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Vinnicombe S, Harvey H, Healy NA, Papalouka V, Schiller A, Moyle P, Kilburn-Toppin F, Allajbeu I, Sharma N, Maxwell AJ, Payne N, Graves M, Gilbert FJ. Introduction of an abbreviated breast MRI service in the UK as part of the BRAID trial: practicalities, challenges, and future directions. Clin Radiol 2021; 76:427-433. [PMID: 33712291 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Vinnicombe
- Thirlestaine Breast Centre, Gloucestershire NHS Foundation Trust, Thirlestaine Road, Cheltenham, GL53 7AS, UK
| | - H Harvey
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrookes' Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - N A Healy
- Cambridge Breast Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrookes' Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - V Papalouka
- Cambridge Breast Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrookes' Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - A Schiller
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrookes' Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - P Moyle
- Cambridge Breast Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrookes' Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - F Kilburn-Toppin
- Cambridge Breast Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrookes' Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - I Allajbeu
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 218, Level 5, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - N Sharma
- Breast Unit, Level 1 Chancellor Wing, St James Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - A J Maxwell
- Nightingale Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Road, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK; Division of Informatics, Imaging & Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - N Payne
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 218, Level 5, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - M Graves
- MRIS, Cambridge University Hospitals, Box 216, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - F J Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 218, Level 5, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Van Der Westhuizen A, Graves M, Levy R, Majid A, Vilain R, Bowden N. PRIME002: Early phase II study of azacitidine and carboplatin priming for avelumab in patients with advanced melanoma who are resistant to immunotherapy. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz255.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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3
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Yuan J, Graves M. Reply. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:E37. [PMID: 28364012 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Yuan
- Department of Radiology University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, UK
| | - M Graves
- Department of Radiology University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, UK
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Cascio C, Gribbin M, Gouttard S, Smith RG, Jomier M, Field S, Graves M, Hazlett HC, Muller K, Gerig G, Piven J. Fractional anisotropy distributions in 2- to 6-year-old children with autism. J Intellect Disabil Res 2013; 57:1037-1049. [PMID: 22998325 PMCID: PMC3606640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that autism is a disorder of distributed neural networks that may exhibit abnormal developmental trajectories. Characterisation of white matter early in the developmental course of the disorder is critical to understanding these aberrant trajectories. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 2- to 6-year-old children with autism was conducted using diffusion tensor imaging combined with a novel statistical approach employing fractional anisotropy distributions. Fifty-eight children aged 18-79 months were imaged: 33 were diagnosed with autism, 8 with general developmental delay, and 17 were typically developing. Fractional anisotropy values within global white matter, cortical lobes and the cerebellum were measured and transformed to random F distributions for each subject. Each distribution of values for a region was summarised by estimating δ, the estimated mean and standard deviation of the approximating F for each distribution. RESULTS The estimated δ parameter, , was significantly decreased in individuals with autism compared to the combined control group. This was true in all cortical lobes, as well as in the cerebellum, but differences were most robust in the temporal lobe. Predicted developmental trajectories of across the age range in the sample showed patterns that partially distinguished the groups. Exploratory analyses suggested that the variability, rather than the central tendency, component of was the driving force behind these results. CONCLUSIONS While preliminary, our results suggest white matter in young children with autism may be abnormally homogeneous, which may reflect poorly organised or differentiated pathways, particularly in the temporal lobe, which is important for social and emotional cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cascio
- Psychiatry and Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Department of Biostatistics, Human Genome Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, USA Department of Computer Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA Psychiatry/Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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5
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Snyder KA, Hughes MR, Graves M, Roskelly C, McNagny KM. Abstract P1-05-05: Podocalyxin is a key regulator of breast cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p1-05-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Podocalyxin (gene name Podxl) is a CD34-related sialomucin that has been shown to be important in regulating cell adhesion, migration, and polarity of hematopoietic progenitors and vascular endothelia. In breast cancer, we have shown that podocalyxin is overexpressed on a subset of node-negative tumors and its expression is strongly associated with poor overall survival. To determine whether podocalyxin directly regulates breast cancer cell behavior, we ectopically expressed podocalyxin in the human breast cancer cell line, MCF7, which expresses low levels of endogenous podocalyxin, is minimally invasive, and non-metastatic. Upon ectopic expression of podocalyxin, MCF7 “bulge apically”, produce apical and lateral microvilli, are less adhesive in vitro, and are delayed in targeting integrins to the basolateral surface. In contrast to MCF7, MDA-MB-231 is a basal-like breast cancer cell-line, which expresses high levels of endogenous podocalyxin, exhibits poorly polarized monolayer and mammosphere architecture in vitro and forms “metastatic” lung tumors in vivo. Using Podxl-targeted shRNA vectors we show that expression of podocalyxin is required for MDA-MB-231 cells to form distant metastases in a competitive in vivo assay utilizing humanized NOD/SCIDIL-2rγ−/− (NSG) mice. Previously, we observed that Podxl-deficient hematopoietic cells have impaired CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis to CXCL12, a known axis for tumor metastasis. Our current hypothesis is that podocalyxin regulates chemotaxis of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) to the CXCL12-rich tissues of the lungs, liver, and bone marrow. Up-regulation of podocalyxin on breast cancer cells may be a key event in tumor progression and likely enables these cells to sense chemokines and metastasize to peripheral sites.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-05-05.
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Affiliation(s)
- KA Snyder
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - MR Hughes
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M Graves
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Roskelly
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - KM McNagny
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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6
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Gao H, Long Q, Sadat U, Graves M, Gillard JH, Li ZY. Stress analysis of carotid atheroma in a transient ischaemic attack patient using the MRI-based fluid-structure interaction method. Br J Radiol 2010; 82 Spec No 1:S46-54. [PMID: 20348536 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/20307071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rupture of atherosclerotic plaque is a major cause of mortality. Plaque stress analysis, based on patient-specific multisequence in vivo MRI, can provide critical information for the understanding of plaque rupture and could eventually lead to plaque rupture prediction. However, the direct link between stress and plaque rupture is not fully understood. In the present study, the plaque from a patient who recently experienced a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) was studied using a fluid-structure interaction method to quantify stress distribution in the plaque region based on in vivo MR images. The results showed that wall shear stress is generally low in the artery with a slight increase at the plaque throat owing to minor luminal narrowing. The oscillatory shear index is much higher in the proximal part of the plaque. Both local wall stress concentrations and the relative stress variation distribution during a cardiac cycle indicate that the actual plaque rupture site is collocated with the highest rupture risk region in the studied patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gao
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
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Sadat U, Graves M, Gillard J. MS557 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC CAROTID PLAQUES AND SUBSEQUENT ISCHAEMIC CEREBROVASCULAR EVENTS IN SYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS WITH MODERATE CAROTID STENOSIS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(10)71057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Toms AP, Smith-Bateman C, Malcolm PN, Cahir J, Graves M. Optimization of metal artefact reduction (MAR) sequences for MRI of total hip prostheses. Clin Radiol 2010; 65:447-52. [PMID: 20451011 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the relative contribution of matrix size and bandwidth to artefact reduction in order to define optimal sequence parameters for metal artefact reduction (MAR) sequences for MRI of total hip prostheses. METHODS AND MATERIALS A phantom was created using a Charnley total hip replacement. Mid-coronal T1-weighted (echo time 12ms, repetition time 400ms) images through the prosthesis were acquired with increasing bandwidths (150, 300, 454, 592, and 781Hz/pixel) and increasing matrixes of 128, 256, 384, 512, 640, and 768 pixels square. Signal loss from the prosthesis and susceptibility artefact was segmented using an automated tool. RESULTS Over 90% of the achievable reduction in artefacts was obtained with matrixes of 256x256 or greater and a receiver bandwidth of approximately 400Hz/pixel or greater. Thereafter increasing the receiver bandwidth or matrix had little impact on reducing susceptibility artefacts. Increasing the bandwidth produced a relative fall in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of between 49 and 56% for a given matrix, but, in practice, the image quality was still satisfactory even with the highest bandwidth and largest matrix sizes. The acquisition time increased linearly with increasing matrix parameters. CONCLUSION Over 90% of the achievable metal artefact reduction can be realized with mid-range matrices and receiver bandwidths on a clinical 1.5T system. The loss of SNR from increasing receiver bandwidth, is preferable to long acquisition times, and therefore, should be the main tool for reducing metal artefact.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Toms
- Department of Radiology, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital Trust, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UY, UK.
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9
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Hickson S, Mousseaux E, Graves M, McEniery C, Wilkinson I. 5.3 ISOLATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION DOES NOT RESULT FROM A SMALLER PROXIMAL AORTIC DIAMETER. Artery Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2010.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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10
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Koski C, Baumgarten M, Magder L, Barohn R, Goldstein J, Graves M, Gorson K, Hahn A, Hughes R, Katz J, Lewis R, Parry G, van Doorn P, Cornblath D. Derivation and validation of diagnostic criteria for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 2009; 277:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Hickson S, Butlin M, Graves M, Wilkinson I, McEniery C. P9.03 REGIONAL AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN AORTIC PULSE WAVE VELOCITY AND SYSTOLIC DIAMETER MEASURED USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. Artery Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2009.10.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Li ZY, Taviani V, Tang T, Sadat U, Young V, Patterson A, Graves M, Gillard JH. The mechanical triggers of plaque rupture: shear stressvspressure gradient. Br J Radiol 2009; 82 Spec No 1:S39-45. [DOI: 10.1259/bjr/15036781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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13
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Hickson S, Butlin M, Graves M, Wilkinson I, McEniery C. 5.4 THE REPEATABILITY AND VALIDITY OF PULSE WAVE VELOCITY MEASURED USING PHASE CONTRAST MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. Artery Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2009.10.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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14
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Walker M, Graves M, Soto LM, Rios G. Innovative Approach in Addressing Childhood Obesity: Using Mentors as Part of an After-School Nutrition and Physical Activity Program. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Skura CL, Fowler EG, Wetzel GT, Graves M, Spencer MJ. Albuterol increases lean body mass in ambulatory boys with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy. Neurology 2007; 70:137-43. [DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000287070.00149.a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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16
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Hogue R, Graves M, Moler S, Janda JM. Pink-pigmented non-fermentative gram-negative rods associated with human infections: a clinical and diagnostic challenge. Infection 2007; 35:126-33. [PMID: 17565452 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-007-6282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, the appearance of pink-pigmented bacteria in clinical specimens has gone from being a microbiologic curiosity in the clinical laboratory to the recognition of these aerobic microorganisms as etiologic agents of human disease, most notably bloodstream infections. Advances in the fields of molecular taxonomy and phylogenetics indicate that at least four distinct genera and eight different species are associated with clinical infections in susceptible patient populations. However, these bacteria are slow growing and present multiple diagnostic challenges to the microbiology laboratory including culture, isolation, and identification to species rank. This article provides a current review of these unusual non-fermentative chromogenic bacteria including their disease spectrum, taxonomy, and laboratory identification. The review also highlights the pitfalls or shortcomings we currently have in our knowledge of these microbes and their disease-producing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hogue
- Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Room E164, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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Tchantchou F, Graves M, Ortiz D, Chan A, Rogers E, Shea TB. S-adenosyl methionine: A connection between nutritional and genetic risk factors for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Health Aging 2006; 10:541-4. [PMID: 17183426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease may depend upon interaction among its risk factors. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice undergo oxidative damage and cognitive impairment when deprived of folate. We demonstrate herein that these mice were depleted in the methyl donor S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), which inhibited glutathione S-transferase, since this enzyme requires methylation of oxidative species prior to glutathione-dependent reduction. Dietary supplementation with SAM alleviated neuropathology. Since SAM deficiency promotes presenilin-1 overexpression, which increases gamma-secretase expression and Abeta generation, these findings directly link nutritional deficiency and genetic risk factors, and support supplementation with SAM for Alzheimer's therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tchantchou
- Center for Cellular Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Biological Sciences, UMassLowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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Giang TH, Nanz D, Coulden R, Friedrich M, Graves M, Al-Saadi N, Lüscher TF, von Schulthess GK, Schwitter J. Detection of coronary artery disease by magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging with various contrast medium doses: first European multi-centre experience. Eur Heart J 2005; 25:1657-65. [PMID: 15351166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Revised: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Magnetic resonance (MR) first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging during hyperaemia detects coronary artery stenoses in humans with test sensitivity depending on contrast medium (CM)-induced signal change in myocardium. In this prospective multi-centre study, the effect of CM dose on myocardial signal change and on diagnostic performance was evaluated using a stress-only approach. METHODS AND RESULTS Ninety-four patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) were randomised to 0.05,0.10, or 0.15 mmol/kg body weight of an extravascular CM (Gd-DTPA) and X-ray coronary angiography was performed within 30 days prior/after the MR examination. A multi-slice MR technique with identical hardware and software in all centres was used during hyperaemia (adenosine 0.14 mg/kg/min) to monitor myocardial CM wash-in kinetics and data were analysed semi-automatically in a core laboratory. Protocol violations resulted in 80 complete studies with CAD (defined as > or =1 vessel with diameter stenosis > or =50% on quantitative coronary angiography) present in 19/29, 13/24, and 20/27 patients for doses 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In normal myocardium, the upslope increased with CM dose (overall-p<0.0001, ANOVA). For CAD detection the area under the receiver operator characteristics curve for subendocardial data (3 slices with quality score<4 representing 86% of cases) was 0.91+/-0.07 and 0.86+/-0.08 for doses 2 and 3, respectively, and was lower for dose 1 (0.53+/-0.13, p<0.01 and p<0.02 vs. doses 2 and 3, respectively). Corresponding sensitivities/specificities (95% confidence intervals) for pooled doses 2/3 were 93% (77-99%; ns vs. dose 1) and 75% (48-92%;p<0.05 vs. dose 1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS With increasing doses of CM, a higher signal response in the myocardium was achieved and consequently this stress-only protocol, with CM doses of 0.10-0.15 mmol/kg combined with a semi-automatic analysis, yielded a high diagnostic performance for the detection of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Giang
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Trivedi RA, Green HAL, U-King-Im J, Graves M, Black R, Kirkpatrick PJ, Griffiths PD, Gillard JH. Cerebral Haemodynamic Disturbances in Patients with Moderate Carotid Artery Stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005; 29:52-7. [PMID: 15570272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2004.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dynamic MR perfusion imaging can detect cerebral perfusion deficits resulting from severe internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. It is unknown, however, whether moderate ICA stenosis (50-69%) also causes haemodynamic disturbance. We investigated whether cerebral perfusion deficits were detectable in patients with moderate ICA stenosis. METHODS Eighteen patients underwent T2* weighted cerebral MR perfusion imaging with a gadolinium based contrast agent. Differences in mean time to peak (mTTP) and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) between cerebral hemispheres were calculated for middle cerebral artery territory regions by a reader blinded to the angiographic and clinical findings. RESULTS There were significant differences in mTTP between cerebral hemispheres in 15 patients with a mean inter-hemispheric delay in mTTP of 0.49 s (95% confidence intervals, 0.25 and 0.72 s) which was statistically significant ( p <0.001). In 1 patient with bilateral moderate stenosis there was no difference in mTTP. CONCLUSIONS Moderate ICA stenosis results in significant ipsilateral cerebral perfusion delays detectable by dynamic susceptibility MRI. Follow-up studies might reveal whether these delays improve following carotid endarterectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Trivedi
- University Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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20
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U-King-Im JM, Trivedi R, Cross J, Higgins N, Graves M, Kirkpatrick P, Antoun N, Gillard JH. Conventional digital subtraction x-ray angiography versus magnetic resonance angiography in the evaluation of carotid disease: patient satisfaction and preferences. Clin Radiol 2004; 59:358-63. [PMID: 15041456 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2003.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2003] [Revised: 08/06/2003] [Accepted: 08/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare conventional digital subtraction x-ray angiography (DSA) and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the carotid arteries in terms of patient satisfaction and preferences. METHODS One hundred and sixty-seven patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease, who underwent both DSA and MRA, were prospectively recruited in this study. Patients' perceptions of each method were assessed by the use of a questionnaire after each procedure. Main outcome measures were anxiety, pain, satisfaction rate and patient preferences. RESULTS DSA generated more anxiety and pain during the procedure, but the severity of these ill-effects was mild. Satisfaction rates for each method were similar. More patients were, however, willing to have a repeat MRA compared with DSA (67 versus 41%). The majority of patients (62%) preferred MRA over DSA (31%). The shorter MRA imaging time was found to be a significant factor in patients' acceptance of the technique. The main reasons cited by patients for their dislike of a particular procedure was noise and claustrophobia for MRA and invasiveness, pain and post-procedural bed rest for DSA. CONCLUSIONS MRA is the method that is preferred by the majority of patients, although the actual disutility of DSA may be small. Assuming equal diagnostic accuracy, our data supports replacement of DSA by MRA for routine carotid imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M U-King-Im
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Tchantchou F, Graves M, Ortiz D, Rogers E, Shea TB. Dietary supplementation with apple juice concentrate alleviates the compensatory increase in glutathione synthase transcription and activity that accompanies dietary- and genetically-induced oxidative stress. J Nutr Health Aging 2004; 8:492-6. [PMID: 15543422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress, which can arise from dietary, environmental and/or genetic sources, contributes to the decline in cognitive performance during normal aging and in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. Supplementation with fruits and vegetables that are high in antioxidant potential can compensate for dietary and/or genetic deficiencies that promote increased oxidative stress. We have recently demonstrated that apple juice concentrate (AJC) prevents the increase in oxidative damage to brain tissue and decline in cognitive performance observed when transgenic mice lacking apolipoprotein E (ApoE-/-) are maintained on a vitamin-deficient diet and challenged with excess iron (included in the diet as a pro-oxidant). However, the mechanism by which AJC provided neuroprotection was not conclusively determined. Herein, we demonstrate that supplementation with AJC also prevents the compensatory increases in glutathione synthase transcription and activity that otherwise accompany maintenance of ApoE-/- mice on this vitamin-free diet in the presence of iron. Inclusion of the equivalent composition and concentration of sugars of AJC did not prevent these increases. These findings provide further evidence that the antioxidant potential of AJC can compensate for dietary and genetic deficiencies that otherwise promote neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tchantchou
- Center for Cellular Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To further investigate the basis of abnormal neuromuscular transmission in two patients with congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2) using stimulated single fiber EMG (SFEMG) and in vitro microelectrode studies. METHODS Two patients with genetically characterized EA2 previously shown to have abnormal neuromuscular transmission by voluntary SFEMG were studied with stimulated SFEMG and anconeus muscle biopsy with microelectrode studies and electron microscopy of the neuromuscular junction. RESULTS In vivo stimulated SFEMG showed signs of presynaptic failure, with jitter and blocking that improved with increased stimulation frequency. Additional evidence of presynaptic failure was provided by the in vitro microelectrode studies, which showed marked reduction of the end plate potential quantal content in both patients. Of note, the end plate potentials showed high sensitivity to N-type blockade with omega-conotoxin not seen in controls. The ultrastructural studies revealed some evidence of small nerve terminals apposed to normal or mildly overdeveloped postsynaptic membranes, suggesting an ongoing degenerative process. CONCLUSIONS The authors demonstrated presynaptic failure of neurotransmission in patients with heterozygous nonsense mutations in CACNA1A. The contribution of non-P-type calcium channels to the process of neurotransmitter release in these patients likely represents a compensatory mechanism, which is insufficient to restore normal neuromuscular transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Maselli
- Neurology Department, University of California Davis, USA.
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Knapp S, Yee LJ, Frodsham AJ, Hennig BJW, Hellier S, Zhang L, Wright M, Chiaramonte M, Graves M, Thomas HC, Hill AVS, Thursz MR. Polymorphisms in interferon-induced genes and the outcome of hepatitis C virus infection: roles of MxA, OAS-1 and PKR. Genes Immun 2003; 4:411-9. [PMID: 12944978 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interferon stimulates the expression of a number of genes encoding enzymes with antiviral activities, including myxovirus resistance-1 (MxA), 2-5-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS-1) and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). We examined whether polymorphisms in these genes influenced the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We observed a lower frequency of the GG genotype at position -88 in the MxA gene promoter in self-limiting HCV infection (OR=0.56; 95% CI: 0.35-0.8; P=0.010) and in nonresponders to therapy (OR=0.49; 95% CI: 0.25-0.95; P=0.020). This genotype predominantly influenced the outcome of treatment in patients with viral genotype 1 (OR=0.22 95% CI: 0.07-0.67; P=0.002). A polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region of the OAS-1 gene was associated with outcome of infection (GG genotype less frequent in self-limiting infection: OR=0.43; 95% CI: 0.21-0.86; P=0.010). A polymorphism at position -168 in the promoter region of the PKR gene was associated with self-limiting infection (CT genotype: OR=2.75; 95% CI: 1.45-5.24; P=0.002). Further associations were found with a CGG trinucleotide repeat in the 5'UTR region of the PKR gene. Polymorphisms in the interferon-induced genes, MxA, OAS-1 and PKR appear thus associated with HCV outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Knapp
- Hepatology Section, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Medicine and Technology at St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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Jen J, Wan J, Graves M, Yu H, Mock AF, Coulin CJ, Kim G, Yue Q, Papazian DM, Baloh RW. Loss-of-function EA2 mutations are associated with impaired neuromuscular transmission. Neurology 2001; 57:1843-8. [PMID: 11723274 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.57.10.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the functional consequences of episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2)-causing nonsense and missense mutations in vitro and to characterize the basis of fluctuating weakness in patients with E2A. BACKGROUND Mutations in CACNA1A encoding the Ca(v)2.1 calcium channel subunit cause EA2 through incompletely understood mechanisms. Although the Ca(v)2.1 subunit is important for neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction, weakness has not been considered a feature of EA2. METHODS The disease-causing mutations in three unrelated patients with EA2 and fluctuating weakness were identified by mutation screening and sequencing. Mutant constructs harboring mutations R1281X, F1406C, R1549X were transfected into COS7 cells and expressed for patch clamp studies. Single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG) was performed in patients to examine synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. RESULTS Functional studies in COS7 cells of nonsense and missense EA2 mutants demonstrated markedly decreased current densities compared with wild type. SFEMG demonstrated jitter and blocking in these patients with EA2, compared with normal subjects and three patients with SCA-6. CONCLUSION EA2-causing missense and nonsense mutations in CACNA1A produced mutant channels with diminished whole cell calcium channel activity in vitro due to loss of function. Altered biophysical properties or reduced efficiency of plasma membrane targeting of mutant channels may contribute to abnormal neuromuscular transmission, manifesting as myasthenic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jen
- Departments of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA.
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25
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Miller RG, Moore DH, Gelinas DF, Dronsky V, Mendoza M, Barohn RJ, Bryan W, Ravits J, Yuen E, Neville H, Ringel S, Bromberg M, Petajan J, Amato AA, Jackson C, Johnson W, Mandler R, Bosch P, Smith B, Graves M, Ross M, Sorenson EJ, Kelkar P, Parry G, Olney R. Phase III randomized trial of gabapentin in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 2001; 56:843-8. [PMID: 11294919 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.56.7.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and clinical studies of gabapentin in patients with ALS led the authors to undertake a phase III randomized clinical trial. METHODS Patients were randomly assigned, in a double-blinded fashion, to receive oral gabapentin 3,600 mg or placebo daily for 9 months. The primary outcome measure was the average rate of decline in isometric arm muscle strength for those with two or more evaluations. RESULTS Two hundred four patients enrolled, 196 had two or more evaluations, and 128 patients completed the study. The mean rate of decline of the arm muscle strength was not significantly different between the groups. Moreover, there was no beneficial effect upon the rate of decline of other secondary measures (vital capacity, survival, ALS functional rating scale, timed walking) nor was there any symptomatic benefit. In fact, analysis of the combined data from the phase II and III trials revealed a significantly more rapid decline of forced vital capacity in patients treated with gabapentin. CONCLUSION These data provide no evidence of a beneficial effect of gabapentin on disease progression or symptoms in patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Miller
- Department of Neurology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.
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26
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Bailon P, Palleroni A, Schaffer CA, Spence CL, Fung WJ, Porter JE, Ehrlich GK, Pan W, Xu ZX, Modi MW, Farid A, Berthold W, Graves M. Rational design of a potent, long-lasting form of interferon: a 40 kDa branched polyethylene glycol-conjugated interferon alpha-2a for the treatment of hepatitis C. Bioconjug Chem 2001; 12:195-202. [PMID: 11312680 DOI: 10.1021/bc000082g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A potent, long-lasting form of interferon alpha-2a mono-pegylated with a 40 kilodalton branched poly(ethylene glycol) was designed, synthesized, and characterized. Mono-pegylated interferon alpha-2a was comprised of four major positional isomers involving Lys31, Lys121, Lys131, and Lys134 of interferon. The in vitro anti-viral activity of pegylated interferon alpha-2a was found to be only 7% of the original activity. In contrast, the in vivo antitumor activity was severalfold enhanced compared to interferon alpha-2a. Pegylated interferon alpha-2a showed no immunogenicity in mice. After subcutaneous injection of pegylated interferon alpha-2a, a 70-fold increase in serum half-life and a 50-fold increase in mean plasma residence time concomitant with sustained serum concentrations were observed relative to interferon alpha-2a. These preclinical results suggest a significantly enhanced human pharmacological profile for pegylated interferon alpha-2a. Results of Phase II/III hepatitis C clinical trials in humans confirmed the superior efficacy of pegylated interferon alpha-2a compared to unmodified interferon alpha-2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bailon
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, USA.
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Galton CJ, Gomez-Anson B, Antoun N, Scheltens P, Patterson K, Graves M, Sahakian BJ, Hodges JR. Temporal lobe rating scale: application to Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 70:165-73. [PMID: 11160463 PMCID: PMC1737195 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.70.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Temporal lobe atrophy as assessed by MRI can be measured in several ways. Volumetric measurements are quantitative but very time consuming and require extensive training to perform, so are not easily transferable to clinical practice. Visual rating scales, by contrast, are quick and widely applicable. Although medial temporal lobe atrophy is well described in Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is uncertain how early these changes can be detected and whether they discriminate AD from other neurodegenerative diseases, most notably frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The objectives were (1) to develop a widely applicable temporal lobe rating scale, and (2) to characterise and quantify the patterns of temporal lobe atrophy in AD versus temporal and frontal variants of FTD. METHODS The temporal lobe assessments were made using an established hippocampal rating scale extended to incorporate additional temporal regions. This was firstly validated with volumetric analysis and then applied to 30 probable AD, 30 FTD (consisting of 17 temporal variant (semantic dementia) and 13 frontal variant) and 18 control coronal MRI images. RESULTS Bilateral hippocampal atrophy was found in 50% of the patients with AD. Contrary to expectations, patients with semantic dementia also had hippocampal atrophy, which for the left side exceeded that seen in AD; other regions (temporal pole, parahippocampal gyrus, and lateral temporal lobe), spared in AD, were severely atrophied in this group. The patients with frontal variant FTD occupied an intermediate position and were largely indistinguishable from AD. CONCLUSIONS Hippocampal atrophy is, therefore, not specific for AD. Semantic dementia can be distinguished from AD, by the presence of severe bilateral atrophy of the temporal pole, parahippocampal and lateral regions. These findings have implications for the differential diagnosis of dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Galton
- University Neurology Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ UK
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28
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Brown J, Buckley D, Coulthard A, Dixon AK, Dixon JM, Easton DF, Eeles RA, Evans DG, Gilbert FG, Graves M, Hayes C, Jenkins JP, Jones AP, Keevil SF, Leach MO, Liney GP, Moss SM, Padhani AR, Parker GJ, Pointon LJ, Ponder BA, Redpath TW, Sloane JP, Turnbull LW, Walker LG, Warren RM. Magnetic resonance imaging screening in women at genetic risk of breast cancer: imaging and analysis protocol for the UK multicentre study. UK MRI Breast Screening Study Advisory Group. Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 18:765-76. [PMID: 11027869 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(00)00167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The imaging and analysis protocol of the UK multicentre study of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a method of screening for breast cancer in women at genetic risk is described. The study will compare the sensitivity and specificity of contrast-enhanced MRI with two-view x-ray mammography. Approximately 500 women below the age of 50 at high genetic risk of breast cancer will be recruited per year for three years, with annual MRI and x-ray mammography continuing for up to 5 years. A symptomatic cohort will be measured in the first year to ensure consistent reporting between centres. The MRI examination comprises a high-sensitivity three-dimensional contrast-enhanced assessment, followed by a high-specificity contrast-enhanced study in equivocal cases. Multiparametric analysis will encompass morphological assessment, the kinetics of contrast agent uptake and determination of quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters. Retrospective analysis will identify the most specific indicators of malignancy. Sensitivity and specificity, together with diagnostic performance, diagnostic impact and therapeutic impact will be assessed with reference to pathology, follow-up and changes in diagnostic certainty and therapeutic decisions. Mammography, lesion localisation, pathology and cytology will be performed in accordance with the UK NHS Breast Screening Programme quality assurance standards. Similar standards of quality assurance will be applied for MR measurements and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brown
- Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University, Middlesex, UK
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Elia M, Fuller NJ, Hardingham CR, Graves M, Screaton N, Dixon AK, Ward LC. Modeling leg sections by bioelectrical impedance analysis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and anthropometry: assessing segmental muscle volume using magnetic resonance imaging as a reference. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 904:298-305. [PMID: 10865760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the value of different DXA and BIA models for predicting muscle volume in mid-thigh segments obtained by MRI. Three DXA models were used: in model A, muscle was taken to be equivalent to fat-free soft tissue; in model B the thigh segment was divided into its constituent tissues using fixed assumptions about tissue composition; in model C the assumptions were similar to model B, but with variable distribution of fat and fat-free soft tissue, depending on body mass index. The two BIA models (both parallel tissue resistance models) involved impedance measurements at 50 kHz, and assumptions about either the specific resistivities of all the constituent tissues (model A), or resistivities of only adipose tissue and muscle (model B). Anthropometric estimates (thigh circumference and skinfold thickness) assumed that both limb and muscle circumference were circular. Compared to MRI estimates of muscle mass, those obtained by DXA model A (fat-free soft tissue) were not as good as those obtained using models B and C, although the standard deviations of the differences were similar with all three models. The BIA models were superior to the anthropometric estimates of muscle volume (relative to MRI) with respect to bias, but the standard deviations of the differences were large for both. The intraobserver repeatabilities for muscle volume were < 0.5% for MRI, < 1% for DXA, 1.8% for BIA, and 1.7% for anthropometry (interobserver value for BIA was 3.8% and for anthropometry 3.5%). The study suggests that DXA modeling provides a promising approach for assessing muscle mass in thigh segments, and suggests the potential value of parallel BIA models for groups of individuals but not for individual subjects, possibly because muscle resistivity is influenced not only by its composition but also by the direction of current flow in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elia
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, England, UK.
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30
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Fuller NJ, Hardingham CR, Graves M, Screaton N, Dixon AK, Ward LC, Elia M. Assessment of limb muscle and adipose tissue by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry using magnetic resonance imaging for comparison. Int J Obes (Lond) 1999; 23:1295-302. [PMID: 10643687 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to validate estimates of muscle and adipose tissue (AT) in lower limb sections obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) modelling. DESIGN MRI measurements were used as reference for validating limb muscle and AT estimates obtained by DXA models that assume fat-free soft tissue (FFST) comprised mainly muscle: model A accounted for bone hydration only; model B also applied constants for FFST in bone and skin and fat in muscle and AT; model C was as model B but allowing for variable fat in muscle and AT. SUBJECTS Healthy men (n = 8) and women (n = 8), ages 41-62y; mean (s.d.) body mass indices (BMIs) of 28.6 (5.4) kg/m2 and 25.1 (5.4) kg/m2, respectively. MEASUREMENTS MRI scans of the legs and whole body DXA scans were analysed for muscle and AT content of thigh (20 cm) and lower leg (10 cm) sections; 24h creatinine excretion was measured. RESULTS Model A overestimated thigh muscle volume (MRI mean, 2.3 l) substantially (bias 0.36 l), whereas model B underestimated it by only 2% (bias 0.045 l). Lower leg muscle (MRI mean, 0.6 l) was better predicted using model A (bias 0.04 l, 7% overestimate) than model B (bias 0.1 l, 17% underestimate). The 95% limits of agreement were high for these models (thigh, +/-20%; lower leg, +/-47%). Model C predictions were more discrepant than those of model B. There was generally less agreement between MRI and all DXA models for AT. Measurement variability was generally less for DXA measurements of FFST (coefficient of variation 0.7-1.8%) and fat (0.8-3.3%) than model B estimates of muscle (0.5-2.6%) and AT (3.3-6.8%), respectively. Despite strong relationships between them, muscle mass was overestimated by creatinine excretion with highly variable predictability. CONCLUSION This study has shown the value of DXA models for assessment of muscle and AT in leg sections, but suggests the need to re-evaluate some of the assumptions upon which they are based.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Fuller
- MRC Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Cambridge, UK
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Abrahams S, Morris RG, Polkey CE, Jarosz JM, Cox TC, Graves M, Pickering A. Hippocampal involvement in spatial and working memory: a structural MRI analysis of patients with unilateral mesial temporal lobe sclerosis. Brain Cogn 1999; 41:39-65. [PMID: 10536085 DOI: 10.1006/brcg.1999.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Forty-seven patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) were investigated on the Nine-Box Maze. The task was designed to compare working memory and spatial mapping theories of the functions of the hippocampus and provide measures of spatial, object, working, and reference memory. The results extended our previous findings in a larger group of patients. Spatial memory deficits across both working and reference memory conditions were found in patients with a right epileptogenic focus. There was no evidence of an object working memory deficit, but a nonlateralized impairment in object reference memory was revealed, which is consistent with our previous findings. The pattern of results was confirmed in a subgroup of 33 patients with unilateral atrophy localized to the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, as verified by volumetric analysis of magnetic resonance images. In addition spatial memory errors significantly correlated with volumetric measures of mesial temporal lobe structures and not with measures of the remaining temporal cortex. In contrast, object reference memory errors correlated with volumetric measures of the temporal cortex and not with mesial temporal lobe structures. These findings support a specialized role for the right hippocampal region in spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abrahams
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
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Peterson KL, Graves M, Berke GS, Ye M, Wallace R, Bell T, Sercarz JA. Role of motor unit number estimate electromyography in experimental canine laryngeal reinnervation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 121:180-4. [PMID: 10471854 DOI: 10.1016/s0194-5998(99)70168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Laryngeal electromyography has been used clinically to differentiate neuromuscular pathology from other causes of vocal fold immobility such as arytenoid dislocation, tumor invasion, or cricoarytenoid joint fixation. Electromyography has also been used to predict the prognosis for nerve recovery in laryngeal paralysis. Existing electromyographic techniques either record activity with voluntary motion or study nerve conduction. In this study a new technique, motor unit number estimation, a commercially available quantitative method of electromyographic analysis, is used to study the progress of recovery of vocal fold function after recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Four dogs underwent transection and immediate reanastomosis of selected branches of the adductor and abductor branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on 1 side; the opposite side served as a control. Baseline electromyographic and videolaryngoscopic studies were performed. These measures were then repeated in a longitudinal fashion every 6 weeks after denervation. The motor unit number estimation technique indicated a return of motor unit numbers with time, along with estimates of their size. This was consistent with the expected progress of laryngeal reinnervation. These data and their predictive value for nerve recovery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Peterson
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
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Fuller NJ, Hardingham CR, Graves M, Screaton N, Dixon AK, Ward LC, Elia M. Predicting composition of leg sections with anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis, using magnetic resonance imaging as reference. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999; 96:647-57. [PMID: 10334971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate and compare with anthropometry a fundamental bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method for predicting muscle and adipose tissue composition in the lower limb. Healthy volunteers (eight men and eight women), aged 41 to 62 years, with mean (S.D.) body mass indices of 28.6 (5.4) kg/m2 and 25.1 (5.4) kg/m2 respectively, were subjected to MRI leg scans, from which 20-cm sections of thigh and 10-cm sections of lower leg (calf) were analysed for muscle and adipose tissue content, using specifically developed software. Muscle and adipose tissue were also predicted from anthropometric measurements of circumferences and skinfold thicknesses, and by use of fundamental BIA equations involving section impedance at 50 kHz and tissue-specific resistivities. Anthropometric assessments of circumferences, cross-sectional areas and volumes for total constituent tissues matched closely MRI estimates. Muscle volume was substantially overestimated (bias: thigh, -40%; calf, -18%) and adipose tissue underestimated (bias: thigh, 43%; calf, 8%) by anthropometry, in contrast to generally better predictions by the fundamental BIA approach for muscle (bias: thigh, -12%; calf, 5%) and adipose tissue (bias: thigh, 17%; calf, -28%). However, both methods demonstrated considerable individual variability (95% limits of agreement 20-77%). In general, there was similar reproducibility for anthropometric and fundamental BIA methods in the thigh (inter-observer residual coefficient of variation for muscle 3.5% versus 3.8%), but the latter was better in the calf (inter-observer residual coefficient of variation for muscle 8.2% versus 4.5%). This study suggests that the fundamental BIA method has advantages over anthropometry for measuring lower limb tissue composition in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Fuller
- MRC Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2DH, UK
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Graves M, Schermer VL. The wounded male persona and the mysterious feminine in the poetry of James Wright: a study in the transformation of the self. Psychoanal Rev 1998; 85:849-69. [PMID: 10226309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
James Wright's work is multilayered. Taken as a whole, which Annie Wright's beautiful compilation, Above the River, allows one to do, Wright's poems (as well as his masterful "prose poems") have a pattern akin to a mythic cycle. "Mythemes" (Lévi-Strauss, 1979) recur as dialectic opposites from one poem to another, whether the abandoned male and mysterious woman, humankind and nature, blindness and seeing, secrets and revelation. Suggestive and symbolic forms such as birds, horses, earth, sky, the destitute, rivers, and adolescence weave themselves throughout in inner and outer "landscapes" of images and experiential moments. There is a frequent shift of "gestalts" between the inner world and external reality. Such a "blooming, buzzing confusion" of internal and external referents might appear to be psychotic and imply a loss of "reality testing." Chassaguet-Smirgel (1988), citing Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray as an example, contended that the artist narrowly averts psychosis by transforming it into a work of art. Surrealists, for whom the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan was an important figure (cf. Sarup, 1992, pp. 17-27), elevated psychosis to the status of art, and Wright has been considered to be a surrealistic poet, although he himself denied such an affiliation. Hall (Wright, 1990, Introduction, pp. xxiii-xxxvii) suggests that Wright, in addition to an extensive history of alcoholism, from which he seemed to recover towards the end of his life, suffered from a major mental illness, which included episodes of severe depression, hospitalizations, and at least one suicide attempt. The severity of the asceticism and the extreme damage to the self in some Wright's work suggests their roots in early traumatic experiences. (A terribly damaged yet heroic personage, whose disfigurement perhaps symbolizes the poet's trauma, is "Hook" [ATR, pp. 315-316], about a man who gives his last few cents to the poet with a hook replacing his amputated hand.) Not enough is known about Wright's childhood to attempt to reconstruct such a trauma, and a definitive biography is long overdue. (Wright died in 1980). However, the concept of "soul murder" as used by Shengold (1989) with respect to psychological trauma does seem pertinent. For example, Wright's powerful identification with the downtrodden, and especially with certain murderers (Doty, Judas) echoes the paranoiac Schreber's identification with his abusive father as "soul murderer": "I, myself, have been 'represented' as the one who had committed soul murder" (Shengold, 1989, p. 22, quoting Schreber). Certainly, the theme of damage to the self is prominent in Wright, and the poet's striving for reparation, restitution, and the restoration of lost goodness is not only characteristic of Melanie Klein's "depressive position" (Segal, 1980, pp. 76-89), which she saw as a normal developmental process, but also of the character structures of profoundly traumatized individuals. In addition, the rapid, "leaping" shifts of imagery in Wright's poems bear some resemblance to the shifts in mood and the dissociated and "autohypnotic" states (Shengold, 1989, pp. 138-154) of posttraumatic stress and related disorders. However much that may be the case, Wright's work moves toward healing and integration, and forces us to reconsider the psychoanalytic shibboleth that all that represents a lack of distinctiveness between self and other is pathological. This assumption denies the richness of that part of the psyche which originates in the symbiotic union of mother and infant. Wright's work does not so much force us to doubt our own perceptions of reality as it gently yet forthrightly guides us into other realms where feeling and thought are in dialogue, where the uniquely human and the universal mythos converge, and where--perhaps most importantly--possibility and transformation are imminent. The abandoned male persona and the mysterious feminine are part of that world, that cosmos, that Wright has cr
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Scaravilli F, Lindsay R, Graves M, An SF, Giometto B. AXOTOMY-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN ADULT RAT PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS AND EFFECT OF ADMINISTRATION OF NEUROTROPHINS. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998. [DOI: 10.1097/00005072-199805000-00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the association between visual and cognitive impairment in older drivers and their avoidance of potentially challenging, driving situation. A group of 257 older drivers participated in assessments of visual sensory function, eye health and cognitive function including the useful field of view test, and completed a structured questionnaire on driving exposure and how frequently they avoided challenging driving situations. Results replicated earlier studies showing that many older drivers limit their exposure to driving situations which are generally believed to be more difficult (e.g. rain, night, heavy traffic, rush hour). Furthermore, older drivers with objectively determined visual and/or attentional impairments reported more avoidance than those free of impairments; those with the most impairment reported avoiding more types of situations than other less impaired or non-impaired drivers. Older drivers with a history of at-fault crashes in the prior five years reported more avoidance than those who had crash-free records. Future research should evaluate the potentially beneficial role of self-regulation in enhancing older driver safety, particularly in those older drivers with visual and attentional processing impairments who have elevated crash risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ball
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-1170, USA.
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Woodruff PW, Wright IC, Shuriquie N, Russouw H, Rushe T, Howard RJ, Graves M, Bullmore ET, Murray RM. Structural brain abnormalities in male schizophrenics reflect fronto-temporal dissociation. Psychol Med 1997; 27:1257-1266. [PMID: 9403897 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291797005229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have separately reported abnormalities of frontal and temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia, but little is known of structural fronto-temporal associations in this condition. We investigated whether male patients with chronic schizophrenia would show abnormal patterns of correlation between regional brain volumes. METHODS Structural magnetic resonance images of the brain in 42 patients were compared with 43 matched unaffected controls. We explored the pattern of association between regional brain volumes by correlational analyses, and non-parametrically tested for significance of between-group differences by randomization. RESULTS The schizophrenics demonstrated significant volume deficits in several brain regions (left temporal lobe and hippocampus, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), and significant volume increases in the ventricular system (third ventricle and left temporal horn of the lateral ventricle). Controls demonstrated large positive correlations (r > 0.4) between prefrontal and temporal lobe regions. By contrast, inter-regional correlations significantly reduced in schizophrenics included those between prefrontal, anterior cingulate and temporal regions, and between posterior cingulate and hippocampus (P < 0.05). The most salient abnormality in patients was a dissociation between prefrontal and superior temporal gyrus volumes (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results support the existence of a relative 'fronto-temporal dissociation' in schizophrenia which we suggest may be due to lack of mutually trophic influences during frontal and temporal lobe development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Woodruff
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College School of Medicine, London
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Mori M, Beatty PG, Graves M, Boucher KM, Milford EL. HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in the North American population: the National Marrow Donor Program Donor Registry. Transplantation 1997; 64:1017-27. [PMID: 9381524 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199710150-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As of May 1, 1995, the National Marrow Donor Program had a donor registry consisting of over 1.35 million HLA-typed volunteers recruited from most major cities and states in the United States. This registry represents the largest single HLA-typed pool of normal individuals in the world. METHODS We analyzed the HLA-A, -B, -DR locus phenotypes of the National Marrow Donor Program donors in order to estimate gene and haplotype frequencies for major racial groups of the United States: Caucasian American, Asian American, African American, Latin American, and Native American. The large size of the database allowed us to calculate the frequencies of relatively rare antigens and haplotypes with more accuracy than previous studies. RESULTS We observed 89,522 distinguishable HLA-A, -B phenotypes in 1,351,260 HLA-A, -B-typed donors and 302,867 distinguishable HLA-A, -B, -DR phenotypes in 406,503 HLA-A, -B, -DR-typed donors. Gene and haplotype frequencies differed remarkably among the five racial groups, with African Americans and Asian Americans having a large number of haplotypes that were specific to their racial groups, whereas Caucasian Americans, Latin Americans, and Native Americans shared a number of common haplotypes. CONCLUSIONS These data represent an important resource for investigators in the fields of transplantation and population genetics. The gene and haplotype frequencies can be used to aid clinicians in advising patients about the probability of finding a match within a specific ethnic group, or to determine donor recruitment goals and strategies. The information is also a valuable resource for individuals who are interested in population genetics, selection and evolution of polymorphic human genes, and HLA-disease association.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mori
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA.
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Graves M, Robin T, Chipman AM, Wong J, Khashe S, Janda JM. Four additional cases of Burkholderia gladioli infection with microbiological correlates and review. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:838-42. [PMID: 9356798 DOI: 10.1086/515551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia gladioli has only recently been reported to be a human pathogen. Four cases of B. gladioli infection (including bacteremia, pneumonia, and cervical adenitis) in two adults and two young children are reported. Three of these four patients were severely immunocompromised. Commercial systems were frequently unable to identify this bacterium correctly. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns indicated that B. gladioli strains were susceptible to the quinolones, aminoglycosides, and imipenem. In vitro laboratory investigations demonstrated that B. gladioli strains were susceptible to complement-mediated lysis of pooled human serum, thus implying that healthy individuals should be immune to infection. These four cases together with three previously reported cases suggest that B. gladioli primarily causes disease in severely immunocompromised individuals. The lack of mortality associated with infection, coupled with susceptibility to serum and lack of recognizable virulence-associated factors, suggests that this species has a low pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Graves
- Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley 94704-1011, USA
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40
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Graves M. Data note system for capturing laboratory data. Genomics 1997; 43:232-6. [PMID: 9244442 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of genome data limits the usefulness of traditional database management systems. The highly interconnected structure of genome data can be captured in a data representation language based on the mathematical formalism of graphs. We have tailored graphs for describing genome data and have developed a database management system, called the Data Note System, for developing small databases to capture data from genome laboratories. To simplify the use of the Data Note System, a series of tools with graphical user interfaces has been developed. The system is designed to be easy to install and use by novice database developers with a minimal amount of computer expertise. We describe the tools and present examples of their use. The system consists of a storage facility, a schema editing tool to simplify the design of small databases, and three tools for data entry and querying.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Graves
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 70030, USA.
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Mori M, Graves M, Milford EL, Beatty PG. Computer program to predict likelihood of finding and HLA-matched donor: methodology, validation, and application. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1996; 2:134-44. [PMID: 9199756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 65% of the patients requiring bone marrow transplantation do not have an HLA-A, -B, -DR identical sibling and therefore need to find a phenotypically matched unrelated donor. As of June 30, 1996, the National Marrow Donor Program maintains a registry of 2.31 million volunteer donors, 35% of whom are fully typed for HLA-A, -B, -DR loci. Because a majority of the donors has not been DR typed, a patient who does not find a complete match at the time of the preliminary search may elect to prospectively DR type A, B matched and A, B one-antigen mismatched donors. An efficient strategy is therefore needed for determining the likelihood that an appropriate donor exists and for deciding which of the donors that have not yet been DR typed should be tested for DR matching with the candidate. We developed a mathematical algorithm and computer program to facilitate the search for a suitable donor by donor race and phenotype. The program provides information on the likelihood of 1) finding at least one HLA-A, -B, -DR phenotypically matched donor, 2) the likelihood of finding at least one DR match among m A, B matched donors who have not yet been DR typed, and 3) the likelihood of an A, B one antigen mismatched donor of a specific phenotype being a DR match with the patient. The mathematical models underlying the program are based on basic population genetics theory and utilize HLA-A, -B, DR haplotype frequencies derived from the NMDP registry. The results of the validation study show that the prediction is highly accurate at the level of broad antigens. The algorithm and program have the potential to assist patients and physicians in optimizing their decisions regarding clinical management and resource allocation on the process of searching for a suitable unrelated bone marrow donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mori
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Salazar AM, Levy HB, Ondra S, Kende M, Scherokman B, Brown D, Mena H, Martin N, Schwab K, Donovan D, Dougherty D, Pulliam M, Ippolito M, Graves M, Brown H, Ommaya A. Long-term treatment of malignant gliomas with intramuscularly administered polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose: an open pilot study. Neurosurgery 1996; 38:1096-103; discussion 1103-4. [PMID: 8727138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose (poly-ICLC) (10-50 mcg/kg, administered intramuscularly one to three times weekly) was given for < or = 56 months to 38 patients with malignant gliomas. There was minimal or no toxicity. Twenty of 30 patients (66%) receiving at least twice weekly poly-ICLC showed regression or stabilization of gadolinium-enhancing tumor, as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (median = 65% volume decrease). All but one patient with anaplastic astrocytomas who received continuous poly-ICLC remain alive, with a median progression-free survival of 54 months from diagnosis. Median Kaplan-Meier survival is 19 months for patients with glioblastomas who receive at least twice weekly poly-ICLC treatments. Tumor response was associated with 2',5' -oligoadenylate synthetase activation (P = 0.03) but not with serum interferon. We hypothesize clinical activation by poly-ICLC of a basic host tumor suppressor system. Prolonged, quality survival with tumor stabilization or regression confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging for most patients with anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas suggests that more extensive laboratory and controlled clinical studies are warranted. The concept of long-term, broad spectrum stimulation of host defenses with nontoxic, inexpensive double-stranded ribonucleic acids, such as low-dose poly-ICLC, may be applicable to the treatment of other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Salazar
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Kim HJ, Graves M. Nonfatal injuries among US children. Am J Public Health 1996; 86:892-3. [PMID: 8659678 PMCID: PMC1380422 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.86.6.892-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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44
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Fiala M, Rhodes RH, Shapshak P, Nagano I, Martinez-Maza O, Diagne A, Baldwin G, Graves M. Regulation of HIV-1 infection in astrocytes: expression of Nef, TNF-alpha and IL-6 is enhanced in coculture of astrocytes with macrophages. J Neurovirol 1996; 2:158-66. [PMID: 8799208 DOI: 10.3109/13550289609146878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
'Restricted' human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV-1) infection of astrocytes is recognized in vivo in some pediatric and adult AIDS brains and in vitro in a small proportion of transfected primary fetal astrocytes. We investigated the extent of HIV-1JR-FL expression in fetal astrocytes and macrophages cultivated alone or together. Peak HIV-1 p24 antigen titres in supernatant fluids of macrophage cultures were increased with monocyte/macrophages from certain donors and were higher when macrophages were cocultivated with astrocytes. Structural HIV-1 gene (gp 41 and pol) products (protein and mRNA) were observed only in macrophages. Ten days after HIV-1JR-FL infection, astrocytes in a monoculture were stained negative or only weakly positive (1-2+) for Nef, whereas in a coculture up to 100% of astrocytes displayed Nef staining (up to 4+) in the cytoplasm. The streptavidine-biotine-peroxidase technique with certain monoclonal antibodies to Nef (Ovod et al, 1992) was specific for infected astrocytes. The intensity of Nef staining was higher in astrocytes cultivated with monocyte/macrophages from certain donors. In the coculture, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was expressed in the astrocyte cytoplasm earlier after coinfection with HIV-1 and cytomegalovirus (CMV) compared to infection with HIV-1 alone. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was secreted spontaneously and transiently in uninfected cocultures, but in a prolonged fashion following HIV-1 and HIV-1/CMV infections. The interactions between HIV-1- and CMV-infected macrophages and astrocytes lead to upregulation of TNF-alpha and IL-6 and enhancement of productive HIV-1 infection of macrophages and of 'restricted' HIV-1 infection of astrocytes with implications for the pathogenesis of AIDS dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fiala
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine 90024, USA
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Abstract
We have developed a representation of genome data which has proven itself useful for describing data at a Human Genome Center. Genomic data have a graph-like structure and representing the concepts and relationships of genetics as a graph simplifies the development of databases for genome laboratories. Graphs are a comfortable communication medium for biologists and computer scientists and graph diagrams assist in the development of databases by facilitating the exchange of expertise. We have tailored a graph language for modeling genomic data and describe our process of using graphs to develop genome databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Graves
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goyal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
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Howard R, Mellers J, Petty R, Bonner D, Menon R, Almeida O, Graves M, Renshaw C, Levy R. Magnetic resonance imaging volumetric measurements of the superior temporal gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, frontal and temporal lobes in late paraphrenia. Psychol Med 1995; 25:495-503. [PMID: 7480430 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291700033419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Quantified magnetic resonance measurements were made of superior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampal, frontal and temporal lobe volumes and of the planar area of the thalamus and basal ganglia structures in 47 late paraphrenic patients and 33 healthy elderly controls. The late paraphrenics were divided into 31 schizophrenics and 16 patients with delusional disorder according to ICD-10 guidelines. Patients with delusional disorder tended to have smaller left temporal volumes compared with control subjects and patients with schizophrenia, but this difference failed to reach accepted levels of statistical significance after correction for the effects of multiple statistical comparisons, age and total brain size. Physiological right-left asymmetry, reported for temporal and frontal lobe volumes, was present in control, schizophrenic and delusional disorder subjects but delusional disorder patients had a significantly greater degree of temporal lobe asymmetry. The results add to the evidence for heterogeneity among late-onset psychoses and emphasize the subtle nature of any structural brain abnormalities in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Howard
- Section of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London
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Howard RJ, Almeida O, Levy R, Graves P, Graves M. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging volumetry distinguishes delusional disorder from late-onset schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 165:474-80. [PMID: 7804661 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.165.4.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late paraphrenia is recognised as a heterogeneous disorder. This is reflected by the division of such patients into schizophrenia and delusional disorder in ICD-10. Earlier imaging studies have suggested that major structural abnormalities may be associated with the onset of psychosis in later life. METHOD Fifty late paraphrenics and 35 age-matched healthy controls underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging of the whole brain in the coronal plane. Measurements were made of intracranial and brain volumes and the volumes of the intracerebral and extracerebral cerebrospinal fluid spaces. RESULTS No differences in intracranial, brain or extracerebral cerebrospinal fluid volumes between patients and controls were found. Late paraphrenic patients had greater lateral and third ventricle volumes than controls and the left lateral ventricle was larger than the right. When the patients were divided into appropriate ICD-10 diagnoses: paranoid schizophrenia (n = 31) and delusional disorder (n = 16), lateral ventricle volumes in the delusional disorder patients were much greater than those of the schizophrenics and almost twice those of controls. CONCLUSIONS Structural brain differences underly diagnostic heterogeneity within late paraphrenia. The brains of late onset schizophrenics are only subtly different from those of healthy elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Howard
- Section of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London
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50
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Chaudhuri R, Graves M, Graves P, Nichols E, Reidy J, Ogg C, Tarnawski M. MR evaluation of renal vessels. Clin Radiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9260(05)81515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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