1
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Siamwala JH, Pagano FS, Dubielecka PM, Ivey MJ, Guirao-Abad JP, Zhao A, Chen S, Granston H, Jeong JY, Rounds S, Kanisicak O, Sadayappan S, Gilbert RJ. IL-1β-mediated adaptive reprogramming of endogenous human cardiac fibroblasts to cells with immune features during fibrotic remodeling. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1200. [PMID: 38001239 PMCID: PMC10673909 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The source and roles of fibroblasts and T-cells during maladaptive remodeling and myocardial fibrosis in the setting of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have been long debated. We demonstrate, using single-cell mass cytometry, a subpopulation of endogenous human cardiac fibroblasts expressing increased levels of CD4, a helper T-cell marker, in addition to myofibroblast markers distributed in human fibrotic RV tissue, interstitial and perivascular lesions in SUGEN/Hypoxia (SuHx) rats, and fibroblasts labeled with pdgfrα CreERt2/+ in R26R-tdTomato mice. Recombinant IL-1β increases IL-1R, CCR2 receptor expression, modifies the secretome, and differentiates cardiac fibroblasts to form CD68-positive cell clusters. IL-1β also activates stemness markers, such as NANOG and SOX2, and genes involved in dedifferentiation, lymphoid cell function and metabolic reprogramming. IL-1β induction of lineage traced primary mouse cardiac fibroblasts causes these cells to lose their fibroblast identity and acquire an immune phenotype. Our results identify IL-1β induced immune-competency in human cardiac fibroblasts and suggest that fibroblast secretome modulation may constitute a therapeutic approach to PAH and other diseases typified by inflammation and fibrotic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila H Siamwala
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Francesco S Pagano
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Patrycja M Dubielecka
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Malina J Ivey
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jose Pedro Guirao-Abad
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alexander Zhao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sonja Chen
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Haley Granston
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jae Yun Jeong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sharon Rounds
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard J Gilbert
- Ocean State Research Institute, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
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2
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Kuwabara JT, Hara A, Heckl JR, Peña B, Bhutada S, DeMaris R, Ivey MJ, DeAngelo LP, Liu X, Park J, Jahansooz JR, Mestroni L, McKinsey TA, Apte SS, Tallquist MD. Regulation of extracellular matrix composition by fibroblasts during perinatal cardiac maturation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 169:84-95. [PMID: 35569524 PMCID: PMC10149041 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac fibroblasts are the main non-myocyte population responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) production. During perinatal development, fibroblast expansion coincides with the transition from hyperplastic to hypertrophic myocardial growth. Therefore, we investigated the consequences of fibroblast loss at the time of cardiomyocyte maturation by depleting fibroblasts in the perinatal mouse. METHODS AND RESULTS We evaluated the microenvironment of the perinatal heart in the absence of fibroblasts and the potential functional impact of fibroblast loss in regulation of cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest and binucleation. Cre-mediated expression of diphtheria toxin A in PDGFRα expressing cells immediately after birth eliminated 70-80% of the cardiac fibroblasts. At postnatal day 5, hearts lacking fibroblasts appeared similar to controls with normal morphology and comparable numbers of endothelial and smooth muscle cells, despite a pronounced reduction in fibrillar collagen. Immunoblotting and proteomic analysis of control and fibroblast-deficient hearts identified differential abundance of several ECM proteins. In addition, fibroblast loss decreased tissue stiffness and resulted in increased cardiomyocyte mitotic index, DNA synthesis, and cytokinesis. Moreover, decellularized matrix from fibroblast-deficient hearts promoted cardiomyocyte DNA replication. While cardiac architecture was not overtly affected by fibroblast reduction, few pups survived past postnatal day 11, suggesting an overall requirement for PDGFRα expressing fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate the key role of fibroblasts in matrix production and cardiomyocyte cross-talk during mouse perinatal heart maturation and revealed that fibroblast-derived ECM may modulate cardiomyocyte maturation in vivo. Neonatal depletion of fibroblasts demonstrated that although hearts can tolerate reduced ECM composition, fibroblast loss eventually leads to perinatal death as the approach simultaneously reduced fibroblast populations in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill T Kuwabara
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America
| | - Akitoshi Hara
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America
| | - Jack R Heckl
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America
| | - Brisa Peña
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Sumit Bhutada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America
| | - Regan DeMaris
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America
| | - Malina J Ivey
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States of America
| | - Lydia P DeAngelo
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America
| | - Juwon Park
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America
| | - Julia R Jahansooz
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America
| | - Luisa Mestroni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America
| | - Michelle D Tallquist
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America.
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3
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Alam P, Maliken BD, Jones SM, Ivey MJ, Wu Z, Wang Y, Kanisicak O. Cardiac Remodeling and Repair: Recent Approaches, Advancements, and Future Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313104. [PMID: 34884909 PMCID: PMC8658114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited ability of mammalian adult cardiomyocytes to proliferate following an injury to the heart, such as myocardial infarction, is a major factor that results in adverse fibrotic and myocardial remodeling that ultimately leads to heart failure. The continued high degree of heart failure-associated morbidity and lethality requires the special attention of researchers worldwide to develop efficient therapeutics for cardiac repair. Recently, various strategies and approaches have been developed and tested to extrinsically induce regeneration and restoration of the myocardium after cardiac injury have yielded encouraging results. Nevertheless, these interventions still lack adequate success to be used for clinical interventions. This review highlights and discusses both cell-based and cell-free therapeutic approaches as well as current advancements, major limitations, and future perspectives towards developing an efficient therapeutic method for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perwez Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (P.A.); (S.M.J.); (M.J.I.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Bryan D. Maliken
- Harrington Physician-Scientist Pathway, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Shannon M. Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (P.A.); (S.M.J.); (M.J.I.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Malina J. Ivey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (P.A.); (S.M.J.); (M.J.I.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhichao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (P.A.); (S.M.J.); (M.J.I.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yigang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (P.A.); (S.M.J.); (M.J.I.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (P.A.); (S.M.J.); (M.J.I.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-513-558-2029; Fax: +1-513-584-3892
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4
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Alam P, Maliken BD, Ivey MJ, Jones SM, Kanisicak O. Isolation, Transfection, and Long-Term Culture of Adult Mouse and Rat Cardiomyocytes. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 33104067 DOI: 10.3791/61073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo culture of the adult mammalian cardiomyocytes (CMs) presents the most relevant experimental system for the in vitro study of cardiac biology. Adult mammalian CMs are terminally differentiated cells with minimal proliferative capacity. The post-mitotic state of adult CMs not only restricts cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression but also limits the efficient culture of CMs. Moreover, the long-term culture of adult CMs is necessary for many studies, such as CM proliferation and analysis of gene expression. The mouse and the rat are the two most preferred laboratory animals to be used for cardiomyocyte isolation. While the long-term culture of rat CMs is possible, adult mouse CMs are susceptible to death and cannot be cultured more than five days under normal conditions. Therefore, there is a critical need to optimize the cell isolation and long-term culture protocol for adult murine CMs. With this modified protocol, it is possible to successfully isolate and culture both adult mouse and rat CMs for more than 20 days. Moreover, the siRNA transfection efficiency of isolated CM is significantly increased compared to previous reports. For adult mouse CM isolation, the Langendorff perfusion method is utilized with an optimal enzyme solution and sufficient time for complete extracellular matrix dissociation. In order to obtain pure ventricular CMs, both atria were dissected and discarded before proceeding with the disassociation and plating. Cells were dispersed on a laminin coated plate, which allowed for efficient and rapid attachment. CMs were allowed to settle for 4-6 h before siRNA transfection. Culture media was refreshed every 24 h for 20 days, and subsequently, CMs were fixed and stained for cardiac-specific markers such as Troponin and markers of cell cycle such as KI67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perwez Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati
| | - Bryan D Maliken
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati
| | - Malina J Ivey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati
| | - Shannon M Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati;
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5
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Alam P, Ivey MJ, Jones S, Wang YG, Sadayappan S, Kanisicak O. Abstract 473: Induced Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle After Myocardial Infarction Restarts the Neonatal Cardio-protective Signaling and Improves Wound Healing. Circ Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/res.127.suppl_1.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Myocardial infarction leads to a massive loss of cardiomyocytes (CM) and cardiac remodeling, which results in reduced cardiac function and, ultimately, heart failure. Adult mammalian CMs cannot spontenously proliferate, and thus repair the cardiac injury, however in our previous study we showed that simultaneous knock down of
Rb1
and
Meis2
induced CM cell cycle activation that resulted in improved cardiac function. Moreover, most significant cardioprotective effects were due to CM mediated paracrine mechanisms including angiogenesis and CM cell survival. Thus, this study aims to identify these indirect cardioprotective pathways dependent on CM cell cycle.
Methods and Results:
We utilized genetically modified FUCCI mice, which allows identifying the cycling
vs.
non-cycling CM for transcriptome analysis. Adult mouse CM was isolated through the Langendorff heart perfusion method, using our modified isolation protocol, and cultured in the modified DMEM media. Adult CMs were transfected with equimolar (50uM each) combination of siRb1 and siMeis2 (siRNA-cocktail), cel-miR-67 served as control. CMs were harvested, and RNA isolation was performed on day seven after transfection.
Rb1
and
Meis2
knock-down were validated through CM proliferation analysis and RT-PCR based expression profiling for selected markers of proliferation, angiogenesis, cell survival, and structural genes. Our analysis showed a significant down-regulation of
Rb1
and
Meis2
after siRNA treatment.Further, we observed an up-regulation of pro-angiogenic and pro-survival genes without any significant alteration in the structural genes. After validating our samples, we performed a whole-genome transcriptome analysis using a high-throughput Illumina NextSeq platform. Our RNAseq analysis revealed the activation of pathways, which may induce the CM rejuvenation. The identified potential targets will be further validated through in vivo experiments.
Conclusions:
Our results suggest the activation of CM rejuvenation after knocking-down
Rb1
and
Meis2
to improve the cardioprotection after injury.
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6
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Evdokiou A, Kanisicak O, Gierek S, Barry A, Ivey MJ, Zhang X, Bodnar RJ, Satish L. Characterization of Burn Eschar Pericytes. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020606. [PMID: 32102389 PMCID: PMC7074206 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are cells that reside adjacent to microvasculature and regulate vascular function. Pericytes gained great interest in the field of wound healing and regenerative medicine due to their multipotential fate and ability to enhance angiogenesis. In burn wounds, scarring and scar contractures are the major pathologic feature and cause loss of mobility. The present study investigated the influence of burn wound environment on pericytes during wound healing. Pericytes isolated from normal skin and tangentially excised burn eschar tissues were analyzed for differences in gene and protein expression using RNA-seq., immunocytochemistry, and ELISA analyses. RNA-seq identified 443 differentially expressed genes between normal- and burn eschar-derived pericytes. Whereas, comparing normal skin pericytes to normal skin fibroblasts identified 1021 distinct genes and comparing burn eschar pericytes to normal skin fibroblasts identified 2449 differential genes. Altogether, forkhead box E1 (FOXE1), a transcription factor, was identified as a unique marker for skin pericytes. Interestingly, FOXE1 levels were significantly elevated in burn eschar pericytes compared to normal. Additionally, burn wound pericytes showed increased expression of profibrotic genes periostin, fibronectin, and endosialin and a gain in contractile function, suggesting a contribution to scarring and fibrosis. Our findings suggest that the burn wound environment promotes pericytes to differentiate into a myofibroblast-like phenotype promoting scar formation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Evdokiou
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Research Department, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (A.E.); (S.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA; (O.K.); (M.J.I.)
| | - Stephanie Gierek
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Research Department, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (A.E.); (S.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Amanda Barry
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Research Department, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (A.E.); (S.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Malina J. Ivey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA; (O.K.); (M.J.I.)
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Genomics, Epigenomics and Sequencing Core, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Richard J. Bodnar
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University Dr. C, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA;
| | - Latha Satish
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Research Department, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (A.E.); (S.G.); (A.B.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA; (O.K.); (M.J.I.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-513-872-6278
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7
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Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), a receptor tyrosine kinase required for cardiac fibroblast development, is uniquely expressed by fibroblasts in the adult heart. Despite the consensus that PDGFRα is expressed in adult cardiac fibroblasts, we know little about its function when these cells are at rest. Here, we demonstrate that loss of PDGFRα in cardiac fibroblasts resulted in a rapid reduction of resident fibroblasts. Furthermore, we observe that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling was required for PDGFRα-dependent fibroblast maintenance. Interestingly, this reduced number of fibroblasts was maintained long-term, suggesting that there is no homeostatic mechanism to monitor fibroblast numbers and restore hearts to wild-type levels. Although we did not observe any systolic functional changes in hearts with depleted fibroblasts, the basement membrane and microvasculature of these hearts were perturbed. Through in vitro analyses, we showed that PDGFRα signaling inhibition resulted in an increase in fibroblast cell death, and PDGFRα stimulation led to increased levels of the cell survival factor activating transcription factor 3. Our data reveal a unique role for PDGFRα signaling in fibroblast maintenance and illustrate that a 50% loss in cardiac fibroblasts does not result in lethality.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) is required in developing cardiac fibroblasts, but a functional role in adult, quiescent fibroblasts has not been identified. Here, we demonstrate that PDGFRα signaling is essential for cardiac fibroblast maintenance and that there are no homeostatic mechanisms to regulate fibroblast numbers in the heart. PDGFR signaling is generally considered mitogenic in fibroblasts, but these data suggest that this receptor may direct different cellular processes depending on the cell's maturation and activation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malina J Ivey
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Jill T Kuwabara
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Kara L Riggsbee
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Michelle D Tallquist
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
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8
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Park J, Ivey MJ, Deana Y, Riggsbee KL, Sörensen E, Schwabl V, Sjöberg C, Hjertberg T, Park GY, Swonger JM, Rosengreen T, Morty RE, Ahlbrecht K, Tallquist MD. The Tcf21 lineage constitutes the lung lipofibroblast population. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L872-L885. [PMID: 30675802 PMCID: PMC6589586 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00254.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor 21 (Tcf21) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor required for mesenchymal development in several organs. Others have demonstrated that Tcf21 is expressed in embryonic lung mesenchyme and that loss of Tcf21 results in a pulmonary hypoplasia phenotype. Although recent single-cell transcriptome analysis has described multiple mesenchymal cell types in the lung, few have characterized the Tcf21 expressing population. To explore the Tcf21 mesenchymal lineage, we traced Tcf21-expressing cells during embryogenesis and in the adult. Our results showed that Tcf21 progenitor cells at embryonic day (E)11.5 generated a subpopulation of fibroblasts and lipofibroblasts and a limited number of smooth muscle cells. After E15.5, Tcf21 progenitor cells exclusively become lipofibroblasts and interstitial fibroblasts. Lipid metabolism genes were highly expressed in perinatal and adult Tcf21 lineage cells. Overexpression of Tcf21 in primary neonatal lung fibroblasts led to increases in intracellular neutral lipids, suggesting a regulatory role for Tcf21 in lipofibroblast function. Collectively, our results reveal that Tcf21 expression after E15.5 delineates the lipofibroblast and a population of interstitial fibroblasts. The Tcf21 inducible Cre mouse line provides a novel method for identifying and manipulating the lipofibroblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Park
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Malina J Ivey
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Yanik Deana
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Kara L Riggsbee
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Emelie Sörensen
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Veronika Schwabl
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Caroline Sjöberg
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Tilda Hjertberg
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Ga Young Park
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Jessica M Swonger
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Taylor Rosengreen
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, German Center for Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany
| | - Katrin Ahlbrecht
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, German Center for Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany
| | - Michelle D Tallquist
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
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9
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Ivey MJ, Kuwabara JT, Pai JT, Moore RE, Sun Z, Tallquist MD. Resident fibroblast expansion during cardiac growth and remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 114:161-174. [PMID: 29158033 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, denoted by the deposition of extracellular matrix, manifests with a variety of diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and myocardial infarction. Underlying this pathological extracellular matrix secretion is an expansion of fibroblasts. The mouse is now a common experimental model system for the study of cardiovascular remodeling and elucidation of fibroblast responses to cardiac growth and stress is vital for understanding disease processes. Here, using diverse but fibroblast specific markers, we report murine fibroblast distribution and proliferation in early postnatal, adult, and injured hearts. We find that perinatal fibroblasts and endothelial cells proliferate at similar rates. Furthermore, regardless of the injury model, fibroblast proliferation peaks within the first week after injury, a time window similar to the period of the inflammatory phase. In addition, fibroblast densities remain high weeks after the initial insult. These results provide detailed information regarding fibroblast distribution and proliferation in experimental methods of heart injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malina J Ivey
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Jill T Kuwabara
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Jonathan T Pai
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Richard E Moore
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Bioengineering, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Zuyue Sun
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Michelle D Tallquist
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States.
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Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis remains an important health concern, but the study of fibroblast biology has been hindered by a lack of effective means for identifying and tracking fibroblasts. Recent advances in fibroblast-specific lineage tags and reporters have permitted a better understanding of these cells. After injury, multiple cell types have been implicated as the source for extracellular matrix-producing cells, but emerging studies suggest that resident cardiac fibroblasts contribute substantially to the remodeling process. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding cardiac fibroblast origin and identity. Our understanding of cardiac fibroblast biology and fibrosis is still developing and will expand profoundly in the next few years, with many of the recent findings regarding fibroblast gene expression and behavior laying down the groundwork for interpreting the purpose and utility of these cells before and after injury. (Circ J 2016; 80: 2269-2276).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malina J Ivey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Hawaii
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11
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Ivey MJ, Tallquist MD. Abstract 92: Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Signaling is Required for Cardiac Fibroblast Survival and Proliferation. Circ Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/res.119.suppl_1.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis contributes significantly to heart disease and is a hallmark of decreased cardiac function. Currently, there are no treatments that attenuate fibrosis, but identification of signaling pathways required for fibroblast function would provide some potential targets. PDGFRα is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is required for fibroblast formation in the developing heart, and preliminary data indicates that it is also required for maintenance of resident fibroblasts and expansion of activated fibroblasts after injury. Preliminary experiments demonstrate that loss of PDGFRα expression in adult cardiac fibroblasts results in 50% reduction in the number of the resident fibroblasts by 4 days after gene deletion. This was further validated using an independent fibroblast marker, collagen1a1GFP. Based on the low basal level of fibroblast proliferation, we hypothesize that PDGFRα signaling is essential for fibroblast survival and that fibroblasts undergo rapid turnover in the absence of PDGFRα signaling. Future studies will determine the exact mechanism of this loss. We have also begun to elucidate which PDGFRα downstream signals promote fibroblast maintenance. Using a PDGFRα-dependent-PI3K-deficient mouse model, preliminary data indicates that PDGFRα-dependent PI3K signaling is essential for cell survival. We are also investigating the role of PDGFRα signaling after myocardial infarction. Using recently described genetic tools to follow fibroblasts after injury, we have determined that fibroblasts reach their peak of proliferation within a week after permanent left anterior descending artery ligation. This injury-induced proliferation is reduced by 50% after deletion of PDGFRα. Therefore, we have demonstrated that PDGFRα has a role in fibroblast maintenance in the healthy heart, as well as a role in fibroblast proliferation after injury. Our studies will continue to illuminate additional roles for PDGFRα in the fibroblast, as well as the implications of fibroblast loss on other cell types and overall heart function.
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12
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Swonger JM, Liu JS, Ivey MJ, Tallquist MD. Genetic tools for identifying and manipulating fibroblasts in the mouse. Differentiation 2016; 92:66-83. [PMID: 27342817 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of mouse genetic tools to track and manipulate fibroblasts has provided invaluable in vivo information regarding the activities of these cells. Recently, many new mouse strains have been described for the specific purpose of studying fibroblast behavior. Colorimetric reporter mice and lines expressing Cre are available for the study of fibroblasts in the organs prone to fibrosis, including heart, kidney, liver, lung, and skeletal muscle. In this review we summarize the current state of the models that have been used to define tissue resident fibroblast populations. While these complex genetic reagents provide unique insights into the process of fibrosis, they also require a thorough understanding of the caveats and limitations. Here, we discuss the specificity and efficiency of the available genetic models and briefly describe how they have been used to document the mechanisms of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Swonger
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Jocelyn S Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Malina J Ivey
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Michelle D Tallquist
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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13
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Pinto AR, Ilinykh A, Ivey MJ, Kuwabara JT, D'Antoni ML, Debuque R, Chandran A, Wang L, Arora K, Rosenthal NA, Tallquist MD. Revisiting Cardiac Cellular Composition. Circ Res 2015; 118:400-9. [PMID: 26635390 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 869] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Accurate knowledge of the cellular composition of the heart is essential to fully understand the changes that occur during pathogenesis and to devise strategies for tissue engineering and regeneration. OBJECTIVE To examine the relative frequency of cardiac endothelial cells, hematopoietic-derived cells, and fibroblasts in the mouse and human heart. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a combination of genetic tools and cellular markers, we examined the occurrence of the most prominent cell types in the adult mouse heart. Immunohistochemistry revealed that endothelial cells constitute >60%, hematopoietic-derived cells 5% to 10%, and fibroblasts <20% of the nonmyocytes in the heart. A refined cell isolation protocol and an improved flow cytometry approach provided an independent means of determining the relative abundance of nonmyocytes. High-dimensional analysis and unsupervised clustering of cell populations confirmed that endothelial cells are the most abundant cell population. Interestingly, fibroblast numbers are smaller than previously estimated, and 2 commonly assigned fibroblast markers, Sca-1 and CD90, under-represent fibroblast numbers. We also describe an alternative fibroblast surface marker that more accurately identifies the resident cardiac fibroblast population. CONCLUSIONS This new perspective on the abundance of different cell types in the heart demonstrates that fibroblasts comprise a relatively minor population. By contrast, endothelial cells constitute the majority of noncardiomyocytes and are likely to play a greater role in physiological function and response to injury than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Pinto
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R.P., A.I., R.D., A.C., L.W., N.R.); Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research (M.J.I., J.T.K., M.L.D'A., K.A., M.D.T.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology (M.J.I., J.T.K.), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (N.A.R.); and The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (N.A.R.).
| | - Alexei Ilinykh
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R.P., A.I., R.D., A.C., L.W., N.R.); Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research (M.J.I., J.T.K., M.L.D'A., K.A., M.D.T.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology (M.J.I., J.T.K.), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (N.A.R.); and The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (N.A.R.)
| | - Malina J Ivey
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R.P., A.I., R.D., A.C., L.W., N.R.); Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research (M.J.I., J.T.K., M.L.D'A., K.A., M.D.T.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology (M.J.I., J.T.K.), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (N.A.R.); and The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (N.A.R.)
| | - Jill T Kuwabara
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R.P., A.I., R.D., A.C., L.W., N.R.); Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research (M.J.I., J.T.K., M.L.D'A., K.A., M.D.T.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology (M.J.I., J.T.K.), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (N.A.R.); and The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (N.A.R.)
| | - Michelle L D'Antoni
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R.P., A.I., R.D., A.C., L.W., N.R.); Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research (M.J.I., J.T.K., M.L.D'A., K.A., M.D.T.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology (M.J.I., J.T.K.), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (N.A.R.); and The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (N.A.R.)
| | - Ryan Debuque
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R.P., A.I., R.D., A.C., L.W., N.R.); Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research (M.J.I., J.T.K., M.L.D'A., K.A., M.D.T.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology (M.J.I., J.T.K.), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (N.A.R.); and The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (N.A.R.)
| | - Anjana Chandran
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R.P., A.I., R.D., A.C., L.W., N.R.); Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research (M.J.I., J.T.K., M.L.D'A., K.A., M.D.T.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology (M.J.I., J.T.K.), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (N.A.R.); and The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (N.A.R.)
| | - Lina Wang
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R.P., A.I., R.D., A.C., L.W., N.R.); Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research (M.J.I., J.T.K., M.L.D'A., K.A., M.D.T.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology (M.J.I., J.T.K.), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (N.A.R.); and The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (N.A.R.)
| | - Komal Arora
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R.P., A.I., R.D., A.C., L.W., N.R.); Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research (M.J.I., J.T.K., M.L.D'A., K.A., M.D.T.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology (M.J.I., J.T.K.), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (N.A.R.); and The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (N.A.R.)
| | - Nadia A Rosenthal
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R.P., A.I., R.D., A.C., L.W., N.R.); Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research (M.J.I., J.T.K., M.L.D'A., K.A., M.D.T.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology (M.J.I., J.T.K.), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (N.A.R.); and The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (N.A.R.)
| | - Michelle D Tallquist
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R.P., A.I., R.D., A.C., L.W., N.R.); Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research (M.J.I., J.T.K., M.L.D'A., K.A., M.D.T.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology (M.J.I., J.T.K.), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (N.A.R.); and The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (N.A.R.).
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14
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Ivey MJ, Tallquist M. Abstract 250: Elucidating the Role of Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Signaling in Cardiac Fibroblasts. Circ Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/res.117.suppl_1.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a major component of heart disease and is a hallmark of decreased cardiac function. Currently, there are no treatments that attenuate fibrosis directly. This major hurdle can be overcome by targeting the resident fibroblast. Preliminary data demonstrates that loss of PDGFRα expression in the adult cardiac fibroblast lineage results in loss of over half of resident fibroblasts. A time course experiment revealed that in as little as 4 days after PDGFRα gene deletion fibroblast loss can observed. Based on the basal level of fibroblast proliferation (0.8%+/-0.9, i.e. 4 of 398 cells), we hypothesize that PDGFRα signaling is essential for fibroblast maintenance and that fibroblasts undergo rapid turnover. We have begun to elucidate which downstream signals of PDGFRα are involved the different roles of the fibroblast. Using a PDGFRα-dependent-PI3K-deficient mouse model, preliminary data indicates that PDGFRα-dependent PI3K signaling is involved in this cell survival response. Future studies will investigate cardiac fibroblast maintenance signals by determining which cell types secrete PDGF ligands. We will also investigate the role of PDGFRα signaling after myocardial infarction. Our lab has genetic tools that enable us to follow fibroblasts after injury, and we have determined both the number of proliferating fibroblasts at different time points, as well as the fraction of fibroblasts that make up the total population of proliferating cells after LAD ligation. Our preliminary data in control hearts shows that fibroblasts reach their peak of proliferation within a week after infarction, although they remain one of the most proliferative cell types as long as three weeks after induction. Our studies will illuminate the role of the fibroblast in tissue homeostasis and after infarction and identify how these cells contribute to overall cardiovascular function and delineate the fine balance between the essential and detrimental functions of the fibroblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malina J Ivey
- Univ of Hawaii, Cntr for Cardiovascular Rsch, Honolulu, HI
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ivey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit
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