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Rangel BS, Hammerschlag N, Martinelli LA, Moreira RG. Effects of urbanization on the nutritional ecology of a highly active coastal shark: Preliminary insights from trophic markers and body condition. Sci Total Environ 2022; 826:154082. [PMID: 35218820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic effects of coastal urbanization have dramatically impacted biological communities. Yet, few studies have investigated how urbanization can influence the diet quality and trophic ecology of coastal sharks. In a preliminary study, we examined for spatial variation in the nutritional ecology of a highly active marine predator, the blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus) exposed to regional differences in coastal urbanization in southeast Florida. We used medium-term nutritional indicators (i.e., body condition and whole blood stable isotopes [δ15N and δ13C]) and short-term dietary markers (i.e., plasma fatty acid profiles) to test the hypothesis that blacktip sharks sampled within highly urbanized areas (hereafter, 'urban sharks') would exhibit higher body condition, but lower diet quality, compared to conspecifics sampled in areas exposed to relatively low levels of urbanization (hereafter, 'urban sharks'). Our initial results showed that urban blacktip sharks exhibited relatively higher body condition, blood δ15N levels, and percentages of saturated fatty acids compared to non-urban sharks. Collectively, these results suggest a possible positive alteration in the amount of food consumed by blacktip sharks in the study region and/or in the caloric value of their prey. We also found lower percentages of bacterial markers and higher values of dinoflagellate markers in urban sharks. Accordingly, we did not detect an expected reduction in diet quality (in terms of essential fatty acids) in this highly active species exposed to urbanization, as has been previously reported in a resident shark species (Ginglymostoma cirratum). Therefore, it is possible that lifestyle and feeding behavior influence the quality of food consumed by urban sharks. We suspect that impacts of urbanization are more pronounced in resident, sedentary and benthic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Rangel
- Laboratório de Metabolismo e Reprodução de Organismos Aquáticos, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. Rua do Matão, travessa 14, 321, CEP 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Neil Hammerschlag
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA; Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Luiz A Martinelli
- Departamento de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13416-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Guimarães Moreira
- Laboratório de Metabolismo e Reprodução de Organismos Aquáticos, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. Rua do Matão, travessa 14, 321, CEP 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Souza JL, Moraes MT, Galera LA, Abdalla Filho AL, Navarro AB, Junior AA, Mazola YT, Alvarez DO, Camargo PB, Martinelli LA. Identifying the composition of commercial Brazilian cat food with stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2020; 56:346-357. [PMID: 32508164 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2020.1771331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Considering the increasing pet owner's concern about the food their pets are consuming, in this study we investigated the origin of the main ingredients in wet and dry foods produced in Brazil using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen. We concluded that chicken and pork seem to be the dominant ingredients in most of the samples, with larger proportions in wet cat food. Even in pet foods showing 'beef' as the main ingredient on the label, we found a low proportion of bovine products in both wet and dry cat foods. Comparing the contribution of plant-derived products (C3 and C4 plants) and animal-derived products (chicken-pork, bovine and fish), approximately 21 % of cat foods had more than 30 % of ingredients with plant origin in their composition. The high amount of plant-derived products in cat foods found here raises the question whether this should be mentioned on package labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina L Souza
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Moacir T Moraes
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Leonardo A Galera
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Adibe L Abdalla Filho
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana B Navarro
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alci Albiero Junior
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Yuniel T Mazola
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Dasiel O Alvarez
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Plínio B Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Luiz A Martinelli
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Marinho OA, Martinelli LA, Duarte-Neto PJ, Mazzi EA, King JY. Photodegradation influences litter decomposition rate in a humid tropical ecosystem, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 2020; 715:136601. [PMID: 32041036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar radiation in general and UV radiation in particular have been recognized to stimulate plant litter decomposition through photochemical mineralization of organic molecules such as lignin and through facilitation of microbial decomposition in dryland ecosystems. However, little is known about how photodegradation may influence decomposition in other ecosystems not subject to moisture limitations and under what conditions photodegradation may be favored. Decomposition in humid tropical ecosystems is a complex process, and it can be influenced by a number of environmental factors that are distinct from arid and semi-arid ecosystems. To assess the mechanisms underlying photodegradation by ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation in a humid tropical ecosystem, we designed a 300-day field experiment in a tropical site in Brazil with high levels of annual precipitation, compared to arid ecosystems, and exposed litter to three levels of radiation (full sun, UV-B removed, and shade) combined with a biocide treatment. Results show that after nearly one year of exposure, the microbial biomass was not affected by UV-B incidence, and this effect has not yet been fully understood for tropical ecosystems. Modeled using an exponential deceleration equation, the removal of UV-B radiation decelerated the plant litter decomposition rate for the control conditions by 21% compared to litter exposed to full sun. Interestingly, shaded litter exhibited similar mass loss compared to litter exposed to full sun. Furthermore, differences in the decay constant among radiation treatments due to the UV-B effect were independent of lignin loss. Overall, our study suggests that UV-B radiation contributed to plant litter decomposition through carbon losses but had no discernible effect on nitrogen, lignin, or cellulose loss specifically. Importantly, our results demonstrate that photodegradation occurs under humid tropical conditions, and further studies are necessary to examine the mechanisms of carbon loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmarina A Marinho
- Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970, Brazil.
| | - Luiz A Martinelli
- Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo J Duarte-Neto
- Department of Statistics and Informatics, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Edmar A Mazzi
- Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Y King
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060, USA
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Martinelli LA, Nardoto GB, Perez MAZ, Junior GA, Fracassi FC, Oliveira JGG, Ottani IS, Lima SH, Mazzi EA, Gomes TF, Soltangheisi A, Filho ALA, Mariano E, Costa FJV, Duarte-Neto PJ, Moreira MZ, Camargo PB. Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Food and Beverage in Brazil. Molecules 2020; 25:E1457. [PMID: 32213848 PMCID: PMC7146444 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several previous studies on targeted food items using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in Brazil have revealed that many of the items investigated are adulterated; mislabeled or even fraud. Here, we present the first Brazilian isotopic baseline assessment that can be used not only in future forensic cases involving food authenticity, but also in human forensic anthropology studies. The δ13C and δ15N were determined in 1245 food items and 374 beverages; most of them made in Brazil. The average δ13C and δ15N of C3 plants were -26.7 ± 1.5‱, and 3.9 ± 3.9‱, respectively, while the average δ13C and δ15N of C4 plants were -11.5 ± 0.8‱ and 4.6 ± 2.6‱, respectively. The δ13C and δ15N of plant-based processed foods were -21.8 ± 4.8‱ and 3.9 ± 2.7‱, respectively. The average δ13C and δ15N of meat, including beef, poultry, pork and lamb were -16.6 ± 4.7‱, and 5.2 ± 2.6‱, respectively, while the δ13C and δ15N of animal-based processed foods were -17.9 ± 3.3‱ and 3.3 ± 3.5‱, respectively. The average δ13C of beverages, including beer and wine was -22.5 ± 3.1‱. We verified that C-C4 constitutes a large proportion of fresh meat, dairy products, as well as animal and plant-based processed foods. The reasons behind this high proportion will be addressed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz A. Martinelli
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
| | - Gabriela B. Nardoto
- Ecology Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília CEP 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Maria A. Z. Perez
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
| | - Geraldo Arruda Junior
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
| | - Fabiana C. Fracassi
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
| | - Juliana G. G. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
| | - Isadora S. Ottani
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
| | - Sarah H. Lima
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
| | - Edmar A. Mazzi
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
| | - Taciana F. Gomes
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
| | - Amin Soltangheisi
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
| | - Adibe L. Abdalla Filho
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
| | - Eduardo Mariano
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
| | - Fabio J. V. Costa
- National Institute of Criminalistics, Federal Police, Asa Sul, Brasília CEP 70610-200, Brazil;
| | - Paulo J. Duarte-Neto
- Department of Statistics and Informatics, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Manuel de Medeiros, 35, Dois Irmãos, Recife CEP 52171-050, Brazil;
| | - Marcelo Z. Moreira
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
| | - Plinio B. Camargo
- Laboratory of Isotope Ecology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, SP, Brazil; (M.A.Z.P.); (G.A.J.); (F.C.F.); (J.G.G.O.); (I.S.O.); (S.H.L.); (E.A.M.); (T.F.G.); (A.S.); (A.L.A.F.); (E.M.); (M.Z.M.); (P.B.C.)
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Muñoz‐Lazo FJJ, Franco‐Trecu V, Naya DE, Martinelli LA, Cruz‐Neto AP. Trophic niche changes associated with habitat fragmentation in a Neotropical bat species. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J. J. Muñoz‐Lazo
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro SP Brasil
| | - Valentina Franco‐Trecu
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de la República Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Daniel E. Naya
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de la República Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Luiz A. Martinelli
- Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica Centro de Energia Nuclear para a Agricultura (CENA) Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Piracicaba SP Brasil
| | - Ariovaldo P. Cruz‐Neto
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro SP Brasil
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de Sousa Rangel B, Hussey NE, Gomes AD, Rodrigues A, Martinelli LA, Moreira RG. Resource partitioning between two young-of-year cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus and R. brasiliensis within a communal nursery inferred by trophic biomarkers. J Fish Biol 2019; 94:781-788. [PMID: 30868595 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although interspecific trophic interactions plays a principal role within elasmobranch communal nurseries, little is known over variation in foraging strategies adopted by young-of-year of sympatric species. To test the hypothesis of dietary resource partitioning between batoids within a communal nursery, we investigated two cownose ray species, Rhinoptera bonasus and R. brasiliensis, which occur in heterospecific groups, a strategy predicted to increase survival and foraging success. Using two biochemical tracers, fatty acids (FA) and stable isotopes (δ15 N and δ13 C), the combined effects of maternal investment and the formation of heterospecific groups implying competition for, or partitioning of available food resources were investigated. Through univariate and multivariate analyses of biochemical tracers in several tissues (fin clip, muscle, liver, red blood cells; RBC) and plasma, our results revealed significant interspecific differences in tracers between the two species. Total FAs (∑saturated FA, ∑monounsaturated FA and ∑polyunsaturated FA) and trophic biomarkers (i.e., docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, oleic acid and δ15 N) were the principle tracers responsible for the differences detected. These data revealed that R. brasiliensis was less enriched in physiologically important essential FAs than R. bonasus. Our findings suggest that these congeneric species differ in maternal investment strategy and moderately partition food resources over relatively fine spatial scales within a single nursery habitat to limit competition. These results provide further knowledge on the foraging strategies adopted by batoids in communal nursery areas, information that is required for improving spatial conservation and management planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca de Sousa Rangel
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Metabolismo e Reprodução de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nigel E Hussey
- University of Windsor - Biological Sciences, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aline D Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Metabolismo e Reprodução de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Martinelli
- Departamento de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Guimarães Moreira
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Metabolismo e Reprodução de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Taniwaki RH, Matthaei CD, Cardoso TKM, Ferraz SFB, Martinelli LA, Piggott JJ. The effect of agriculture on the seasonal dynamics and functional diversity of benthic biofilm in tropical headwater streams. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H. Taniwaki
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; Universidade de São Paulo; Piracicaba Brazil
- Centro de Engenharia; Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas; Universidade Federal do ABC; Santo André Brazil
| | | | - Tatima K. M. Cardoso
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; Universidade de São Paulo; Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Silvio F. B. Ferraz
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; Universidade de São Paulo; Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Luiz A. Martinelli
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura; Universidade de São Paulo; Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Jeremy J. Piggott
- Department of Zoology and Trinity Centre for the Environment; School of Natural Sciences; Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
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Houlton BZ, Almaraz M, Aneja V, Austin AT, Bai E, Cassman KG, Compton JE, Davidson EA, Erisman JW, Galloway JN, Gu B, Yao G, Martinelli LA, Scow K, Schlesinger WH, Tomich TP, Wang C, Zhang X. A world of co-benefits: Solving the global nitrogen challenge. Earths Future 2019; 7:1-8. [PMID: 31501769 PMCID: PMC6733275 DOI: 10.1029/2019ef001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is a critical component of the economy, food security, and planetary health. Many of the world's sustainability targets hinge on global nitrogen solutions, which, in turn, contribute lasting benefits for: (i) world hunger; (ii) soil, air and water quality; (iii) climate change mitigation; and (iv) biodiversity conservation. Balancing the projected rise in agricultural nitrogen demands while achieving these 21st century ideals will require policies to coordinate solutions among technologies, consumer choice, and socioeconomic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Z. Houlton
- John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, USA
- corresponding author email address,
| | - Maya Almaraz
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Viney Aneja
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, USA
| | - Amy T. Austin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol ogicas y Ecol ogicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edith Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | | | - Jana E. Compton
- Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, USA
| | - Eric A. Davidson
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, USA
| | - Jan Willem Erisman
- Department of Earth Sciences, VU Amsterdam and Louis Bolk Institute, Netherlands
| | | | - Baojing Gu
- School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Guolin Yao
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, USA
| | - Luiz A. Martinelli
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Univesidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kate Scow
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - Thomas P. Tomich
- Agricultural Sustainability Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, USA
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Roy ED, Richards PD, Martinelli LA, Coletta LD, Lins SRM, Vazquez FF, Willig E, Spera SA, VanWey LK, Porder S. The phosphorus cost of agricultural intensification in the tropics. Nat Plants 2016; 2:16043. [PMID: 27243646 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification in the tropics is one way to meet rising global food demand in coming decades(1,2). Although this strategy can potentially spare land from conversion to agriculture(3), it relies on large material inputs. Here we quantify one such material cost, the phosphorus fertilizer required to intensify global crop production atop phosphorus-fixing soils and achieve yields similar to productive temperate agriculture. Phosphorus-fixing soils occur mainly in the tropics, and render added phosphorus less available to crops(4,5). We estimate that intensification of the 8-12% of global croplands overlying phosphorus-fixing soils in 2005 would require 1-4 Tg P yr(-1) to overcome phosphorus fixation, equivalent to 8-25% of global inorganic phosphorus fertilizer consumption that year. This imposed phosphorus 'tax' is in addition to phosphorus added to soils and subsequently harvested in crops, and doubles (2-7 Tg P yr(-1)) for scenarios of cropland extent in 2050(6). Our estimates are informed by local-, state- and national-scale investigations in Brazil, where, more than any other tropical country, low-yielding agriculture has been replaced by intensive production. In the 11 major Brazilian agricultural states, the surplus of added inorganic fertilizer phosphorus retained by soils post harvest is strongly correlated with the fraction of cropland overlying phosphorus-fixing soils (r(2) = 0.84, p < 0.001). Our interviews with 49 farmers in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, which produces 8% of the world's soybeans mostly on phosphorus-fixing soils, suggest this phosphorus surplus is required even after three decades of high phosphorus inputs. Our findings in Brazil highlight the need for better understanding of long-term soil phosphorus fixation elsewhere in the tropics. Strategies beyond liming, which is currently widespread in Brazil, are needed to reduce phosphorus retention by phosphorus-fixing soils to better manage the Earth's finite phosphate rock supplies and move towards more sustainable agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Roy
- Institute at Brown for Environment &Society, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Peter D Richards
- Institute at Brown for Environment &Society, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Bureau for Food Security, United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC 20523, USA
| | - Luiz A Martinelli
- Department of Isotopic Ecology, CENA, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13416-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Della Coletta
- Department of Isotopic Ecology, CENA, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13416-000, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Ferraz Vazquez
- Department of Economics, State University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Mato Grosso 78550-000, Brazil
| | - Edwin Willig
- Department of Earth, Environmental, &Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Stephanie A Spera
- Institute at Brown for Environment &Society, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Department of Earth, Environmental, &Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Leah K VanWey
- Institute at Brown for Environment &Society, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Department of Sociology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Stephen Porder
- Institute at Brown for Environment &Society, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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11
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Silva DML, Camargo PB, McDowell WH, Vieira I, Salomão MSMB, Martinelli LA. Influence of land use changes on water chemistry in streams in the State of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2013. [PMID: 23207700 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652012000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streamwater is affected by several processes in the watershed including anthropogenic activities that result in changes in water quality as well as in the functioning of these stream ecosystems. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the concentration of major ions (Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Na(+), K(+), NH4(+), NO3(-), NO2(-), Cl(-), SO4(2-), PO4(3-), HCO3(-)) in streams in the state of São Paulo (southeast Brazil). The sampling sites are located at undisturbed (ombrophilus dense forest, semideciduous forest and savanna - cerrado) and disturbed areas (pasture, urbanization and sugar cane crops). Streamwater chemistry varied according to land use change and, in general, was higher in disturbed sites. Streams located in undisturbed sites at Ribeira de Iguape/Alto Paranapanema watershed (streams 1, 2 and 3) seem to be regulated by soil characteristics, as the disturbed streams located at the same watershed covered by pasture (stream 7) showed high concentration for the most of the variables. Exception to streams located at Pontal do Paranapanema watershed where both disturbed (stream 8) and undisturbed streams (stream 4 and 5) presented similar patterns for almost all variables measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M L Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil.
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12
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Villela DM, Mattos EAD, Pinto AS, Vieira SA, Martinelli LA. Carbon and nitrogen stock and fluxes in coastal Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil: potential impacts of climate change on biogeochemical functioning. BRAZ J BIOL 2013; 72:633-42. [PMID: 23011294 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842012000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Atlantic Forest is one of the most important biomes of Brazil. Originally covering approximately 1.5 million of km², today this area has been reduced to 12% of its original size. Climate changes may alter the structure and the functioning of this tropical forest. Here we explore how increases in temperature and changes in precipitation distribution could affect dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in coastal Atlantic Forest of the southeast region of Brazil The main conclusion of this article is that the coastal Atlantic Forest has high stocks of carbon and nitrogen above ground, and especially, below ground. An increase in temperature may transform these forests from important carbon sinks to carbon sources by increasing loss of carbon and nitrogen to the atmosphere. However, this conclusion should be viewed with caution because it is based on limited information. Therefore, more studies are urgently needed to enable us to make more accurate predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Villela
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
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13
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Cerri CEP, Demattě JAM, Ballester MVR, Martinelli LA, Victoria RL, Roose E. GIS EROSION RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE PIRACICABA RIVER BASIN, SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/07493878.2001.10642173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. P. Cerri
- a Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ) , Universidade de São Paulo , 13416-000, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A. M. Demattě
- a Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ) , Universidade de São Paulo , 13416-000, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria V. R. Ballester
- b Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura , Universidade de São Paulo , 13416-970, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A. Martinelli
- b Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura , Universidade de São Paulo , 13416-970, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reynaldo L. Victoria
- b Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura , Universidade de São Paulo , 13416-970, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Roose
- c L'Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Děveloppement en Coopération (ORSTOM), LCSC , F34032, Montpellier, France
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Austin AT, Bustamante MMC, Nardoto GB, Mitre SK, Pérez T, Ometto JPHB, Ascarrunz NL, Forti MC, Longo K, Gavito ME, Enrich-Prast A, Martinelli LA. Environment. Latin America's nitrogen challenge. Science 2013; 340:149. [PMID: 23580515 DOI: 10.1126/science.1231679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A T Austin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFEVA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Martinelli LA, Filoso S, Aranha CDB, Ferraz SFB, Andrade TMB, Ravagnani EDC, Coletta LD, Camargo PBD. Water Use in Sugar and Ethanol Industry in the State of São Paulo (Southeast Brazil). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jsbs.2013.32019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vieira SA, Alves LF, Duarte-Neto PJ, Martins SC, Veiga LG, Scaranello MA, Picollo MC, Camargo PB, do Carmo JB, Neto ES, Santos FAM, Joly CA, Martinelli LA. Stocks of carbon and nitrogen and partitioning between above- and belowground pools in the Brazilian coastal Atlantic Forest elevation range. Ecol Evol 2012; 1:421-34. [PMID: 22393511 PMCID: PMC3287305 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We estimated carbon and nitrogen stocks in aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB) along an elevation range in forest sites located on the steep slopes of the Serra do Mar on the north coast of the State of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. In elevations of 100 m (lowland), 400 m (submontane), and 1000 m (montane) four 1-ha plots were established, and above- (live and dead) and belowground (live and dead) biomass were determined. Carbon and nitrogen concentrations in each compartment were determined and used to convert biomass into carbon and nitrogen stocks. The carbon aboveground stock (CAGB) varied along the elevation range from approximately 110 to 150 Mg·ha−1, and nitrogen aboveground stock (NAGB), varied from approximately 1.0 to 1.9 Mg·ha−1. The carbon belowground stock (CBGB) and the nitrogen belowground stock (NBGB) were significantly higher than the AGB and varied along the elevation range from approximately 200–300 Mg·ha−1, and from 14 to 20 Mg·ha−1, respectively. Finally, the total carbon stock (CTOTAL) varied from approximately 320 to 460 Mg·ha−1, and the nitrogen total stock (NTOTAL) from approximately 15 to 22 Mg·ha−1. Most of the carbon and nitrogen stocks were found belowground and not aboveground as normally found in lowland tropical forests. The above- and belowground stocks, and consequently, the total stocks of carbon and nitrogen increased significantly with elevation. As the soil and air temperature also decreased significantly with elevation, we found a significantly inverse relationship between carbon and nitrogen stocks and temperature. Using this inverse relationship, we made a first approach estimate that an increase of 1°C in soil temperature would decrease the carbon and nitrogen stocks in approximately 17 Mg·ha−1 and 1 Mg·ha−1 of carbon and nitrogen, respectively.
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17
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Martinelli LA, Pinto AS, Nardoto GB, Ometto JPHB, Filoso S, Coletta LD, Ravagnani EC. Nitrogen mass balance in the Brazilian Amazon: an update. BRAZ J BIOL 2012; 72:683-90. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842012000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to perform a nitrogen budget survey for the entire Brazilian Amazon region. The main inputs of nitrogen to the region are biological nitrogen fixation occurring in tropical forests (7.7 Tg.yr-1), and biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural lands mainly due to the cultivation of a large area with soybean, which is an important nitrogen-fixing crop (1.68 Tg.yr-1). The input due to the use of N fertilizers (0.48 Tg.yr-1) is still incipient compared to the other two inputs mentioned above. The major output flux is the riverine flux, equal to 2.80 Tg.yr-1 and export related to foodstuff, mainly the transport of soybean and beef to other parts of the country. The continuous population growth and high rate of urbanization may pose new threats to the nitrogen cycle of the region through the burning of fossil fuel and dumping of raw domestic sewage in rivers and streams of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - AS Pinto
- Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - JPHB Ometto
- International Geosphere Biosphere Programme; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil
| | - S Filoso
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, United States of America
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18
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Martinelli LA, Nardoto GB, Chesson LA, Rinaldi FD, Ometto JPH, Cerling TE, Ehleringer JR. Worldwide stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of Big Mac® patties: An example of a truly “glocal” food. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Manetta GI, Bialetzki A, Martinelli LA, Benedito E. Variability in the trophic position of larval fishes in the upper Paraná floodplain based on δ15N. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2011; 83:567-74. [PMID: 21670879 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652011000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper Paraná River floodplain is composed of several marginal lagoons, making it a natural breeding ground for many fish species at developmental stages. The aim of this study is to estimate the trophic positions of these fishes based on feed intake (measured via diet) and nitrogen assimilation (measured via δ(15)N). The monthly samplings were concentrated during the spawning season in the Ivinheima River, which is located in the upper Paraná River floodplain. The specimens were grouped into preflexion, flexion and postflexion stages. Trophic positions were estimated based on the isotope value of nitrogen and on diet. During the developmental stages of P. squamosissimus, there were significant differences in the isotope values of δ(15)N; for H. edentatus, however, no significant differences were found. During the developmental stages, both species were classified as either at or above the third trophic level. Once this information is obtained for other species and components of the ecosystem, it will not only provide a more precise view of the energy allocation and flow in the ecosystem, but will also make possible for management measures to promote sustainability in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine I Manetta
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR, Brasil
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20
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Nardoto GB, Murrieta RSS, Prates LEG, Adams C, Garavello MEPE, Schor T, De Moraes A, Rinaldi FD, Gragnani JG, Moura EAF, Duarte-Neto PJ, Martinelli LA. Frozen chicken for wild fish: nutritional transition in the Brazilian Amazon region determined by carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in fingernails. Am J Hum Biol 2011; 23:642-50. [PMID: 21630371 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Amazonian populations are experiencing dietary changes characteristic of the nutrition transition. However, the degree of change appears to vary between urban and rural settings. To investigate this process, we determined carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in fingernails and dietary intake of Amazonian populations living along a rural to urban continuum along the Solimões River in Brazil. METHODS Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios were analyzed from the fingernails of 431 volunteer subjects living in different settings ranging from rural villages, small towns to urban centers along the Solimões River. Data from 200 dietary intake surveys were also collected using food frequency questionnaires and 24-h recall interviews in an effort to determine qualitative aspects of diet composition. RESULTS Fingernail δ(13) C values (mean ± standard deviation) were -23.2 ± 1.3, -20.2 ± 1.5, and -17.4 ± 1.3‰ and δ(15) N values were 11.8 ± 0.6, 10.4 ± 0.8, and 10.8 ± 0.7‰ for those living in rural villages, small towns, and major cities, respectively. We found a gradual increase in the number of food items derived from C(4) plant types (meat and sugar) and the replacement of food items derived from C(3) plant types (fish and manioc flour) with increasing size of urban centers. CONCLUSION Increasing urbanization in the Brazilian Amazon is associated with a significant change in food habits with processed and industrialized products playing an increasingly important role in the diet and contributing to the nutrition transition in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela B Nardoto
- CENA, Universidade de São Paulo, Campus de Piracicaba, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil.
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Martinelli LA, Coletta LD, Ravagnani EC, Camargo PB, Ometto JPHB, Filoso S, Victoria RL. Dissolved nitrogen in rivers: comparing pristine and impacted regions of Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2010; 70:709-22. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842010000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Riverine nitrogen distribution is increasingly controlled by anthropogenic activities in their watersheds, regardless of spatial scale, climate, and geographical zone. Consequently, modelling efforts to predict the export of nitrogen from rivers worldwide have used attributes such as population density, land use, urbanization and sanitation. These models have greatly enhanced our understanding of the sources and fate of nitrogen added to terrestrial systems and transported to rivers and streams, especially for developed countries of the North temperate zone. However, much of the world's population lives in developing countries of the tropics, where the effects of human activities on riverine N exports are still poorly understood. In an effort to close this gap, we compare riverine nitrogen data from 32 Brazilian rivers draining two contrasting regions in this tropical country in terms of economic development - the State of São Paulo and the Amazon. Our data include nitrogen in different dissolved forms, such as Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) and Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON). The results show that nitrogen concentrations decreased as river runoff increased in both study areas, and that concentrations were significantly higher in rivers draining the most economically developed region. The relationships between nitrogen concentrations and fluxes with demographic parameters such as population density were also determined and compared to those in temperate systems. In contrast to temperate watersheds, we found that nitrogen fluxes increased only after population densities were higher than 10 individuals per km².
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - JPHB. Ometto
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil
| | - S. Filoso
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, USA
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23
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Vitousek PM, Naylor R, Crews T, David MB, Drinkwater LE, Holland E, Johnes PJ, Katzenberger J, Martinelli LA, Matson PA, Nziguheba G, Ojima D, Palm CA, Robertson GP, Sanchez PA, Townsend AR, Zhang FS. Agriculture. Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development. Science 2009. [PMID: 19541981 DOI: 10.1126/science.ll70261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Vitousek
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Lopes CA, Benedito E, Martinelli LA. Trophic position of bottom-feeding fish in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. BRAZ J BIOL 2009; 69:573-581. [PMID: 19738964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The delta15N composition of bottom-feeding fish (iliophagous = Apareiodon affinis, Cyphocharax nagelii, Prochilodus lineatus, Steindachnerina brevipinna and S. insculpta; detritivorous = Loricariichthys platymetopon and Liposarcus anisitsi; benthophagous = Satanoperca pappaterra and Hoplosternum littorale) and their primary food sources were investigated in the upper Paraná River floodplain during rainy seasons in different environments (lotic and lentic). Two hypotheses were tested: i) that the trophic position and isotopic values of the investigated organisms (fish and food resources) vary spatially; and ii) that trophic position and isotopic compositions differ among iliophagous, detritivorous and benthophagous fish. C4 macrophytes, periphyton and phytoplankton were isotopically different in sites analyzed. Significant isotopic differences occurred in the species of each trophic category. Spatial differences were observed in the isotopic composition of P. lineatus and L. platymetopon, whose values were more enriched in the Paraná River and Pau Véio Lake. Significant spatial differences in trophic position were observed for L. platymetopon and H. littorale, which presented the highest values in the Paraná and Baía rivers, respectively. Trophic positions were significantly different among the species that composed each trophic category. These findings demonstrate that in energy-flow studies in detrital food chains generalizations concerning the grouping of fish into trophic categories and/or habitats should only be carried out after careful investigations of the local/specific trophic dynamics of the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais-PEA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá-UEM, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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25
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Abstract
1. Many natural populations exploiting a wide range of resources are actually composed of relatively specialized individuals. 2. This interindividual variation is thought to be a consequence of the invasion of 'empty' niches in depauperate communities, generally in temperate regions. If individual niches are constrained by functional trade-offs, the expansion of the population niche is only achieved by an increase in interindividual variation, consistent with the 'niche variation hypothesis'. 3. According to this hypothesis, we should not expect interindividual variation in species belonging to highly diverse, packed communities. 4. In the present study, we measured the degree of interindividual diet variation in four species of frogs of the highly diverse Brazilian Cerrado, using both gut contents and delta(13)C stable isotopes. 5. We found evidence of significant diet variation in the four species, indicating that this phenomenon is not restricted to depauperate communities in temperate regions. 6. The lack of correlations between the frogs' morphology and diet indicate that trade-offs do not depend on the morphological characters measured here and are probably not biomechanical. The nature of the trade-offs remains unknown, but are likely to be cognitive or physiological. 7. Finally, we found a positive correlation between the population niche width and the degree of diet variation, but a null model showed that this correlation can be generated by individuals sampling randomly from a common set of resources. Therefore, albeit consistent with, our results cannot be taken as evidence in favour of the niche variation hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Araújo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
Several geopolitical factors, aggravated by worries of global warming, have been fueling the search for and production of renewable energy worldwide for the past few years. Such demand for renewable energy is likely to benefit the sugarcane ethanol industry in Brazil, not only because sugarcane ethanol has a positive energetic balance and relatively low production costs, but also because Brazilian ethanol has been successfully produced and used as biofuel in the country since the 1970s. However, environmental and social impacts associated with ethanol production in Brazil can become important obstacles to sustainable biofuel production worldwide. Atmospheric pollution from burning of sugarcane for harvesting, degradation of soils and aquatic systems, and the exploitation of cane cutters are among the issues that deserve immediate attention from the Brazilian government and international societies. The expansion of sugarcane crops to the areas presently cultivated for soybeans also represent an environmental threat, because it may increase deforestation pressure from soybean crops in the Amazon region. In this paper, we discuss environmental and social issues linked to the expansion of sugarcane in Brazil for ethanol production, and we provide recommendations to help policy makers and the Brazilian government establish new initiatives to produce a code for ethanol production that is environmentally sustainable and economically fair. Recommendations include proper planning and environmental risk assessments for the expansion of sugarcane to new regions such as Central Brazil, improvement of land use practices to reduce soil erosion and nitrogen pollution, proper protection of streams and riparian ecosystems, banning of sugarcane burning practices, and fair working conditions for sugarcane cutters. We also support the creation of a more constructive approach for international stakeholders and trade organizations to promote sustainable development for biofuel production in developing countries such as Brazil. Finally, we support the inclusion of environmental values in the price of biofuels in order to discourage excessive replacement of natural ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, and pasture by bioenergy crops.
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Galloway JN, Townsend AR, Erisman JW, Bekunda M, Cai Z, Freney JR, Martinelli LA, Seitzinger SP, Sutton MA. Transformation of the Nitrogen Cycle: Recent Trends, Questions, and Potential Solutions. Science 2008; 320:889-92. [PMID: 18487183 DOI: 10.1126/science.1136674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2126] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James N Galloway
- Environmental Sciences Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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Davidson EA, de Carvalho CJR, Figueira AM, Ishida FY, Ometto JPHB, Nardoto GB, Sabá RT, Hayashi SN, Leal EC, Vieira ICG, Martinelli LA. Recuperation of nitrogen cycling in Amazonian forests following agricultural abandonment. Nature 2007; 447:995-8. [PMID: 17581583 DOI: 10.1038/nature05900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is generally considered the most common limiting nutrient for productivity of mature tropical lowland forests growing on highly weathered soils. It is often assumed that P limitation also applies to young tropical forests, but nitrogen (N) losses during land-use change may alter the stoichiometric balance of nutrient cycling processes. In the Amazon basin, about 16% of the original forest area has been cleared, and about 30-50% of cleared land is estimated now to be in some stage of secondary forest succession following agricultural abandonment. Here we use forest age chronosequences to demonstrate that young successional forests growing after agricultural abandonment on highly weathered lowland tropical soils exhibit conservative N-cycling properties much like those of N-limited forests on younger soils in temperate latitudes. As secondary succession progresses, N-cycling properties recover and the dominance of a conservative P cycle typical of mature lowland tropical forests re-emerges. These successional shifts in N:P cycling ratios with forest age provide a mechanistic explanation for initially lower and then gradually increasing soil emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N(2)O). The patterns of N and P cycling during secondary forest succession, demonstrated here over decadal timescales, are similar to N- and P-cycling patterns during primary succession as soils age over thousands and millions of years, thus revealing that N availability in terrestrial ecosystems is ephemeral and can be disrupted by either natural or anthropogenic disturbances at several timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Davidson
- The Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540-1644, USA.
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Shibuya EK, Sarkis JES, Negrini-Neto O, Martinelli LA. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes as indicative of geographical origin of marijuana samples seized in the city of São Paulo (Brazil). Forensic Sci Int 2007; 167:8-15. [PMID: 16846711 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 05/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The drug trafficking is one of the most serious problems related to the Public Safety in Brazil, especially in the most populous areas of the country, as is the case of the city of São Paulo. In this work, it was developed a methodology that can help tracking the traffic routes of marijuana samples seized in the city of São Paulo, based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes, which are related to the climate and plant growth conditions. A model to classify the origin of unknown samples was built using linear discriminant analysis based on about 150 samples apprehended in the main producing regions of the country. Results for 76 samples seized in the city of São Paulo showed that most of them were cultivated in a humid region with the same origin as those from Mato Grosso do Sul. The provenance of 13 outliers samples from Northeast region (an important producing region) also were evaluated and some of them presented same profile of those from Mato Grosso do Sul, pointing to the existence of the traffic routes between the Northeast and Midwest region, probably as a consequence of the intensive field raids by Brazilian Federal Government since 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa K Shibuya
- Laboratório de Caracterização Química e Isotópica, Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. Lineu Prestes 2242, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo/SP CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Cançado JED, Saldiva PHN, Pereira LAA, Lara LBLS, Artaxo P, Martinelli LA, Arbex MA, Zanobetti A, Braga ALF. The impact of sugar cane-burning emissions on the respiratory system of children and the elderly. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114:725-9. [PMID: 16675427 PMCID: PMC1459926 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the influence of emissions from burning sugar cane on the respiratory system during almost 1 year in the city of Piracicaba in southeast Brazil. From April 1997 through March 1998, samples of inhalable particles were collected, separated into fine and coarse particulate mode, and analyzed for black carbon and tracer elements. At the same time, we examined daily records of children (<13 years of age) and elderly people (>64 years of age) admitted to the hospital because of respiratory diseases. Generalized linear models were adopted with natural cubic splines to control for season and linear terms to control for weather. Analyses were carried out for the entire period, as well as for burning and nonburning periods. Additional models were built using three factors obtained from factor analysis instead of particles or tracer elements. Increases of 10.2 microg/m3 in particles<or=2.5 microm/m3 aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and 42.9 microg/m3 in PM10 were associated with increases of 21.4% [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.3-38.5] and 31.03% (95% CI, 1.25-60.21) in child and elderly respiratory hospital admissions, respectively. When we compared periods, the effects during the burning period were much higher than the effects during nonburning period. Elements generated from sugar cane burning (factor 1) were those most associated with both child and elderly respiratory admissions. Our results show the adverse impact of sugar cane burning emissions on the health of the population, reinforcing the need for public efforts to reduce and eventually eliminate this source of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E D Cançado
- Environmental Epidemiology Study Group, Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Nardoto GB, Silva S, Kendall C, Ehleringer JR, Chesson LA, Ferraz ESB, Moreira MZ, Ometto JPHB, Martinelli LA. Geographical patterns of human diet derived from stable-isotope analysis of fingernails. Am J Phys Anthropol 2006; 131:137-46. [PMID: 16552735 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of human fingernails were measured in 490 individuals in the western US and 273 individuals in southeastern Brazil living in urban areas, and 53 individuals living in a moderately isolated area in the central Amazon region of Brazil and consuming mostly locally grown foods. In addition, we measured the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of common food items to assess the extent to which these isotopic signatures remain distinct for people eating both omnivorous and vegetarian diets and living in different parts of the world, and the extent to which dietary information can be interpreted from these analyses. Fingernail delta13C values (mean +/- standard deviation) were -15.4 +/- 1.0 and -18.8 +/- 0.8 per thousand and delta15N values were 10.4 +/- 0.7 and 9.4 +/- 0.6 per thousand for southeastern Brazil and western US populations, respectively. Despite opportunities for a "global supermarket" effect to swamp out carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in these two urbanized regions of the world, differences in the fingernail isotope ratios between southeastern Brazil and western US populations persisted, and appeared to be more associated with regional agricultural and animal production practices. Omnivores and vegetarians from Brazil and the US were isotopically distinct, both within and between regions. In a comparison of fingernails of individuals from an urban city and isolated communities in the Amazonian region, the urban region was similar to southeastern Brazil, whereas individuals from isolated nonurban communities showed distinctive isotopic values consistent with their diets and with the isotopic values of local foods. Although there is a tendency for a "global supermarket" diet, carbon and nitrogen isotopes of human fingernails hold dietary information directly related to both food sources and dietary practices in a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela B Nardoto
- Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura-Universidade de São Paulo, 13416-000 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ometto JPHB, Nobre AD, Rocha HR, Artaxo P, Martinelli LA. Amazonia and the modern carbon cycle: lessons learned. Oecologia 2005; 143:483-500. [PMID: 15800745 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review some critical issues regarding carbon cycling in Amazonia, as revealed by several studies conducted in the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA). We evaluate both the contribution of this magnificent biome for the global net primary productivity/net ecosystem exchange (NPP/NEE) and the feedbacks of climate change on the dynamics of Amazonia. In order to place Amazonia in a global perspective and make the carbon flux obtained through the LBA project comparable with global carbon budgets, we extrapolated NPP/NEE values found by LBA studies to the entire area of the Brazilian Amazon covered by rainforest. The carbon emissions due to land use changes for the tropical regions of the world produced values from 0.96 to 2.4 Pg C year(-1), while atmospheric CO2 inversion models have recently indicated that tropical lands in the Americas could be exchanging a net 0.62+/-1.15 Pg C year(-1) with the atmosphere. The difference calculated from these two methods would imply a local sink of approximately 1.6-1.7 Pg C year(-1), or a source of 0.85 ton C ha(-1) year(-1). Using our crude extrapolation of LBA values for the Amazon forests (5 million km2) we estimate a range for the C flux in the region of -3.0 to 0.75 Pg C year(-1). The exercise here does not account for environmental variability across the region, but it is an important driver for present and future studies linking local process (i.e. nutrient availability, photosynthetic capacity, and so forth) to global and regional dynamic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre H B Ometto
- Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica-CENA/USP, Av. Centenário, 303, 13416-000, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Martinelli LA, Gat JR, de Camargo PB, Lara LL, Ometto JPHB. The Piracicaba River basin: isotope hydrology of a tropical river basin under anthropogenic stress. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2004; 40:45-56. [PMID: 15085983 DOI: 10.1080/10256010310001652016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The stable isotope content of samples of precipitation and of the river water throughout the Piracicaba basin in Brazil was measured over a two-year period. The isotope values of precipitation follow a consistent pattern of relatively depleted values of both deuterium and oxygen 18 during the rainy summers and enriched ones during the dry winters, with all values aligned slightly above the Global Meteoric Water Line. The isotopic composition of the river water throughout the basin shows a remarkable spatial coherence and much smaller scatter of data than those of the precipitation. The isotope composition of river water is close to that of the precipitation in the rainy season, however, with a consistent lower d-excess value by 1/1000-2/1000. This is attributed to evaporative water loss in the basin, in part an expression of the recycling of water due to the anthropogenic activity in the region. The more divergent values are recorded during high-water stages in the rivers. In many cases, the floods during the beginning of the rainy season are characterized by an enrichment of the heavy isotopes and lower d-excess values when compared to the precipitation, with the opposite situation later in the rainy season. This is interpreted as resulting from the watershed/riverflow interaction pattern, and it thus suggests that the isotope composition can monitor the hydrologic situation in the basin and its changes.
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Martinelli LA, Moreira MZ, Ometto JPHB, Alcarde AR, Rizzon LA, Stange E, Ehleringer JR. Stable carbon isotopic composition of the wine and CO2 bubbles of sparkling wines: detecting C4 sugar additions. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51:2625-2631. [PMID: 12696948 DOI: 10.1021/jf026088c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sparkling wines have become a popular beverage in recent years, and the production of these wines is subject to adulteration during fermentation. This study investigated the stable carbon isotopic composition (expressed as delta(13)C) of the wine and of the CO(2) bubbles produced during the second fermentation for a number of sparkling wines produced in different countries around the world. Carbon isotope ratio analyses were used to estimate the addition of sugar obtained from C(4) plants (sugar cane or corn). The average delta(13)C values of the Brazilian brut, demi-sec, and doux sparkling wines were -20.5 +/- 1.2 per thousand (n = 18), -18.1 +/- 1.3 per thousand (n = 9), and -15.8 per thousand (n = 1), respectively. These values were statistically heavier (more positive carbon isotope ratio values) than the average delta(13)C of sparkling wines produced in other parts of South America (Argentina and Chile, -26.1 +/- 1.6 per thousand, n = 5) and Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, -25.5 +/- 1.2 per thousand, n = 12), but not statistically different from sparkling wines produced in the United States or Australia. The most likely explanation for differences in the carbon isotope ratios of wines from these different regions is the addition of C(4) sugar during the production of some sparkling wines from Australia, Brazil, and the United States. The isotopic composition of the CO(2) bubbles (delta(13)C-CO(2)) followed similar trends. The average delta(13)C-CO(2) of most of the Brazilian and Argentine sparkling wines was -10.8 +/- 1.2 per thousand (n = 23), indicating that the likely source of carbon for the second fermentation was sugar cane. Conversely, the average delta(13)C-CO(2) of most of the sparkling wines produced in Chile and Europe was -22.0 +/- 1.2 per thousand (n = 13), suggesting that a different sugar (most likely sugar beet) was most used in the second fermentation. It was concluded that in many cases, the carbon isotope ratios of sparkling wine and CO(2) bubbles can provide valuable information about the sugar sources.
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Krusche AV, de Camargo PB, Cerri CE, Ballester MV, Lara LBLS, Victoria RL, Martinelli LA. Acid rain and nitrogen deposition in a sub-tropical watershed (Piracicaba): ecosystem consequences. Environ Pollut 2003; 121:389-399. [PMID: 12685767 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High levels of wet N and acidic deposition were measured in southeast Brazil. In this study we addressed the sensitivity of water bodies and soils to acidification and N deposition in the Piracicaba River basin (12,400 km2). Average acid neutralization capacity (ANC) at 23 river sampling sites varied from 350 to 1800 microeq l(-1). Therefore, rivers and streams in the Piracicaba basin are well buffered, if the lower limit of 200 microeq l(-1) is assumed as an indication of poorly buffered waters. ANC is increased by untreated wastewaters discarded into rivers and streams of the region. Average NO3 concentrations varied from 20 to 70 microeq l(-1). At the most polluted river sites, NO3 concentration is not highest, however, probably due to NO3 reduction and denitrification. Most of the nitrogen in streams is also provided by wastewaters and not by wet deposition. The majority of the soils in the basin, however, are acidic with a low base cation content and high aluminum concentration. Therefore, soils in this basin are poorly buffered and, in areas of forest over sandy soils, acidification may be a problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Krusche
- Cena, Av. Centenário 303, 13416-000 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Brooks JR, Buchmann N, Phillips S, Ehleringer B, Evans RD, Lott M, Martinelli LA, Pockman WT, Sandquist D, Sparks JP, Sperry L, Williams D, Ehleringer JR. Heavy and light beer: a carbon isotope approach to detect C(4) carbon in beers of different origins, styles, and prices. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50:6413-6418. [PMID: 12381126 DOI: 10.1021/jf020594k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The carbon isotope ratios (delta(13)C) of 160 beers from around the world ranged from -27.3 to -14.9 per thousand, primarily due to variation in the percentage of C(3) or C(4) plant carbon in the final product. Thirty-one percent of beers had a carbon signature of C(3) plants (barley, rice, etc.), whereas the remaining 69% contained some C(3)-C(4) mixture (mean of mixtures, 39 +/- 11% C(4) carbon). Use of C(4) carbon (corn, cane sugar, etc.) was not confined to beers from any particular region (Pacific Rim, Mexico, Brazil, Europe, Canada, and the United States). However, the delta(13)C of European beers indicated mostly C(3) plant carbon. In contrast, U.S. and Canadian beers contained either only C(3) or C(3)-C(4) mixtures; Brazilian, Mexican, and Pacific Rim beers were mostly C(3)-C(4) mixtures. Among different lagers, U.S.-style lagers generally contained more C(4) carbon than did imported pilsners. Among different ales, those brewed by large high-production breweries contained significant proportions of C(4) carbon, while C(4) carbon was not detected in microbrewery or home-brew ales. Furthermore, inexpensive beers generally contained more C(4) carbon than expensive beers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Renée Brooks
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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Krusche AV, Martinelli LA, Victoria RL, Bernardes M, de Camargo PB, Ballester MV, Trumbore SE. Composition of particulate and dissolved organic matter in a disturbed watershed of southeast Brazil (Piracicaba River basin). Water Res 2002; 36:2743-2752. [PMID: 12146861 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The elemental and isotopic composition of particulate and dissolved organic matter was investigated in the Piracicaba River basin, São Paulo State, Brazil. Comparison of riverine organic matter from the Piracicaba River basin, a region where rivers and streams receive urban sewage and industrial effluents, with data reported for the pristine Amazon system revealed significant differences associated with anthropogenic impacts. One important difference was N enrichment in the particulate organic material of the Piracicaba basin rivers, due to (a) urban and industrial effluents, and (b) enhanced phytoplankton growth, which results from the combination of nutrient enrichment and damming of sections of the rivers. Radiocarbon concentrations were overall more depleted (older 14C age) in the Piracicaba basin rivers than in the Amazon, which may reflect the importance of soil erosion in the former. Analyses of stable and radioactive carbon isotopes and lignin-derived compounds indicated that coarse particulate organic material is composed of a mixture of soil particles and degraded organic matter from C3 and C4 vascular plants. Fine particulate organic material was composed mainly of soil particles and phytoplankton cell remains, the latter especially during low water. Ultrafiltered dissolved organic matter was the most degraded fraction according to its lignin oxidation products, and showed the greatest influence of C4 plant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex V Krusche
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Gibson JJ, Aggarwal P, Hogan J, Kendall C, Martinelli LA, Stichler W, Rank D, Goni I, Choudhry M, Gat J, Bhattacharya S, Sugimoto A, Fekete B, Pietroniro A, Maurer T, Panarello H, Stone D, Seyler P, Maurice-Bourgoin L, Herczeg A. Isotope studies in large river basins: A new global research focus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002eo000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Williams MR, Filoso S, Martinelli LA, Lara LB, Camargo PB. Precipitation and river water chemistry of the Piracicaba River basin, southeast Brazil. J Environ Qual 2001; 30:967-981. [PMID: 11401288 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2001.303967x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Annual precipitation and river water volumes and chemistry were measured from 1995 to 1998 in a mesoscale agricultural area of southeast Brazil. Precipitation was mildly acidic and solute concentrations were higher in the west than in the east of the basin. Combustion products from biomass burning, automobile exhaust, and industry typically accumulate in the atmosphere from March until October and are responsible for seasonal differences observed in precipitation chemistry. In river waters, the volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of major solutes at 10 sites across the basin were generally lower at upriver than at downriver sampling sites for most solutes. Mass balances for major solutes indicate that, as a regional entity, the Piracicaba River basin was a net sink of H+, PO4(3-), and NH4+, and a net source of other solutes. The main stem of the Piracicaba River had a general increase in solute concentrations from upriver to downriver sampling sites. In contrast, NO3- and NH4+ concentrations increased in the mid-reach sampling sites and decreased due to immobilization or utilization in the mid-reach reservoir, and there was denitrification immediately downriver of this reservoir. Compared with tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay estuary, the Piracicaba River is affected more by point-source inputs of raw sewage and industrial wastes than nonpoint agricultural runoff high in N and P. Inputs of N and C are responsible for a degradation of water quality at downriver sampling sites of the Piracicaba River drainage, and water quality could be considerably improved by augmenting sewage treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Williams
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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Pissinatto L, Martinelli LA, Victoria RL, Camargo PB. Stable carbon isotopic analysis and the botanical origin of ethanol in Brazilian brandies. Food Res Int 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0963-9969(99)00143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Devol AH, Richey JE, Forsberg BR, Martinelli LA. Seasonal dynamics in methane emissions from the Amazon River floodplain to the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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