is low to moderate LD between rs2104286 and both rs12722496 and rs56382813 (r2 ≃ 0:3) and our two SNP model could not be recovered through a forward stepwise search after conditioning on rs2104286. Both signals in the two variant model for MS affect CD25 expression on distinct subpopulations of CD4+ T cells, which are key cells in the autoimmune process. The results support a shared causal variant for T1D and MS. Our study illustrates the benefit of using a purposely designed model search strategy for fine mapping and the advantage of combining disease and protein expression data. Genetic association studies have identified many DNA sequence variants that associate with disease risk. By exploiting the known correlation that exists between neighbouring variants in the genome, inference can be extended beyond those individual variants tested to identify sets within which a causal variant is likely to reside. However, this correlation, particularly in the presence of multiple disease causing variants in relative proximity, makes disentangling the specific causal variants difficult. Statistical approaches to this fine mapping problem have traditionally taken a stepwise search approach, beginning with the most associated variant in a region, then iteratively attempting to find additional associated variants. We adapted a stochastic search approach that avoids this stepwise process and is explicitly designed for dealing with highly correlated predictors to the fine mapping problem. We showed in simulated data that it outperforms its stepwise counterpart and other variable selection strategies such as the lasso. We applied our approach to understand the association of two immune-mediated diseases to a region on chromosome 10p15. We identified a model for multiple sclerosis containing two variants, neither of which was found through a stepwise search, and functionally linked both of these to the neighbouring candidate gene, IL2RA, in independent data. Our approach can be used to aid fine mapping of other disease-associated regions, which is critical for design of functional follow-up studies required to understand the mechanisms through which genetic variants influence disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Wallace
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antony J Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver S Burren
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D Cooper
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Arcadio Rubio García
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Guo
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Biostatistics Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Neil M Walker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America; Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephen J Sawcer
- University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Ban
- University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Richardson
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Ferreira RC, Simons HZ, Thompson WS, Cutler AJ, Dopico XC, Smyth DJ, Mashar M, Schuilenburg H, Walker NM, Dunger DB, Wallace C, Todd JA, Wicker LS, Pekalski ML. IL-21 production by CD4+ effector T cells and frequency of circulating follicular helper T cells are increased in type 1 diabetes patients. Diabetologia 2015; 58:781-90. [PMID: 25652388 PMCID: PMC4351433 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 1 diabetes results from the autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells by T cells. Despite the established role of T cells in the pathogenesis of the disease, to date, with the exception of the identification of islet-specific T effector (Teff) cells, studies have mostly failed to identify reproducible alterations in the frequency or function of T cell subsets in peripheral blood from patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS We assessed the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-21, IFN-γ and IL-17 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 69 patients with type 1 diabetes and 61 healthy donors. In an additional cohort of 30 patients with type 1 diabetes and 32 healthy donors, we assessed the frequency of circulating T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in whole blood. IL-21 and IL-17 production was also measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a subset of 46 of the 62 donors immunophenotyped for Tfh. RESULTS We found a 21.9% (95% CI 5.8, 40.2; p = 3.9 × 10(-3)) higher frequency of IL-21(+) CD45RA(-) memory CD4(+) Teffs in patients with type 1 diabetes (geometric mean 5.92% [95% CI 5.44, 6.44]) compared with healthy donors (geometric mean 4.88% [95% CI 4.33, 5.50]). Consistent with this finding, we found a 14.9% increase in circulating Tfh cells in the patients (95% CI 2.9, 26.9; p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results indicate that increased IL-21 production is likely to be an aetiological factor in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes that could be considered as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo C. Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Henry Z. Simons
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Whitney S. Thompson
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Antony J. Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Xaquin Castro Dopico
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Deborah J. Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Meghavi Mashar
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Helen Schuilenburg
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Neil M. Walker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - David B. Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Wallace
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - John A. Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Marcin L. Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
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Berry GJ, Frielle C, Luu T, Salzberg AC, Rainbow DB, Wicker LS, Waldner H. Genome-wide transcriptional analyses of islet-specific CD4+ T cells identify Idd9 genes controlling diabetogenic T cell function. J Immunol 2015; 194:2654-63. [PMID: 25672752 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a polygenic disease with multiple insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) loci predisposing humans and NOD mice to disease. NOD.B10 Idd9 congenic mice, in which the NOD Idd9 chromosomal region is replaced by the Idd9 from T1D-resistant C57BL/10 mice, are significantly protected from T1D development. However, the genes and pathways conferring T1D development or protection by Idd9 remain to be fully elucidated. We have developed novel NOD.B10-Idd9 (line 905) congenic mice that predominantly harbor islet-reactive CD4(+) T cells expressing the BDC2.5 TCR (BDC-Idd9.905 mice). To establish functional links between the Idd9 genotype and its phenotype, we used microarray analyses to investigate the gene expression profiles of ex vivo and Ag-activated CD4(+) T cells from these mice and BDC2.5 (BDC) NOD controls. Among the differentially expressed genes, those located within the Idd9 region were greatly enriched in islet-specific CD4(+) T cells. Bioinformatics analyses of differentially expressed genes between BDC-Idd9.905 and BDC CD4(+) T cells identified Eno1, Rbbp4, and Mtor, all of which are encoded by Idd9 and part of gene networks involved in cellular growth and development. As predicted, proliferation and Th1/Th17 responses of islet-specific CD4(+) T cells from BDC-Idd9.905 mice following Ag stimulation in vitro were reduced compared with BDC mice. Furthermore, proliferative responses to endogenous autoantigen and diabetogenic function were impaired in BDC-Idd9.905 CD4(+) T cells. These findings suggest that differential expression of the identified Idd9 genes contributed to Idd9-dependent T1D susceptibility by controlling the diabetogenic function of islet-specific CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Berry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Christine Frielle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Thaiphi Luu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Anna C Salzberg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Linda S Wicker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Hanspeter Waldner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033;
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Bell CJM, Sun Y, Nowak UM, Clark J, Howlett S, Pekalski ML, Yang X, Ast O, Waldhauer I, Freimoser-Grundschober A, Moessner E, Umana P, Klein C, Hosse RJ, Wicker LS, Peterson LB. Sustained in vivo signaling by long-lived IL-2 induces prolonged increases of regulatory T cells. J Autoimmun 2014; 56:66-80. [PMID: 25457307 PMCID: PMC4298360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing FOXP3 are essential for the maintenance of self-tolerance and are deficient in many common autoimmune diseases. Immune tolerance is maintained in part by IL-2 and deficiencies in the IL-2 pathway cause reduced Treg function and an increased risk of autoimmunity. Recent studies expanding Tregs in vivo with low-dose IL-2 achieved major clinical successes highlighting the potential to optimize this pleiotropic cytokine for inflammatory and autoimmune disease indications. Here we compare the clinically approved IL-2 molecule, Proleukin, with two engineered IL-2 molecules with long half-lives owing to their fusion in monovalent and bivalent stoichiometry to a non-FcRγ binding human IgG1. Using nonhuman primates, we demonstrate that single ultra-low doses of IL-2 fusion proteins induce a prolonged state of in vivo activation that increases Tregs for an extended period of time similar to multiple-dose Proleukin. One of the common pleiotropic effects of high dose IL-2 treatment, eosinophilia, is eliminated at doses of the IL-2 fusion proteins that greatly expand Tregs. The long half-lives of the IL-2 fusion proteins facilitated a detailed characterization of an IL-2 dose response driving Treg expansion that correlates with increasingly sustained, suprathreshold pSTAT5a induction and subsequent sustained increases in the expression of CD25, FOXP3 and Ki-67 with retention of Treg-specific epigenetic signatures at FOXP3 and CTLA4. Fusion of IL-2 to human IgG1 extends IL-2 half-life and efficiency of Treg induction. Long-lived IL-2 efficacy allows for lower doses thereby increasing Treg specificity. Sustained pSTAT5a induction in Tregs by long-lived IL-2 correlates with Treg expansion. Increased stoichiometry, IgG-(IL-2)2, increases affinity and in vivo effects on Tregs
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J M Bell
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, United Kingdom.
| | - Yongliang Sun
- Former Roche Site of Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Discovery Inflammation, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
| | - Urszula M Nowak
- Former Roche Site of Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Discovery Inflammation, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
| | - Jan Clark
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Howlett
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, United Kingdom.
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, United Kingdom.
| | - Xin Yang
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, United Kingdom.
| | - Oliver Ast
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 18, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Inja Waldhauer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 18, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Anne Freimoser-Grundschober
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 18, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Ekkehard Moessner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 18, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 18, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 18, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Ralf J Hosse
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 18, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, United Kingdom.
| | - Laurence B Peterson
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, United Kingdom; Former Roche Site of Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Discovery Inflammation, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
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Thompson WS, Pekalski ML, Simons HZ, Smyth DJ, Castro-Dopico X, Guo H, Guy C, Dunger DB, Arif S, Peakman M, Wallace C, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Ferreira RC. Multi-parametric flow cytometric and genetic investigation of the peripheral B cell compartment in human type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:571-85. [PMID: 24773525 PMCID: PMC4137841 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of circulating islet-specific autoantibodies before disease diagnosis is a hallmark of human type 1 diabetes (T1D), and suggests a role for B cells in the pathogenesis of the disease. Alterations in the peripheral B cell compartment have been reported in T1D patients; however, to date, such studies have produced conflicting results and have been limited by sample size. In this study, we have performed a detailed characterization of the B cell compartment in T1D patients (n = 45) and healthy controls (n = 46), and assessed the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 in purified B cells from the same donors. Overall, we found no evidence for a profound alteration of the B cell compartment or in the production of IL-10 in peripheral blood of T1D patients. We also investigated age-related changes in peripheral B cell subsets and confirmed the sharp decrease with age of transitional CD19(+) CD27(-) CD24(hi) CD38(hi) B cells, a subset that has recently been ascribed a putative regulatory function. Genetic analysis of the B cell compartment revealed evidence for association of the IL2-IL21 T1D locus with IL-10 production by both memory B cells (P = 6·4 × 10(-4) ) and islet-specific CD4(+) T cells (P = 2·9 × 10(-3) ). In contrast to previous reports, we found no evidence for an alteration of the B cell compartment in healthy individuals homozygous for the non-synonymous PTPN22 Trp(620) T1D risk allele (rs2476601; Arg(620) Trp). The IL2-IL21 association we have identified, if confirmed, suggests a novel role for B cells in T1D pathogenesis through the production of IL-10, and reinforces the importance of IL-10 production by autoreactive CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Thompson
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Todd JA, Aitman TJ, Cornall RJ, Ghosh S, Hall JRS, Hearne CM, Knight AM, Love JM, McAleer MA, Prins JB, Rodrigues N, Lathrop M, Pressey A, DeLarato NH, Peterson LB, Wicker LS. Genetic analysis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus in mice. 1991. J Immunol 2014; 193:7-12. [PMID: 24951822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Ferreira RC, Guo H, Coulson RMR, Smyth DJ, Pekalski ML, Burren OS, Cutler AJ, Doecke JD, Flint S, McKinney EF, Lyons PA, Smith KGC, Achenbach P, Beyerlein A, Dunger DB, Clayton DG, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Bonifacio E, Wallace C, Ziegler AG. A type I interferon transcriptional signature precedes autoimmunity in children genetically at risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63:2538-50. [PMID: 24561305 PMCID: PMC4066333 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes (T1D) is preceded by the appearance of circulating autoantibodies to pancreatic islets. However, almost nothing is known about events leading to this islet autoimmunity. Previous epidemiological and genetic data have associated viral infections and antiviral type I interferon (IFN) immune response genes with T1D. Here, we first used DNA microarray analysis to identify IFN-β-inducible genes in vitro and then used this set of genes to define an IFN-inducible transcriptional signature in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a group of active systemic lupus erythematosus patients (n = 25). Using this predefined set of 225 IFN signature genes, we investigated the expression of the signature in cohorts of healthy controls (n = 87), patients with T1D (n = 64), and a large longitudinal birth cohort of children genetically predisposed to T1D (n = 109; 454 microarrayed samples). Expression of the IFN signature was increased in genetically predisposed children before the development of autoantibodies (P = 0.0012) but not in patients with established T1D. Upregulation of IFN-inducible genes was transient, temporally associated with a recent history of upper respiratory tract infections (P = 0.0064), and marked by increased expression of SIGLEC-1 (CD169), a lectin-like receptor expressed on CD14(+) monocytes. DNA variation in IFN-inducible genes altered T1D risk (P = 0.007), as exemplified by IFIH1, one of the genes in our IFN signature for which increased expression is a known risk factor for disease. These findings identify transient increased expression of type I IFN genes in preclinical diabetes as a risk factor for autoimmunity in children with a genetic predisposition to T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Hui Guo
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Richard M R Coulson
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Deborah J Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Oliver S Burren
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Antony J Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - James D Doecke
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.The Australian E-Health Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, AustraliaThe Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Preventative Health Flagship, Victoria, AustraliaCSIRO Mathematics and Information Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shaun Flint
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Eoin F McKinney
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Peter Achenbach
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Andreas Beyerlein
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - David B Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - David G Clayton
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- CRTD-DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chris Wallace
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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Esposito L, Hunter KMD, Clark J, Rainbow DB, Stevens H, Denesha J, Duley S, Dawson S, Coleman G, Nutland S, Bell GL, Moran C, Pekalski M, Todd JA, Wicker LS. Investigation of soluble and transmembrane CTLA-4 isoforms in serum and microvesicles. J Immunol 2014; 193:889-900. [PMID: 24928993 PMCID: PMC4082723 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the CTLA-4 gene is absolutely required for immune homeostasis, but aspects of its molecular nature remain undefined. In particular, the characterization of the soluble CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) protein isoform generated by an alternatively spliced mRNA of CTLA4 lacking transmembrane-encoding exon 3 has been hindered by the difficulty in distinguishing it from the transmembrane isoform of CTLA-4, Tm-CTLA-4. In the current study, sCTLA-4 has been analyzed using novel mAbs and polyclonal Abs specific for its unique C-terminal amino acid sequence. We demonstrate that the sCTLA-4 protein is secreted at low levels following the activation of primary human CD4+ T cells and is increased only rarely in the serum of autoimmune patients. Unexpectedly, during our studies aimed to define the kinetics of sCTLA-4 produced by activated human CD4+ T cells, we discovered that Tm-CTLA-4 is associated with microvesicles produced by the activated cells. The functional roles of sCTLA-4 and microvesicle-associated Tm-CTLA-4 warrant further investigation, especially as they relate to the multiple mechanisms of action described for the more commonly studied cell-associated Tm-CTLA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Esposito
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kara M D Hunter
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jan Clark
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Helen Stevens
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jennifer Denesha
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Simon Duley
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sarah Dawson
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gillian Coleman
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sarah Nutland
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gwynneth L Bell
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Carla Moran
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin Pekalski
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - John A Todd
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Linda S Wicker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; and
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Waldron-Lynch F, Kareclas P, Irons K, Walker NM, Mander A, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Bond S. Rationale and study design of the Adaptive study of IL-2 dose on regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes (DILT1D): a non-randomised, open label, adaptive dose finding trial. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005559. [PMID: 24898091 PMCID: PMC4054640 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CD4 T regulatory cells (Tregs) are crucial for the maintenance of self-tolerance and are deficient in many common autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Interleukin 2 (IL-2) plays a major role in the activation and function of Tregs and treatment with ultra-low dose (ULD) IL-2 could increase Treg function to potentially halt disease progression in T1D. However, prior to embarking on large phase II/III clinical trials it is critical to develop new strategies for determining the mechanism of action of ULD IL-2 in participants with T1D. In this mechanistic study we will combine a novel trial design with a clinical grade Treg assay to identify the best doses of ULD IL-2 to induce targeted increases in Tregs. METHOD AND ANALYSIS Adaptive study of IL-2 dose on regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes (DILT1D) is a single centre non-randomised, single dose, open label, adaptive dose-finding trial. The primary objective of DILT1D is to identify the best doses of IL-2 to achieve a minimal or maximal Treg increase in participants with T1D (N=40). The design has an initial learning phase where pairs of participants are assigned to five preassigned doses followed by an interim analysis to determine the two Treg targets for the reminder of the trial. This will then be followed by an adaptive phase which is fully sequential with an interim analysis after each participant is observed to determine the choice of dose based on the optimality criterion to minimise the determinant of covariance of the estimated target doses. A dose determining committee will review all data available at the interim(s) and then provide decisions regarding the choice of dose to administer to subsequent participants. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval for the study was granted on 18 February 2013. RESULTS The results of this study will be reported through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and an internal organisational report. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS NCT01827735, ISRCTN27852285, DRN767.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Waldron-Lynch
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes & Inflammation Laboratory, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paula Kareclas
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kathryn Irons
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Neil M Walker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes & Inflammation Laboratory, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adrian Mander
- MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes & Inflammation Laboratory, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes & Inflammation Laboratory, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Bond
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
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40
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Kochupurakkal NM, Kruger AJ, Tripathi S, Zhu B, Adams LT, Rainbow DB, Rossini A, Greiner DL, Sayegh MH, Wicker LS, Guleria I. Blockade of the programmed death-1 (PD1) pathway undermines potent genetic protection from type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89561. [PMID: 24586872 PMCID: PMC3938467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Hypothesis Inhibition of PD1-PDL1 signaling in NOD mice accelerates onset of type 1 diabetes implicating this pathway in suppressing the emergence of pancreatic beta cell reactive T-cells. However, the molecular mechanism by which PD1 signaling protects from type 1 diabetes is not clear. We hypothesized that differential susceptibility of Idd mouse strains to type 1 diabetes when challenged with anti PDL1 will identify genomic loci that collaborate with PD1 signaling in suppressing type 1 diabetes. Methods Anti PDL1 was administered to NOD and various Idd mouse strains at 10 weeks of age and onset of disease was monitored by measuring blood glucose levels. Additionally, histological evaluation of the pancreas was performed to determine degree of insulitis. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Log-Rank and Student's t-test. Results Blockade of PDL1 rapidly precipitated type 1 diabetes in nearly all NOD Idd congenic strains tested, despite the fact that all are moderately (Idd5, Idd3 and Idd10/18) or highly (Idd3/10/18 and Idd9) protected from spontaneous type 1 diabetes by virtue of their protective Idd genes. Only the Idd3/5 strain, which is nearly 100% protected from spontaneous disease, remained normoglycemic following PDL1 blockade. Conclusions These results indicate that multiple Idd loci collaborate with PD1 signaling. Anti PDL1 treatment undermines a large portion of the genetic protection mediated by Idd genes in the NOD model of type 1 diabetes. Basal insulitis correlated with higher susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. These findings have important implications since the PD1 pathway is a target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora M. Kochupurakkal
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School Renal Division, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Annie J. Kruger
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sudipta Tripathi
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School Renal Division, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bing Zhu
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - La Tonya Adams
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School Renal Division, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel B. Rainbow
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aldo Rossini
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohamed H. Sayegh
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School Renal Division, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Indira Guleria
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School Renal Division, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hamilton-Williams EE, Rainbow DB, Cheung J, Christensen M, Lyons PA, Peterson LB, Steward CA, Sherman LA, Wicker LS. Fine mapping of type 1 diabetes regions Idd9.1 and Idd9.2 reveals genetic complexity. Mamm Genome 2013; 24:358-75. [PMID: 23934554 PMCID: PMC3824839 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-013-9466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice congenic for C57BL/10 (B10)-derived genes in the Idd9 region of chromosome 4 are highly protected from type 1 diabetes (T1D). Idd9 has been divided into three protective subregions (Idd9.1, 9.2, and 9.3), each of which partially prevents disease. In this study we have fine-mapped the Idd9.1 and Idd9.2 regions, revealing further genetic complexity with at least two additional subregions contributing to protection from T1D. Using the NOD sequence from bacterial artificial chromosome clones of the Idd9.1 and Idd9.2 regions as well as whole-genome sequence data recently made available, sequence polymorphisms within the regions highlight a high degree of polymorphism between the NOD and B10 strains in the Idd9 regions. Among numerous candidate genes are several with immunological importance. The Idd9.1 region has been separated into Idd9.1 and Idd9.4, with Lck remaining a candidate gene within Idd9.1. One of the Idd9.2 regions contains the candidate genes Masp2 (encoding mannan-binding lectin serine peptidase 2) and Mtor (encoding mammalian target of rapamycin). From mRNA expression analyses, we have also identified several other differentially expressed candidate genes within the Idd9.1 and Idd9.2 regions. These findings highlight that multiple, relatively small genetic effects combine and interact to produce significant changes in immune tolerance and diabetes onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Steward CA, Gonzalez JM, Trevanion S, Sheppard D, Kerry G, Gilbert JGR, Wicker LS, Rogers J, Harrow JL. The non-obese diabetic mouse sequence, annotation and variation resource: an aid for investigating type 1 diabetes. Database (Oxford) 2013; 2013:bat032. [PMID: 23729657 PMCID: PMC3668384 DOI: 10.1093/database/bat032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Model organisms are becoming increasingly important for the study of complex diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is an experimental model for T1D having been bred to develop the disease spontaneously in a process that is similar to humans. Genetic analysis of the NOD mouse has identified around 50 disease loci, which have the nomenclature Idd for insulin-dependent diabetes, distributed across at least 11 different chromosomes. In total, 21 Idd regions across 6 chromosomes, that are major contributors to T1D susceptibility or resistance, were selected for finished sequencing and annotation at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Here we describe the generation of 40.4 mega base-pairs of finished sequence from 289 bacterial artificial chromosomes for the NOD mouse. Manual annotation has identified 738 genes in the diabetes sensitive NOD mouse and 765 genes in homologous regions of the diabetes resistant C57BL/6J reference mouse across 19 candidate Idd regions. This has allowed us to call variation consequences between homologous exonic sequences for all annotated regions in the two mouse strains. We demonstrate the importance of this resource further by illustrating the technical difficulties that regions of inter-strain structural variation between the NOD mouse and the C57BL/6J reference mouse can cause for current next generation sequencing and assembly techniques. Furthermore, we have established that the variation rate in the Idd regions is 2.3 times higher than the mean found for the whole genome assembly for the NOD/ShiLtJ genome, which we suggest reflects the fact that positive selection for functional variation in immune genes is beneficial in regard to host defence. In summary, we provide an important resource, which aids the analysis of potential causative genes involved in T1D susceptibility. Database URLs:http://www.sanger.ac.uk/resources/mouse/nod/; http://vega-previous.sanger.ac.uk/info/data/mouse_regions.html
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Steward
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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Lin X, Hamilton-Williams EE, Rainbow DB, Hunter KM, Dai YD, Cheung J, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Sherman LA. Genetic interactions among Idd3, Idd5.1, Idd5.2, and Idd5.3 protective loci in the nonobese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes. J Immunol 2013; 190:3109-20. [PMID: 23427248 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) loci control the development of insulitis and diabetes. Independently, protective alleles of Idd3/Il2 or Idd5 are able to partially protect congenic NOD mice from insulitis and diabetes, and to partially tolerize islet-specific CD8(+) T cells. However, when the two regions are combined, mice are almost completely protected, strongly suggesting the existence of genetic interactions between the two loci. Idd5 contains at least three protective subregions/causative gene candidates, Idd5.1/Ctla4, Idd5.2/Slc11a1, and Idd5.3/Acadl, yet it is unknown which of them interacts with Idd3/Il2. Through the use of a series of novel congenic strains containing the Idd3/Il2 region and different combinations of Idd5 subregion(s), we defined these genetic interactions. The combination of Idd3/Il2 and Idd5.3/Acadl was able to provide nearly complete protection from type 1 diabetes, but all three Idd5 subregions were required to protect from insulitis and fully restore self-tolerance. By backcrossing a Slc11a1 knockout allele onto the NOD genetic background, we have demonstrated that Slc11a1 is responsible for the diabetes protection resulting from Idd5.2. We also used Slc11a1 knockout-SCID and Idd5.2-SCID mice to show that both loss-of-function alleles provide protection from insulitis when expressed on the SCID host alone. These results lend further support to the hypothesis that Slc11a1 is Idd5.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Lin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Pekalski ML, Ferreira RC, Coulson RMR, Cutler AJ, Guo H, Smyth DJ, Downes K, Dendrou CA, Castro Dopico X, Esposito L, Coleman G, Stevens HE, Nutland S, Walker NM, Guy C, Dunger DB, Wallace C, Tree TIM, Todd JA, Wicker LS. Postthymic expansion in human CD4 naive T cells defined by expression of functional high-affinity IL-2 receptors. J Immunol 2013; 190:2554-66. [PMID: 23418630 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As the thymus involutes with age, the maintenance of peripheral naive T cells in humans becomes strongly dependent on peripheral cell division. However, mechanisms that orchestrate homeostatic division remain unclear. In this study we present evidence that the frequency of naive CD4 T cells that express CD25 (IL-2 receptor α-chain) increases with age on subsets of both CD31(+) and CD31(-) naive CD4 T cells. Analyses of TCR excision circles from sorted subsets indicate that CD25(+) naive CD4 T cells have undergone more rounds of homeostatic proliferation than their CD25(-) counterparts in both the CD31(+) and CD31(-) subsets, indicating that CD25 is a marker of naive CD4 T cells that have preferentially responded to survival signals from self-Ags or cytokines. CD25 expression on CD25(-) naive CD4 T cells can be induced by IL-7 in vitro in the absence of TCR activation. Although CD25(+) naive T cells respond to lower concentrations of IL-2 as compared with their CD25(-) counterparts, IL-2 responsiveness is further increased in CD31(-) naive T cells by their expression of the signaling IL-2 receptor β-chain CD122, forming with common γ-chain functional high-affinity IL-2 receptors. CD25 plays a role during activation: CD25(+) naive T cells stimulated in an APC-dependent manner were shown to produce increased levels of IL-2 as compared with their CD25(-) counterparts. This study establishes CD25(+) naive CD4 T cells, which are further delineated by CD31 expression, as a major functionally distinct immune cell subset in humans that warrants further characterization in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin L Pekalski
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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Kachapati K, Adams DE, Wu Y, Steward CA, Rainbow DB, Wicker LS, Mittler RS, Ridgway WM. The B10 Idd9.3 locus mediates accumulation of functionally superior CD137(+) regulatory T cells in the nonobese diabetic type 1 diabetes model. J Immunol 2012; 189:5001-15. [PMID: 23066155 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CD137 is a T cell costimulatory molecule encoded by the prime candidate gene (designated Tnfrsf9) in NOD.B10 Idd9.3 congenic mice protected from type 1 diabetes (T1D). NOD T cells show decreased CD137-mediated T cell signaling compared with NOD.B10 Idd9.3 T cells, but it has been unclear how this decreased CD137 T cell signaling could mediate susceptibility to T1D. We and others have shown that a subset of regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitutively expresses CD137 (whereas effector T cells do not, and only express CD137 briefly after activation). In this study, we show that the B10 Idd9.3 region intrinsically contributes to accumulation of CD137(+) Tregs with age. NOD.B10 Idd9.3 mice showed significantly increased percentages and numbers of CD137(+) peripheral Tregs compared with NOD mice. Moreover, Tregs expressing the B10 Idd9.3 region preferentially accumulated in mixed bone marrow chimeric mice reconstituted with allotypically marked NOD and NOD.B10 Idd9.3 bone marrow. We demonstrate a possible significance of increased numbers of CD137(+) Tregs by showing functional superiority of FACS-purified CD137(+) Tregs in vitro compared with CD137(-) Tregs in T cell-suppression assays. Increased functional suppression was also associated with increased production of the alternatively spliced CD137 isoform, soluble CD137, which has been shown to suppress T cell proliferation. We show for the first time, to our knowledge, that CD137(+) Tregs are the primary cellular source of soluble CD137. NOD.B10 Idd9.3 mice showed significantly increased serum soluble CD137 compared with NOD mice with age, consistent with their increased numbers of CD137(+) Tregs with age. These studies demonstrate the importance of CD137(+) Tregs in T1D and offer a new hypothesis for how the NOD Idd9.3 region could act to increase T1D susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Kachapati
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Maine CJ, Hamilton-Williams EE, Cheung J, Stanford SM, Bottini N, Wicker LS, Sherman LA. PTPN22 alters the development of regulatory T cells in the thymus. J Immunol 2012; 188:5267-75. [PMID: 22539785 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PTPN22 encodes a tyrosine phosphatase that inhibits Src-family kinases responsible for Ag receptor signaling in lymphocytes and is strongly linked with susceptibility to a number of autoimmune diseases. As strength of TCR signal is critical to the thymic selection of regulatory T cells (Tregs), we examined the effect of murine PTPN22 deficiency on Treg development and function. In the thymus, numbers of pre-Tregs and Tregs increased inversely with the level of PTPN22. This increase in Tregs persisted in the periphery and could play a key part in the reduced severity observed in the PTPN22-deficient mice of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. This could explain the lack of association of certain autoimmune conditions with PTPN22 risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Maine
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Garg G, Tyler JR, Yang JHM, Cutler AJ, Downes K, Pekalski M, Bell GL, Nutland S, Peakman M, Todd JA, Wicker LS, Tree TIM. Type 1 diabetes-associated IL2RA variation lowers IL-2 signaling and contributes to diminished CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell function. J Immunol 2012; 188:4644-53. [PMID: 22461703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous reports have demonstrated that CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) from individuals with a range of human autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, are deficient in their ability to control autologous proinflammatory responses when compared with nondiseased, control individuals. Treg dysfunction could be a primary, causal event or may result from perturbations in the immune system during disease development. Polymorphisms in genes associated with Treg function, such as IL2RA, confer a higher risk of autoimmune disease. Although this suggests a primary role for defective Tregs in autoimmunity, a link between IL2RA gene polymorphisms and Treg function has not been examined. We addressed this by examining the impact of an IL2RA haplotype associated with type 1 diabetes on Treg fitness and suppressive function. Studies were conducted using healthy human subjects to avoid any confounding effects of disease. We demonstrated that the presence of an autoimmune disease-associated IL2RA haplotype correlates with diminished IL-2 responsiveness in Ag-experienced CD4(+) T cells, as measured by phosphorylation of STAT5a, and is associated with lower levels of FOXP3 expression by Tregs and a reduction in their ability to suppress proliferation of autologous effector T cells. These data offer a rationale that contributes to the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which polymorphisms in the IL-2RA gene affect immune regulation, and consequently upon susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Garg
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes genes within the interleukin (IL)-2, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte--associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP1) pathways influence development of autoimmune diabetes in humans and NOD mice. In NOD mice, when present together, protective alleles encoding IL-2, Idd3 candidate gene, CTLA-4, NRAMP1, and acetyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, long-chain (ACADL) (candidate genes for the Idd5.1, Idd5.2, and Idd5.3 subregions) provide nearly complete diabetes protection. To define where the protective alleles of Idd3 and the Idd5 subregions must be present to protect from diabetes and tolerize islet-specific CD8(+) T cells, SCID mice were reconstituted so that the host and lymphocytes expressed various combinations of protective and susceptibility alleles at Idd3 and Idd5. Although protective Idd3 alleles in the lymphocytes and protective Idd5 alleles in the SCID host contributed most significantly to CD8 tolerance, both were required together in both lymphocyte and nonlymphocyte cells to recapitulate the potent diabetes protection observed in intact Idd3/5 mice. We conclude that genetic regions involved in autoimmune disease are not restricted in their influence to individual cell types. Even a single protective gene product, such as IL-2, must be expressed in both the lymphocytes and dendritic cells to exert its full extent of disease protection. These studies highlight the pleiotropic effects of genes that determine autoimmune disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Hamilton-Williams
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Jocelyn Cheung
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Daniel B. Rainbow
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Kara M. Hunter
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Linda A. Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- Corresponding author: Linda A. Sherman,
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Liu SM, Sutherland APR, Zhang Z, Rainbow DB, Quintana FJ, Paterson AM, Sharpe AH, Oukka M, Wicker LS, Kuchroo VK. Overexpression of the Ctla-4 isoform lacking exons 2 and 3 causes autoimmunity. J Immunol 2011; 188:155-62. [PMID: 22124121 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 is a potent inhibitor of T cell activation, primarily upon binding to its costimulatory ligands (B7.1 and B7.2) expressed on APCs. However, variants of CTLA-4 can also function independently of B7 molecules. 1/4CTLA-4 is a highly conserved isoform encoded by exons 1 and 4 of the Ctla4 gene that lacks the ligand-binding and the transmembrane domains, and as yet, its function is not known. To investigate the function of 1/4CTLA-4, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing this variant. Cytokine production by 1/4CTLA-4 Tg T cells was elevated compared with wild type T cells. The frequency of CD44(high) memory T cells in 1/4CTLA-4 Tg mice was increased, and as the mice aged, the frequency further increased. 1/4CTLA-4 Tg mice >1 y old had increased expression of T cell activation markers and developed spontaneous autoimmunity, including elevated production of autoantibodies. In contrast with young 1/4CTLA-4 Tg mice, aged 1/4CTLA-4 Tg mice had elevated frequencies of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, but the regulatory T cells from these mice were not able to inhibit colitis development. Collectively, these data suggest that the function of the 1/4CTLA-4 isoform is distinct from that of CTLA-4 in that it enhances T cell activation and promotes autoimmunity rather than inhibiting immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue M Liu
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE CTLA4 gene variation associates with multiple autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes. The CTLA4 susceptibility allele was found to generate decreased levels of mRNA encoding soluble CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) relative to the full-length isoform, the functional consequence of which is as yet unknown. In this study, we investigated the contribution of sCTLA-4 to immune regulation with the aim to elucidate the functional basis of the disease association of CTLA4. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To model the disease-associated splicing variation of CTLA4, we generated NOD mice in which sCTLA-4 mRNA is silenced by RNA interference. RESULTS We found that loss of sCTLA-4 impairs the function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. This functional defect could be attributed, at least in part, to the failure of sCTLA-4 knockdown (KD) Treg cells to downregulate dendritic cell costimulation. sCTLA-4 KD Treg cells, in contrast with wild-type Treg cells, failed to inhibit colitis induced by transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(hi) cells into NOD.SCID animals. Furthermore, diminished sCTLA-4 expression accelerated the onset of autoimmune diabetes in transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that sCTLA-4 participates in immune regulation by potentiating the function of Treg cells. The functional outcome of silencing this splice variant in the NOD model provides an explanation for the association of CTLA4 variation with autoimmunity. Lower sCTLA-4 expression from the susceptibility allele may directly affect the suppressive capacity of Treg cells and thereby modulate disease risk. Our unprecedented approach establishes the feasibility of modeling splicing variations relevant to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay D. Gerold
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel B. Rainbow
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Stephan Kissler
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Corresponding author: Stephan Kissler,
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