[Quantitative analysis of risk assessment indicators for re-introduction of imported malaria in China]

OBJECTIVE

To quantitatively analyze the risk indicators of re-introduction of imported malaria in China and their weighting coefficients, so as to investigate the difference in the contribution of risk indicators included in the current risk assessment framework for re-introduction of imported malaria in China to the risk assessment of re-introduction of imported malaria.

METHODS

Publications pertaining to the risk assessment framework for re-introduction of imported malaria in China that reported the risk indicators and their weighting coefficients were retrieved in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP with terms of "malaria", "re-introduction/re-transmission/re-establishment", "risk assessment/risk evaluation/risk prediction" from the inception of the database through 3 August 2023, and literature search was performed in Google Scholar to ensure the comprehensiveness of the retrieval. Basic characteristics of included studies were extracted using pre-designed information extraction forms by two investigators, and data pertaining to risk indicators of re-introduction of imported malaria were cross-checked by these two investigators. The risk indicators included in the risk assessment framework for re-introduction of imported malaria in China and their weighting coefficients were visualized with the Nightingale's rose diagrams using the software R 4.2.1, and the importance of risk indictors was evaluated with the frequency of risk indicators included in the risk assessment framework and the ranking of weighting coefficients of risk indicators. In addition, the capability of risk indicators screened by different weighting methods was compared by calculating the ratio of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by different weighting methods.

RESULTS

A total of 2 138 publications were retrieved, and following removal of duplications and screening, a total of 8 publications were included in the final analysis. In these 8 studies, 8 risk assessment frameworks for re-introduction of imported malaria in China and 52 risk indicators of re-introduction of imported malaria were reported, in which number of imported malaria cases (n = 8) and species of malaria vectors were more frequently included in the risk assessment frameworks (n = 8), followed by species of imported malaria parasites (n = 6) and population density of local malaria vectors (n = 6), and species of local malaria vectors (n = 6), number of imported malaria cases (n = 5) and species of imported malaria parasites had the three highest weighting coefficients (n = 4). The weighting methods included expert scoring method, combination of expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process, and combination of expert scoring method and entropy weight method in these 8 studies, and the ratios of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by the expert scoring method were 1.143 to 2.241, while the ratios of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by combination of the expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process were 34.970 to 162.000.

CONCLUSIONS

Number of imported malaria cases, species of imported malaria parasites, species of local malaria vectors and population density of local malaria vectors are core indicators in the current risk assessment framework for re-introduction of imported malaria in China. Combination of the expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process is superior to the expert scoring method alone for weighting the risk indicators.

[Risk predictive models of healthcare-seeking delay among imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province based on the machine learning]

OBJECTIVE

To create risk predictive models of healthcare-seeking delay among imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province based on machine learning algorithms, so as to provide insights into early identification of imported malaria cases in Jiangsu Province.

METHODS

Case investigation, first symptoms and time of initial diagnosis of imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province in 2019 were captured from Infectious Disease Report Information Management System and Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control Information Management System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The risk predictive models of healthcare-seeking delay among imported malaria patients were created with the back propagation (BP) neural network model, logistic regression model, random forest model and Bayesian model using thirteen factors as independent variables, including occupation, species of malaria parasite, main clinical manifestations, presence of complications, severity of disease, age, duration of residing abroad, frequency of malaria parasite infections abroad, incubation period, level of institution at initial diagnosis, country of origin, number of individuals travelling with patients and way to go abroad, and time of healthcare-seeking delay as a dependent variable. Logistic regression model was visualized using a nomogram, and the nomogram was evaluated using calibration curves. In addition, the efficiency of the four models for prediction of risk of healthcare-seeking delay among imported malaria patients was evaluated using the area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). The importance of each characteristic was quantified and attributed by using SHAP to examine the positive and negative effects of the value of each characteristic on the predictive efficiency.

RESULTS

A total of 244 imported malaria patients were enrolled, including 100 cases (40.98%) with the duration from onset of first symptoms to time of initial diagnosis that exceeded 24 hours. Logistic regression analysis identified a history of malaria parasite infection [odds ratio (OR) = 3.075, 95% confidential interval (CI): (1.597, 5.923)], long incubation period [OR = 1.010, 95% CI: (1.001, 1.018)] and seeking healthcare in provincial or municipal medical facilities [OR = 12.550, 95% CI: (1.158, 135.963)] as risk factors for delay in seeking healthcare among imported malaria cases. BP neural network modeling showed that duration of residing abroad, incubation period and age posed great impacts on delay in healthcare-seek among imported malaria patients. Random forest modeling showed that the top five factors with the greatest impact on healthcare-seeking delay included main clinical manifestations, the way to go abroad, incubation period, duration of residing abroad and age among imported malaria patients, and Bayesian modeling revealed that the top five factors affecting healthcare-seeking delay among imported malaria patients included level of institutions at initial diagnosis, age, country of origin, history of malaria parasite infection and individuals travelling with imported malaria patients. ROC curve analysis showed higher overall performance of the BP neural network model and the logistic regression model for prediction of the risk of healthcare-seeking delay among imported malaria patients (Z = 2.700 to 4.641, all P values < 0.01), with no statistically significant difference in the AUC among four models (Z = 1.209, P > 0.05). The sensitivity (71.00%) and Youden index (43.92%) of the logistic regression model was higher than those of the BP neural network (63.00% and 36.61%, respectively), and the specificity of the BP neural network model (73.61%) was higher than that of the logistic regression model (72.92%).

CONCLUSIONS

Imported malaria cases with long duration of residing abroad, a history of malaria parasite infection, long incubation period, advanced age and seeking healthcare in provincial or municipal medical institutions have a high likelihood of delay in healthcare-seeking in Jiangsu Province. The models created based on the logistic regression and BP neural network show a high efficiency for prediction of the risk of healthcare-seeking among imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province, which may provide insights into health management of imported malaria patients.

Design of red blood cell membrane-cloaked dihydroartemisinin nanoparticles with enhanced antimalarial efficacy

Targeting delivery and prolonging action duration of artemisinin drugs are effective strategies for improving antimalarial treatment outcomes. Here, dihydroartemisinin (DHA) loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (PDNs) were prepared and further cloaked with red blood cell (RBC) membranes via electrostatic interactions to yield RBC membrane-cloaked PDNs (RPDNs). The prepared RPDNs displayed a notable "core-shell" structure, with a negative surface charge of -29.2 ± 4.19 mV, a relatively uniform size distribution (86.4 ± 2.54 nm, polydispersity index of 0.179 ± 0.011), an average encapsulation efficiency (70.1 ± 0.79%), and a 24-h sustained-release behavior in vitro. Compared with PDNs, RPDNs showed markedly decreased phagocytic activity by RAW 264.7 cells and had prolonged blood circulation duration. The Pearson correlation coefficient of RPDNs distribution in infected red blood cells (iRBCs) was 0.7173, suggesting that RPDNs could effectively target Plasmodium-iRBCs. In PyBy265-infected mice, RPDNs showed a higher inhibition ratio (88.39 ± 2.69%) than PDNs (83.13 ± 2.12%) or DHA (58.74 ± 3.78%), at the same dose of 8.8 μmol/kg. The ED₉₀ of RPDNs (8.13 ± 0.18 μmol/kg) was substantially lower than that of PDNs (14.48 ± 0.23 μmol/kg) and DHA (17.67 ± 3.38 μmol/kg). Furthermore, no apparent abnormalities were detected in routine blood examination, liver function indexes, and pathological analysis of tissue sections of PyBy265-infected mice following RPDNs treatment. In conclusion, the prepared RPDNs exhibited enhanced antimalarial efficacy, prolonged circulation, targeted delivery to Plasmodium-iRBCs, and satisfactory biocompatibility.

Murine pharmacokinetics and antimalarial pharmacodynamics of dihydroartemisinin trimer self-assembled nanoparticles

Currently, conjugation of artemisinin-derived dimers, trimers, and tetramers is a viable strategy for developing new effective antimalarial candidates. Furthermore, nanotechnology is an effective means to achieve intravenous administration of hydrophobic drugs. In this paper, an ester-linked dihydroartemisinin trimer (DHA₃) was synthesized and further prepared as self-assembled nanoparticles (DHA₃NPs) by a one-step nanoprecipitation method. The pharmacokinetics and antimalarial pharmacodynamics of DHA₃NPs were studied in rats and mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii BY265 (PyBY265). DHA₃NPs had a regular spherical shape with a uniform size distribution of 140.27 ± 3.59 nm, entrapment efficiency (EE) of 99.63 ± 0.17%, and drug loading efficiency (DL) of 79.62 ± 0.11%. The in vitro release characterization revealed that DHA₃NPs were easily hydrolysed into DHA in an esterase environment. The pharmacokinetics study demonstrated that the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC_0-t) of DHA in DHA₃NPs group was 2070.52 ± 578.76 h×ng×mL^-1, which was higher than that of DHA and artesunate (AS) control groups (AUC_0-t values of 724.18 ± 94.32 and 448.40 ± 94.45 h×ng×mL^-1, respectively) (P < 0.05). The antimalarial pharmacodynamics in vivo suggested that DHA₃NP_S (ED₉₀ 7.82 ± 1.16 μmol×(kg×day)^-1) had a superior antimalarial effect compared with that of control groups (ED₉₀ values of 14.68 ± 0.98 (DHA) and 14.34 ± 1.96 (AS) μmol×(kg×day)^-1) (P < 0.05). In addition, DHA₃NP_S reduced the recurrence ratio and improved the cure ratio and survival time. In summary, DHA₃NPs exhibited promising pharmacokinetic characteristics and antimalarial pharmacodynamics in vivo.

Choline and PEG dually modified artemether nano delivery system targeting intra-erythrocytic Plasmodium and its pharmacodynamics in vivo

OBJECTIVE

The choline derivative (CD) and polyethylene-glycol (PEG) dually modified artemether (ARM) nanostructured lipid carriers (CD-PEG-ARM-NLC) have been designed to prolong the circulation of ARM in blood, as well as to develop targeting for new permeability pathways (NPPs) and erythrocyte choline carriers (ECCs) that are expressed on the Plasmodium-infected erythrocyte membrane.

SIGNIFICANCE

The CD-PEG-ARM-NLC constructed in this study was found to be able to target endoerythrocytic Plasmodium by increasing the drug concentration and residence time in the infected erythrocytic microenvironment and minimizing toxicity and side effects.

METHODS

CD-PEG-ARM-NLC was prepared using high-pressure homogenization followed by physicochemical characterization. The targeting ability of CD-PEG-NLC to infected erythrocytes probed by coumarin-6 was investigated by using fluorescence microscopy imaging. The SYBR Green I assay for parasite nucleic acid was adapted in order to assess the efficacy of inhibition against parasite growth in vitro. The antimalarial activity of ARM-loaded NLCs was evaluated by a Pearson four-day suppressive test in Pyy265BY-bearing mice.

RESULTS

In vitro imaging indicated that the intracellular delivery of CD-PEG-ARM-NLC was efficiently taken up by the infected erythrocytes via ECCs and NPPs, which could be inhibited by addition of furosemide (an inhibitor of NPPs) and excessive choline (native substrate of ECCs). Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies that evaluated antimalarial activity suggested that CD-PEG-ARM-NLC exhibited higher antimalarial activity in comparison to ARM-NLC and PEG-ARM-NLC.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggested that choline and PEG dually modified NLC could be promising preparations for the production of hydrophobic antimalarial drugs, particularly for ARM.

Auto-Induction of Intestinal First-Pass Effect Related Time-Dependent Pharmacokinetics of Artemisinin Rather than Dihydroartemisinin

Artemisinin (ART) drugs showed declining plasma concentrations after repeated oral dosing, known as time-dependent pharmacokinetics (PK). ART and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) were adopted as representatives to evaluate the roles of first-pass effects and systemic metabolism in time-dependent PK by comparison of oral versus intravenous administration and 1 dose versus 5 consecutive doses PK in rats and dogs, respectively. The hepatic extraction ratio (ER_h) and the intestinal elimination changes were further investigated in rats to distinguish the roles of hepatic first-pass effect or intestinal first-pass effect. The induction capacities of ARTs to cytochrome P450 (CYP450) in rats and human cells were evaluated as well. For ART, only the oral groups showed time-dependent PK. A fairly high ER_h that obtained for ART was not sensitive to multiple oral doses. An increased elimination and CYP450 expression have also been found in the intestine. For DHA, though a significant CYP450 induction was observed, neither time-dependent PK nor changes in the first-pass effects was found. In conclusion, time-dependent PK of ART was mainly caused by the increased intestinal first-pass effect rather than hepatic first-pass effect or systemic metabolism. DHA was not involved in auto-induction elimination, thus showing no time-dependent PK.

[Retrospective clinical analyses of otogenic intracranial infections]

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment options for otogenic intracranial infections. Method: Clinical records of all the patients of otogenic intracranial infections admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University from 2008 to 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Their clinical presentations, radiological findings, culture results, and medical and surgical therapy modalities, as well as treatment outcomes were studied. Results: Sixteen cases were identified. The majority of the otogenic patients had a history of cholesteatoma, other rare events included congenital cerebrospinal fluid otorhinorrhea, Gorham-Stout disease and after radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Meningitis, cerebral venous thrombosis and brain abscess were the primary intracranial infection. Eight patients had received modified radical mastoidectomy at least one time. Results of routine culture for cerebrospinal and pus samples had high negative rate. All patients received initial empirical broadspectrum intravenous antibiotics therapy. Four cases of brain abscesses were drained or excised at the same time for otologic surgery. The mortality rate was 6.25% (1 case). Conclusions: Cholesteatoma is still the most commonly primary disease of otogenic intracranial complications. Diagnosis and treatment of otogenic intracranial infections require multidisciplinary cooperation. Surgical intervention for primary ear lesions and intracranial abscess is still the main option in the treatment of otogenic intracranial infections.

Comparisons of external fixator combined with limited internal fixation and open reduction and internal fixation for Sanders type 2 calcaneal fractures: Finite element analysis and clinical outcome

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical stability and clinical outcome of external fixator combined with limited internal fixation (EFLIF) and open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in treating Sanders type 2 calcaneal fractures.

METHODS

Two types of fixation systems were selected for finite element analysis and a dual cohort study. Two fixation systems were simulated to fix the fracture in a finite element model. The relative displacement and stress distribution were analysed and compared. A total of 71 consecutive patients with closed Sanders type 2 calcaneal fractures were enrolled and divided into two groups according to the treatment to which they chose: the EFLIF group and the ORIF group. The radiological and clinical outcomes were evaluated and compared.

RESULTS

The relative displacement of the EFLIF was less than that of the plate (0.1363 mm to 0.1808 mm). The highest von Mises stress value on the plate was 33% higher than that on the EFLIF. A normal restoration of the Böhler angle was achieved in both groups. No significant difference was found in the clinical outcome on the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle Hindfoot Scale, or on the Visual Analogue Scale between the two groups (p > 0.05). Wound complications were more common in those who were treated with ORIF (p = 0.028).

CONCLUSIONS

Both EFLIF and ORIF systems were tested to 160 N without failure, showing the new construct to be mechanically safe to use. Both EFLIF and ORIF could be effective in treating Sanders type 2 calcaneal fractures. The EFLIF may be superior to ORIF in achieving biomechanical stability and less blood loss, shorter surgical time and hospital stay, and fewer wound complications.Cite this article: M. Pan, L. Chai, F. Xue, L. Ding, G. Tang, B. Lv. Comparisons of external fixator combined with limited internal fixation and open reduction and internal fixation for Sanders type 2 calcaneal fractures: Finite element analysis and clinical outcome. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:433-438. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.67.2000640.

Wnt1 and SFRP1 as potential prognostic factors and therapeutic targets in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

The Wnt signaling pathway plays a key role in insurgence and progression of many different forms of cancer. Some crucial components of the Wnt pathway have been proposed to be novel targets for cancer therapy. To date, the Wnt signaling pathway has not been studied in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). This study was designed to investigate the expression of Wnt1 and SFRP1 from the Wnt pathway in CSCC. Tissue samples were obtained from 35 patients with CSCC and 30 controls admitted to the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital at Urumchi City, China. Gene and protein expressions of Wnt1 and SFRP1 were quantified by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Wnt1 expression was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in CSCC samples than in normal skin cells of the control subjects; in contrast, SFRP1 expression was significantly lower in CSCC tissues than that in tissues of control subjects (P < 0.05). Moreover, Wnt1 expression (P < 0.05) was found to be correlated with histopathological differentiation in CSCC, and negatively correlated with SFRP1 expression in CSCC (rs = -0.473, P = 0.015). Therefore, we concluded that Wnt1 and SFRP1 play important roles in the development of CSCC and could be potent markers for diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of CSCC.

Prognostic value of circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains the main cause of cancer-related death, and the clinical significance and prognostic role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in metastatic breast cancer are still controversial. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to clarify the correlation between CTCs and the clinicopathological features and prognosis of MBC.

METHODS

We performed a comprehensive search of Pubmed and the ISI Web of Science through December 2014. Only articles that focused on MBC patients and detected CTCs using the CellSearch system were included. The associations between CTCs and survival rate and clinicopathological parameters, including molecular pattern, metastatic region and treatment response, were evaluated.

RESULTS

This meta-analysis included 24 studies (3701 MBC patients), 13 prospective studies and 11 retrospective studies. We found that CTCs were more frequently detected with HER2 + primary tumors (pooled RR = 0.73, 95 % CI = 0.63-0.84). Additionally, higher CTC numbers indicated a worse treatment response (RR = 0.56, 95 % CI = 0.40-0.79), poorer PFS (RR = 0.64, 95 % CI = 0.56-0.73) and poorer OS (RR = 0.69, 95 % CI = 0.64-0.75) in MBC patients.

CONCLUSION

Based on these results, we propose that HER2 positivity could be a significant risk factor for the presence of CTCs. Additionally, CTCs have a significant prognostic value for MBC patients. Therefore, CTCs should be continually monitored to guide the treatment of MBC patients, especially those with HER2 + primary tumors.

Quantitative FRET measurement using emission-spectral unmixing with independent excitation crosstalk correction

Quantification of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) needs at least two external samples, an acceptor-only reference and a linked FRET reference, to calibrate fluorescence signal. Furthermore, all measurements for references and FRET samples must be performed under the same instrumental conditions. Based on a novel notion to predetermine the molar extinction coefficient ratio (RC ) of acceptor-to-donor for the correction of acceptor excitation crosstalk, we present here a robust and independent emission-spectral unmixing FRET methodology, Iem-spFRET, which can simultaneously measure the E and RC of FRET sample without any external references, such that Iem-spFRET circumvents the rigorous restriction of keeping the same imaging conditions for all FRET experiments and thus can be used for the direct measurement of FRET sample. We validate Iem-spFRET by measuring the absolute E and RC values of standard constructs with different acceptor-to-donor stoichiometry expressed in living cells. Our results demonstrate that Iem-spFRET is a simple and powerful tool for real-time monitoring the dynamic intermolecular interaction within single living cells.

A two-step strategy to design high bioavailable controlled-release nimodipine tablets: the push-pull osmotic pump in combination with the micronization/solid dispersion techniques

In order to decrease the fluctuation of blood concentration and to increase the oral bioavailability of nimodipine (NMD), a two-step strategy including the push-pull osmotic pump (PPOP) method in combination with micronization and solid dispersion techniques, was used to prepare the controlled-release high-bioavailability solid dosages. The optimization of formulation and process was conducted by comparing effects of different solubilization methods on release behavior of NMD. The in vitro dissolution studies indicated that both the two strategies were able to deliver NMD in the predetermined zero-order manner from 2 to 12h, regardless of effects of release media and agitation rates. Although the Cmax values of two PPOP tablets were lower than that of the reference formulation, both the Tmax values were prolonged, demonstrating the prominent controlled release performance. In comparison with the commercial reference tables, the relative bioavailability of the two formulations was 67.0% and 121.1%, respectively, indicating the solid dispersion technique was more efficient than the micronization technique in terms of solubilization capability and absorption enhancement. In summary, the two-step strategy, combining the push-pull osmotic pump method with the solid dispersion technique, is a very effective method to prepare high bioavailable controlled-release formulations of the poorly soluble drugs, i.e. NMD, taking into account the therapeutical efficiency and safety.

Genetic polymorphism studies in periodontitis and Fcγ receptors

Periodontitis is a complex chronic subgingival plaque-induced inflammatory disease influenced by multiple factors, including genetics, behavior and the environment. Many genetic association studies have been conducted in periodontology. One of the most extensively investigated gene families is the Fcγ receptor gene family, which plays a key role in regulating host immune responses to bacteria. Unlike other genetic polymorphisms reported in periodontology, most Fcγ receptor polymorphisms reported not only have established biological functions but are reported to associate with other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. There are, however, few recent reviews summarizing the association of this gene family with periodontitis. This article critically reviews the current understanding of genetic polymorphism studies in periodontitis, then summarizes the research status of Fcγ receptor polymorphisms and periodontitis and also of other genes involved in the regulatory network of Fcγ receptors, with special reference to their anticipated biological roles. Moreover, some possible future research directions in the related area are discussed.

SNPs of Fc-gamma receptor genes and chronic periodontitis

Genetic polymorphisms of host defense genes might increase risk for periodontitis. This case-control study investigated whether 102 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Fc gamma receptor (FCGR) genes are associated with chronic periodontitis. Cases were 190 Hong Kong Chinese patients with severe chronic periodontitis, and there were 169 periodontitis-free individuals as controls. Genotype CC and allele C of rs445509 (p < 0.0001, OR = 0.30) of FCGR3A were significantly more prevalent among control individuals than among cases, after adjustment for age, sex, and smoking. Smoking was significantly associated with chronic periodontitis (p = 0.003, OR = 3.35). Within the limitations of this study, SNP rs445509 of FCGR3A seem to be negatively associated, while smoking was positively associated, with severe chronic periodontitis among Hong Kong Chinese.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms of complement component 5 and periodontitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Polymorphisms of host defence genes might increase one's risks for periodontitis. This study investigated whether tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the gene encoding complement component 5 (C5) are associated with periodontitis in a Hong Kong Chinese population.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Eleven tagging SNPs of 229 patients with at least moderate periodontitis and 207 control subjects without periodontitis were genotyped using an i-plexGOLD MassARRAY mass-spectrometry system.

RESULTS

Genotype AG of SNP rs17611 was more prevalent in the group of periodontitis patients than in the controls (54.6% vs. 41.7%, p = 0.007). The haplotype CGCA of the haplotype block consisting of rs1035029, rs17611, rs25681 and rs992670 was significantly associated with periodontitis in a dominant model (p = 0.001). The SNP rs17611 showed high linkage disequilibrium with rs1035029, rs25681 and rs992670. Smoking was also significantly associated with periodontitis (p = 0.006).

CONCLUSION

The tagging SNP rs17611 of the C5 gene and smoking may be associated with periodontitis among the Hong Kong Chinese population.

Co-grafts of fetal ventral mesencephalon and fibroblasts expressing sonic hedgehog: effect on survival and function of dopamine grafts

Fibroblasts derived from the Rat2 parental cell line were genetically modified to express the cell-associated form of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and then co-grafted along with E14 fetal ventral mesencephalon (VM) tissue into the denervated striatum of F344 rats; fetal VM grafts alone or co-grafts using the nonexpressing Rat2 fibroblasts served as controls. Seven weeks after grafting, co-grafts of fetal VM and fibroblasts expressing Shh (Rat2/Shh) contained significantly more tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) neurons than either the fetal VM grafts or co-grafts of fetal VM plus nonexpressing fibroblasts (Rat2). Despite a significantly higher yield of grafted TH+ neurons in the fetal VM + Rat2/Shh co-grafts than in either of the other two control groups, amphetamine-induced rotational behavior scores were not significantly different between any of the three treatment groups. The number of TH+ neurons in the Rat2 (nonexpressing) co-grafts was significantly lower than the other two treatment groups. The results from this study suggest that fibroblasts expressing Shh may improve the number of co-grafted dopamine neurons, but do not improve the functional capacity of the graft in terms of improving amphetamine-induced rotational behavior.

SALL1 expression in the human pituitary-adrenal/gonadal axis

SALL1 was originally identified on the basis of its DNA sequence homology to the region-specific homeotic gene Sal, in Drosophila melanogaster, which acts as a downstream target of hedgehog/tumor growth factor-beta-like decapentaplegic signals. The SALL1 gene has been associated with the Townes-Brocks Syndrome (TBS), a disorder characterized by multiorgan dysgenesis including renal and genital malformations. In this study, SALL1 message production was evaluated in association with the tissue localization of the protein product of SALL1, p140. SALL1 protein expression was observed in various adult and fetal tissues which elaborate reproductive endocrine hormones. The p140 was localized in specific microanatomic sites of the pituitary, adrenal cortex and the placenta. In the human pituitary, SALL1 protein expression was limited to the adenohypophysis, where it colocalized to those cells producing GH and the gonadotropins, LH and FSH. SALL1 expression was also found in most of the fetal and adult adrenal cortex in addition to the trophoblastic cells of the placenta. This pattern of expression complements prior studies demonstrating p140 in testicular fetal Leydig cells, adult Leydig and Sertoli cells, and granulosa cells of the ovary. The SALL1 protein was also shown here to be highly expressed in trophoblast tumors, which overproduce sex hormones. The expression patterns of SALL1 at multiple levels of the reproductive endocrine axis and the phenotypic effects associated with TBS suggest that SALL1 may have an important role in the interaction of the pituitary-adrenal/gonadal axis during reproduction.

Cloning and characterization of two promoters for the human HSAL2 gene and their transcriptional repression by the Wilms tumor suppressor gene product

HSAL2 is a member of a gene family that encodes a group of putative developmental transcription factors. The HSAL gene complex was originally identified on the basis of DNA sequence homology to a region-specific homeotic gene (SAL) in Drosophila. This study reveals a novel, functional 5' exon for HSAL2 and demonstrates that two distinct HSAL2 gene transcripts arise from two overlapping transcription units, resulting in proteins that differ by 25 amino acids. By utilizing functional luciferase reporter assays, two distinct promoters for HSAL2, P1 for the proximal promoter (upstream of exon 1) and P2 for the distal promoter (upstream of exon 1A), were identified. Evaluation of mRNA prevalence and tissue specificity, with particular focus on adult tissues, revealed that production of mRNA from P1 was selective and relatively rare. Production of mRNA from P2 was demonstrably higher and was expressed by a greater number of tissues. In contradistinction, HSAL2 expression directed by P2 was undetectable in some malignant populations as opposed to their normal human counterparts, suggesting a potential role as a tumor suppressor gene. Consensus-binding sites were identified for several transcriptional factors, with multiple sites for WT-1, and Hox-1.3 present within both the P1 and P2 regions. In transient transfection assays, transcription from both HSAL2 P1 and P2 was strikingly repressed by the WT-1 tumor suppressor protein. These findings suggest that an intracellular WT-1/HSAL2 pathway may play a role in development and hematopoiesis.

Overexpression of the HER-2/neu oncogene in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Novel systemic treatments are needed in pancreatic cancer. The authors sought to establish the frequency of overexpression of the HER-2/neu oncogene in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma to determine the potential role of trastuzumab (Herceptin) as a therapeutic agent in this disease. Tumor specimens from patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were analyzed by staining for p185HER2 protein using the DAKO immunohistochemical assay. Patients with and without HER-2/neu overexpression by immunohistochemistry were compared with respect to clinical and pathologic characteristics. HER-2/neu gene amplification was also evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Thirty-two of 154 patients (21%) had pancreatic adenocarcinoma that demonstrated HER-2/neu overexpression by immunohistochemistry. At initial diagnosis, 16% of resectable cancers, 17% of locally advanced cancers, and 26% of metastatic cancers were determined to have HER-2/neu overexpression. Three of 11 (27%) patients with HER-2/neu overexpression by immunohistochemistry had gene amplification by FISH. HER-2/neu overexpression occurs in a subset of pancreatic cancer. Evaluation of the efficacy of trastuzumab for patients with pancreatic cancer who overexpress HER-2/neu appears indicated.

Hsal 1 is related to kidney and gonad development and is expressed in Wilms tumor

Townes-Brocks syndrome (TBS) is a human genetic disorder with features including urogenital, limb, anal and cardiac malformations associated with mutations of the TBS gene, Hsal 1. To begin to understand the role of the Hsal 1 protein (p140) in both normal development and disease pathogenesis, both message and protein expression were evaluated in specific tissues associated with TBS. DNA sequence information for Hsal 1 predicts that this homeotic, Drosophila homologue (Sal) encodes a zinc-finger protein consistent with a transcription factor. mRNA for Hsal 1 was highly expressed in fetal kidney and brain, with detectable production in thymus and heart. p140 was found in fetal ureteric bud, fetal and postnatal renal tubular epithelium, and renal blastema. In the 14-week fetal testis, the Hsal 1 protein was specifically expressed in the testosterone producing Leydig cells while in adult gonads Hsal 1 was also found in both Leydig and Sertoli cells, spermatogonia of the testis, and granulosa cells of the ovary. Evaluation of Wilms tumor revealed consistently high expression of the gene product in the epithelial and blastemal components. These spatial and temporal patterns of expression for Hsal 1, and the phenotypic effects associated with TBS, suggest that Hsal 1 plays an important role in the development and functional maintenance of the kidney and gonads. Furthermore, the Hsal 1 gene product may play a part in the pathogenesis of specific neoplasms occurring in these organs in addition to its specific role in Townes-Brocks syndrome.

Monitoring of bio-oxidation process of ferrous ion by using piezoelectric impedance analysis

A new method of monitoring the bio-oxidation process of ferrous ion in the presence of Thiobacillus ferroxidans was proposed by piezoelectric impedance analysis. The time courses of the responses of impedance parameters for a quartz crystal in a culture system were simultaneously obtained and discussed. It was found that the frequency shift response originates mainly from the adsorption of bacterial metabolites on the surface of gold electrode. Experiments also examined the effect of culture temperature on the bio-oxidation process. Combined with the growth situation of the bacterium, an impedance response model reflecting the process was established. By fitting Delta f vs. time curves toward the proposed model, we obtained and discussed the bacterial growth parameters. The results showed that the proposed method could provide real time and multidimensional information to monitoring of the bio-oxidation process.

Homozygous deletion in a neuroblastoma cell line defined by a high-density STS map spanning human chromosome band 1p36

Recent molecular studies have shown a relatively high rate of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in neuroblastoma (NB) as well as other types of tumors in human chromosome band 1p36. To identify candidate tumor suppressor genes in NB, we searched for homozygous deletions in NB cell lines with PCR according to a high-density sequence tagged site (STS)-content map spanning 1p35-36. Among 25 NB cell lines examined, only one cell line, NB-1, showed no signal with 27 STSs in a 480 kb region in 1p36.2. The sequence analysis has revealed that the defective region included seven known genes (E4, KIF1B, SCYA5, PGD, Cortistatin, DFF45, and PEX14), nine expressed sequence tags (ESTs), and two microsatellite markers. These genes are related to apoptosis, an ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, a neuronal microtubule-associated motor molecule, and components of a common translocation machinery. The region between the DFF45 and KIF1B genes was defined as homozygous deletion by Southern blotting. The search in LOH regions with high-density STSs may be useful for the isolation and identification of tumor suppressor genes in other tumors as well as NBs.

High-Average-Power Self-Starting Mode-Locked Ti:sapphire Laser With a Broadband Semiconductor Saturable-Absorber Mirror

We present a novel high-power, self-starting mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser with a semiconductor saturable-absorber mirror as the starter element. This laser, whose slope efficiency is 22%, generates pulses with an average power as high as 1.7 W and a pulse width as short as 16 fs. The self-starting process is also investigated.

A case of pulmonary tumour embolism mimicking miliary tuberculosis

Pulmonary metastases from choriocarcinoma can very rarely give rise to a 'miliary' pattern on the chest X-ray. A 23-year-old woman with a diffuse nodular pattern on chest X-ray died due to acute respiratory failure and cor pulmonale. At autopsy, choriocarcinoma of the uterus was found. In the lungs, multiple macrovascular tumour emboli within branches of pulmonary muscular arteries in the region of segmental/subsegmental bronchi were detected. There was no evidence of pulmonary parenchymal metastases, pneumonia or tuberculosis. The 'miliary' pattern of pulmonary metastases described in cases of choriocarcinoma may be due to large vessel intra-arterial tumour emboli rather than disseminated parenchymal metastases.

[153Sm-EDTMP in the treatment of bone metastasis of lung cancer]

BACKGROUND

To explore the clinical effect of 153Sm-EDTMP therapy in the treatment of bone metastasis of lung cancer.

METHODS

One hundred and ten patients with painful bone metastasis were entered into this study. The patients were administrated with two steps. At first , they were injected with tracer dose of 153Sm-EDTMP. After a series of index were calculated , such as urine discharge , bone uptake , cumulated skeletal activity , absorbed dose of red marrow and total dose , the second injection was given.

RESULTS

Of 110 cases , 98 (89. 1 %) experienced pain relief with complete response in 38 cases and partial response in 60 ones. Pain relief occurred from 3 h to 4 weeks (7. 5 d +/-6. 3 d) . Duration of pain relief from single injection ranged from 2 to 4 weeks. Follow-up imaging studies were performed within 3 months. In 12 cases , metastatic foci disappeared completely (CR) , Karnofsky score increased by 20 , and analgesic were discontinued. In 20 patients , both number and diameter of metastatic foci decreased (PR) , with an improvement in Karnofsky score ranging from 10 to 15. There were significant decreases in WBC and platelet count found in 35 of 110 patients after therapy , however , blood cell counts returned to baseline within 1 to 3 months.

CONCLUSIONS

153Sm-EDTMP has proven to be a safe and effective therapy for bone pain in lung cancer , and often results in shrinkage or disappearance of metastatic foci.

Posttranscriptional cell cycle-dependent regulation of human FANCC expression

The Fanconi Anemia (FA) Group C complementation group gene (FANCC) encodes a protein, FANCC, with a predicted M(r) of 63,000 daltons. FANCC is found in both the cytoplasmic and the nuclear compartments and interacts with certain other FA complementation group proteins as well as with non-FA proteins. Despite intensive investigation, the biologic roles of FANCC and of the other cloned FA gene products (FANCA and FANCG) remain unknown. As an approach to understanding FANCC function, we have studied the molecular regulation of FANCC expression. We found that although FANCC mRNA levels are constant throughout the cell cycle, FANCC is expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner, with the lowest levels seen in cells synchronized at the G1/S boundary and the highest levels in the M-phase. Cell cycle-dependent regulation occurred despite deletion of the 5' and 3' FANCC untranslated regions, indicating that information in the FANCC coding sequence is sufficient to mediate cell cycle-dependent regulation. Moreover, inhibitors of proteasome function blocked the observed regulation. We conclude that FANCC expression is controlled by posttranscriptional mechanisms that are proteasome dependent. Recent work has demonstrated that the functional activity of FA proteins requires the physical interaction of at least FANCA, FANCC, and FANCG, and possibly of other FA and non-FA proteins. Our observation of dynamic control of FANCC expression by the proteasome has important implications for understanding the molecular regulation of the multiprotein complex. (Blood. 2000;95:3970-3977)

Heparan sulfate in the inner limiting membrane of embryonic chicken retina binds basic fibroblast growth factor to promote axonal outgrowth

During neural development retinal ganglion cell axons migrate over the retinal basal lamina (inner limiting membrane, ILM) in directed growth toward the optic nerve. We found that both growth rate and distribution density of the ganglion cell axons on isolated cell-free ILM was greatly inhibited by pretreatment with heparitinase but not with chondroitinase ABC. The persistence of radioactively labeled proteoglycans added to the culture medium eliminated residual heparitinase as an explanation for the inhibition. A cell binding assay showed that heparitinase acted on the ILM to influence axonal behavior without apparent inhibition of cell adhesion. These results indicated that the neurite outgrowth promoting activity of the ILM depended on the heparan sulfate (HS) side chains of its proteoglycans. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulated additional neuronal sprouting and neurite elongation on the ILM. This neurotropic activity of bFGF was inhibited by heparitinase pretreatment of the ILM, suggesting that bFGF bound to HS on the ILM. The activity of bFGF was enhanced by exogenous heparin added to the culture medium; although heparin alone failed to stimulate either neurite extension or neuronal cell sprouting. These results demonstrate that HS in the ILM possesses neurotropic activity for axons of the ganglion cells by binding bFGF for presentation to cell-surface receptors and may, therefore, play a significant role in stimulating axonal outgrowth during development.

Retroviral-mediated gene transduction of c-kit into single hematopoietic progenitor cells from cord blood enhances erythroid colony formation and decreases sensitivity to inhibition by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta1

The c-kit receptor and its ligand, steel factor (SLF), are critical for optimal hematopoiesis. We evaluated effects of transducing cord blood (CB) progenitor cells with a retrovirus encoding human c-kit cDNA. CD34(+) cells were sorted as a population or as 1 cell/well for cells expressing high levels of CD34 and different levels of c-kit (++,+,Lo/-), transduced and then cultured in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, erythropoietin (Epo) +/- SLF in the absence of serum. At a single-cell level, transduction with c-kit, but not with control (neo only), virus significantly increased colony formation, especially by erythroid and multipotential progenitors. The enhancing effect of c-kit transduction was inversely correlated with expression of c-kit protein before transduction. The greatest enhancing effects were noted in CD34KitLo+/- cells transduced with c-kit. The stimulating effect was apparent even in the absence of exogenously added SLF, but in the presence of GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-6, and Epo. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of SLF protein, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of SLF mRNA expression in CD34+ cells, and use of neutralizing antibodies to SLF and/or c-kit suggested the presence of endogenous, although probably very low level, expression of SLF by these progenitor cells. Transduction of c-kit significantly decreased sensitivity of progenitor cells to the inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor-beta1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. c-kit-transduced cells had increased expression of c-kit protein and decreased spontaneous or cytokine-induced apoptosis. Our results suggest that transduced c-kit into selected progenitor cells can enhance proliferation and decrease apoptosis and that endogenous SLF may mediate this effect.

[Left ventricular function evaluation after mitral valve replacement with preservation the subvalvular apparatus]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the left ventricular function after mitral valve replacement (MVR) with preservation of all chordae. Fourteen patients with a diagnosis of mitral regurgitation were studied. These patients, 4 males and 10 females, age from 24 to 59 years, who underwent mitral valve replacement, in which all chordae tendineae were preserved. The mean follow-up interval was 6 months. Preoperation and postoperation multigated equilibrium radionuclide angiography was performed by Elscint Helix Apex SPECT. Each patient was injected with 740MBq 99mTc-HSA, rest ejection fraction (global EF) of LV (%), regional ejection fraction (EF) of LV (%), PER/S and PFR/S were measured. Regional EF was calculated by the method of dividing the left ventricle into five segments by radial axis. The results showed that the postoperative EF of the whole left ventricle of the chordae-preserved patients was significantly greater than their preoperative EF (40.0% +/- 17.8%, to 51.6% +/- 18.2%, P < 0.02), and also the regional EF at the lateral wall of the chordae-preserved MVR was significantly greater than the preoperative regional EF (an increase from 51.0% +/- 18.1% to 69.7% +/- 21.2%, P < 0.01). MVR with preservation of all chordae, the patient's left ventricular function remarkably improved.

Chronic prenatal cocaine treatment down-regulates mu-opioid receptor mRNA expression in the brain of fetal Rhesus Macaque

Ribonuclease protection assays (RPA) were performed to quantify mu-opioid receptor mRNA expression in specific brain regions of day 70 Rhesus Macaque fetuses that were exposed to cocaine (3 mg/kg) or saline from days 22-70 of gestation. The content of mu-receptor mRNA was high in the diencephalon and moderate in the mesencephalon. In contrast, mu-receptor mRNA was lightly expressed in areas such as the frontal cortex, striatum and the temporal lobe. The content of mu-opioid receptor mRNA was significantly higher in the diencephalon than in other brain regions (P < 0.001; n = 4). Cocaine exposure significantly decreased the expression of mu-receptor mRNA in the fetal diencephalon (P < 0.05; n = 4 in each group). Our data would indicate that prolonged gestational cocaine exposure causes mu-opioid receptor mRNA down-regulation in specific brain regions of the fetus.

[Experimental and clinic study of the maxillary sinus plasty following Caldwell-Luc]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the clinical effect of surgical procedures on patients with chronic maxillary sinus disease.

METHOD

On the basis of experimental study with animal, this prospective study included 63 patients with chronic maxillary sinus disease who had a maxillary sinus plasty following Caldwell-Luc. The operation procedures included anterior wall ring-drilling, and middle meatal antrostomy as well as sinus wall plasty.

RESULT

Experimental results showed that the repair and regeneration of maxillary sinus mucosa was intact in dogs after 5 weeks of radical operation. Clinical study indicated that the condition of anterior wall with a resutured bone-lid was normalized radiographically during the follow up time of 1-3 months. The patency rate of the middle meateal antrostomy 18-42 months post-operatively (average 28 months) is 96%.

CONCLUSION

We conclude from the study that the maxillary sinus plasty recovers anatomic construction, maintains physiological drainage way and provides a good environment for repair and regeneration of the sinus mucosa.

[Electron microscopic studies on pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]

OBJECTIVE

To observe ultrastructural changes and study the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

METHODS

The clinical manifestations in 9 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were selected. Transbronchial lung biopsy materials were obtained for light microscopic and electron microscopic examination.

RESULTS

The major morphologic changes were as follows: histologically, alveolar inflammation and interstitial fibrosis were observed. electron microscopic findings were: 1. alveolar type I cells were degenerated, broken-down and desquamated, endothelial cells were swelled, with inter cellular tight junction shortened, alveolar type II cells hyperplastic, basement membrane thinned and deformed; 2. alveolar macrophages and interstitial macrophages were hyperplastic; 3. mast cells were infiltrated and degranulated; 4. electron-dense deposits were present at alveolar wall; 5. myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, collagen and basement membrane like material were hyperplastic.

CONCLUSIONS

Electron microscopic observations show that the alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial cells and basement membrane are all injured, interstitial macrophages hyperplasia, mast cells infiltration and degranulation, electron-dense deposits at alveolar wall are present. These morphologic changes provide basis for formation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Changes in the midbrain-rostral forebrain dopamine circuitry in the cocaine-exposed primate fetal brain

To ascertain cocaine's effects in the fetus, we developed a nonhuman primate model in which pregnant monkeys were administered cocaine (3 mg/kg i.m.) or saline four times a day from day 20 through days 40-70 of a 165-day gestation. At the time of cesarean section, plasma levels of cocaine in fetal blood were 231 +/- 70 ng/ml. Fetal brains were examined using immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, receptor autoradiography, and nuclease protection assay analysis. No differences were found in the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine receptor mRNAs by days 40-45 of gestation. However, by day 60 the midbrain of monkeys exposed to cocaine had significantly reduced expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis. Moreover, dopamine D1 and D2 receptor mRNAs were significantly elevated in the rostral forebrain as were D1 and D2 receptor binding sites in days 60-70 cocaine-exposed fetuses. Cocaine treatment from day 20 to days 60 and 70 of gestation also significantly increased the mRNA concentrations of dynorphin and enkephalin in the rostral forebrain. These findings suggest that in utero cocaine exposure has profound effects on the developing dopamine neurocircuitry.

Pulse colliding in a self-mode-locked ring-cavity ti:sapphire laser

A new self-mode-locked ring-cavity Ti:sapphire laser is described that is self-mode locked in both unidirectional and bidirectional operations. We found that clockwise and counterclockwise pulses collide with each other at the Ti:sapphire rod when the laser is mode locked in a bidirectional operation. Spectrum narrowing and pulse broadening were found in bidirectional rather than unidirectional mode-locked operation. This is explained by the performance of a transient grating in the gain medium that restricts oscillation to a narrow spectral range.

[Repair of bone defect of distal end of radius and its functional restoration]

The treatment of the bone defect of the distal part of the radius included repair of the bone defect and restoration of the function of the wrist joint. Since 1979, three operative methods were used to treat 13 cases, and they were grafting of the vascularized fibula by anastomrsis fibular vessels, grafting of upper part of fibular with lateral inferior genicular artery and grafting vascularized scapula flap. Follow-up had been carried out from 1 to 10 years. The result was satisfactory. The discussion included the repair of the defect of the middle or distal part of the radius, the operative methods, main attentions and indications. It was considered that it should be based on the length of bone defect while the operative method was considered.

Maternal cocaine treatment alters dynorphin and enkephalin mRNA expression in brains of fetal rhesus macaques

Cocaine exposure in utero is known to cause a variety of behavioral and motor deficits that may be attributable to alterations in the dopamine neurocircuitry. To ascertain cocaine effects in the fetus, we developed a nonhuman primate model in which pregnant monkeys were administered cocaine from day 20 through day 60 or 70 of gestation. Fetuses from these pregnancies develop a repertoire of neural deficiencies, including decreased mRNA expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the midbrain and increased mRNA expression of dopamine receptor subtypes in the rostral forebrain. Presently, we studied the effects of maternal cocaine treatment on the mRNA expression of the endogenous opioids preprodynorphin (PPD) and preproenkephalin (PPE) in fetal monkey brains. Fetuses exposed to saline (0.9%) or cocaine (3 mg/kg) were delivered by Caesarean section, the fetal brains were dissected, and tissue RNA was extracted and quantified using ribonuclease protection assay analysis. The opioid peptides PPD and PPE were expressed in the fetal monkey brain by day 60, and even higher levels were found in day 70 fetuses. Maternal exposure to cocaine increased gene expression of PPD and PPE in the fetus at both day 60 and day 70 of gestation. Dynorphin mRNA levels were significantly elevated in the striatum, whereas enkephalin mRNA was elevated in both the frontal cortex and the striatal area of fetuses whose mothers received cocaine. Changes in the expression of these opioid peptides in presumed dopamine target neurons, which mediate motivation and reward, as well as motor control, provide further evidence for profound consequences of in utero cocaine exposure on the developing dopamine neurocircuitry.

[The anti-tumor efficacy of human recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) in vivo]

Our results suggest that the growth of tumors was significantly suppressed when the high-dose rIL-2 (2 x 10(4)U/day) was injected i.p. in mice bearing subcutaneously (s. c.) transplanted tumors. The inhibition effect on the growth of mouse hepatoma HAC was more potent than that on S180 group. It was found that rIL-2 increased significantly the survival of BALB/C mice bearing HAC tumor (P < 0.001). We have also shown that the adoptive transfer of unfractionated LAK cells plus rIL-2 was more effective than rIL-2 alone. The results also indicated that adherent LAK cells (A-LAK) in combination with rIL-2 had higher antitumor effects as compared to standard LAK cells plus rIL-2.

Simulated Air Flow Rate Effects on Drying Times and Costs for Conventional and Recirculating Peanut Drying Facilities1

In conventional nonrecirculating peanut drying systems, an air flow rate of 10 m3/min-m3 is recommended. Drying systems utilizing air recirculation need not consider the inefficiency associated with unsaturated air exiting the system, since the extra drying capacity of the air will eventually be utilized. As a result, the air flow rate recommendation for recirculation type drying systems needs to be reexamined. In this study, two computer models were modified to simulate the peanut drying process in a solar-assisted partial air recirculation drying system and a conventional drying system, respectively. The weather data from the 1992 drying season at Lewiston, NC and the parameters of both facilities were used as the input data for the models. Air flow rates of 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, and 22.5 m3/min-m3 were examined. The simulation results showed that the effect of air flow rate on drying times and costs in a solar-assisted partial air recirculation peanut drying facility was significant. When the air flow rate was increased, the seasonal drying capacity, the electrical and fuel consumption, and total or specific drying cost increased as well. On the other hand, drying time for each wagon decreased and total energy consumption remained relatively constant.