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Belouzard S, Machelart A, Sencio V, Vausselin T, Hoffmann E, Deboosere N, Rouillé Y, Desmarets L, Séron K, Danneels A, Robil C, Belloy L, Moreau C, Piveteau C, Biela A, Vandeputte A, Heumel S, Deruyter L, Dumont J, Leroux F, Engelmann I, Alidjinou EK, Hober D, Brodin P, Beghyn T, Trottein F, Deprez B, Dubuisson J. Clofoctol inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and reduces lung pathology in mice. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010498. [PMID: 35587469 PMCID: PMC9119441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing has the advantage of shortening regulatory preclinical development steps. Here, we screened a library of drug compounds, already registered in one or several geographical areas, to identify those exhibiting antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with relevant potency. Of the 1,942 compounds tested, 21 exhibited a substantial antiviral activity in Vero-81 cells. Among them, clofoctol, an antibacterial drug used for the treatment of bacterial respiratory tract infections, was further investigated due to its favorable safety profile and pharmacokinetic properties. Notably, the peak concentration of clofoctol that can be achieved in human lungs is more than 20 times higher than its IC50 measured against SARS-CoV-2 in human pulmonary cells. This compound inhibits SARS-CoV-2 at a post-entry step. Lastly, therapeutic treatment of human ACE2 receptor transgenic mice decreased viral load, reduced inflammatory gene expression and lowered pulmonary pathology. Altogether, these data strongly support clofoctol as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Antivirals targeting SARS-CoV-2 are sorely needed. In this study, we screened a library of approximately 2000 drug compounds that have been used or are still used in the clinics. Among them, we identified clofoctol as an antiviral against SARS-CoV-2. This molecule is an antibacterial drug used for the treatment of bacterial respiratory tract infections and it was further investigated due to its safety profile and its properties to accumulate in the lungs. We further demonstrated that, in vivo, this compound reduces inflammatory gene expression and lowers pulmonary pathology. The antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties of clofoctol, associated with its safety profile and unique pharmacokinetic properties make a strong case for proposing clofoctol as an affordable therapeutic candidate for the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Belouzard
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Machelart
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Valentin Sencio
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Thibaut Vausselin
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- APTEEUS, Campus Pasteur Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eik Hoffmann
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Deboosere
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Plateformes lilloises en biologie et santé, Lille, France
| | - Yves Rouillé
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Lowiese Desmarets
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karin Séron
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Adeline Danneels
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cyril Robil
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Loic Belloy
- APTEEUS, Campus Pasteur Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Catherine Piveteau
- Univ Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Biela
- Univ Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Vandeputte
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Plateformes lilloises en biologie et santé, Lille, France
| | - Séverine Heumel
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Lucie Deruyter
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Julie Dumont
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Plateformes lilloises en biologie et santé, Lille, France
- Univ Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Lille, France
| | - Florence Leroux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Plateformes lilloises en biologie et santé, Lille, France
- Univ Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Lille, France
| | - Ilka Engelmann
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie, Lille, France
| | | | - Didier Hober
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie, Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Plateformes lilloises en biologie et santé, Lille, France
| | | | - François Trottein
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Plateformes lilloises en biologie et santé, Lille, France
- Univ Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Lille, France
- * E-mail: (BD); (JD)
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- * E-mail: (BD); (JD)
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2
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Chinetti-Gbaguidi G, Daoudi M, Rosa M, Vinod M, Louvet L, Copin C, Fanchon M, Vanhoutte J, Derudas B, Belloy L, Haulon S, Zawadzki C, Susen S, Massy ZA, Eeckhoute J, Staels B. Human Alternative Macrophages Populate Calcified Areas of Atherosclerotic Lesions and Display Impaired RANKL-Induced Osteoclastic Bone Resorption Activity. Circ Res 2017; 121:19-30. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale:
Vascular calcification is a process similar to bone formation leading to an inappropriate deposition of calcium phosphate minerals in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Monocyte-derived macrophages, located in atherosclerotic lesions and presenting heterogeneous phenotypes, from classical proinflammatory M1 to alternative anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, could potentially display osteoclast-like functions.
Objective:
To characterize the phenotype of macrophages located in areas surrounding the calcium deposits in human atherosclerotic plaques.
Methods and Results:
Macrophages near calcium deposits display an alternative phenotype being both CD68 and mannose receptor–positive, expressing carbonic anhydrase type II, but relatively low levels of cathepsin K. In vitro interleukin-4-polarization of human primary monocytes into macrophages results in lower expression and activity of cathepsin K compared with resting unpolarized macrophages. Moreover, interleukin-4 polarization lowers expression levels of the osteoclast transcriptional activator nuclear factor of activated T cells type c-1, associated with increased gene promoter levels of the transcriptional repression mark H3K27me3 (histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation). Despite higher expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB receptor, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/macrophage colony-stimulating factor induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells type c-1 and cathepsin K expression is defective in these macrophages because of reduced Erk/c-fos–mediated downstream signaling resulting in impaired bone resorption capacity.
Conclusions:
These results indicate that macrophages surrounding calcium deposits in human atherosclerotic plaques are phenotypically defective being unable to resorb calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chinetti-Gbaguidi
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Mehdi Daoudi
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Mickael Rosa
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Manjula Vinod
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Loïc Louvet
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Corinne Copin
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Mélanie Fanchon
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Jonathan Vanhoutte
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Bruno Derudas
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Loic Belloy
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Stephan Haulon
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Christophe Zawadzki
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Sophie Susen
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Ziad A. Massy
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Jérôme Eeckhoute
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
| | - Bart Staels
- From the Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, Lille, France (G.C.-G., M.D., M.R., M.V., C.C., M.F., J.V., B.D., L.B., C.Z., S.S., J.E., B.S.); University of Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France (G.C.-G.); Inserm U1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France (L.L.); CHU Lille, Lille, France (S.H.); Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (Z.A.M.); and
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5
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Colin S, Fanchon M, Belloy L, Bochem AE, Copin C, Derudas B, Stroes ESG, Hovingh GK, Kuivenhoven JA, Dallinga-Thie GM, Staels B, Chinetti-Gbaguidi G. HDL does not influence the polarization of human monocytes toward an alternative phenotype. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:179-84. [PMID: 24456889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are crucial cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Macrophages are plastic cells which can switch from a classical pro-inflammatory M1 to an alternative anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotype, depending on the environmental stimuli. Because high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are inversely correlated to cardiovascular disease and since HDL displays anti-inflammatory properties, we investigated whether HDL can affect alternative macrophage differentiation of primary human monocytes in the presence of interleukin (IL)-4, a M2 macrophage polarization driver, in vitro and ex vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS M2 macrophages are highly responsive to HDL stimulation, since the expression of pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a well known HDL target gene, is induced by HDL more strongly in M2 macrophages than in control unpolarized resting macrophages (RM). As expected, the expression of M2 markers, such as Mannose Receptor (MR), CD200 Receptor (CD200R), Coagulation factor XIII A1 (F13A1), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and IL10, was induced in IL-4 polarized M2 macrophages compared to RM. However, incubation with HDL added in vitro did not modulate the gene expression of M2 macrophage polarization markers. Moreover, monocytes isolated from subjects with genetically low HDL levels, carrying ABCA1 or LCAT mutations, differentiated ex vivo into M2 macrophages without any difference in the alternative macrophage marker expression profile. CONCLUSIONS These in vitro and ex vivo results indicate that, contrary to mouse macrophages, HDL does not influence macrophage M2 polarization of human monocyte-derived macrophages. Thus, the anti-inflammatory properties of HDL in humans are probably not related to the enhancement of the M2 macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Colin
- Université Lille 2, F-59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR 3508, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mélanie Fanchon
- Université Lille 2, F-59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR 3508, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Loic Belloy
- Université Lille 2, F-59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR 3508, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Andrea E Bochem
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corinne Copin
- Université Lille 2, F-59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR 3508, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bruno Derudas
- Université Lille 2, F-59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR 3508, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Kuivenhoven
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Molecular Genetics, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart Staels
- Université Lille 2, F-59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR 3508, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Giulia Chinetti-Gbaguidi
- Université Lille 2, F-59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR 3508, F-59000 Lille, France
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