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Sandhu JK, Rae IJ, Freeman MP, Forsyth C, Gkioulidou M, Reeves GD, Spence HE, Jackman CM, Lam MM. Energization of the Ring Current by Substorms. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2018; 123:8131-8148. [PMID: 30775195 PMCID: PMC6360953 DOI: 10.1029/2018ja025766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The substorm process releases large amounts of energy into the magnetospheric system, although where the energy is transferred to and how it is partitioned remains an open question. In this study, we address whether the substorm process contributes a significant amount of energy to the ring current. The ring current is a highly variable region, and understanding the energization processes provides valuable insight into how substorm-ring current coupling may contribute to the generation of storm conditions and provide a source of energy for wave driving. In order to quantify the energy input into the ring current during the substorm process, we analyze Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment and Helium Oxygen Proton Electron ion flux measurements for H+, O+, and He+. The energy content of the ring current is estimated and binned spatially for L and magnetic local time. The results are combined with an independently derived substorm event list to perform a statistical analysis of variations in the ring current energy content with substorm phase. We show that the ring current energy is significantly higher in the expansion phase compared to the growth phase, with the energy enhancement persisting into the substorm recovery phase. The characteristics of the energy enhancement suggest the injection of energized ions from the tail plasma sheet following substorm onset. The local time variations indicate a loss of energetic H+ ions in the afternoon sector, likely due to wave-particle interactions. Overall, we find that the average energy input into the ring current is ∼9% of the previously reported energy released during substorms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Sandhu
- Department of Space and Climate Physics, Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - I. J. Rae
- Department of Space and Climate Physics, Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - C. Forsyth
- Department of Space and Climate Physics, Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - M. Gkioulidou
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | | | - H. E. Spence
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA
| | - C. M. Jackman
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - M. M. Lam
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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Fava M, Johe K, Ereshefsky L, Gertsik LG, English BA, Bilello JA, Thurmond LM, Johnstone J, Dickerson BC, Makris N, Hoeppner BB, Flynn M, Mischoulon D, Kinrys G, Freeman MP. A Phase 1B, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, multiple-dose escalation study of NSI-189 phosphate, a neurogenic compound, in depressed patients. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1372-80. [PMID: 26643541 PMCID: PMC5030464 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We wanted to examine tolerability and efficacy of NSI-189, a benzylpiperizine-aminiopyridine neurogenic compound for treating major depressive disorder (MDD). This was a Phase 1B, double blind, randomized, placebo controlled, multiple-dose study with three cohorts. The first cohort received 40 mg q.d. (n=6) or placebo (n=2), the second cohort 40 mg b.i.d. (n=6) or placebo (n=2), and the third cohort 40 mg t.i.d. (n=6) or placebo (n=2). Twenty-four patients with MDD were recruited, with the diagnosis and severity confirmed through remote interviews. Eligible patients received NSI-189 or placebo for 28 days in an inpatient setting with assessments for safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) and efficacy. Outpatient follow-up visits were conducted until day 84 (±3). NSI-189 was relatively well tolerated at all doses, with no serious adverse effects. NSI-189 area under the curve increased in a dose-related and nearly proportional manner across the three cohorts, with a half-life of 17.4-20.5 h. The exploratory efficacy measurements, including Symptoms Of Depression Questionnaire (SDQ), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS), Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I), and The Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cognitive and Physical Functioning Questionnaire (CPFQ) showed a promising reduction in depressive and cognitive symptoms across all measures for NSI-189, with significant improvement in the SDQ and CPFQ, and a medium to large effect size for all measures. These improvements persisted during the follow-up phase. In summary, NSI-189 shows potential as a treatment for MDD in an early phase study. The main limitation of this preliminary study was the small sample size of each cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fava
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical Trials and Network Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Slater Family Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Bulfinch 351, Boston, MA 02114, USA. E-mail:
| | - K Johe
- Neuralstem Inc., Germantown, MD, USA
| | - L Ereshefsky
- PAREXEL International, Los Angeles Early Phase Unit, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L G Gertsik
- California Clinical Trials Medical Group, Glendale, CA, USA
| | - B A English
- PAREXEL International, Los Angeles Early Phase Unit, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J A Bilello
- Ridge Diagnostics, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - L M Thurmond
- Ridge Diagnostics, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - B C Dickerson
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Makris
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B B Hoeppner
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical Trials and Network Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Flynn
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical Trials and Network Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Mischoulon
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical Trials and Network Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Kinrys
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical Trials and Network Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M P Freeman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical Trials and Network Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
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Forsyth C, Rae IJ, Murphy KR, Freeman MP, Huang C, Spence HE, Boyd AJ, Coxon JC, Jackman CM, Kalmoni NME, Watt CEJ. What effect do substorms have on the content of the radiation belts? J Geophys Res Space Phys 2016; 121:6292-6306. [PMID: 27656336 PMCID: PMC5014235 DOI: 10.1002/2016ja022620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Substorms are fundamental and dynamic processes in the magnetosphere, converting captured solar wind magnetic energy into plasma energy. These substorms have been suggested to be a key driver of energetic electron enhancements in the outer radiation belts. Substorms inject a keV "seed" population into the inner magnetosphere which is subsequently energized through wave-particle interactions up to relativistic energies; however, the extent to which substorms enhance the radiation belts, either directly or indirectly, has never before been quantified. In this study, we examine increases and decreases in the total radiation belt electron content (TRBEC) following substorms and geomagnetically quiet intervals. Our results show that the radiation belts are inherently lossy, shown by a negative median change in TRBEC at all intervals following substorms and quiet intervals. However, there are up to 3 times as many increases in TRBEC following substorm intervals. There is a lag of 1-3 days between the substorm or quiet intervals and their greatest effect on radiation belt content, shown in the difference between the occurrence of increases and losses in TRBEC following substorms and quiet intervals, the mean change in TRBEC following substorms or quiet intervals, and the cross correlation between SuperMAG AL (SML) and TRBEC. However, there is a statistically significant effect on the occurrence of increases and decreases in TRBEC up to a lag of 6 days. Increases in radiation belt content show a significant correlation with SML and SYM-H, but decreases in the radiation belt show no apparent link with magnetospheric activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Forsyth
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonDorkingUK
| | - I. J. Rae
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonDorkingUK
| | - K. R. Murphy
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMarylandUSA
| | | | - C.‐L. Huang
- Space Science CenterUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
| | - H. E. Spence
- Space Science CenterUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
| | - A. J. Boyd
- Space Science CenterUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
- New Mexico ConsortiumLos AlamosNew MexicoUSA
| | - J. C. Coxon
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - C. M. Jackman
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - N. M. E. Kalmoni
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonDorkingUK
| | - C. E. J. Watt
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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Forsyth C, Watt CEJ, Rae IJ, Fazakerley AN, Kalmoni NME, Freeman MP, Boakes PD, Nakamura R, Dandouras I, Kistler LM, Jackman CM, Coxon JC, Carr CM. Increases in plasma sheet temperature with solar wind driving during substorm growth phases. Geophys Res Lett 2014; 41:8713-8721. [PMID: 26074645 PMCID: PMC4459207 DOI: 10.1002/2014gl062400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
During substorm growth phases, magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause extracts ∼1015 J from the solar wind which is then stored in the magnetotail lobes. Plasma sheet pressure increases to balance magnetic flux density increases in the lobes. Here we examine plasma sheet pressure, density, and temperature during substorm growth phases using 9 years of Cluster data (>316,000 data points). We show that plasma sheet pressure and temperature are higher during growth phases with higher solar wind driving, whereas the density is approximately constant. We also show a weak correlation between plasma sheet temperature before onset and the minimum SuperMAG AL (SML) auroral index in the subsequent substorm. We discuss how energization of the plasma sheet before onset may result from thermodynamically adiabatic processes; how hotter plasma sheets may result in magnetotail instabilities, and how this relates to the onset and size of the subsequent substorm expansion phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Forsyth
- UCL Mullard Space Science LaboratoryDorking, UK
| | - C E J Watt
- Department of Meteorology, University of ReadingReading, UK
| | - I J Rae
- UCL Mullard Space Science LaboratoryDorking, UK
| | | | | | | | - P D Boakes
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of SciencesGraz, Austria
| | - R Nakamura
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of SciencesGraz, Austria
| | - I Dandouras
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, University of ToulouseToulouse, France
- CNRS, IRAPToulouse, France
| | - L M Kistler
- Space Science Centre, Morse Hall, University of New HampshireDurham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - C M Jackman
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, UK
| | - J C Coxon
- Department Physics and Astronomy, University of LeicesterLeicester, UK
| | - C M Carr
- Department of Physics, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conflicting data have led to controversy regarding antidepressant use during pregnancy. The objectives of this study are to i) review the risks of untreated depression and anxiety, ii) review the literature on risks of exposure to antidepressants during pregnancy, iii) discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different study designs used to evaluate those risks, and iv) provide clinical recommendations. METHOD MEDLINE/PubMed was searched for reports and studies on the risk of first-trimester teratogenicity, postnatal adaptation syndrome (PNAS), and persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) with in utero antidepressant exposure. RESULTS While some individual studies suggest associations between some specific major malformations, the findings are inconsistent. Therefore, the absolute risks appear small. PNAS occurs in up to 30% of neonates exposed to antidepressants. In some studies, PPHN has been weakly associated with in utero antidepressant exposure, while in other studies, there has been no association. CONCLUSION Exposures of concern include that of untreated maternal illness as well as medication exposure. It is vital to have a careful discussion, tailored to each patient, which incorporates the evidence to date and considers methodological and statistical limitations. Past medication trials, previous success with symptom remission, and women's preference should guide treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Byatt
- Psychiatry and Obstetrics & Gynecology, Psychosomatic Medicine, Women's Mental Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School/UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Farrugia CJ, Freeman MP, Burlaga LF, Lepping RP, Takahashi K. The Earth's magnetosphere under continued forcing: Substorm activity during the passage of an interplanetary magnetic cloud. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Freeman MP, Farrugia CJ, Burlaga LF, Hairston MR, Greenspan ME, Ruohoniemi JM, Lepping RP. The interaction of a magnetic cloud with the Earth: Ionospheric convection in the northern and southern hemispheres for a wide range of quasi-steady interplanetary magnetic field conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Freeman MP, Ruohoniemi JM, Greenwald RA. The determination of time-stationary two-dimensional convection patterns with single-station radars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jackman CM, Lamy L, Freeman MP, Zarka P, Cecconi B, Kurth WS, Cowley SWH, Dougherty MK. On the character and distribution of lower-frequency radio emissions at Saturn and their relationship to substorm-like events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Jackman
- Blackett Laboratory; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - L. Lamy
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris; Université Paris Diderot, UPMC, CNRS; Meudon France
| | | | - P. Zarka
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris; Université Paris Diderot, UPMC, CNRS; Meudon France
| | - B. Cecconi
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris; Université Paris Diderot, UPMC, CNRS; Meudon France
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - S. W. H. Cowley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perinatal depression refers to major depression in the context of pregnancy and postpartum. In consideration of its prevalence and consequences, the treatment and prevention of perinatal depression should be important public health priorities. Omega-3 fatty acids are attractive for consideration in perinatal women, due to known health benefits for the mother and baby. Antidepressant medications may pose risks in utero and in breastfeeding. METHODS MEDLINE and manual searches were conducted. RESULTS Epidemiological and preclinical data support a role of omega-3 fatty acids in perinatal depression. Two studies failed to support a role of omega-3 fatty acids for postpartum depression prophylaxis, although one included a small sample, and the other utilized a low dosage. Two pilot studies suggest good tolerability and potential efficacy in the acute treatment of perinatal depression. CONCLUSIONS Further research studies are warranted to determine the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of perinatal depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Freeman
- Women's Mental Health Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724-5002, USA.
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Petkaki P, Freeman MP, Kirk T, Watt CEJ, Horne RB. Anomalous resistivity and the nonlinear evolution of the ion-acoustic instability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 10-15% of mothers. Omega-3 fatty acids are an intriguing potential treatment for PPD. METHOD The efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids for PPD was assessed in an 8-week dose-ranging trial. Subjects were randomized to 0.5 g/day (n = 6), 1.4 g/day (n = 3), or 2.8 g/day (n = 7). RESULTS Across groups, pretreatment Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) mean scores were 18.1 and 19.1 respectively; post-treatment mean scores were 9.3 and 10.0. Percent decreases on the EPDS and HRSD were 51.5% and 48.8%, respectively; changes from baseline were significant within each group and when combining groups. Groups did not significantly differ in pre- or post-test scores, or change in scores. The treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSION This study was limited by small sample size and lack of placebo group. However, these results support further study of omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment for PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724-5002, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bipolar disorders are prevalent in women. Women with bipolar disorder often present with different clinical features than men. Reproductive events and hormonal treatments may impact the course of bipolar disorder. Our main objectives are to i) assess the impact of reproductive events on the course of the disorder, and ii) to discuss the relationships between reproductive events and psychiatric treatments. METHOD A literature search was conducted of MEDLINE journals from 1965 to present. Manual literature searches were also conducted. We review the presentation, clinical course, and treatment considerations of bipolar disorder in women, with emphasis on treatment considerations in the context of reproductive events. Treatment-related issues such as teratogenicity, breastfeeding, polycystic ovarian syndrome, weight gain and obesity, and medication interactions with oral contraceptives are reviewed. RESULTS Women with bipolar disorder may be more vulnerable to mood episodes in the context of reproductive events, particularly postpartum. In women of reproductive age, mood stabilizers must be selected with teratogenic risks in mind, with the highest reported risks in pregnancy with valproate, and the greatest concern during breastfeeding with lithium use. In the areas of the perimenopause and polycycstic ovarian syndrome, more data are needed to advise treatment decisions. CONCLUSION We urgently need further study in these areas to deliver care that is appropriate to women with bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Freeman
- Women's Mental Health Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724-5002, USA.
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Freeman MP. Pseudoreplication. Br J Soc Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.57.7.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abel GA, Freeman MP. A statistical analysis of ionospheric velocity and magnetic field power spectra at the time of pulsed ionospheric flows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002ja009402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Abel
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - M. P. Freeman
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
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Tuck KL, Freeman MP, Hayball PJ, Stretch GL, Stupans I. The in vivo fate of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, antioxidant phenolic constituents of olive oil, after intravenous and oral dosing of labeled compounds to rats. J Nutr 2001; 131:1993-6. [PMID: 11435519 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.7.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown phenolics in olive oil to be strong radical scavengers. The absorption and elimination of two radiolabeled phenolic constituents of olive oil, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol were studied in vivo using rats. Compounds were administered intravenously (in saline) and orally (in oil- and water-based solutions). For both compounds, the intravenously and orally administered oil-based dosings resulted in significantly greater elimination of the phenolics in urine within 24 h than the oral, aqueous dosing method. There was no significant difference in the amount of phenolic compounds eliminated in urine between the intravenous dosing method and the oral oil-based dosing method for either tyrosol or hydroxytyrosol. Oral bioavailability estimates of hydroxytyrosol when administered in an olive oil solution and when dosed as an aqueous solution were 99% and 75%, respectively. Oral bioavailability estimates of tyrosol, when orally administered in an olive oil solution and when dosed as an aqueous solution were 98% and 71%, respectively. This is the first study that has used a radiolabeled compound to study the in vivo biological fates of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Tuck
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, School of Pharmaceutical, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
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Freeman MP, Watkins NW, Riley DJ. Power law distributions of burst duration and interburst interval in the solar wind: turbulence or dissipative self-organized criticality? Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 2000; 62:8794-8797. [PMID: 11138184 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.8794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2000] [Revised: 06/27/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We calculate the probability density functions P of burst energy e, duration T, and interburst interval tau for a known turbulent system in nature. Bursts in the Earth-Sun component of the Poynting flux at 1 AU in the solar wind were measured using the MFI and SWE experiments on the NASA WIND spacecraft. We find P(e) and P(T) to be power laws, consistent with self-organized criticality (SOC). We find also a power-law form for P(tau) that distinguishes this turbulent cascade from the exponential P(tau) of ideal SOC, but not from some other SOC-like sandpile models. We discuss the implications for the relation between SOC and turbulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- MP Freeman
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids are long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids found in plant and marine sources. Unlike saturated fats, which have been shown to have negative health consequences, omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids that have been associated with many health benefits. Omega-3 fatty acids may prove to be efficacious in a number of psychiatric disorders. Mood disorders have been associated with abnormalities in fatty acid composition. Several lines of evidence suggest that diminished omega-3 fatty acid concentrations are associated with mood disorders. Clinical data are not yet available regarding omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of major depression. However, one double-blind treatment trial has been conducted in bipolar disorder. Also, substantial evidence does exist supporting a potential role of omega-3 fatty acids in schizophrenia, although treatment data are needed. A case has been reported in which a patient with schizophrenia was successfully treated with omega-3 fatty acids. Controlled studies are necessary to explore the potential treatment of schizophrenia with omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids may also be helpful in the treatment of dementia. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids may prove to be a safe and efficacious treatment for psychiatric disorders in pregnancy and in breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Freeman
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Biological Psychiatry Program, OH 45267-0559, USA
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Freeman MP, Farrugia CJ. Solar wind input between substorm onsets during and after the October 18-20, 1995, magnetic cloud. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), or pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome characterized by an elevated intracranial pressure in the absence of a focal lesion, infective process, or hydrocephalus. New onset IIH may present to the emergency department in a variety of ways. To describe the etiologic associations and clinical features in this disorder, we performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive emergency department patients with new onset IIH during the calendar years 1987-1996. A total of 52 patients met all study criteria. The mean patient age was 27+/-8.9 years; the female-to-male ratio was 7:1. An etiologic association could be identified in 85% of cases and included obesity, hypertension, drugs, endocrine, and systemic disorders. Headache was a dominant complaint in most patients (48/52) and associated with dizziness, nausea, and/or visual complaints. Fourteen patients (27%) were not diagnosed on their initial ED visit and were more likely to have atypical clinical features (71% vs. 24%; P = .004). Atypical features included paraesthesias, neck/back pain, unilateral headache, vertigo, and nystagmus. Papilledema, the ophthalmoscopic hallmark of IIH, was not detected initially in 11 patients (21%). These results suggest that IIH is a relatively uncommon neurological illness that may have a variety of causes. The emergency department diagnosis may be complicated by atypical clinical features and a lack of detectable papilledema.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Jones
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Butterworth Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Abstract
Although conceptualized as polar opposites, manic and depressive symptoms often co-occur in bipolar disorder. This article explores the clinical characteristics, prevalence, biologic features, and response to treatments of mixed states. Issues of diagnosis and cause are considered. The course is often protracted beyond acute episodes, psychotic symptoms are common, and suicide is a major risk. Bipolar mixed states are over represented in women. Mixed states respond poorly to lithium salts; mood stabilizers, particularly divalproex, are the mainstay of modern treatment. Electroconvulsive therapy is also effective, and can be used in severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinati Medical Center, Ohio, USA
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Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, Rueter S, Zboyan HA, Diamond E, Cress KK, Marangell LB. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:407-12. [PMID: 10232294 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.5.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega3 fatty acids may inhibit neuronal signal transduction pathways in a manner similar to that of lithium carbonate and valproate, 2 effective treatments for bipolar disorder. The present study was performed to examine whether omega3 fatty acids also exhibit mood-stabilizing properties in bipolar disorder. METHODS A 4-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, comparing omega3 fatty acids (9.6 g/d) vs placebo (olive oil), in addition to usual treatment, in 30 patients with bipolar disorder. RESULTS A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of the cohort found that the omega3 fatty acid patient group had a significantly longer period of remission than the placebo group (P = .002; Mantel-Cox). In addition, for nearly every other outcome measure, the omega3 fatty acid group performed better than the placebo group. CONCLUSION Omega3 fatty acids were well tolerated and improved the short-term course of illness in this preliminary study of patients with bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Stoll
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, USA.
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Freeman MP. Valproate with lithium and carbamazepine in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:810-1. [PMID: 10327939 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.156.5.810a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lewis RV, Freeman MP, Rodger AS, Watanabe M, Greenwald RA. The behavior of the electric field within the substorm current wedge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polypharmacy is common in the treatment of refractory bipolar disorder. The purpose of this article is to review the safety and efficacy of mood stabilizers in combinations. METHOD A manual and computer (MEDLINE) search was performed for combinations of the most commonly used mood-stabilizing agents. RESULTS The authors review safety and efficacy data on the more frequently encountered combinations of established and putative mood stabilizers. CONCLUSIONS There have been few controlled studies of the use of combinations of mood stabilizers. The interactions of such combinations are sometimes complex, often very useful, and potentially dangerous. One general rule that may reduce the risks of toxic drug interactions is to add medication to the patient's current regimen in modest doses and increase the dose slowly. The safest and most efficacious mood stabilizer combinations appear to be the mixtures of anticonvulsants and lithium, particularly valproate plus lithium. Once the mechanisms of the mood stabilizers are identified, it is possible that a more rational approach to combination therapy will emerge, based on synergism at the sites of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Freeman
- Psychopharmacology Unit, Division of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Smith AJ, Freeman MP, Reeves GD. Post midnight VLF chorus events, a substorm signature observed at the ground nearL= 4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yeoman TK, Freeman MP, Reeves GD, Lester M, Orr D. A comparison of midlatitude Pi 2 pulsations and geostationary orbit particle injections as substorm indicators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja03233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Saunders MA, Freeman MP, Southwood DJ, Cowley SWH, Lockwood M, Samson JC, Farrugia CJ, Hughes TJ. Dayside ionospheric convection changes in response to long-period interplanetary Magnetic field oscillations: Determination of the ionospheric phase velocity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Freeman MP, Currie CM, Gray GF, Kaye JJ. Ewing sarcoma of the skull with an unusual pattern of reactive sclerosis: MR characteristics. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12:143-6. [PMID: 3335654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A case of primary Ewing sarcoma involving the occipital bone with an unusual radiographic feature--markedly thickened bone--is described. Magnetic resonance imaging was more helpful than CT in determining the lesion extent due to lack of bone artifact and since it showed the precise relationship of the neoplasm to the tentorium on direct coronal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Freeman
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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Freeman MP, Kessler RM, Allen JH, Price AC. Craniopharyngioma: CT and MR imaging in nine cases. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1987; 11:810-4. [PMID: 3655043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and CT examinations were performed in nine patients with surgically proven craniopharyngioma. Computed tomography was found to be superior to MR in detection of calcification and cyst formation. Extent of involvement of adjacent structures (e.g., optic chiasm, third ventricle, and intracavernous carotid artery) was more clearly delineated by MR. Craniopharyngioma fluid collections were found to be uniformly bright on T2-weighted sequences. However, on T1-weighted sequences, the signal intensity of the fluid ranged from hypointense to hyperintense, reflecting the heterogeneous contents of cysts in these tumors. Since calcification and cyst formation are hallmarks of craniopharyngiomas, we believe that CT is more specific than MR in diagnosis of craniopharyngiomas. Magnetic resonance, however, offers a more accurate assessment of the tumor extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Freeman
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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Abstract
Persistence of the sciatic artery (SA) is a rare vascular anomaly, resulting from lack of regression of an embryonal artery to the lower extremity. Forty-nine cases have been published in the world literature since 1832. The persistent sciatic artery (PSA) is particularly prone to undergo aneurysm formation or atherosclerosis. It originates from the internal iliac artery, courses in close proximity to the sciatic nerve, and provides the main supply to the popliteal artery because a hypoplastic superficial femoral artery (SFA), contributing only collaterals to the knees, is usually associated with a PSA. This anomaly should be kept in mind in the clinical assessment of a pulsatile gluteal mass. It also presents a potential hazard during hip and renal transplant surgery.
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Freeman MP, Vick CW, Taylor KJ, Carithers RL, Brewer WH. Regenerating nodules in cirrhosis: sonographic appearance with anatomic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986; 146:533-6. [PMID: 3511637 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.146.3.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A sonographic-anatomic correlation study was undertaken to define the sonographic appearance of regenerating nodules in cirrhotic livers. Three cirrhotic livers with multiple regenerating nodules were obtained from patients undergoing liver transplantation. Sonograms of the resected livers were made and correlated directly with the anatomic specimens. Using a 3-MHz transducer, no discrete alterations in the echo texture of the livers were seen to correspond to the regenerating nodules. With a 7.5-MHz transducer, discrete islands of liver parenchyma were identified corresponding to regenerating nodules anatomically. The nodules were recognized because of visualization of thin, slightly more echogenic borders, which corresponded pathologically to fibrous and fatty connective tissue surrounding and separating the nodules.
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Abstract
We describe a patient with a chronic urinary cutaneous fistula following partial nephrectomy of a previously separated horseshoe kidney, who was treated successfully by stainless steel coil embolization of the renal artery. Thus, a major reoperation was avoided.
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Freeman MP, Tisnado J, Cho SR. Transcatheter embolization of the dorsal pancreatic artery to control massive postoperative bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 1985; 80:185-7. [PMID: 3976637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a severely traumatized patient who developed massive bleeding through surgical drains in the postoperative period. Superselective dorsal pancreatic arteriography demonstrated extravasation of contrast material in the pancreatic bed. Embolization with Gel-foam particles successfully controlled this severe bleeding. Transcatheter embolization is the procedure of choice for controlling pancreatic bleeding in acutely traumatized patients.
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Freeman MP, Hagyard MJ. Hindered Rotation of Adsorbed Hydrogen Isotopes: A Hybrid Approximation to the Quantum‐Statistical Partition Function. J Chem Phys 1968. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1670712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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