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Anderson DM, Corsaro M, Horton J, Reid T, Seshaiyer P. Tear film dynamics with blinking and contact lens motion. Math Med Biol 2021; 38:355-395. [PMID: 34286343 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We develop a lubrication theory-based mathematical model that describes the dynamics of a tear film during blinking and contact lens (CL) wear. The model extends previous work on pre-corneal tear film dynamics during blinking by coupling the partial differential equation for tear film thickness to a dynamic model for CL motion. We explore different models for eyelid motion and also account for possible voluntary and involuntary globe (eyeball) rotation that may accompany blinking. Boundary conditions for mass flux at the eyelids are also adapted to account for the presence and motion of the CL. Our predictions for CL motion compare reasonably with existing data. Away from the eyelids the pre-lens tear film (PrLTF) is shifted, relative to its pre-corneal counterpart, in the direction of CL motion. Near the eyelids, the inflow/outflow of fluid under the eyelids also influences the PrLTF profile. We also compare our PrLTF dynamics to existing in vivo tear film thickness measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Anderson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Maria Corsaro
- Department of Mathematics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jonathan Horton
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Tim Reid
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Padmanabhan Seshaiyer
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Martin M, Zielinski C, Ruiz-Borrego M, Carrasco E, Turner N, Ciruelos EM, Muñoz M, Bermejo B, Margeli M, Anton A, Kahan Z, Csöszi T, Casas MI, Murillo L, Morales S, Alba E, Gal-Yam E, Guerrero-Zotano A, Calvo L, de la Haba-Rodriguez J, Ramos M, Alvarez I, Garcia-Palomo A, Huang Bartlett C, Koehler M, Caballero R, Corsaro M, Huang X, Garcia-Sáenz JA, Chacón JI, Swift C, Thallinger C, Gil-Gil M. Palbociclib in combination with endocrine therapy versus capecitabine in hormonal receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor 2-negative, aromatase inhibitor-resistant metastatic breast cancer: a phase III randomised controlled trial-PEARL. Ann Oncol 2020; 32:488-499. [PMID: 33385521 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palbociclib plus endocrine therapy (ET) is the standard treatment of hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, metastatic breast cancer (MBC). However, its efficacy has not been compared with that of chemotherapy in a phase III trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS PEARL is a multicentre, phase III randomised study in which patients with aromatase inhibitor (AI)-resistant MBC were included in two consecutive cohorts. In cohort 1, patients were randomised 1 : 1 to palbociclib plus exemestane or capecitabine. On discovering new evidence about estrogen receptor-1 (ESR1) mutations inducing resistance to AIs, the trial was amended to include cohort 2, in which patients were randomised 1 : 1 between palbociclib plus fulvestrant and capecitabine. The stratification criteria were disease site, prior sensitivity to ET, prior chemotherapy for MBC, and country of origin. Co-primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) in cohort 2 and in wild-type ESR1 patients (cohort 1 + cohort 2). ESR1 hotspot mutations were analysed in baseline circulating tumour DNA. RESULTS From March 2014 to July 2018, 296 and 305 patients were included in cohort 1 and cohort 2, respectively. Palbociclib plus ET was not superior to capecitabine in both cohort 2 [median PFS: 7.5 versus 10.0 months; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85-1.50] and wild-type ESR1 patients (median PFS: 8.0 versus 10.6 months; aHR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.87-1.41). The most frequent grade 3-4 toxicities with palbociclib plus exemestane, palbociclib plus fulvestrant and capecitabine, respectively, were neutropenia (57.4%, 55.7% and 5.5%), hand/foot syndrome (0%, 0% and 23.5%), and diarrhoea (1.3%, 1.3% and 7.6%). Palbociclib plus ET offered better quality of life (aHR for time to deterioration of global health status: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.53-0.85). CONCLUSIONS There was no statistical superiority of palbociclib plus ET over capecitabine with respect to PFS in MBC patients resistant to AIs. Palbociclib plus ET showed a better safety profile and improved quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martin
- Medical Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Medicine Department, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Oncology Biomedical Research National Network (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Zielinski
- Medical Oncology, Central European Cancer Center, Wiener Privatklinik Hospital, Vienna, Austria; CECOG Central European Cooperative Oncology Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Ruiz-Borrego
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Carrasco
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Turner
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden, London, UK
| | - E M Ciruelos
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, HM Hospitales Madrid, Madrid, Spain; SOLTI Group on Breast Cancer Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Muñoz
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Bermejo
- Oncology Biomedical Research National Network (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Margeli
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; B-ARGO Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - A Anton
- Oncology Biomedical Research National Network (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Z Kahan
- Department of Oncotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - T Csöszi
- Department of Oncology, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Hetenyi Geza Korhaz-Rendelőintezet, Szolnok, Hungary
| | - M I Casas
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Murillo
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico de Zaragoza Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Morales
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - E Alba
- Oncology Biomedical Research National Network (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; UGCI Medical Oncology, Hospitales Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - E Gal-Yam
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - A Guerrero-Zotano
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - L Calvo
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario A Coruña, Coruña, Spain
| | - J de la Haba-Rodriguez
- Oncology Biomedical Research National Network (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba; Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC); Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Ramos
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro Oncológico de Galicia, A Coruña, Coruña, Spain
| | - I Alvarez
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Donostia-Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - A Garcia-Palomo
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital de León, León, Spain
| | | | - M Koehler
- Pfizer, USA; Repare Therapeutics, Cambridge, USA
| | - R Caballero
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - J A Garcia-Sáenz
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - J I Chacón
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo, Spain
| | - C Swift
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden, London, UK
| | - C Thallinger
- CECOG Central European Cooperative Oncology Group, Vienna, Austria; Department of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Department of Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Gil-Gil
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO) & IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
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Belluardo N, Mudò G, Caniglia G, Corsaro M, Cheng Q, Frasca F, Belfiore A, Condorelli DF. Expression of neurotrophins, GDNF, and their receptors in rat thyroid tissue. Cell Tissue Res 1999; 295:467-75. [PMID: 10022966 DOI: 10.1007/s004410051252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Levels of mRNA for neurotrophins (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF; neurotrophin 3, NT-3; neurotrophin 4, NT-4) and their receptors (trkA, trkB, trkC) and for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its receptors (ret, GDNFR-alpha) were measured in rat thyroid tissue by ribonuclease protection assays. In thyroid tissue the NT-3 mRNA level was threefold lower and the NT-4 mRNA level sixfold higher than those detected in adult rat hippocampus, while BDNF mRNA was undetectable. Very low levels of mRNA for truncated trkB and trkC receptors and no catalytic trkA, trkB or trkC were found. In conclusion NT-3 and NT-4, but not the corresponding functional receptors, are expressed in the thyroid tissue. Therefore, it is unlikely that these factors serve a direct local autocrine or paracrine function in thyroid cell types, and a target-derived mode of action on neurons innervating the thyroid tissue is suggested. An opposite result has been found for the neurotrophic factor GDNF: thyroid tissue showed a high level of transcripts for the GDNF receptor subunits (GDNFR-alpha and Ret), while GDNF mRNA was undetectable. The in situ hybridization analysis of GDNFR-alpha and ret mRNA revealed an interesting difference in the cell distribution of these transcripts: ret mRNA is selectively expressed in a subpopulation of cells scattered in the follicular epithelium and in the interfollicular spaces, while GDNFR-alpha expression is more homogeneous and widespread, including the more abundant cell type of the thyroid gland: the follicular cell. Double-labeling in situ hybridization/immunocytochemistry experiments, with a specific marker (calcitonin), showed that parafollicular cells express ret but not GDNFR-alpha. This differential distribution of the GDNF receptor components (GDNFR-alpha and ret) may reflect a peculiar biological role in intercellular communication in the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Belluardo
- Institute of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Condorelli DF, Dell'Albani P, Corsaro M, Giuffrida R, Caruso A, Trovato Salinaro A, Spinella F, Nicoletti F, Albanese V, Giuffrida Stella AM. Metabotropic glutamate receptor expression in cultured rat astrocytes and human gliomas. Neurochem Res 1997; 22:1127-33. [PMID: 9251103 DOI: 10.1023/a:1027317319166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to confirm the existence of metabotropic glutamate receptors in astroglial cultures and to provide information on different receptor subtypes, the expression of different mGluRs was analysed in cultures highly enriched in rat astroglial cells. mRNA levels for mGluR1, 2, 3, 4, 7 were undetectable by Northern blot analysis in primary type-1 astroglial cultures derived from total cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex and striatum. Interestingly, these cultures expressed a low, but detectable, level of mGluR5 mRNA. The more sensitive technique Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed the presence of mGluR5 transcript in cultured astrocytes and, in addition, revealed the presence of mGluR3 mRNA. The lack of expression of mGluR5 in CG-4 cells, a rat cell line able to differentiate in type-2 astrocytes or oligodendrocytes depending on the culture conditions, suggested that the presence of mGluR5 was not a general feature of cells of glial origin. Moreover, all the examined mGluR transcript were undetectable by RT-PCR in CG4 cells. In order to confirm the possible expression of mGluR5 in cell of glial origin we examined the mRNA levels for this receptor in tissue samples from human gliomas obtained after surgical resection of the tumors: only 1 sample (grade II astrocytoma), out of 8 examined, showed the presence of mGluR5 mRNA. In conclusion our data show that the only cloned metabotropic receptor linked to phosphoinositide hydrolysis, whose expression is detectable in cultured type-1 astrocytes, in mGluR5. It remains to be established if the low level of expression of mGluR3 could be responsible for the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor activity previously observed in cultured astroglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Condorelli
- Institute of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
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Condorelli DF, Salin T, Dell' Albani P, Mudo G, Corsaro M, Timmusk T, Metsis M, Belluardo N. Neurotrophins and their trk receptors in cultured cells of the glial lineage and in white matter of the central nervous system. J Mol Neurosci 1995; 6:237-48. [PMID: 8860235 DOI: 10.1007/bf02736783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have analyzed the expression of different members of the neurotrophin family and their trk receptors in glial cultures composed mainly or exclusively of type-1 astrocytes, whereas only partial data have been published on other cultured glial types. In this article we compare the mRNA levels for neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4) and their high-affinity receptors (trkA, trkB, trkC) in cultures enriched in specific glial types, such as microglia, type-1 astroglia, and cells of the O/2A lineage (type-2 astroglia and oligodendroglia). Relatively high levels of NGF mRNA (comparable to those observed in adult rat cerebral cortex) are present in all types of cultured glial cells, except for a low level of expression in cultures enriched in microglial cells. In contrast, BDNF mRNA is undetectable in all cultures examined. NT-3 and NT-4 mRNA molecules, at a level equal to that observed in adult rat cerebral cortex, are easily detected in type-1 astrocyte cultures, whereas their hybridization signals are undetectable in cells of the O/2A lineage and in microglial cultures. The analysis of neurotrophin receptor mRNAs confirms the absence of trkA mRNA, the presence of relatively high levels of trkB mRNA (70-100% of cerebral cortex values), and low levels of trkC mRNA (10-18% of cerebral cortex values) in both cultured astroglial and oligodendroglial cells. Only very low levels of trkB and trkC mRNAs are observed in microglial cultures. Although cultured glial cells express mainly mRNAs encoding for the truncated form of trkB and trkC, a low level of mRNA encoding for the full-length catalytic form of these receptors is detected by the sensitive ribonuclease protection assay.
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Abstract
We analysed AMPA ionotropic receptor subunits at the mRNA level (GluR-1 to -4) and at the protein level (GluR-1 and GluR-2/3/4c) in "primary astroglial cultures" (non-neuronal cell cultures highly enriched in glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] positive cells) prepared from newborn rat cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum and in "brain non-neuronal cell cultures" (low percentage of GFAP positive cells) prepared from cerebellum, brainstem, mesencephalon, and hypothalamus. For comparison, we also determined AMPA subunit mRNA and protein levels in different brain regions. By Northern blot analysis mRNAs for the AMPA receptor subunits (GluR-1,-2,-3,-4) were detected in primary rat cerebral hemispheres astroglial cultures. Immunoblotting analysis with anti-GluR-1 and anti-GluR-2/3/4c polyclonal antibodies confirmed the presence of low level of immunoreactive proteins of the same size of those identified in vivo as GluR subunits. Expression of GluR genes varied depending on the brain area used as starting material for the preparation of the cultures: GluR-1, -2, and -3 were mainly expressed in cortical cultures, while GluR-4 expression predominated in brainstem derived cultures. Interestingly this pattern of expression correlates with that observed in the intact brain, where high levels of GluR-4 mRNA and low levels of the other GluR subunits were found in the brainstem. In conclusion our results confirm the existence of glutamate ionotropic receptors of the AMPA type in primary astroglial cultures and suggest that GluR-4 is the main AMPA receptor subunit expressed in non-neuronal cells of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Condorelli
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
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