Tanshinone IIA improves Alzheimer's disease via RNA nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1/microRNA-291a-3p/member RAS oncogene family Rab22a axis

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA), a bioactive compound isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza plants, has shown potential neuroprotective effects; however, the mechanisms underlying such a function remain unclear.

AIM

To investigate potential Tan-IIA neuroprotective effects in AD and to elucidate their underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Hematoxylin and eosin staining was utilized to analyze structural brain tissue morphology. To assess changes in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. Additionally, the effect of Tan-IIA on AD cell models was evaluated in vitro using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Genetic changes related to the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1)/microRNA (miRNA, miR)-291a-3p/member RAS oncogene family Rab22a axis were assessed through reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

In vivo, Tan-IIA treatment improved neuronal morphology and attenuated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain tissue of AD mice. In vitro experiments showed that Tan-IIA dose-dependently ameliorated the amyloid-beta 1-42-induced reduction of neural stem cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In this process, the lncRNA NEAT1 - a potential therapeutic target - is highly expressed in AD mice and downregulated via Tan-IIA treatment. Mechanistically, NEAT1 promotes the transcription and translation of Rab22a via miR-291a-3p, which activates nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling, leading to activation of the pro-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein and inhibition of the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 protein, which exacerbates AD. Tan-IIA intervention effectively blocked this process by inhibiting the NEAT1/miR-291a-3p/Rab22a axis and NF-κB signaling.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that Tan-IIA exerts neuroprotective effects in AD by modulating the NEAT1/miR-291a-3p/Rab22a/NF-κB signaling pathway, serving as a foundation for the development of innovative approaches for AD therapy.

[Efficacy and prognostic factors of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of secondary acute myeloid leukemia]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and prognostic factors of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in patients with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) . Methods: In this multicenter, retrospective clinical study, adult patients aged ≥18 years who underwent allo-HSCT for sAML at four centers of the Zhejiang Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Collaborative Group from January 2014 to November 2022 were included, and the efficacy and prognostic factors of allo-HSCT were analyzed. Results: A total of 95 patients were enrolled; 66 (69.5%) had myelodysplastic syndrome-acute myeloid leukemia (MDS-AML) , 4 (4.2%) had MDS/MPN-AML, and 25 (26.3%) had therapy-related AML (tAML) . The 3-year CIR, LFS, and overall survival (OS) rates were 18.6% (95% CI 10.2%-27.0%) , 70.6% (95% CI 60.8%-80.4%) , and 73.3% (95% CI 63.9%-82.7%) , respectively. The 3-year CIRs of the M-AML group (including MDS-AML and MDS/MPN-AML) and the tAML group were 20.0% and 16.4%, respectively (P=0.430) . The 3-year LFSs were 68.3% and 75.4%, respectively (P=0.176) . The 3-year OS rates were 69.7% and 75.4%, respectively (P=0.233) . The 3-year CIRs of the groups with and without TP53 mutations were 60.0% and 13.7%, respectively (P=0.003) ; the 3-year LFSs were 20.0% and 76.5%, respectively (P=0.002) ; and the 3-year OS rates were 40.0% and 77.6%, respectively (P=0.002) . According to European LeukmiaNet 2022 (ELN2022) risk stratification, the 3-year CIRs of patients in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups were 8.3%, 17.8%, and 22.6%, respectively (P=0.639) . The three-year LFSs were 91.7%, 69.5%, and 65.6%, respectively (P=0.268) . The 3-year OS rates were 91.7%, 71.4%, and 70.1%, respectively (P=0.314) . Multivariate analysis revealed that advanced disease at allo-HSCT and TP53 mutations were independent risk factors for CIR, LFS, and OS. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the prognosis of patients who underwent allo-HSCT among the MDS-AML, MDS/MPN-AML, and tAML groups. Advanced disease at transplantation and TP53 mutations were poor prognostic factors. ELN2022 risk stratification had limited value for predicting the prognosis of patients with sAML following allo-HSCT.

Evidence for Band Renormalizations in Strong-Coupling Superconducting Alkali-Fulleride Films

There has been a long-standing debate about the mechanism of the unusual superconductivity in alkali-intercalated fullerides. In this Letter, using high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we systematically investigate the electronic structures of superconducting K_{3}C_{60} thin films. We observe a dispersive energy band crossing the Fermi level with the occupied bandwidth of about 130 meV. The measured band structure shows prominent quasiparticle kinks and a replica band involving the Jahn-Teller active phonon modes, which reflects strong electron-phonon coupling in the system. The electron-phonon coupling constant is estimated to be about 1.2, which dominates the quasiparticle mass renormalization. Moreover, we observe an isotropic nodeless superconducting gap beyond the mean-field estimation (2Δ/k_{B}T_{c}≈5). Both the large electron-phonon coupling constant and large reduced superconducting gap suggest a strong-coupling superconductivity in K_{3}C_{60}, while the electronic correlation effect is suggested by the observation of a waterfall-like band dispersion and the small bandwidth compared with the effective Coulomb interaction. Our results not only directly visualize the crucial band structure but also provide important insights into the mechanism of the unusual superconductivity of fulleride compounds.

Development of a laser-based angle-resolved-photoemission spectrometer with sub-micrometer spatial resolution and high-efficiency spin detection

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with sub-micrometer spatial resolution (μ-ARPES), has become a powerful tool for studying quantum materials. To achieve sub-micrometer or even nanometer-scale spatial resolution, it is important to focus the incident light beam (usually from synchrotron radiation) using x-ray optics, such as the zone plate or ellipsoidal capillary mirrors. Recently, we developed a laser-based μ-ARPES with spin-resolution (LMS-ARPES). The 177 nm laser beam is achieved by frequency-doubling a 355 nm beam using a KBBF crystal and subsequently focused using an optical lens with a focal length of about 16 mm. By characterizing the focused spot size using different methods and performing spatial-scanning photoemission measurement, we confirm the sub-micron spatial resolution of the system. Compared with the μ-ARPES facilities based on the synchrotron radiation, our LMS-ARPES system is not only more economical and convenient, but also with higher photon flux (>5 × 10¹³ photons/s), thus enabling the high-resolution and high-statistics measurements. Moreover, the system is equipped with a two-dimensional spin detector based on exchange scattering at a surface-passivated iron film grown on a W(100) substrate. We investigate the spin structure of the prototype topological insulator Bi₂Se₃ and reveal a high spin-polarization rate, confirming its spin-momentum locking property. This lab-based LMS-ARPES will be a powerful research tool for studying the local fine electronic structures of different condensed matter systems, including topological quantum materials, mesoscopic materials and structures, and phase-separated materials.

Visualization of Chiral Electronic Structure and Anomalous Optical Response in a Material with Chiral Charge Density Waves

Chiral materials have attracted significant research interests as they exhibit intriguing physical properties, such as chiral optical response, spin-momentum locking, and chiral induced spin selectivity. Recently, layered transition metal dichalcogenide 1T-TaS_{2} has been found to host a chiral charge density wave (CDW) order. Nevertheless, the physical consequences of the chiral order, for example, in electronic structures and the optical properties, are yet to be explored. Here, we report the spectroscopic visualization of an emergent chiral electronic band structure in the CDW phase, characterized by windmill-shaped Fermi surfaces. We uncover a remarkable chirality-dependent circularly polarized Raman response due to the salient in-plane chiral symmetry of CDW, although the ordinary circular dichroism vanishes. Chiral Fermi surfaces and anomalous Raman responses coincide with the CDW transition, proving their lattice origin. Our Letter paves a path to manipulate the chiral electronic and optical properties in two-dimensional materials and explore applications in polarization optics and spintronics.

Band-selective Holstein polaron in Luttinger liquid material A0.3MoO3 (A = K, Rb)

(Quasi-)one-dimensional systems exhibit various fascinating properties such as Luttinger liquid behavior, Peierls transition, novel topological phases, and the accommodation of unique quasiparticles (e.g., spinon, holon, and soliton, etc.). Here we study molybdenum blue bronze A_0.3MoO₃ (A = K, Rb), a canonical quasi-one-dimensional charge-density-wave material, using laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Our experiment suggests that the normal phase of A_0.3MoO₃ is a prototypical Luttinger liquid, from which the charge-density-wave emerges with decreasing temperature. Prominently, we observe strong renormalizations of band dispersions, which are recognized as the spectral function of Holstein polaron derived from band-selective electron-phonon coupling in the system. We argue that the strong electron-phonon coupling plays an important role in electronic properties and the charge-density-wave transition in blue bronzes. Our results not only reconcile the long-standing heavy debates on the electronic properties of blue bronzes but also provide a rare platform to study interesting excitations in Luttinger liquid materials.

[Clinical significance of the deep learning algorithm based on contrast-enhanced CT in the differential diagnosis of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors with a diameter ≤ 5 cm]

Objective: Contrast-enhanced CT is an important method of preoperative diagnosis and evaluation for the malignant potential of gastric submucosal tumor (SMT). It has a high diagnostic accuracy rate in differentiating gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with a diameter greater than 5 cm from gastric benign SMT. This study aimed to use deep learning algorithms to establish a diagnosis model (GISTNet) based on contrast-enhanced CT and evaluate its diagnostic value in distinguishing gastric GIST with a diameter ≤ 5 cm and other gastric SMT before surgery. Methods: A diagnostic test study was carried out. Clinicopathological data of 181 patients undergoing resection with postoperative pathological diagnosis of gastric SMT with a diameter ≤ 5 cm at Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of Renji Hospital from September 2016 to April 2021 were retrospectively collected. After excluding 13 patients without preoperative CT or with poor CT imaging quality, a total of 168 patients were enrolled in this study, of whom, 107 were GIST while 61 were benign SMT (non-GIST), including 27 leiomyomas, 24 schwannomas, 6 heterotopic pancreas and 4 lipomas. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) gastric SMT was diagnosed by contrast-enhanced CT before surgery; (2) preoperative gastroscopic examination and biopsy showed no abnormal cells; (3) complete clinical and pathological data. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients received anti-tumor therapy before surgery; (2) without preoperative CT or with poor CT imaging quality due to any reason; (3) except GIST, other gastric malignant tumors were pathologically diagnosed after surgery. Based on the hold-out method, 148 patients were randomly selected as the training set and 20 patients as the test set of the GISTNet diagnosis model. After the GISTNet model was established, 5 indicators were used for evaluation in the test set, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC). Then GISTNet diagnosis model was compared with the GIST-risk scoring model based on traditional CT features. Besides, in order to compare the accuracy of the GISTNet diagnosis model and the imaging doctors in the diagnosis of gastric SMT imaging, 3 radiologists with 3, 9 and 19 years of work experience, respectively, blinded to clinical and pathological information, tested and judged the samples. The accuracy rate between the three doctors and the GISTNet model was compared. Results: The GISTNet model yielded an AUC of 0.900 (95% CI: 0.827-0.973) in the test set. When the threshold value was 0.345, the sensitivity specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the GISTNet diagnosis model was 100%, 67%, 75% and 100%, respectively. The accuracy rate of the GISTNet diagnosis model was better than that of the GIST-risk model and the manual readings from two radiologists with 3 years and 9 years of work experience (83% vs. 75%, 60%, 65%), and was close to the manual reading of the radiologist with 19 years of work experience (83% vs. 80%). Conclusion: The deep learning algorithm based on contrast-enhanced CT has favorable and reliable diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing gastric GIST with a diameter ≤ 5 cm and other gastric SMT before operation.

[Identification and inner relation between gastrointestinal stromal tumor and intra-abdominal desmoid tumor]

Intra-abdominal desmoid tumor (IADT) and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) are both mesenchymal tumors mostly found in gastrointestinal tracts and easily misdiagnosed, which would directly damage the survival prognosis and quality of life of patients. With the advent of the era of precision medicine, the understanding of the above two diseases is more in-depth, and the requirements for accurate diagnosis and individualized precision treatment are more stringent. Moreover, there seems to be some internal relationship between IADT and GIST, and the lack of systematic research and discussion makes clinical decision-making and patient management easy to fall into traps and misunderstandings. Therefore, this paper reviews the clinical characteristics, pathogenesis and treatments of the two, and explore their differences and internal relations, so as to provide research and practical reference for promoting more precise and individualized diagnosis and treatment regimens.

[Clinicopathological features and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors with KIT/PDGFRA gene "homozygous mutation": a multicenter retrospective cohort study]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with KIT/PDGFRA "homozygous mutation", the efficacy of targeted therapy and the prognosis. Methods: A retrospective cohort study and propensity score matching were used. "Homozygous mutation" was defined as the detection of KIT/PDGFRA gene status of GIST by Sanger sequencing, which showed that there was only mutant gene sequence in the sequencing map, lack of wild-type sequence or the peak height of mutant gene sequence was much higher than that of wild-type gene sequence (> 3 times). "Heterozygous mutation" was defined as the mutant gene sequences coexisted with wild type gene sequences, and the peak height was similar (3 times or less). The clinicopathological data and follow-up information of 92 GIST patients with KIT/PDGFRA "homozygous mutation" were collected from 4 hospitals in Shanghai from January 2008 to May 2021 (Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine: 70 cases; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University: 14 cases; Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University: 6 cases and Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine: 2 cases). Patients with perioperative death, other malignancies, and incomplete clinicopathological information were excluded. The clinicopathological features of the patients and the efficacy of targeted drug therapy were observed and analyzed. The efficacy was evaluated using Choi criteria, which were divided into complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD). In addition, a total of 230 patients with high-risk GIST with "heterozygous mutation" in exon 11 of KIT gene and 117 patients with recurrent or metastatic GIST with "heterozygous mutation" in exon 11 of KIT gene were included. The propensity score matching method was used to match GIST patients with "heterozygous" and "homozygous" mutations in exon 11 of KIT gene (1∶1) for survival analysis. The disease-free survival (DFS) between two groups of high-risk GIST patients who underwent complete surgical resection were compared. And progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with recurrent or metastatic GIST were compared. Results: Of the 92 GIST cases with KIT/PDGFRA "homozygous mutation", 58 were males and 34 were females, with a median onset age of 62 (31-91) years. Primary GIST 83 cases. Primary high-risk GIST (53 cases), metastatic GIST (21 cases) and recurrent GIST (9 cases) accounted for 90.2% (83/92). There were 90 cases of KIT gene"homozygous mutation" (exon 11 for 88 cases, exon 13 for 1 case, exon 17 for 1 case), and 2 cases of PDGFRA gene "homozygous mutation" (exon 12 for 1 case, exon 18 for 1 case). The median follow-up time was 49 (8-181) months. Among the 61 cases of primary localized GIST undergoing complete surgical resection, 2 cases were intermediate-risk GIST, 5 cases were low-risk GIST, and 1 case was very low-risk GIST, of whom 1 case of intermediate-risk GIST received 1-year adjuvant imatinib mesylate (IM) therapy after operation, and no tumor recurrence developed during the follow-up period. The remaining 53 cases were high-risk GIST, and follow-up data were obtained from 50 cases, of whom 22 developed tumor recurrence during follow-up. Of 9 patients directly receiving neoadjuvant targeted therapy (IM or avapritinib), 5 had complete imaging follow-up data, and the evaluation of efficacy achieved PR. Of all the 92 GIST cases with KIT/PDGFRA "homozygous mutation", 50 (54.4%) had tumor metastasis or tumor recurrence or progression during follow-up, and 12 (13.0%) died of the tumor. Survival analysis combined with propensity score showed that in 100 cases of high-risk GISTs with complete resection, GISTs with "homozygous mutation" in exon 11 of KIT gene had shorter disease-free survival (DFS) than GISTs with "heterozygous mutation" in exon 11 of KIT gene (median DFS: 72 months vs. 148 months, P=0.015). In 60 cases of recurrent or metastatic GISTs with KIT gene exon 11 mutation, IM was used as the first-line treatment, and the progression-free survival (PFS) of GISTs with "homozygous mutation" was shorter compared to GISTs with "heterozygous mutation" (median PFS: 38 months vs. 69 months, P=0.044). The differences were statistically significant. Conclusions: "Homozygous mutation" in KIT/PDGFRA gene is associated with the progression of GIST. The corresponding targeted therapeutic drugs are still effective for GIST with KIT/PDGFRA gene "homozygous mutation". Compared with GIST patients with "heterozygous mutation" in KIT exon 11, GIST patients with "homozygous mutation" in KIT exon 11 are more likely to relapse after surgery and to develop resistance to IM. Therefore, it is still necessary to seek more effective treatment methods for this subset of cases.

Bypassing the Structural Bottleneck in the Ultrafast Melting of Electronic Order

Impulsive optical excitation generally results in a complex nonequilibrium electron and lattice dynamics that involves multiple processes on distinct timescales, and a common conception is that for times shorter than about 100 fs the gap in the electronic spectrum is not seriously affected by lattice vibrations. Here, however, by directly monitoring the photoinduced collapse of the spectral gap in a canonical charge-density-wave material, the blue bronze Rb_{0.3}MoO_{3}, we find that ultrafast (∼60  fs) vibrational disordering due to efficient hot-electron energy dissipation quenches the gap significantly faster than the typical structural bottleneck time corresponding to one half-cycle oscillation (∼315  fs) of the coherent charge-density-wave amplitude mode. This result not only demonstrates the importance of incoherent lattice motion in the photoinduced quenching of electronic order, but also resolves the perennial debate about the nature of the spectral gap in a coupled electron-lattice system.

[Clinicopathological features and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor with PDGFRA-D842V mutation]

Objective: Platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGFRA) mutations are respectively rare in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Most GIST with PDGFRA exon 18 mutations including D842V mutation are highly resistant to imatinib. The treatment of GIST harboring PDGFRA primary drug-resistant mutation is a major challenge. This article aims to investigate clinicopathologic features of GIST with PDGFRA-D842V mutation and the efficacy of comprehensive treatment, providing a reference for clinical practice. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to collect the clinicopathological and follow-up data of patients with GIST harboring PDGFRA mutation who were diagnosed and treated in the GIST Clinic of Renji Hospital from January 2005 to May 2020. According to the mutation site, the enrolled patients were divided into D842V mutation group and non-D842V mutation group. The differences of clinicopathologic characteristics between the two groups were compared. Furthermore, overall survival and prognostic factors were analyzed. Results: A total of 71 patients with PDGFRA-mutant GIST were included in this study, including 47 cases of D842V mutation (66.2%) and 24 cases of non-D842V mutation (33.8%). There were 28 male patients and 19 female patients in D842V mutation group, with a median age of 60 (36-82) years. There were 16 male patients and 8 female patients in non-D842V mutation group, with a median age of 62 (30-81) years. There were no significant differences in age, gender, primary location, surgical procedure, tumor size, mitotic count, expression of CD117 and DOG1, Ki-67 proliferation index and modified NIH grade between the two groups (all P>0.05). The positive rate of CD34 was 89.4% (42/47) and 62.5% (15/24) in the D842V mutation group and the non-D842V mutation group, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (χ(2)=5.644, P=0.018). Among all the cases, 66 cases underwent R0 resection without preoperative treatment; two cases underwent emergency operation with R1 resection because of tumor rupture; 2 cases were not operated after the pathological and mutation types were confirmed by biopsy (one case received avapritinib treatment and obtain partial remission). One case was diagnosed as wild-type GIST per needle biopsy in another institute, and underwent R0 resection after preoperative imatinib treatment for 6 months. After surgery, 5 high-risk GIST patients with D842V mutation and 5 high-risk GIST patients with non-D842V mutation were treated with imatinib for more than one year. The median follow-up time was 37 (1-153) months. As of the last follow-up among the patients who received R0 resection, 4 patients with D842V mutation had relapse, of whom 1 was in the period of imatinib administration, and the 3-year relapse-free survival rate was 94.2%; none of the patients with non-D842V mutation had relapse. There was no statistically significant difference in relapse-free surivval between two groups (P=0.233). Univariate analysis revealed that mitotic count (P=0.002), Ki-67 proliferation index (P<0.001) and modified NIH grade (P=0.025) were the factors associated with relapse-free survival of patients with D842V mutation after R0 resection (all P<0.05). However, the above factros were not testified as independant prognostic facors in multivariate Cox analysis (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Clinicopathologic features and the efficacy of radical resection in patients with PDGFRA-D842V mutation are similar to those in patients with non-D842V mutation.

Polar meron lattice in strained oxide ferroelectrics

A topological meron features a non-coplanar structure, whose order parameters in the core region are perpendicular to those near the perimeter. A meron is half of a skyrmion, and both have potential applications for information carrying and storage. Although merons and skyrmions in ferromagnetic materials can be readily obtained via inter-spin interactions, their behaviour and even existence in ferroelectric materials are still elusive. Here we observe using electron microscopy not only the atomic morphology of merons with a topological charge of 1/2, but also a periodic meron lattice in ultrathin PbTiO₃ films under tensile epitaxial strain on a SmScO₃ substrate. Phase-field simulations rationalize the formation of merons for which an epitaxial strain, as a single alterable parameter, plays a critical role in the coupling of lattice and charge. This study suggests that by engineering strain at the nanoscale it should be possible to fabricate topological polar textures, which in turn could facilitate the development of nanoscale ferroelectric devices.

Magnetic Weyl semimetal phase in a Kagomé crystal

Weyl semimetals are crystalline solids that host emergent relativistic Weyl fermions and have characteristic surface Fermi-arcs in their electronic structure. Weyl semimetals with broken time reversal symmetry are difficult to identify unambiguously. In this work, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we visualized the electronic structure of the ferromagnetic crystal Co₃Sn₂S₂ and discovered its characteristic surface Fermi-arcs and linear bulk band dispersions across the Weyl points. These results establish Co₃Sn₂S₂ as a magnetic Weyl semimetal that may serve as a platform for realizing phenomena such as chiral magnetic effects, unusually large anomalous Hall effect and quantum anomalous Hall effect.

P679Long-term cardiovascular outcomes after percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with acute coronary syndrome and cancer

Background

Over time, the use of PCI increased and mortality decreased comparably in patients with ACS and cancers. Although the adverse cardiac effect of cancer has been widely reported, we know less on whether lung cancer confers worse clinical outcomes in patients with established ACS, particularly those undergoing PCI.

Methods

All cancer patients who were admitted in the hospital with ACS as initial diagnosis and underwent PCI from January 2006 to December 2016 were enrolled, and were divided into 2 groups according to their malignancy types: lung cancer and others. Population data was collected and clinical follow-up was performed by either telephone contact or office visit. Survival was graphically represented using Kaplan-Meier curves. Differences in survival rates were compared using the log-rank test. Analysis was performed with SPSS statistical software, version 22.0 for Windows. See Figure 1.

Results

16,062 patients suffered from various cancers and 55,401 patients underwent PCI. After cross referencing the two patient lists, 337 patients were enrolled who underwent cancer prior to ACS, and 15.1% (n=51) had a medical history of lung cancer. See Figure 2 and 3. Male gender was more prevalent in the lung cancer group than other cancers group (84.3% vs 60.5%, P=0.01). There was no significant difference between lung cancer and other cancers group in the presence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, diabetes mellitus, history of smoking, history of drinking and the family history of coronary artery disease (P>0.05 for all). Among all coronary complex lesions, calcified lesions was more prevalent in lung cancer group (21.6% vs 11.5%, P=0.04), although there was no significant difference between two groups in left main lesions, bifurcation lesions and CTO lesions (P>0.05 for all). For anticancer therapy, patients with lung cancer received more radiotherapy (29.4% vs 13.6%, P=0.01) and chemotherapy (37.3% vs 25.5%, P=0.08). Follow-up was available for 289 of the 337 patients (85.8%). See table 1. The incidence of cardiovascular death (5.9% vs 1.0%, P=0.02) was higher in the lung cancer group. As shown the Kaplan-Meier curves in Figure 1, the survival rate free from all-cause death (log rank P=0.034, Figure 4A) and cardiovascular death (log rank P=0.013, Figure 4B) was significantly lower in lung cancer group than in other cancers group during the follow-up.

Figures and Table

Conclusions

Lung cancer has a non-negligible prevalence in patients with ACS undergoing PCI, with significantly worse long-term cardiovascular outcomes. The results of our study reinforce the importance of understanding to patients who need closer follow-up, careful evaluation, and intervention.

[Application of imatinib plasma concentration monitoring in the whole process management of gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients]

Objective: To investigate the significance of monitoring imatinib mesylate (IM) plasma concentrations in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out. Inclusion criteria: (1) patients with GIST confirmed by postoperative pathology or puncture pathology receiving maintenance therapy of IM; (2) administration of same dose of IM for at least 4 weeks (achieving steady - state plasma concentration). Patients who had severe organ dysfunction, received IM generics, or received IM simultaneously with other drugs significantly affecting IM pharmacokinetic were excluded. A total of 185 patients at the GIST Clinic of Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from August 2018 to May 2019 were enrolled, including 114 males (61.6%) and 71 females (38.4%) with a median age of 60 years old (range, 30-89 years), and 63 advanced cases. Patients receiving preoperative or postoperative adjuvant therapy were given IM 400 mg QD; patients with KIT exon 9 mutation or with disease progression during IM 400 mg QD treatment were given IM 600 mg QD. If the patient had adverse reactions such as myelosuppression during the medication, IM would be reduced or given BID per day. The peripheral venous blood was collected (22 to 24 hours after the last dose for patients who took IM QD and 2 hours before the first dose per day for those who took IM BID). IM plasma concentration was measured through high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Correlation analysis between IM plasma concentration results and clinical data was performed using linear regression analysis. Results: A total of 241 stable blood samples of IM plasma concentration from 185 patients were finally collected. The IM plasma concentrations were significantly different between the doses of 300 mg/d and 400 mg/d [(942.4±433.5) μg/L vs. (1340.0±500.1) μg/L, t=6.317, P<0.001], and between 400 mg/d and 600 mg/d [(1340.0±500.1) μg/L vs. (2188.0±875.5) μg/L, t=3.557, P=0.004]. Among the blood samples of 57 patients receiving IM 300 mg/d, the IM plasma concentration of the advanced patients was significantly lower than that of the non-advanced patients [(795.6±225.8) μg/L vs. (992.2±484.4) μg/L, t=2.088, P=0.042]. Among the 137 blood samples of patients receiving IM 400 mg/d, the IM plasma concentration was higher in patients aged >60 years than those aged ≤60 years [(1461.0±595.3) μg/L vs. (1240.0±380.9) μg/L, t=2.528, P=0.013] and the IM plasma concentration of cases with diarrhea was significantly lower than that of those without diarrhea [(745.8±249.6) μg/L vs. (1382.0±486.9) μg/L, t=6.794, P<0.001]. Gender, primary location, surgical procedure, mutated gene, mutation type, or time of administration was associated with IM plasma concentration no matter in patients taking IM doses of 400 mg/d or 300 mg/d (all P>0.05). Regression analysis showed that body mass (P=0.004 and P=0.019), body mass index (P=0.016 and P=0.042), and body surface area (P=0.007 and P=0.028) were all negatively correlated with IM plasma concentrations in patients taking IM doses of 300 mg/d and 400 mg/d. Within the 137 patients who received a fixed oral dose of 400 mg/d IM, 17 patients received oral 200 mg BID, whose IM plasma drug concentration was not significantly different compared with that of 120 patients who received 400 mg IM QD [(1488.0±408.3) μg/L vs. (1319.0±509.7) μg/L, t=1.307, P=0.193]. Conclusions: Monitoring IM plasma concentration is significant throughout the whole process of management of GIST patients receiving IM treatment. In particular, regular monitoring IM plasma concentration and developing appropriate treatment strategies can bring better therapeutic benefits for patients with low doses, diarrhea, advanced condition and older age.

[Efficacy and safety of active transfer of plaque versus provisional stenting with drug-eluting stents for the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions]

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of active transfer of plaque (ATP) versus provisional stenting (PS) with drug-eluting stents (DES) for the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions. Methods: A total of 1 136 patients with bifurcation lesions hospitalized in 6 selected hospitals between January 2010 and January 2014 were included in this prospective observational trial, patients were divided into either ATP (n=560) or PS group (n=576) accordingly. The primary endpoint was target lesion revascularization within 1 year, and the second endpoints were all-cause death, cardiogenic death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, recurrent angina within 1 year. Results: There were no significant differences in age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and smoking history between the two groups (P>0.05). The incidence of TIMI blood flow <3 grade in the side branch (1.6%(9/560) vs. 7.5% (43/576), P<0.01), acute occlusion of the side branch (1.3%(7/560) vs. 7.1%(41/576), P<0.01) and implanted stents of side branch (1.8%(10/560) vs. 7.8% (45/576), P<0.01) were significantly lower in the ATP group than those in the PS group. During the one year follow up, the rate of target lesion revascularization was similar between ATP group and PS group (4.6%(26/560) vs. 4.0%(23/576), P=0.66). Conclusions: The effectiveness and safetyof ATP techniquein the patients with coronary bifurcation lesions is comparable to the PS technique. However, ATP technique is superior to PS technique on effectively reducing the incidence of implanted stents in the side branch.

[Trends of in-hospital mortality and constituent ratio of patients with acute myocardial infarction]

Objective: To analyze the trends on constituent ratio of non-ST-segment-elevation (NSTEMI) and ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and related in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients hospitalized in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from 2004 to 2014. Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective study. We reviewed all patients hospitalized for AMI in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January 1 2004 to December 31 2014, and collected all related information including hospitalization stay, the type of AMI, revascularization and in-hospital mortality. We analyzed the trends of constituent ratio of NSTEMI and STEMI, and their in-hospital mortalities during the 11 years. Results: Data from a total of 23 864 patients with AMI, including 5 539 STEMI and 18 325 NSTEMI, were analyzed. Compared with STEMI patients, NSTEMI patients were older, less likely to be male (P<0.001), had higher prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes (P<0.001), and lower prevalence of smoking (P<0.001). Additionally, patients with NSTEMI were more likely to have prior history of MI (12.6% (695/5 539) vs. 7.4% (1 354/18 325), P<0.001) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (2.7% (152/5 539) vs. 0.7% (124/18 325), P<0.001). The constituent ratio of NSTEMI was significantly increased during the observation period, rising from 15.8% (107/802) in 2004 to 35.7% (1 273/3 583) in 2014 (P value for trend <0.001). The in-hospital mortality of NSTEMI patients was significantly lower compared with those with STEMI (1.84% (102 cases) vs. 2.74% (502 cases), P<0.001). The mortality of both STEMI and NSTEMI were significantly decreased during the 11 years (both P value for χ(2) trend test <0.001). After adjusting for other risk factors, NSTEMI was independently associated with lower in-hospital mortality (OR=0.50, 95%CI 0.40-0.63, P<0.001). Conclusions: In patients with AMI, the constituent ratio of NSTEMI versus STEMI is increased during the 11 years. The in-hospital mortality is decreased for both STEMI and NSTEMI patients in the past 11 years, and the in-hospital mortality rate of NSTEMI patients is lower than STEMI patients in this patient cohort during the observation period.

[Current status of cognitive dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome]

With the deepening of research, the cognitive disorders caused by obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome has attracted more and more attention by scholars both at home and abroad. This paper systematically reviews the progress of its clinical manifestations and pathogenesis.

[Cognitive status and its relationship with serum neuropeptide Y in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome]

Objective:To analyze the correlation between cognitive function and serum NPY levels in OSAHS patients, and to explore biomarkers for evaluating cognitive function in adult patients with OSAHS. To verify the validity of MoCA in evaluating cognitive function in OSAHS patients.Method:72 patients with OSAHS and 16 healthy controls were included. Subjects were tested for PSG, MoCA, and MMSE; ELISA was used to detect serum NPY levels in subjects. After 14 days, 10 patients in the control group were randomly selected for re-testing of MoCA to detect the internal consistency, test-retest reliability and simultaneous validity of MoCA.Result:The cognitive dysfunction of OSAHS patients was manifested in visual spatial ability, language and attention. Serum NPY levels were negatively correlated with MoCA scores (r=-0.105), and the correlation was not significant. The internal consistency of the MoCA detected by the Cronbach coefficient α is reliable (0.690), and when "directional ability" deleted,the reliability increases (0.705); In addition, both of test-retest reliability (r=0.884, P=0.001) and simultaneous validity (r=0.701,P<0.01) of MoCA were reliable.Conclusion:MoCA in evaluating the cognitive function of adult with OSAHS is reliable, stable and effective, and when "directional ability" deleted,the reliability increases . The cognitive dysfunction of OSAHS patients is manifested in visual spatial ability, language and attention, which is obvious with the disease of severity; serum NPY levels can reflect the severity of OSAHS; there is no significant negative correlation between serum NPY level and MoCA total score. Whether it can be used to evaluate cognitive function in OSAHS patients needs further verification.

[Application and reliability verification of Beijing-based cognitive assessment scale of montreal in cognitive function of adult OSAHS]

Objective:To evaluate the cognitive function of adult OSAHS patients by MoCA-BJ, and to evaluate the reliability and efficacy of MoCA-BJ. Method:A study was conducted on the cognitive function of 94 patients with mild, moderate and severe OSAHS and 28 healthy controls using the MoCA-BJ and the simple mental state examination scale (MMSE). After 14 days, 10 subjects in the healthy control group were tested for MoCA-BJ again. The internal consistency of MoCA-BJ and the Pearson correlation coefficient were used to test the retest reliability. In addition, the simultaneous validity of MoCA-BJ was assessed by comparison with MMSE. Result:The MoCA-BJ internal consistency of the Kronbach coefficient α was reliable (0.810). The Pearson correlation coefficient test was highly reproducible (r=0.898, P<0.001). The overall score of MoCA-BJ in the control group was significantly higher than that in the OSAHS group (P<0.01). In the visual spatial ability, the performance of severe OSAHS group was significantly weaker than that of the control group (P<0.01) and non-severe patients (P<0.01). In the executive ability, the control group was significantly higher than the OSAHS group (P<0.05), and the performance of patients with severe OSAHS was weaker than that of non-severe group (P<0.01) and control group (P<0.05), but there was no difference among every group in the trail making test. Attention, the difference between the control group and the patients was significant (P<0.01), but no difference between severe patients and non-severe patients. The total score of the language,the difference between the control group and the patient group was significant (P<0.01), while there was no difference between severe and non-severe patients. The study also found that the results of language repetition, delayed recall and the total score of the language was exactly the same. Orientation,there was also significant difference between the control group and the severe group (P<0.05). There was also significant difference between the severe and non-severe patients (P<0.05). The optimal cutoff between the control and patient groups was 25.5 points (total MoCA score). In addition, in the visual spatial subscale, the cutoff between non-severe and severe OSAHS groups was 2.5 points. The correlation between MoCA score and MMSE score was statistically significant (r=0.764, P<0.01). Conclusion:In summary, our study shows that MoCA-BJ is reliable, stable and effective in evaluating adult OSAHS cognitive function. MoCA-BJ can detect cognitive dysfunction through visual space, executive ability and total score, while distinguishing healthy controls and OSAHS patients from attention, language total score, language repetition, delayed recall, but can not distinguish between severe and non-severe OSAHS patients. In addition, Orientation in the distinction between normal controls and severe patients, severe and non-severe patients play a role, but can not distinguish between normal controls and OSAHS patients.

[Research progress and significance of sleep apnea biomarkers]

To review the application of proteomics and metabolomics in the study of OSAHS biomarkers,and to open a new perspective for the study of OSAHS. At present,these studies are still in a very preliminary stage,the results are not always consistent,and far from the clinical application requirements. However,compared with traditional chemical methods,quantitative protein and metabolomics methods still have many advantages and have great clinical potential. Further studies of larger populations for more detailed grouping in the future are necessary to validate these results,and a more structured investigation in cell and animal models is necessary to determine their molecular mechanisms. In addition,the combination of different analytical platforms will be the ideal method for OSAHS biomarker research. In conclusion,the proteomics and metabolomics methods help us to better understand the potential mechanisms of OSAHS and to discover and develop personalized screening,diagnosis,prognostic and therapeutic strategies for future research.

Designing of metallic nanocrystals embedded in non-stoichiometric perovskite nanomaterial and its surface-electronic characteristics

Engineering of novel functional nanocomposite as like as the metallic nanocrystals supported non-stoichiometric perovskite nanomaterial in controlled parameters (size, shape and ratio of chemical characteristics) is a challengeable task. In this context, we present a facile route to fabricate and study its physicochemical property at real time mode in this report. Nanoscale pure Pb crystals surfaced on non-stoichiometric A-site deficient Pb_1-xTiO_3-y nanoparticle were fabricated when a precursor lead titanate (PbTiO₃) nanoparticle was exposed to an electron beam irradiation (EBI) in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) at ambient temperature. In the state of the art, the chemical states and electronic structure of non-irradiated and irradiated PbTiO₃ were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electron bombardment resulted in a new visible feature at low binding energy in the Pb 4f core level, while Ti 2p and O 1s line shape showed slight changes. The Fermi level of the corresponding materials was determined to be 1.65 ± 0.1 eV and 2.05 ± 0.1 eV above the valence band maximum, respectively. The normal, weakly p-type PTO exhibits peculiar n-type feature after EBI process (The Fermi level moves near to the conduction band). A feasible mechanism is proposed involving the electron-stimulated local bond-breaking phenomenon in PbTiO₃.

Ginsenoside Rd Attenuates DNA Damage by Increasing Expression of DNA Glycosylase Endonuclease VIII-like Proteins after Focal Cerebral Ischemia

BACKGROUND

Ginsenoside Rd (GSRd), one of the main active ingredients in traditional Chinese herbal Panax ginseng, has been found to have therapeutic effects on ischemic stroke. However, the molecular mechanisms of GSRd's neuroprotective function remain unclear. Ischemic stroke-induced oxidative stress results in DNA damage, which triggers cell death and contributes to poor prognosis. Oxidative DNA damage is primarily processed by the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Three of the five major DNA glycosylases that initiate the BER pathway in the event of DNA damage from oxidation are the endonuclease VIII-like (NEIL) proteins. This study aimed to investigate the effect of GSRd on the expression of DNA glycosylases NEILs in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.

METHODS

NEIL expression patterns were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in both normal and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat models. Survival rate and Zea-Longa neurological scores were used to assess the effect of GSRd administration on MCAO rats. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) damages were evaluated by the way of real-time analysis of mutation frequency. NEIL expressions were measured in both messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. Apoptosis level was quantitated by the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick end labeling assay.

RESULTS

We found that GSRd administration reduced mtDNA and nDNA damages, which contributed to an improvement in survival rate and neurological function; significantly up-regulated NEIL1 and NEIL3 expressions in both mRNA and protein levels of MCAO rats; and reduced cell apoptosis and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 in rats at 7 days after MCAO.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicated that the neuroprotective function of GSRd for acute ischemic stroke might be partially explained by the up-regulation of NEIL1 and NEIL3 expressions.

Time-resolved ARPES with sub-15 fs temporal and near Fourier-limited spectral resolution

An experimental setup for time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with sub-15 fs temporal resolution is presented. A hollow-fiber compressor is used for the generation of 6.5 fs white light pump pulses, and a high-harmonic-generation source delivers 11 fs probe pulses at a photon energy of 22.1 eV. A value of 13 fs full width at half-maximum of the pump-probe cross correlation signal is determined by analyzing a photoemission intensity transient probing a near-infrared interband transition in 1T-TiSe₂. Notably, the energy resolution of the setup conforms to typical values reported in conventional time-resolved photoemission studies using high harmonics, and an ultimate resolution of 170 meV is feasible.

Observation of unusual topological surface states in half-Heusler compounds LnPtBi (Ln=Lu, Y)

Topological quantum materials represent a new class of matter with both exotic physical phenomena and novel application potentials. Many Heusler compounds, which exhibit rich emergent properties such as unusual magnetism, superconductivity and heavy fermion behaviour, have been predicted to host non-trivial topological electronic structures. The coexistence of topological order and other unusual properties makes Heusler materials ideal platform to search for new topological quantum phases (such as quantum anomalous Hall insulator and topological superconductor). By carrying out angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and ab initio calculations on rare-earth half-Heusler compounds LnPtBi (Ln=Lu, Y), we directly observe the unusual topological surface states on these materials, establishing them as first members with non-trivial topological electronic structure in this class of materials. Moreover, as LnPtBi compounds are non-centrosymmetric superconductors, our discovery further highlights them as promising candidates of topological superconductors.

Heusler compounds have been predicted to host topological order with other emergent properties, which yet awaits for experimental evidence. Here, Liu et al. report a direct observation of topological surface states on half-Heusler compounds LnPtBi.

Evolution of the Fermi surface of Weyl semimetals in the transition metal pnictide family

Topological Weyl semimetals (TWSs) represent a novel state of topological quantum matter which not only possesses Weyl fermions (massless chiral particles that can be viewed as magnetic monopoles in momentum space) in the bulk and unique Fermi arcs generated by topological surface states, but also exhibits appealing physical properties such as extremely large magnetoresistance and ultra-high carrier mobility. Here, by performing angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) on NbP and TaP, we directly observed their band structures with characteristic Fermi arcs of TWSs. Furthermore, by systematically investigating NbP, TaP and TaAs from the same transition metal monopnictide family, we discovered their Fermiology evolution with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) strength. Our experimental findings not only reveal the mechanism to realize and fine-tune the electronic structures of TWSs, but also provide a rich material base for exploring many exotic physical phenomena (for example, chiral magnetic effects, negative magnetoresistance, and the quantum anomalous Hall effect) and novel future applications.

The N-terminal 33 amino acid domain of Siva-1 is sufficient for nuclear localization

Siva-1 induces apoptosis in multiple pathological processes and plays an important role in the suppression of tumor metastasis, protein degradation, and other functions. Although many studies have demonstrated that Siva-1 functions in the cytoplasm, a few have found that Siva-1 can relocate to the nucleus. In this study, we found that the first 33 amino acid residues of Siva-1 are required for its nuclear localization. Further study demonstrated that the green fluorescent protein can be imported into the nucleus after fusion with these 33 amino acid residues. Other Siva-1 regions and domains showed less effect on Siva-1 nuclear localization. By site-mutagenesis of all of these 33 amino acid residues, we found that mutants of the first 1-18 amino acids affected Siva-1 nuclear compartmentalization but could not complete this localization independently. In summary, we demonstrated that the N-terminal 33 amino acid residues were sufficient for Siva-1 nuclear localization, but the mechanism of this translocation needs additional investigation.

Activation of proacrosin accompanies upregulation of sp32 protein tyrosine phosphorylation in pig sperm

This study investigated the relationship between acrosin activation and pig sperm proacrosin binding protein (sp32) phosphorylation levels. Differently processed pig spermatozoa (fresh semen sperm, capacitation sperm, acrosome reaction sperm, capacitation-like sperm, and thawed sperm) were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis. The fresh semen and capacitation sperm groups both produced proacrosin protein bands of 55 kDa; however, the result of the fresh semen sperm group was clearer than that of the capacitation sperm group. The thawed sperm group showed a shallow strip at 55 kDa. The capacitation and acrosome reaction sperm groups produced obvious proacrosin protein bands at 35 kDa, and the strips of the capacitation sperm group were again clearer. A faint band was visible at 32 kDa in the acrosome reaction sperm group. The capacitation, thawed, and acrosome reaction sperm groups showed significant strips in sp32, and the bands of the acrosome reaction sperm group were shallower than those of the 2 other groups. The capacitation and thawed sperm groups produced significant strips at 40 kDa, and the capacitation sperm group produced an additional strip at 55 kDa. In conclusion, sp32 phosphorylation levels can promote proacrosin activation into the active acrosin.

XBP1 promoter polymorphism modulates platinum-based chemotherapy gastrointestinal toxicity for advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients

BACKGROUND

The X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a critical transcription factor in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, which is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Here, we investigated whether the regulatory variant rs2269577 of the XBP1 gene influences clinical outcome in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients undergoing platinum-based chemotherapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We recruited 663 Chinese patients with advanced NSCLC treated with platinum-based regimens and assessed the association between rs2269577 and clinical outcome. Subsequent functional analyses, including real-time quantitative PCR and dual-luciferase assays, were performed to explore possible molecular mechanisms.

RESULTS

The G/G genotype of rs2269577 was significantly associated with severe gastrointestinal toxicity compared with the homozygous C/C genotype (P=0.012, odds ratio=2.755), particularly in the female, performance status 0-1, and adenocarcinoma subgroups. No significant relevance was found between rs2269577 and treatment efficacy. In gastric epithelial cells, in vitro molecular analyses demonstrated that XBP1 mRNA expression levels decreased after treatment with cisplatin and the G allele of rs2269577 weakened the transcriptional activity of the XBP1 promoter.

CONCLUSION

This is the first study to evaluate the effect of XBP1 polymorphism on severe chemotherapy-related adverse outcomes in platinum-treated advanced NSCLC patients using both pharmacogenomics and functional molecular analyses.

Expression of aberrant beta-catenin and impaired p63 in craniopharyngiomas

Craniopharyngiomas are rare, histologically benign, non-neuroepithelial epithelial tumors arising from the sellar region, the molecular pathogenesis of CPs is yet not understood. The aim of the present study was to assess expression of aberrant beta-catenin and impaired p63 in 66 craniopharyngiomas included 51 adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas and 15 squamous papillary craniopharyngiomas. On immunohistochemistry, 47 out of 51 adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas, but not squamous papillary craniopharyngiomas, showed strong nuclear/cytoplasmic expression for beta-catenin predominantly in compactly cohesive epithelial cells within the whorl-like arrays where ki-67 was almost absent and rarely in palisaded cells where ki-67 was mainly present. P63 overexpression was observed in 45 out of 51 adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas and 14 out of 15 squamous papillary craniopharyngiomas. P63 stained not only in the nuclei of basal layer cells but also within the whorl-like arrays in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas and uniformly in squamous papillary craniopharyngiomas. Using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction techniques to correlate p63 protein expression with p63 mRNA levels, TAp63 isoforms mRNA was reduced, whereas DeltaNp63 mRNA elevated at levels in 5 snap frozen tissue samples with multiple large p63 positive cell clusters compared with normal tissues. In conclusion, the present study confirmed that the two variants of CPs have genetically not only distinctive but also common feature. It demonstrated that cytoplasm/nuclear beta-catenin accumulation is an exclusively characteristic morphology of adaCPs. P63 immunohistochemical overexpression were found in both adaCPs and spCPs variant when analyzed in the same study. Taken together, the impaired p63 expression may be attributed to elevated DeltaNp63 mRNA and reduced TAp63mRNA in CPs.

Nodeless superconducting gap in A(x)Fe2Se2 (A=K,Cs) revealed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

Pairing symmetry is a fundamental property that characterizes a superconductor. For the iron-based high-temperature superconductors, an s(±)-wave pairing symmetry has received increasing experimental and theoretical support. More specifically, the superconducting order parameter is an isotropic s-wave type around a particular Fermi surface, but it has opposite signs between the hole Fermi surfaces at the zone centre and the electron Fermi surfaces at the zone corners. Here we report the low-energy electronic structure of the newly discovered superconductors, A(x)Fe(2)Se(2) (A=K,Cs) with a superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of about 30 K. We found A(x)Fe(2)Se(2) (A=K,Cs) is the most heavily electron-doped among all iron-based superconductors. Large electron Fermi surfaces are observed around the zone corners, with an almost isotropic superconducting gap of ~10.3 meV, whereas there is no hole Fermi surface near the zone centre, which demonstrates that interband scattering or Fermi surface nesting is not a necessary ingredient for the unconventional superconductivity in iron-based superconductors. Thus, the sign change in the s(±) pairing symmetry driven by the interband scattering as suggested in many weak coupling theories becomes conceptually irrelevant in describing the superconducting state here. A more conventional s-wave pairing is probably a better description.

Frequency of autoimmune diseases in myasthenia gravis: a systematic review

The course of myasthenia gravis (MG) may get complicated by the development of other autoimmune diseases. Estimates of the frequency of autoimmune diseases will help inform patients and physicians, direct health policy discussion, provide etiologic clues, and optimize the management of MG. However, the frequency of autoimmune diseases in people with MG is still uncertain. A systematic search for English language studies was conducted by MEDLINE and EMBASE from 1960 through 2010. Incidence studies and case series of all MG subtypes with information about autoimmune diseases were included; 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. Although there was considerable heterogeneity, the pooled estimate of the coexisting autoimmune diseases in MG was 13% (95% confidence interval, 12%-14%). Autoimmune thyroid disease seems to occur more frequently than other autoimmune conditions in MG patients. Heterogeneity in study estimates could be explained by ascertainment bias and case mix. Furthermore, autoimmune diseases occurred significantly more often in females and anti-acetylcholine receptor seropositive MG patients. Patients with MG have an increased frequency of coexisting autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases seem to occur more often in female and seropositive MG patients. Further research is needed to expand our understanding of these associations.

Electronic-structure-driven magnetic and structure transitions in superconducting NaFeAs single crystals measured by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

The electronic structure of NaFeAs is studied with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy on high quality single crystals. Large portions of the band structure start to shift around the structural transition temperature and smoothly evolve as the temperature lowers through the spin density wave transition. Moreover, band folding due to magnetic order emerges slightly above the structural transition. Our observation provides direct evidence that the structural and magnetic transitions share the same origin and could both be driven by the electronic structure reconstruction in Fe-based superconductors instead of Fermi surface nesting. We did not observe any sign of a gap in the superconducting state, which is likely related to weakened superconductivity in the presence of the spin density wave.

Out-of-plane momentum and symmetry-dependent energy gap of the pnictide Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 superconductor revealed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

The three-dimensional band structure and superconducting gap of Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 are studied with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. In contrast with previous results, we have identified three holelike Fermi surface sheets near the zone center with sizable out-of-plane or kz dispersion. The superconducting gap on certain Fermi surface sheets shows significant kz dependence. Moreover, the superconducting gap sizes are different at the same Fermi momentum for two bands with different spatial symmetries (one odd, one even). Our results further reveal the three-dimensional and orbital-dependent structure of the superconducting gap in iron pnictides, which facilitates the understanding of momentum-integrated measurements and provides a distinct test for theories.

Electronic structure and unusual exchange splitting in the spin-density-wave state of the BaFe2As2 parent compound of iron-based superconductors

The magnetic properties in the parent compounds are often intimately related to the microscopic mechanism of superconductivity. Here we report the first direct measurements on the electronic structure of a parent compound of the newly discovered iron-based superconductor, BaFe2As2, which provides a foundation for further studies. We show that the energy of the spin density wave in BaFe2As2 is mainly lowered through exotic exchange splitting of the band structure.

Primary role of the barely occupied states in the charge density wave formation of NbSe2

NbSe2 is a prototypical charge-density-wave (CDW) material, whose mechanism remains mysterious so far. With angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we recovered the long-lost nesting condition over a large broken-honeycomb region in the Brillouin zone, which consists of six saddle band point regions with high density of states (DOS), and large regions away from Fermi surfaces with negligible DOS at the Fermi energy. We show that the major contributions to the CDW formation come from these barely occupied states rather than the saddle band points. Our findings not only resolve a long-standing puzzle, but also overthrow the conventional wisdom that CDW is dominated by regions with high DOS.

Surgical treatment of esophageal leiomyoma located near or at the esophagogastric junction via a thoracoscopic approach

Esophageal leiomyoma can be enucleated safely and effectively by minimally invasive surgery. The laparoscopic approach has been a conventional option for this kind of tumor located near or at the esophagogastric (EG) junction. The aims of this study were to evaluate the surgical outcome of thoracoscopic resection of leiomyoma at the EG junction, and discuss factors affecting the incidence of postoperative gastroesophageal reflux. Fourteen patients who underwent thoracoscopic resection of esophageal leiomyoma located near or at the EG junction (<4 cm above the esophageal hiatus) from January 2002 to August 2007 were reviewed retrospectively. Tumor characteristics, surgical methods, and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. A left approach of video-assisted thoracoscopy was used in 13 patients; a right approach was used for the other patient, whose multiple tumors were located in the EG junction and mid-esophagus. Postoperative recovery was uneventful in all patients, with no mucosa leakage or other significant complications. Mean tumor size was 3.2 cm (1.2-6.0 cm). Of the 14 patients, two had serpiginous leiomyoma, two had multiple tumors, and the others had solitary tumors. Mean postoperative stay in hospital was 7 days (4-11 days). Postoperative dysphagia was not reported, although gastroesophageal reflux was noted in one patient. Thoracoscopic resection of esophageal leiomyomas near or at the EG junction is feasible, with a low prevalence of postoperative gastroesophageal reflux.

Superconducting coherence peak in the electronic excitations of a single-layer Bi2Sr1.6La0.4CuO6+delta cuprate superconductor

Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy study is reported on a high quality optimally doped Bi2Sr1.6La0.4CuO6+delta high-Tc superconductor. In the antinodal region with a maximal d-wave gap, the symbolic superconducting coherence peak, which has been widely observed in multi-CuO2-layer cuprate superconductors, is unambiguously observed in a single-layer system. The associated peak-dip separation is just about 19 meV, which is much smaller than its counterparts in multilayered compounds, but correlates with the energy scales of spin excitations in single-layer cuprates.

Novel mechanism of a charge density wave in a transition metal dichalcogenide

The charge density wave (CDW) is usually associated with Fermi surfaces nesting. We here report a new CDW mechanism discovered in a 2H-structured transition metal dichalcogenide, where the two essential ingredients of the CDW are realized in very anomalous ways due to the strong-coupling nature of the electronic structure. Namely, the CDW gap is only partially open, and charge density wave vector match is fulfilled through participation of states of the large Fermi patch, while the straight Fermi surface sections have secondary or negligible contributions.

Evolution of the electronic structure of 1T-Cu(x)TiSe(2)

The electronic structure of a new charge-density-wave system or superconductor, 1T-Cu(x)TiSe(2), has been studied by photoemission spectroscopy. A correlated semiconductor band structure is revealed for the undoped case, which resolves a long-standing controversy in the system. With Cu doping, the charge-density wave is suppressed by the raising of the chemical potential, while the superconductivity is enhanced by the enhancement of the density of states, and possibly suppressed at higher doping by the strong scattering.

In vitro efficacy of a novel chemoradiopotentiator--taxoltere metro

PURPOSE

To evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic and radiopotentiating effects of a novel paclitaxel analog (taxoltere metro) on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and human colon cancer cells.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Three cell lines (CHO cells, HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells [paclitaxel-sensitive], and VM46 cells [paclitaxel-resistant subline of HCT116]) were employed in this study. Cell survival was determined using the standard colony-forming assay. The ID50 value (drug concentrations required to reduce colony formation to 50% of the control value) was determined as a cytotoxic index from each cell survival curve. The sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER) as a radiopotentiating endpoint was determined as the ratio of the D0 values (with or without drugs) under hypoxic or air conditions.

RESULTS

Taxoltere metro was 5-15 times more effective in killing CHO cells than paclitaxel under both hypoxic and euoxic treatment conditions. Cytocidal effects of taxoltere metro on HCT116 cells and VM46 cells were 28 and 70 times higher than those of paclitaxel (p<0.001), respectively. Taxoltere metro also produced significant radiopotentiating effects on euoxic CHO and HCT116 cells, but not on hypoxic cells. The SER value of taxoltere metro for CHO cells was about 2.3 at a dose of 100 nM. With HCT116 cells, taxoltere metro yielded an SER of 1.2 at the low dose of 10 nM. In contrast, the parent compound paclitaxel yielded little or no radiosensitization with either CHO or HCT116 cells.

CONCLUSION

The results demonstrate that taxoltere metro is significantly more potent than paclitaxel in chemoradiopotentiating CHO cells and HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells. The data strongly suggest that taxoltere metro could be a promising chemoradiopotentiating agent for treatment of cancer.

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of GFR alpha-3, a novel cDNA related to GDNFR alpha and NTNR alpha

Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) are structurally related to TGF-beta and are survival factors for sympathetic, sensory, and central nervous system neurons. GDNF transmits its signal primarily through a receptor complex containing the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked receptor, GDNFR alpha. NTN utilizes a receptor complex system that consists of Ret and another GPI-linked receptor, NTNR alpha. We have identified a mouse cDNA, termed GFR alpha-3, that encodes a putative GPI-linked receptor. At the protein level, mouse GFR alpha-3 is 35% identical to mouse GDNFR alpha and 36% identical to mouse NTNR alpha. Northern blot analysis showed that GFR alpha-3 is expressed in fetal mouse heart, brain, lung, and kidney and adult heart. These results indicate that the tissue distribution of GFR alpha-3 mRNA is different from that of GDNFR alpha or NTNR alpha mRNA, and suggest that GFR alpha-3 may function in differentiation of embryonic cells expressing its mRNA.

Distribution of RGS4 mRNA in mouse brain shown by in situ hybridization

RGS proteins (regulators of G protein signaling) are a newly identified group of proteins that negatively regulate G proteins. Some, including RGS4, have been shown to act as GTPase-activating proteins for several members of the Gi alpha subunits and the Gq alpha subunit. However, the signaling pathways of G protein-coupled receptors regulated by RGS4 are not well understood. We isolated the mouse RGS4 cDNA to investigate the roles of RGS4 protein in mouse brain. Expression of mouse RGS4 in yeast stimulated adaptation to mating pheromone, suggesting that it negatively regulates that G protein-mediated signaling pathway. Northern blot analysis of various mouse tissues revealed that RGS4 is expressed at high levels in brain, moderately low levels in heart, and very low levels in lung, liver, and skeletal muscle. In situ hybridization of mouse brain showed RGS4 mRNA mainly in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, olfactory tubercle, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, islands of Calleja, substantia nigra, amygdala, the granular layer of cerebellum, middle cerebellar peduncle, and perifacial zone. These results suggest that RGS4 is expressed in various types of cells in the brain and may regulate multiple G protein-mediated signaling pathways.

Functional analyses of mammalian protein kinase C isozymes in budding yeast and mammalian fibroblasts

BACKGROUND

The PKC1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a homologue of mammalian protein kinase C (PKC) that is required for yeast cell growth. Pkc1 has been proposed to regulate a protein kinase cascade which includes the Bck1, Mkk1/Mkk2 and Mpk1 kinases. The functional relationship between Pkc1 and mammalian PKCs is unknown. Another signal transduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mating pheromone signalling pathway, is mediated by a heterotrimeric G protein, and causes cell cycle arrest in the G1 interval. It is not clear whether PKC is involved in this pathway. The effects of overexpression of PKCs in mammalian cells have been widely studied to analyse the function of PKCs in vivo.

RESULTS

We isolated a human cDNA which encodes a protein kinase C type eta (PKC-eta) by complementation of pkc1 mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The human PKC-eta was able to complement the growth defect caused by the deletion of PKC1, whereas PKC-eta was unable to suppress the defect caused by deletion of BCK1. We also isolated human cDNAs that can suppress the adaptation defect of sst2. One of them encodes a protein kinase C type delta (PKC-delta). Expression of this gene in yeast stimulated an adaptation to the pheromone response. Human PKC-delta suppressed the adaptation defect of a pheromone receptor mutation lacking its C-terminal domain, but not that of a G protein beta-subunit mutation eliminating signal-induced phosphorylation, and not the lethality of the gpa1 null mutation. Moreover, overexpression of PKC-eta in NIH3T3 cells induced anchorage-independent growth.

CONCLUSIONS

PKC-eta has a biological activity which is closely related to Pkc1, and PKC-eta activates the Pkc1-mediated pathway through an activation of the Bck1 kinase that is a homologue of MAP kinase kinase kinase. PKC-eta appears to play a critical role in growth control of yeast and mammalian cells. Suppression experiments with PKC-delta suggest that PKC-delta desensitizes the pathway by regulating an aspect of G protein function.

Irradiation-enhanced binding of carboplatin to DNA

Carboplatin (3.6 mM) and salmon sperm DNA (3 micrograms), either double-stranded (dsDNA) or denatured single-stranded) (ssDNA), were irradiated (100 Gy) under hypoxic or oxic conditions. The drug and DNA were mixed either before, during, or after irradiation, and platinum binding to DNA was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Irradiation significantly increased the binding of carboplatin to dsDNA under hypoxic conditions, but did not increase the binding of carboplatin to ssDNA under similar hypoxic conditions. Irradiation did not result in an increased dsDNA-platinum binding under oxic conditions. When carboplatin was added to dsDNA immediately following irradiation of dsDNA, no increase in platinum binding was observed. When carboplatin and dsDNA were irradiated simultaneously but separately and then mixed there appears to be a slight increase in platinum binding, but it was not significant. Tetra-ammineplatinum (II) chloride, a non-cytotoxic platinum compound, did not show an increase in platinum-DNA binding following irradiation under hypoxic conditions. The results suggest that radiation-enhanced carboplatin binding to DNA might be at least partly responsible for radiosensitization by carboplatin, especially in a cell line sensitive to carboplatin.

Classic steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency caused by a C-->G transversion in exon 7 of CYP11B1

Steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency (11 beta OHD) is derived from mutations in the P45011 beta gene (CYP11B1) and inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. In the present study, we have performed a molecular genetic analysis of CYP11B1 in a Japanese patient clinically diagnosed as classic 11 beta OHD. Nucleotide sequencing of the PCR-amplified exons from the patient's genomic DNA reveals a unique C-->G transversion that converts codon 384 CGA (arginine) to GGA (glycine) in exon 7. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data demonstrate that the patient is homozygous for this mutation. When the full-length cDNA corresponding to CYP11B1 of the patient is transfected into COS-7 cells, no steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase activity is detectable in mitochondria of the cells. These results indicate that this point mutation completely abolishes P45011 beta activity and causes the classic 11 beta OHD.