Intra-individual variability of serum progesterone levels on the day of frozen blastocyst transfer in hormonal replacement therapy cycles

STUDY QUESTION

Is there a significant intra-individual variability of serum progesterone levels on the day of single blastocyst Hormone Replacement Therapy-Frozen Embryo Transfer (HRT-FET) between two consecutive cycles?

SUMMARY ANSWER

No significant intra-individual variability of serum progesterone (P) levels was noted between two consecutive HRT-FET cycles.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

In HRT-FET cycles, a minimum P level on the day of embryo transfer is necessary to optimise reproductive outcomes. In a previous study by our team, a threshold of 9.8 ng/ml serum P was identified as significantly associated with the live birth rates in single autologous blastocyst transfers under HRT using micronized vaginal progesterone (MVP). Such patients may benefit from an intensive luteal phase support (LPS) using other routes of P administration in addition to MVP. A crucial question in the way towards individualising LPS is whether serum P measurements are reproducible for a given patient in consecutive HRT-FET cycles, using the same LPS.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

We conducted an observational cohort study at the university-based reproductive medicine centre of our institution focusing on women who underwent at least two consecutive single autologous blastocyst HRT-FET cycles between January 2019 and March 2020.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Patients undergoing two consecutive single autologous blastocyst HRT-FET cycles using exogenous oestradiol and vaginal micronized progesterone for endometrial preparation were included. Serum progesterone levels were measured on the morning of the Frozen Embryo Transfer (FET), by a single laboratory. The two measurements of progesterone levels performed on the day of the first (FET1) and the second FET (FET2) were compared to evaluate the intra-individual variability of serum P levels. Paired statistical analyses were performed, as appropriate.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Two hundred and sixty-four patients undergoing two consecutive single autologous blastocyst HRT-FET were included. The mean age of the included women was 35.0 ± 4.2 years. No significant intra-individual variability was observed between FET1 and FET2 (mean progesterone level after FET1: 13.4 ± 5.1 ng/ml vs after FET2: 13.9 ± 5.0; P = 0.08). The characteristics of the embryo transfers were similar between the first and the second FET. Forty-nine patients (18.6%) had discordant progesterone levels (defined as one progesterone measurement > and one ≤ to the threshold of 9.8 ng/ml) between FET1 and FET2. There were 37/264 women (14.0%) who had high intra-individual variability (defined as a difference in serum progesterone values >75th percentile (6.0 ng/ml)) between FET1 and FET2. No specific clinical parameter was associated with a high intra-individual variability nor a discordant P measurement.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

This study is limited by its retrospective design. Moreover, only women undergoing autologous blastocyst HRT-FET with MVP were included, thereby limiting the extrapolation of the study findings to other routes of P administration and other kinds of endometrial preparation for FET.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

No significant intra-individual variability was noted. The serum progesterone level appeared to be reproducible in >80% of cases. These findings suggest that the serum progesterone level measured on the day of the first transfer can be used to individualize luteal phase support in subsequent cycles.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

No funding or competing interests.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

Endometriosis-related infertility: severe pain symptoms do not impact assisted reproductive technology outcomes

STUDY QUESTION

Do severe endometriosis-related painful symptoms impact ART live birth rates?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Severe pain symptoms are not associated with reduced ART live birth rates in endometriosis patients.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

ART is currently recognized as one of the main therapeutic options to manage endometriosis-related infertility. Presently, no data exist in the literature regarding the association between the core symptom of the disease, e.g. pain and ART reproductive outcomes.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

Observational cohort study of 354 endometriosis patients, who underwent ART at a tertiary care university hospital, between October 2014 and October 2021. Diagnosis of endometriosis was based on published imaging criteria using transvaginal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging, and histologically confirmed in women who had a previous history of endometriosis surgery (n = 127, 35.9%).

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

The intensity of painful symptoms related to dysmenorrhea (DM), dyspareunia (DP), noncyclic chronic pelvic pain, gastrointestinal (GI) pain, or lower urinary tract pain was evaluated using a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS), before ART. Severe pain was defined as having a VAS of 7 or higher for at least one symptom. The main outcome measure was the cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) per patient. We analyzed the impact of endometriosis-related painful symptoms on ART live births using univariable and multivariate analysis.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Three hundred and fifty-four endometriosis patients underwent 711 ART cycles. The mean age of the population was 33.8 ± 3.7 years, and the mean duration of infertility was 3.6 ± 2.1 years. The distribution of the endometriosis phenotypes was 3.1% superficial endometriosis, 8.2% ovarian endometrioma, and 88.7% deep infiltrating endometriosis. The mean VAS scores for DM, DP, and GI pain symptoms were 6.6 ± 2.7, 3.4 ± 3.1, and 3.1 ± 3.6, respectively. Two hundred and forty-two patients (68.4%) had severe pain symptoms. The CLBR per patient was 63.8% (226/354). Neither the mean VAS scores for the various painful symptoms nor the proportion of patients displaying severe pain differed significantly between patients who had a live birth and those who had not, based on univariate and multivariate analyses (P = 0.229). The only significant factors associated with negative ART live births were age >35 years (P < 0.001) and anti-Müllerian hormone levels <1.2 ng/ml (P < 0.001).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

The diagnosis of endometriosis was based on imaging rather than surgery. This limitation is, however, inherent to the design of most studies on endometriosis patients reverting to ART first.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Rather than considering a single argument such as pain, the decision-making process for choosing between ART and surgery in infertile endometriosis patients should be based on a multitude of aspects, including the patient's choice, the associated infertility factors, the endometriosis phenotypes, and the efficiency of medical therapies in regard to pain symptoms, through an individualized approach guided by a multidisciplinary team of experts.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

No funding; no conflict of interest.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

Reduced fertility in an adenomyosis mouse model is associated with an altered immune profile in the uterus during the implantation period

STUDY QUESTION

Does a reduction in fertility and/or systemic immune cell change occur during the early implantation period in a mouse model of adenomyosis?

SUMMARY ANSWER

A reduction in fertility was observed in mice with adenomyosis, coinciding with local and systemic immune changes observed during the implantation period.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Adenomyosis is a pathology responsible for impaired fertility in humans, with a still unclear pathophysiology. One hypothesis is that changes in immune cells observed in adenomyosis-affected uteri may alter fertility, notably the physiological immune environment necessary for successful implantation and a healthy pregnancy.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

Randomly selected CD-1 female neonatal pups were orally dosed by administration of tamoxifen to induce adenomyosis (TAM group), while others received solvent only (control group). From 6 weeks of life, CD-1 mice of both groups were mated to study impaired fertility and related local and/or systemic immune cell changes during the early implantation period.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTINGS, METHODS

To evaluate fertility and pregnancy outcomes, ultrasound imaging was performed at E (embryonic day) 7.5 and E11.5 to count the number of gestational sacs and the number of resorptions in eight mice of the TAM group and 16 mice of the control group. The mice were sacrificed at E18.5, and morphometric, functional (quantitative reverse transcription PCR; RT-qPCR), and histological analyses were performed on the placentas. To identify local and/or systemic immune changes during the early implantation period, 8 mice of the TAM group and 12 mice of the control group were sacrificed at E4.5. Uterine horns and spleens were collected for flow cytometry and RT-qPCR analyses to study the immune cell populations. To investigate the profile of the cytokines secreted during the early implantation period at the systemic level, supernatants from stimulated spleen cells were analyzed by multiplex immunoassay analysis.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

By ultrasound imaging, we observed a lower number of implantation sites (P < 0.005) and a higher number of resorptions (P < 0.001) in the TAM group, leading to smaller litters (average number of fetuses per litter: 1.00 [0.00; 5.25] in the TAM group versus 12.00 [9.50; 13.75] in the control group (P < 0.001). Histological and morphometric analyses of the placentas at E18.5 showed a higher junctional/labyrinthine area ratio in the TAM group (P = 0.005). The expression levels of genes that play a role in vascularization and placental growth (Vegf (P < 0.001), Plgf (P < 0.005), Pecam (P < 0.0001), and Igf2 (P = 0.002)) were reduced in the TAM group. In the TAM group, the percentages of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DC) were significantly decreased in the uterus around the implantation period. However, the number of M1 macrophages was increased. Both macrophages and DC had an increased activation profile (higher expression of MCHII, P = 0.012; CD80, P = 0.015; CCR7, P = 0.043 for macrophages, and higher expression of CD206, P = 0.018; CXCR4, P = 0.010; CCR7, P = 0.006, MCHII, P = 0.010; and CD80, P = 0.012 for DC). In spleen, an increase in the activation of macrophages (CCR7, P = 0.002; MCHII, P = 0.001; and CD80, P = 0.034) and DC was observed in the TAM group (CCR7, P = 0.001; MCHII, P = 0.001; Ly6C, P = 0.015). In the uteri and the spleen, we observed increased percentages of CD4+ T lymphocytes (P = 0.0237 and P = 0.0136, respectively) in the TAM group and, in the uteri, an increased number of regulatory T cells (P = 0.036) compared with the controls.

LARGE SCALE DATA

Not applicable.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

This study is limited by the use of an animal model and the lack of intervention.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

These data support involvement of innate and adaptive immune cells in the implantation failure and the increased rate of resorption observed in the mouse model of adenomyosis. This substantiates the need for additional research in this domain, with the goal of addressing fertility challenges in women affected by this condition.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

None.

Impact of Endometriosis Surgery on In Vitro Fertilization/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Outcomes: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Endometriosis-related infertility remains a therapeutic challenge. A burning issue in this field of research is determining whether pre-assisted reproductive technology (ART) surgery may be of some benefit in terms of reproductive outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at comparing ongoing pregnancy rates (OPR) and/or live birth rates (LBR) in patients who underwent endometriosis surgery before ART (IVF/ICSI) in comparison with patients who underwent first-line ART (IVF/ICSI). Searches were conducted from January 1990 to June 2021 on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library using the following search terms: endometriosis, surgery, reproductive outcomes, and IVF/ICSI. The primary outcomes were OPR or LBR. A total of 19 studies were included in the meta-analysis. No statistically significant differences in LBR [0.91[0.63, 1.30]; I2 = 66%; n = 11], OPR [1.28[0.66, 2.49]; I2 = 60%; n = 3], and early pregnancy loss rate [0.88[0.62, 1.25]; I2 = 0%; n = 7] per cycle were found when comparing patients who underwent endometriosis surgery before IVF/ICSI and those who did not. After the exclusion of the studies with high risks of bias, the LBR per cycle was significantly reduced in the case of surgical treatment before IVF/ICSI [0.53[0.33, 0.86]; I2 = 30%; n = 4]. These data urge the clinician to carefully weigh the pros and cons before referring infertile patients with endometriosis to surgery before IVF, highlighting the key role of multidisciplinary referral centers.

Susceptibility to Zika virus in a Collaborative Cross mouse strain is induced by Irf3 deficiency in vitro but requires other variants in vivo

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a Flavivirus responsible for recent epidemics in Pacific Islands and in the Americas. In humans, the consequences of ZIKV infection range from asymptomatic infection to severe neurological disease such as Guillain-Barré syndrome or fetal neurodevelopmental defects, suggesting, among other factors, the influence of host genetic variants. We previously reported similar diverse outcomes of ZIKV infection in mice of the Collaborative Cross (CC), a collection of inbred strains with large genetic diversity. CC071/TauUnc (CC071) was the most susceptible CC strain with severe symptoms and lethality. Notably, CC071 has been recently reported to be also susceptible to other flaviviruses including dengue virus, Powassan virus, West Nile virus, and to Rift Valley fever virus. To identify the genetic origin of this broad susceptibility, we investigated ZIKV replication in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from CC071 and two resistant strains. CC071 showed uncontrolled ZIKV replication associated with delayed induction of type-I interferons (IFN-I). Genetic analysis identified a mutation in the Irf3 gene specific to the CC071 strain which prevents the protein phosphorylation required to activate interferon beta transcription. We demonstrated that this mutation induces the same defective IFN-I response and uncontrolled viral replication in MEFs as an Irf3 knock-out allele. By contrast, we also showed that Irf3 deficiency did not induce the high plasma viral load and clinical severity observed in CC071 mice and that susceptibility alleles at other genes, not associated with the IFN-I response, are required. Our results provide new insight into the in vitro and in vivo roles of Irf3, and into the genetic complexity of host responses to flaviviruses.

Severe pelvic pain is associated with sexual abuse experienced during childhood and/or adolescence irrespective of the presence of endometriosis

STUDY QUESTION

Is endometriosis associated with childhood and/or adolescent sexual abuse?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Endometriosis is not associated with a history of sexual abuse, unlike the presence of severe pelvic pain.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Several studies have highlighted a link between pelvic pain and sexual abuse during childhood/adolescence. Moreover, an inflammatory state has been described in patients with a history of childhood maltreatment. Given that inflammation and pelvic pain are two entities often encountered with endometriosis, several teams have investigated whether endometriosis is associated with abuse during childhood/adolescence. However, the results are conflicting, and the link between sexual abuse and the presence of endometriosis and/or pain is hard to disentangle.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

A survey nested in a cohort study of women surgically explored for benign gynecological indications at our institution between January 2013 and January 2017. For each patient, a standardized questionnaire was completed during a face-to-face interview with the surgeon in the month preceding the surgery. Pelvic pain symptoms (dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, non-cyclic chronic pelvic pain, and gastrointestinal or lower urinary tract symptoms) and their intensities were assessed with a 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS). Pain was considered to be severe when the VAS score was ≥7.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

A 52-question survey was sent in September of 2017 to evaluate abuses, especially sexual abuse during childhood and/or adolescence, and the psychological state during childhood and adolescence. The survey was structured to cover the following sections: (i) abuses and other life events during childhood and adolescence; (ii) puberty and body changes; (iii) onset of sexuality; and (iv) family relationships during childhood and adolescence. The patients were divided into groups according to whether or not they exhibited histologically proven endometriosis. Statistical analyses were conducted using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Two hundred and seventy-one patients answered all the questions of the survey: 168 with (endometriosis group) and 103 without endometriosis (control group). The mean ± SD overall population age was 32.2 ± 5.1 years. There were 136 (80.9%) and 48 (46.6%) women who experienced at least one severe pelvic pain symptom in the endometriosis and the control groups, respectively (P < 0.001). No differences were found between the two study groups regarding the following characteristics: (i) a history of sexual, physical, or emotional abuse; (ii) a history of abandonment or bereavement; (iii) the psychological state regarding puberty; and (iv) the family relationships. After multivariable analysis, we found no significant association between endometriosis and a history of sexual abuse during childhood and/or adolescence (P = 0.550). However, the presence of at least one severe pelvic pain symptom was independently associated with a history of sexual abuse (odds ratio = 3.6, 95% CI (1.2-10.4)).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Evaluation of the psychological state during childhood and/or adolescence can be subject to recall bias. In addition, selection bias is also a possibility given that some of the patients surveyed did not return the questionnaire.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Severe gynecological painful symptoms in women with or without histologically proven endometriosis may be linked to sexual abuse experienced during childhood and/or adolescence. Patient questioning about painful symptoms and abuses is important to provide comprehensive care to the patients, from a psychological to a somatic point of view.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

No funding or competing interests.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

Zika virus infection of mature neurons from immunocompetent mice generates a disease-associated microglia and a tauopathy-like phenotype in link with a delayed interferon beta response

BACKGROUND

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection at postnatal or adult age can lead to neurological disorders associated with cognitive defects. Yet, how mature neurons respond to ZIKV remains substantially unexplored.

METHODS

The impact of ZIKV infection on mature neurons and microglia was analyzed at the molecular and cellular levels, in vitro using immunocompetent primary cultured neurons and microglia, and in vivo in the brain of adult immunocompetent mice following intracranial ZIKV inoculation. We have used C57BL/6 and the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross mouse strains, displaying a broad range of susceptibility to ZIKV infection, to question the correlation between the effects induced by ZIKV infection on neurons and microglia and the in vivo susceptibility to ZIKV.

RESULTS

As a result of a delayed induction of interferon beta (IFNB) expression and response, infected neurons displayed an inability to stop ZIKV replication, a trait that was further increased in neurons from susceptible mice. Alongside with an enhanced expression of ZIKV RNA, we observed in vivo, in the brain of susceptible mice, an increased level of active Iba1-expressing microglial cells occasionally engulfing neurons and displaying a gene expression profile close to the molecular signature of disease-associated microglia (DAM). In vivo as well as in vitro, only neurons and not microglial cells were identified as infected, raising the question of the mechanisms underlying microglia activation following brain ZIKV infection. Treatment of primary cultured microglia with conditioned media from ZIKV-infected neurons demonstrated that type-I interferons (IFNs-I) secreted by neurons late after infection activate non-infected microglial cells. In addition, ZIKV infection induced pathological phosphorylation of Tau (pTau) protein, a hallmark of neurodegenerative tauopathies, in vitro and in vivo with clusters of neurons displaying pTau surrounded by active microglial cells.

CONCLUSIONS

We show that ZIKV-infected mature neurons display an inability to stop viral replication in link with a delayed IFNB expression and response, while signaling microglia for activation through IFNs-I secreted at late times post-infection. In the brain of ZIKV-infected susceptible mice, uninfected microglial cells adopt an active morphology and a DAM expression profile, surrounding and sometimes engulfing neurons while ZIKV-infected neurons accumulate pTau, overall reflecting a tauopathy-like phenotype.

Clinical factors associated with low serum progesterone levels on the day of frozen blastocyst transfer in hormonal replacement therapy cycles

STUDY QUESTION

Which factors are associated with low serum progesterone (P) levels on the day of frozen embryo transfer (FET), in HRT cycles?

SUMMARY ANSWER

BMI, parity and non-European geographic origin are factors associated with low serum P levels on the day of FET in HRT cycles.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

The detrimental impact of low serum P concentrations on HRT-FET outcomes is commonly recognized. However, the factors accounting for P level disparities among patients receiving the same luteal phase support treatment remain to be elucidated, to help clinicians predicting which subgroups of patients would benefit from a tailored P supplementation.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

Observational cohort study with 915 patients undergoing HRT-FET at a tertiary care university hospital, between January 2019 and March 2020.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Patients undergoing single autologous blastocyst FET under HRT using exogenous estradiol and vaginal micronized progesterone for endometrial preparation. Women were only included once during the study period. The serum progesterone level was measured in the morning of the FET, in a single laboratory. Independent factors associated with low serum P levels (defined as ≤9.8 ng/ml, according to a previous published study) were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Two hundred and twenty-six patients (24.7%) had a low serum P level, on the day of the FET. Patients with a serum P level ≤9.8 ng/ml had a lower live birth rate (26.1% vs 33.2%, P = 0.045) and a higher rate of early miscarriage (35.2% vs 21.5%, P = 0.008). Univariate analysis showed that BMI (P < 0.001), parity (P = 0.001), non-European geographic origin (P = 0.001), the duration of infertility (P = 0.018) and the use of oral estradiol for endometrial preparation (P = 0.009) were significantly associated with low serum P levels. Moreover, the proportion of active smokers was significantly lower in the 'low P concentrations' group (P = 0.002). After multivariate analysis, BMI (odds ratio (OR) 1.06 95% CI (1.02-1.11), P = 0.002), parity (OR 1.32 95% CI (1.04-1.66), P = 0.022), non-European geographic origin (OR 1.70 95% CI (1.21-2.39), P = 0.002) and active smoking (OR 0.43 95% CI (0.22-0.87), P = 0.018) remained independent factors associated with serum P levels ≤9.8 ng/ml.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

The main limitation of this study is its observational design, leading to a risk of selection and confusion bias that cannot be ruled out, although a multivariable analysis was performed to minimize this.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Extrapolation of our results to other laboratories, or other routes and/or doses of administering progesterone also needs to be validated. There is urgent need for future research on clinical factors affecting P concentrations and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, to help clinicians in predicting which subgroups of patients would benefit from individualized luteal phase support.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

No funding/no conflicts of interest.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

stuart: an R package for the curation of SNP genotypes from experimental crosses

Genetic mapping in 2-generation crosses requires genotyping, usually performed with single nucleotide polymorphism markers arrays which provide high-density genetic information. However, genetic analysis on raw genotypes can lead to spurious or unreliable results due to defective single nucleotide polymorphism assays or wrong genotype interpretation. Here, we introduce stuart, an open-source R package, which analyzes raw genotyping data to filter single nucleotide polymorphism markers based on informativeness, Mendelian inheritance pattern, and consistency with parental genotypes. The functions of this package provide a curation pipeline and formatting adequate for genetic analysis with the R/qtl package. stuart is available with detailed documentation from https://gitlab.pasteur.fr/mouselab/stuart/.

O-245 Clinical factors associated with low serum progesterone on the day of frozen blastocyst transfer in hormonal replacement therapy cycles

Study question

Which factors are associated with low serum progesterone (P) levels on the day of frozen embryo transfer (FET), in hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) cycles?

Summary answer

Body Mass Index (BMI), parity, and non-European geographic origin are factors associated with low serum P levels on the day of FET in HRT cycles.

What is known already

While the detrimental impact of low serum P concentrations on HRT-FET outcomes is unanimously recognized, the factors accounting for P levels disparities among patients receiving the same luteal phase support treatment remain to be elucidated, in order to help clinicians predicting which subgroups of patients would benefit from a tailored P supplementation.

Study design, size, duration

Observational cohort study with 915 patients undergoing HRT-FET at a tertiary care university hospital, between January 2019 and March 2020.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Patients undergoing single autologous blastocyst FET under HRT using exogenous estradiol and vaginal micronized progesterone for endometrial preparation. Women were only included once during the study period. The serum progesterone level was measured in the morning of the FET, in a single laboratory. Independent factors associated with low serum P levels (defined as ≤ 9.8 ng/mL, according to a previous published study) were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.

Main results and the role of chance

The live birth rate was 31.5% (288/915) in the overall population. Two hundred and twenty-six patients (24.7%) had a low serum P level, on the day of the FET. Univariate analysis showed that BMI (p &lt; 0.001), parity (p = 0.001), non-European geographic origin (p = 0.001), and the duration of infertility (p = 0.018) were significantly associated with low serum P levels. Moreover, the proportion of active smokers was significantly lower in the “low P concentrations” group (p = 0.002). After multivariate analysis, BMI (OR 1.06 95%CI [1.02-1.11], p = 0.002), parity (OR 1.31 95%CI [1.04-1.65], p = 0.024), non-European geographic origin (OR 1.67 95%CI [1.19-2.35], p = 0.003), and active smoking (OR 0.43 95%CI [0.21-0.85], p = 0.016) remained independent factors associated with serum P levels ≤ 9.8 ng/mL. 

Limitations, reasons for caution

The main limitation of our study is linked to its observational design. Extrapolation of our results to other laboratories, or other routes and/or doses of administering progesterone also needs to be validated.

Wider implications of the findings

There is urgent need for future research on clinical factors affecting P concentrations to help clinicians predicting which subgroups of patients would benefit from individualized luteal phase support. More data are also needed on the underlying mechanisms explaining the relationship between patients’ characteristics and serum P levels in HRT-cycles.

Trial registration number

NA

P-372 The role of the immune system in the physiopathology of infertility in case of adenomyosis: a mouse model study

Study question

Are there any fertility disorders and related local and/or systemic immune changes during the early implantation period in a mouse model of adenomyosis?

Summary answer

An increase in fertility disorders was observed in adenomyosis mice and coincide with local and systemic immune changes observed during the period of implantation.

What is known already

Adenomyosis is as a common pathology that could be responsible for fertility alteration. Immune changes in uterus are implicated in adenomyosis physiopathology. One hypothesis is that the physiological immune environment necessary for a successful implantation can be altered in adenomyosis, leading to fertility disorders.

Study design, size, duration

Randomly selected CD-1 female neonatal pups were orally dosed with oral administration of tamoxifen in order to induce adenomyosis (TAM group), while other received solvent only (control group). At 3 months, CD-1 mice (F1) of both group were put into mating. 36 pregnant mice were included in the TAM group and 30 in the control group.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Ultrasounds were performed during pregnancy at E(E=embryonic day)7.5 and E12.5 to evaluate fertility outcomes in mice of the TAM and control group. Mice were sacrificed at E18.5 and histological,morphometric and functional analysis were performed on the placentas. In order to identify local and/or systemic immune changes in the uterus, mice of both group were sacrificed at E4.5 of pregnancy, during the implantation period. Uterine horns and spleen were collected for flow cytometry and RT-qPCR analyzes.

Main results and the role of chance

We observed a significantly lower number of implantation sites and a significantly higher number of resorption (3.88±2.36 versus 1.00±0.82(p &lt; 0.001)) in TAM compared to control group. Analysis of placentas showed a significantly higher junctional/labyrinthic area ratio (0.60±0.09 versus 0.30±0.05(p = 0.0052)) and a significantly lower expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth-Factor(GF), Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, Insulin-like GF2 and Placental GF in the TAM group compared to the control group, indicating an altered placental vascularization compared to controls. To characterize the immune change during the early implantation period, we analyzed some immune cells populations in the uteri and the spleen: In the TAM group, the number of macrophages(F4/80), Natural Killers(NK) cells(NKP46+/NKG2D+) and dendritic cells (DC)(CD11b+) were significantly decreased compared to control uteri. However, the number of M1 macrophages(Ly6c+hight) and their activation were significantly increased. DC activation was also increased in TAM group. In the spleen, a significant increase in the activation macrophages and DC was observed in adenomyosis group compared to control. In the uteri, the number of LT4(CD4+) cells and number of LTreg cells(CD25+/FOXP3+) were significantly increased in the TAM group compared to control group. In the spleen, a significant increase in LT4 cells count was observed in TAM compared to control group.

Limitations, reasons for caution

This study is limited by the use of an animal model and the lack of intervention.

Wider implications of the findings

This study provides evidence that adenomyotic lesions in mice induced fertility disorders and immune modifications at a local and at a systemic level during the early implantation period. These data support the involvement of innate and adaptive immune cells in implantation failure observed in the mouse model of adenomyosis.

Trial registration number

not applicable

[Adenomyosis pathophysiology: An unresolved enigma]

Adenomyosis is a chronic benign uterine disease characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium. It is a heterogeneous disease, presenting various clinical forms, depending on the location of the ectopic lesions within the myometrium. Adenomyosis can be responsible for several symptoms such as dysmenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding and/or infertility. Its pathophysiology is a real conundrum and several theories have been proposed: development of adenomyosis lesion could initiate de novo from Mullerian rests or from stem cells. Moreover, multiple factors could be involved in initiating lesions, including specific hormonal, immune and/or genetic changes. The objective of this review is to provide an update on adenomyosis pathophysiology, in particular on the various theories proposed concerning the invasion of the myometrium by endometrial cells and the inducing mechanisms, and to study the link between the physiopathology, the symptoms and the medical treatments.

Immune cells and Notch1 signaling appear to drive the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the development of adenomyosis in mice

The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated in the development of adenomyosis, along with dysregulated immune responses. Inflammation potentially induces Notch signaling, which could promote this EMT. The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of immune cells and Notch1-mediated EMT in the development of adenomyosis. Adenomyosis was induced in 18 CD-1 mice by neonatal oral administration of tamoxifen (TAM group), while 18 neonates received vehicle only (Control group). Their uteri were sampled at 30, 60 or 90 days of age. Immune cell markers (Cd45, Ly6c1, Cd86, Arginine1, Cd19, Cd4, Cd8), Notch1 and its target genes (Hey1, Hey2, Hes1, Hes5) and biomarkers of EMT (E-Cadherin, Vimentin, Tgfb, Snail1, Slug, Snail3) were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Activated-Notch1 protein was measured by western blot. Aberrant expression of immune cell markers was observed in the uteri of mice as they developed adenomyosis. The expression of inflammatory cell markers, notably M1 macrophages and natural killer cells, was increased from Day 30 in the TAM group compared to controls, followed by an increase in the Cd4 marker (T cells) at Day 60. Conversely, expression of the Cd19 marker (B cells) was significantly reduced at all of the stages studied. Notch1 signaling was also highly activated compared to controls at Day 30 and Day 60. Concomitantly, the levels of several markers for EMT were also higher. Therefore, the activation of Notch1 coincides with aberrant expression of immune and EMT markers in the early development of adenomyosis.

P–326 Presence of adenomyosis at MRI in endometriosis women negatively affect live birth chances in IVF cycles

Study question

What is the impact of adenomyosis and its magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics on live birth rate (LBR) in endometriosis-affected women undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment?

Summary answer

Among women undergoing IVF, the presence of adenomyosis at MRI, and especially T2 high signal-intensity spots within the myometrium have a negative impact on LBR. What is known already: Adenomyosis is a frequent gynecologic disease. With the development of imaging technics for the diagnosis (notably MRI), several adenomyosis phenotypes have been described and fertility issues seem variable according to the lesions characteristics. Moreover, on IVF outcomes, controversial results have been found in studies assessing the impact of adenomyosis. What make the impact-assessment of adenomyosis on fertility issues even more difficult is the frequent association with endometriosis, another known risk factor of infertility. Some data suggested that adenomyosis could worsen IVF prognostics, however there is no clear consensus about the impact of the adenomyosis on IVF outcomes in endometriosis affected-women.

Study design, size, duration

This was an observational study including phenotyped endometriosis patients, aged between 18 to 42 years, who underwent IVF/intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment in a tertiary care center, from June 2015 through July 2018.Only women who had performed a pelvic MRI during the pre-therapeutic ART work-up, were retained for this study. The MRI data were interpreted by radiologists who had expertise in gynaecological MRI.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

A continuous series of 202 endometriosis affected women was included. The women were followed until four ART cycles had been completed, until delivery or until discontinuation of treatment before the completion of four cycles. The primary outcome was the delivery of one or more live infant(s) after up to four IVF/ICSI cycles. Patients and MRI characteristics were compared between women who gave a live birth and those without live birth.

Main results and the role of chance

The mean age of the included population was 32.5 ±3.7 years. 90.1% (182/202) had deep infiltrating endometriosis whereas only 5.4% (11/202) and 4.5% (9/202) had respectively isolated ovarian endometriosis (OMA) and superficial peritoneal endometriosis (SUP). The presence of adenomyosis (internal and/or external lesions) was found in 71.8% (145/202) of included women. The cumulative live birth rate was 57.4% (116/202). Women that gave birth (‘live birth +’) were significantly younger, (33.3±4.1 vs 32.0±3.3 p = 0.026) and had significant better ovarian reserve parameters (AMH, AFC). The presence of adenomyosis (internal and/or external lesions) (76/116 (65.5%) versus 69/86 (80.2%), p = 0.022) and the presence of T2 high-signal intensity myometrial spots (27/116 (23.3%) and 37/86 (43.0%), p = 0.003) were significantly less frequently found in the group of women ‘Live birth +’. After multivariate analysis, the presence of adenomyosis (OR: 0.48 95% CI (0.29–0.99) p = 0.048) and the presence of T2 high-signal intensity myometrial spots (OR: 0.43 95% CI (0.22–0.86) p = 0.018) were independently found to be associated with a decrease in cumulative chances of live birth.

Limitations, reasons for caution

The inclusion of patients from our referral center could constitute a possible selection bias, as those women may have suffered from particularly severe forms of adenomyosis ± endometriosis.

Wider implications of the findings: In women presenting endometriosis, the practitioner should perform an appropriate imaging work-up searching for adenomyosis, to identify prognostic factors and to plan the strategy of patient management in the setting of ART.

Trial registration number

NA

O-146 Assessment of focal and diffuse adenomyosis lesions before and after pregnancy on magnetic resonance imaging : a cohort of 139 patients

Study question

How to assess the different adenomyosis phenotype before and after pregnancy on magnetic resonance imaging according to stringent validated criteria ?

Summary answer

Diffuse adenomyosis increases significantly after pregnancy while the rate of focal adenomyosis and the mean volume of focal adenomyosis lesions decrease significantly after pregnancy.

What is known already

Adenomyosis and endometriosis are benign hormone-dependent disorders associated with pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and/or infertility. The natural course of adenomyosis and endometriosis is still unclear, particularly during pregnancy. Pregnancy is considered to have a positive impact on endometriosis. Several studies regarding the impact of adenomyosis on pregnancy are available. Adenomyosis can cause fertility disorders, miscarriage, preterm birth. However, available data evaluating the effect of pregnancy on adenomyosis are lacking.

Study design, size, duration

Between January 1st 2010 and September 30th 2020, 139 patients were followed in our referral care center (Gynecology department of Port-Royal Hospital, Paris) for symptomatic adenomyosis and or endometriosis. For each of them, a magnetic resonance imaging were performed before and after pregnancy. The data based on magnetic resonance imaging, pre- and post-pregnancy, were analyzed in a single retrospective study.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Patients had to be over 18 years old, to be pregnant and to be followed for symptomatic adenomyosis or endometriosis without any previous surgery. Each pelvic magnetic resonance imaging were performed by a single experienced radiologist. The protocol was identical on a 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging machine based on validated criteria. The rate of diffuse and focal adenomyosis, the volume of focal adenomyosis lesions and the thickness of maximal junctional zone were reported.

Main results and the role of chance

The mean age of patients was 34.6 ± 3.4 years old, 83 (59.7%) of patients underwent assisted reproductive technology to be pregnant. The mean time interval between the MRI and the delivery was 55.2 months and the mean time interval between the delivery and the MRI was 32.2 months. Before pregnancy, there was 96 (69.1%) patients with adenomyosis, all phenotype combined versus 111 (79.9%) after pregnancy (p = 0.04) on magnetic resonance imaging. The rate of diffuse adenomyosis increased significantly on magnetic resonance imaging after pregnancy compared to before pregnancy (n = 22 (15.8%) vs n = 41 (29.5%), p = 0.01). The thickness of junctional zone maximal was significantly higher after pregnancy (8.0 mm ± 5.1 vs 12.0 mm ± 4.8, p &lt; 0.01). The rate of focal adenomyosis (n = 55 (39.6) vs n = 34 (24.5), p = 0.01) as well as the volume of focal adenomyosis lesions (6.7 mm3 2.5± vs 6.4 mm3 ± 2.3, p &lt; 0.01) decreased significantly after pregnancy on magnetic resonance imaging.

Limitations, reasons for caution

This single-center study was conducted in a referral center whom patients presented more severe forms of adenomyosis, which could have affected the external validity of this study. The mean time interval between delivery and MRI was 32.2 month which implies a short follow up period to observe long term outcomes.

Wider implications of the findings

The hypothesis that a specific hormonal environment during pregnancy may imply a positively impact of the evolution of focal adenomyosis is raised by this study. The evolution of focal adenomyosis after pregnancy is similar to the evolution of endometriosis lesions volume that support shared etiopathogenic mechanisms between the two entities.

Trial registration number

‘not applicable’

P–608 The new standard for ovulation triggering should be GnRH agonist rather than hCG during controlled ovarian stimulation for IVF/ICSI: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study question

Do Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) triggering improves oocyte maturation, clinical outcomes, and safety compared to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) triggering during controlled ovarian stimulation with an antagonist protocol?

Summary answer

The final triggering using GnRHa allows a higher number of retrieved and mature oocytes to be obtained with comparable clinical outcomes and lower OHSS risk.

What is known already

GnRHa represent an alternative to hCG for ovulation triggering after controlled ovarian stimulation with an antagonist protocol for IVF/ICSI. GnRHa triggering is thought to be more physiological due to the endogenous surges in LH and FSH levels. However, the benefit of GnRHa over hCG triggering on oocyte maturation remains controversial.

Study design, size, duration

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials. Searches were conducted from 01 January 1990 to 15 April 2020 on MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov and EudraCT, using the following search terms: ‘GnRH agonist’, ‘hCG’, ‘triggering’. Two independent reviewers carried out the study selection, the bias assessment using the RoB2 tool, and the data extraction according to Cochrane methods.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

The primary outcomes were the total number of retrieved oocytes and the number of mature oocytes. The main secondary outcomes were the number of embryos obtained, the clinical pregnancy rate, the early pregnancy loss rate, the live birth rate, and the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Random-effects meta-analysis was performed followed by prespecified sensitivity and subgroup analyses.

Main results and the role of chance

A total of 29 randomised controlled trials were included. The mean number of retrieved oocytes [difference in means (95% CI) 0.99 (0.21, 1.78); p = 0.01; n = 26] and of mature oocytes [0.68 (0.04, 1.33); p = 0.04; n = 12] were statistically significantly higher after GnRHa than after hCG triggering. A similar difference was observed for the number of embryos [0.94 (0.19, 1.68); p = 0.01; n = 10]. No differences in the clinical pregnancy rate [risk ratio 1.01 (0.90, 1.14); p = 0.83; n = 23], early pregnancy loss [1.27 (0.94, 1.71); p = 0.13; n = 16], and live birth rate [1.00 (0.77, 1.29); p = 0.97; n = 6] were noted. GnRHa was associated with a lower incidence of OHSS [odds ratio 0.25 (0.08, 0.74); p = 0.012; n = 20].

Limitations, reasons for caution

The validity of meta-analysis results depends mainly on the quality and the number of the published studies available.

Wider implications of the findings: In light of its safety and effectiveness, GnRHa should be the new standard for triggering in antagonist cycles, with dual triggering with hCG when the risk of OHSS is low and a fresh embryo transfer approach is used.

Trial registration number

NA

P–453 Fertility preservation in endometriosis: Impact of the ovarian endometriosis and it’s surgical treatment on oocyte yield

Study question

Does a previous history of surgery for ovarian endometriosis (OMA) has an impact on controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) response in case of fertility preservation (FP) for endometriosis?

Summary answer

After COS, a prior history for OMA surgery was associated with poorer ovarian responsiveness compared to non-previously operated women.

What is known already

Endometriosis is a chronic disorder that affects 10% of woman, which can be responsible for infertility. The presence of OMA and/or it’s excision could induce a reduction of the ovarian reserve (ROR), and for some women, an increased risk of premature ovarian failure. Therefore, FP with oocyte/embryo vitrification can be proposed for OMA-affected women, considering the relationship between endometriosis, infertility and ROR. Although a complete surgery excision of endometriosis lesions may be appropriate for some patients to relieve them from pain, the more efficient time to preserve fertility is still unknown in the management of women presenting OMA lesions.

Study design, size, duration

We conducted an observational multicentric study from April 2015 to December 2019, in two tertiary care university hospitals. Women presenting OMA or having a previous history of surgery for OMA that had performed a FP with COS for oocytes/embryo vitrification during the study period were included. Diagnosis of endometriosis was based on published imaging criteria using transvaginal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging or histologically proven in women who had past surgery.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

A total of 165 women were allocated to two groups, according to the presence of a previous history of surgery for endometrioma(s). Main outcome measure was the total number of oocytes retrieved.

Main results and the role of chance

Fifty-one (30,9%) women were included in the group ‘previous history of surgery’ and 115 (69,1%) in the group ‘no history of surgery’. Mean age was 31,6±4,4 years and was not significantly different between groups (p = 0.09). However, women in ‘No previous surgery’ group had higher AMH levels than women in ‘previous surgery’ group (2.27±1.70ng/ml versus 1.56±1.89ng/ml; p &lt; 0,001). In the group ‘previous history of surgery’, 21(41.2%) women had a recurrence of OMA(s) and 31 (60.8%) had at least one deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) lesion at FP. In the group ‘no history of surgery’, 92(80.7%) of the women had DIE. In addition, women in ‘No previous surgery group’ had larger OMA than women in ‘previous surgery’ group (mean diameter size: 5.56±4.34cm versus 3.25±2.16cm, respectively; p:0,03).

The mean number of COS with oocyte-retrieval was significantly higher in the group ‘previous history of surgery’ (2.0±1.02 versus 1.65±0.82 in the group ‘no surgery’, p = 0.03), however, the total number of oocytes retrieved per women was significantly higher in women ‘history of surgery’, compared to women ‘no previous surgery’ (13.7±8.4 versus 10.3±7.5, p = 0.02). In addition, the cancellation rate per cycle was significantly lower in ‘No previous surgery’ group compared to the ‘previous surgery’ group (0.09±0.31 versus 0.28±0.53; p &lt; 0.001).

Limitations, reasons for caution

No data concerning the thawing of oocytes/embryo are available for now.

Wider implications of the findings: FP is an essential component to integrate in ovarian endometriosis-management and should be proposed before surgery to optimize oocyte yield.

Trial registration number

Not applicable

O-092 Sperm phenotype, ICSI outcome and genetic diagnosis in case of severe asthenozoospermia with multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagellum

Study question

What are the feasibility and outcome of ICSI in case of presumably genetic severe asthenozoospermia with Multiple Morphological Abnormalities of the Flagellum (MMAF phenotype)?

Summary answer

ICSI outcome for couples with MMAF phenotype does not differ from that of other couples requiring ICSI, regardless to the genetic etiology

What is known already

Severe asthenozoospermia, especially when associated with multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagellum (MMAF phenotype), results in male infertility. Recent findings confirm that a genetic etiology is frequently responsible for this phenotype. In such situations, pregnancies can be obtained using ICSI. However, few studies have provided detailed analyses of the flagellar ultrastructural defects underlying this phenotype, of its genetic etiologies and of the results of ICSI in such cases of male infertility.

Study design, size, duration

We performed a retrospective study including 25 infertile men showing severe asthenozoospermia associated with a MMAF phenotype identified through standard semen analysis. These men were recruited from an academic center for Assisted Reproduction in Paris between 2009 and 2017. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) were performed in order to precise the sperm ultra-structural phenotype and identify causal mutations, respectively. Twenty of the 25 patients benefited from assisted reproductive therapy by ICSI.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

MMAF patients were recruited based on reduced sperm progressive motility and increased frequencies of absent, short, coiled or irregular flagella, in comparison with fertile control men. A quantified analysis of the ultrastructural defects was performed for the MMAF patients and for fertile control men. ICSI results for the MMAF patients were compared to those of 528 ICSI attempts performed for non-MMAF individuals considering the sperm parameters and the distribution of ultrastructural axonemal anomalies.

Main results and the role of chance

Thorough categorization by TEM analysis of the flagellar anomalies found in these patients brought important precisions about the structural defects underlying asthenozoospermia and sperm tail abnormalities detectable through standard microscopy. In particular, absence of the central pair of axonemal microtubules was the predominant anomaly, observed significantly more frequently than in control men (p &lt; 0.01). Exome sequencing performed for 24 of the 25 patients (96%), identified in ten of them homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations that were described to be pathogenic (CFAP43, CFAP44, CFAP69, DNAH1, DNAH8, AK7, TTC29, MAATS1). A majority of those patients (55.5%,5/9) displayed the most severe ultra-structural defects of the axoneme. Forty ICSI attempts were performed for 20 MMAF patients. A hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test was required in 13 cycles (5 couples). Fertilization rate in MMAF group (65.7%) was not statistically different from the rate obtained for non-MMAF patients (66.0%) and did not differ according to the flagellar phenotype, nor to the use of HOS test, nor to the genotype. Clinical pregnancy rate per embryo transfer did not significantly differ between the MMAF group (23.3%) and the ICSI control group (37.1%). To date, 11 healthy babies were born among 20 MMAF patients.

Limitations, reasons for caution

The outcome of ICSI procedure was retrospectively assessed on a small sample and may be susceptible to recall bias. Moreover, TEM analysis was not available for some of the patients due to too low sperm concentration, and WES results are not yet available for all men included.

Wider implications of the findings

Couples requiring ICSI for presumably genetic severe asthenozoospermia should benefit precociously from appropriate phenotypic and genetic investigations. So far ICSI results appear similar to those observed in other ICSI indications. Identifying a genetic etiology and its mode of inheritance allows providing to these couples a most often reassuring genetic counseling.

Trial registration number

Not applicable

P–323 Ovarian response to stimulation according to endometrioma size, in women with deep infiltrating endometriosis – A comparative study

Study question

Does endometrioma (OMA) size affect the number of oocytes retrieved after ovarian stimulation (OS) in women with deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE)? Summary answer: No significant difference in the number of oocytes retrieved was observed according to the endometrioma size.

What is known already

Ovarian endometriosis lesions (OMA) per se and above all, the surgical excision, appears to result in a risk of alteration of the ovarian reserve. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a validated therapeutic option to treat infertility related to endometriosis. Nevertheless, it has been described that the presence of OMA could have a detrimental impact on ovarian responsiveness to hyperstimulation involving mechanisms still unclear. Some recent studies suggest that the size of the OMA may be relevant and that there may be a threshold in cyst diameter above which ovarian responsiveness might be affected. Study design, size, duration: This was an observational study using data prospectively collected in a cohort of infertile women aged between 18 and 43 years presenting OMA associated with DIE lesions, between December 2012 and July 2019. Every patient underwent their first in vitro fecundation or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycle. Included women were women with an adequate imaging work up with Transvaginal ultrasound and/or magnetic resonance imaging (TVUS/MRI) performed by senior radiologists before the beginning of the OS.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

One hundred and eighty-two women were included in the study. Women were allocated in 5 groups according to the largest diameter of their ovarian endometriosis lesions: OMA &lt; 2 cm, 2 cm ≤ OMA &lt; 4 cm, 4 cm ≤ OMA &lt; 6 cm, 6 cm ≤ OMA &lt; 8 cm, OMA ≥ 8 cm. The main outcome was the number of oocytes retrieved.

Main results and the role of chance

Mean age of the included women was 32.8 years. 96(52.7%) women had unilateral endometrioma and 86 (47.3%) had bilateral endometriomas. The mean OMA size was 3.63 cm for right ovary and 3.60 cm for left ovary. Considering the largest diameter of OMA retained, the mean size was 4.12 cm. Repartition among groups, according to the size of the largest OMA diameter was: OMA &lt; 2cm group (n = 32); 2 £OMA&lt; 4 cm (n = 70); 4 £OMA&lt; 6 cm, (n = 37); 6 £OMA&lt; 8 cm (n = 27); OMA8 cm (n = 16).

Mean number of oocytes retrieved was not significantly different between groups (p = 0.635): 8.4±5.7 for OMA&lt; 2 cm, 7.3 ± 5.4 for 2 cm≤OMA&lt;4 cm, 6.6 ± 3.9 for 4 cm≤OMA&lt; 6 cm, 8.6 ± 5.8 for 6 cm ≤OMA&lt;8 cm and 7.1 ± 3.6 for OMA≥8 cm. Mean number of matures oocytes was also comparable between groups (p = 0.674). Clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate was similar between groups (p = 0.798 and p = 0.913). No significant difference was found concerning the number of cancelled cycles between groups (p = 0.703).

Limitations, reasons for caution

For almost half of the included women, endometriosis diagnosis was based on imaging technics, without histological proof of endometriosis. However, it was performed by specialized seniors radiologists.

Wider implications of the findings: Our study suggests that whatever endometrioma size, OS can be benefit for women with endometrioma, even for largest ones, without the requirement of prior treatment to reduce their size

Trial registration number

NA

Management of lung cancer patients' quality of life in clinical practice: a Delphi study

BACKGROUND

The assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has seen exponential growth in oncology clinical trials. However, the measurement of HRQoL has yet to be optimised in routine clinical practice. This study aimed at exploring the operationalisation of HRQoL in clinical practice with the goal of reaching a consensus from a panel of physicians.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Physicians involved in the management of lung cancer patients in France were recruited to participate in a Delphi study. The study involved three rounds of iterated queries to gain consensus on management aspects of HRQoL, including timing of discussion on HRQoL, which specific domains of HRQoL should be discussed, and what was the most appropriate method of assessment. The threshold adopted for consensus was at least 70% agreement among physicians. A scientific committee reviewed results following each round of the Delphi study.

RESULTS

A representative panel of 60 physicians participated in this study. Consensus was obtained for HRQoL management at all time points in the patient care pathway. Panellists agreed that HRQoL discussions should occur during routine visits and hospitalisation. The involvement of patients' relatives was also recognised as important, except when discussing side-effects and involvement of a multidisciplinary team. There was a lack of consensus on a systematic assessment for all patients at each visit and no consensus on how HRQoL should be measured in clinical practice.

CONCLUSIONS

HRQoL discussions are considered an integral part in the management of lung cancer patients, and are deemed key to success in patient-physician interaction. Further research is required to harmonise how best to implement HRQoL assessment.

Adenomyosis of the inner and outer myometrium are associated with different clinical profiles

STUDY QUESTION

Do adenomyosis phenotypes such as external or internal adenomyosis, as diagnosed by MRI, have the same clinical characteristics?

SUMMARY ANSWER

External adenomyosis was found more often in young and nulliparous women and was associated with deep infiltrating endometriosis, whereas, in contrast, internal adenomyosis was more often associated with heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) but no differences were noted in terms of pain symptoms.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Adenomyosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma deep within the myometrium, giving rise to dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain and menorrhagia. Various forms have been described, including adenomyosis of the outer myometrium (external adenomyosis), which corresponds to lesions separated from the junctional zone (JZ), and adenomyosis of the inner myometrium (internal adenomyosis), which is mostly characterized by endometrial implants scattered throughout the myometrium and enlargement of the JZ. Although the pathogenesis of adenomyosis is not clearly understood, several lines of evidence suggest that these two phenotypes could have distinct origins. The clinical presentation of different forms of adenomyosis in patients warrants further investigation.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

This was an observational study that used data collected prospectively in non-pregnant patients aged between 18 and 42 years who had undergone surgical exploration for benign gynecological conditions at our institution between May 2005 and May 2018. Only women with a pelvic MRI performed by a senior radiologist during the preoperative work-up were retained for this study. For each patient, a standardized questionnaire was completed during a face-to-face interview conducted by the surgeon in the month preceding the surgery. The women's histories (notably their age, gravidity, history of surgery and associated endometriosis), as well as clinical symptoms such as the pain intensity, presence of menorrhagia and infertility, were noted.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

A pelvic MRI was performed in 496 women operated at our center for a benign gynecological disease who had provided signed informed consent. Of these, 248 women had a radiological diagnosis of adenomyosis. Based on the MRI findings, the women were diagnosed as having external and/or internal adenomyosis. The women were allocated to two groups according to the adenomyosis phenotype (only external adenomyosis vs only internal adenomyosis). Women exhibiting an association of both adenomyosis forms were analyzed separately.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

In all, following the MRI findings, 109 women (44.0%) exhibited only external adenomyosis, while 78 (31.5%) had only internal adenomyosis. The women with external adenomyosis were significantly younger (mean ± SD; 31.9 ± 4.6 vs 33.8 ± 5.2 years; P = 0.006), more often nulligravid (P ≤ 0.001) and more likely to exhibit an associated endometriosis (P < 0.001) compared to the women in the internal adenomyosis group. Moreover, the women exhibiting internal adenomyosis significantly more often had a history of previous uterine surgery (P = 0.002) and HMB (62 (80%) vs 58 (53.2%), P < 0.001) compared to the women with external adenomyosis. No differences in the pain scores (i.e. dysmenorrhea, non-cyclic pelvic pain and dyspareunia) were observed between the two groups.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

The exclusive inclusion of surgical patients could constitute a possible selection bias, as the women referred to our center may have suffered from particularly severe clinical symptoms.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Further studies are needed to explore the pathogenesis by which these types of adenomyosis occur. This could help with the development of new treatment strategies specific for each entity.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

none.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

Phosphorylated tau interactome in the human Alzheimer's disease brain

Accumulation of phosphorylated tau is a key pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease. Phosphorylated tau accumulation causes synaptic impairment, neuronal dysfunction and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. The pathological actions of phosphorylated tau are mediated by surrounding neuronal proteins; however, a comprehensive understanding of the proteins that phosphorylated tau interacts with in Alzheimer's disease is surprisingly limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the phosphorylated tau interactome. To this end, we used two complementary proteomics approaches: (i) quantitative proteomics was performed on neurofibrillary tangles microdissected from patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease; and (ii) affinity purification-mass spectrometry was used to identify which of these proteins specifically bound to phosphorylated tau. We identified 542 proteins in neurofibrillary tangles. This included the abundant detection of many proteins known to be present in neurofibrillary tangles such as tau, ubiquitin, neurofilament proteins and apolipoprotein E. Affinity purification-mass spectrometry confirmed that 75 proteins present in neurofibrillary tangles interacted with PHF1-immunoreactive phosphorylated tau. Twenty-nine of these proteins have been previously associated with phosphorylated tau, therefore validating our proteomic approach. More importantly, 34 proteins had previously been associated with total tau, but not yet linked directly to phosphorylated tau (e.g. synaptic protein VAMP2, vacuolar-ATPase subunit ATP6V0D1); therefore, we provide new evidence that they directly interact with phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease. In addition, we also identified 12 novel proteins, not previously known to be physiologically or pathologically associated with tau (e.g. RNA binding protein HNRNPA1). Network analysis showed that the phosphorylated tau interactome was enriched in proteins involved in the protein ubiquitination pathway and phagosome maturation. Importantly, we were able to pinpoint specific proteins that phosphorylated tau interacts with in these pathways for the first time, therefore providing novel potential pathogenic mechanisms that can be explored in future studies. Combined, our results reveal new potential drug targets for the treatment of tauopathies and provide insight into how phosphorylated tau mediates its toxicity in Alzheimer's disease.

Immunological changes associated with adenomyosis: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Adenomyosis is a benign gynecological disorder associated with subfertility, pelvic pain and abnormal uterine bleeding that have significant consequences for the health and quality of life of women. Histologically, it is defined as the presence of ectopic endometrial islets within the myometrium. Its pathogenesis has not yet been elucidated and several pieces of the puzzle are still missing. One process involved in the development of adenomyosis is the increased capacity of some endometrial cells to infiltrate the myometrium. Moreover, the local and systemic immune systems are associated with the onset of the disease and with maintaining it. Numerous observations have highlighted the activation of immune cells and the release of immune soluble factors in adenomyosis. The contribution of immunity occurs in conjunction with hormonal aberrations and activation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway, which promotes migration of endometrial cells. Here, we review current knowledge on the immunological changes in adenomyosis, with the aim of further elucidation of the pathogenesis of this disease.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

The objective was to systematically review the literature regarding the role of the immune system in development of adenomyosis in the inner and the outer myometrium, in humans.

SEARCH METHODS

A systematic review of published human studies was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases from 1970 to February 2019 using the combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): Adenomyosis AND ('Immune System' OR 'Gonadal Steroid Hormones'), and free-text terms for the following search terms (and their variants): Adenomyosis AND (immunity OR immune OR macrophage OR 'natural killer cell' OR lymphocyte* OR leucocyte* OR HLA OR inflammation OR 'sex steroid' OR 'epithelial to mesenchymal transition' OR 'EMT'). Studies in which no comparison was made with control patients, without adenomyosis (systemic sample and/or eutopic endometrium), were excluded.

OUTCOMES

A total of 42 articles were included in our systematic review. Changes in innate and adaptive immune cell numbers were described in the eutopic and/or ectopic endometrium of women with adenomyosis compared to disease-free counterparts. They mostly described an increase in lymphocyte and macrophage cell populations in adenomyosis eutopic endometrium compared to controls. These observations underscore the immune contributions to the disease pathogenesis. Thirty-one cytokines and other markers involved in immune pathways were studied in the included articles. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL) 6, IL1β, interferon (IFN) α, tumor necrosis factor α, IFNγ) as well as anti-inflammatory or regulatory mediators (IL10, transforming growth factor β…) were found to be elevated in the eutopic endometrium and/or in the ectopic endometrium of the myometrium in women with adenomyosis compared to controls. Moreover, in women affected by adenomyosis, immunity was reported to be directly or indirectly linked to sex steroid hormone aberrations (notably changes in progesterone receptor in eutopic and ectopic endometrium) in three studies and to EMT in four studies.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

The available literature clearly depicts immunological changes that are associated with adenomyosis. Both systemic and local immune changes have been described in women affected by adenomyosis, with the coexistence of changes in inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory signals. It is likely that these immune changes, through an EMT mechanism, stimulate the migration of endometrial cells into the myometrium that, together with an endocrine imbalance, promote this inflammatory process. In light of the considerable impact of adenomyosis on women's health, a better understanding of the role played by the immune system in adenomyosis is likely to yield new research opportunities to better understand its pathogenesis.

[Bowel endometriosis and infertility: Do we need to operate?]

Endometriosis is a benign chronic inflammatory disease, whose pathogenesis is still unclear. Endometriosis is responsible for infertility and/or pelvic pain. One of the most important features of the disease is the heterogeneity (clinical and anatomical: superficial peritoneal, ovarian and/or deep infiltrating lesions). Bowel involvement constitutes one particularly severe form of the disease, affecting 8-12% of women with deep endometriosis. In case of associated infertility, bowel endometriosis constitutes a real therapeutic challenge for gynecologists. Indeed, while complete resection of the lesions alleviates pain and seems to improve spontaneous fertility, surgery remains technically challenging and may cause severe complications. Reverting to assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is another valuable therapeutic option regarding pregnancy rates. Thus, the choice between surgical management or ART is still debated. Benefits and risks of these two options should be considered and discussed before planning treatment. In the present study, we aimed to answer the question: Bowel endometriosis and infertility: do we need to operate?

[Corifollitropin alfa compared to daily FSH in controlled ovarian stimulation for oocyte donors]

OBJECTIVES

To demonstrate that corifollitropin alfa is as effective as daily FSH in controlled ovarian stimulation of oocyte donors.

METHODS

From January 2013 to October 2015, 77 cycles controlled ovarian stimulation, derived from a continuous cohort of 77 oocyte donors, were analyzed. After synchronization by oestroprogestatif or estrogens, ovarian stimulation was started by corifollitropin alfa (Group corifollitropin alfa) or by daily FSH (Group daily FSH). In both groups, a GnRH antagonist was used for the prevention of premature surge of luteinizing hormone (LH). The induction of ovulation was induced by a GnRH agonist. The duration of treatment, estradiol rate, numbers of mature oocytes, fertilization rate, clinical and ongoing pregnancies rates were evaluated in the two groups.

RESULTS

There is no difference for the age, the markers of ovarian reserve and the duration of treatment. The average rate of estradiol on the eighth day of the stimulation is lower for the corifollitropin alfa (845±694.5 vs 1742±1177.3, P<0.001), there is no difference in the number of mature oocytes retrieved (14.4 vs 13.4, P=0.979), with a fertilization rate significantly higher in the corifollitropin alfa group (59.8% vs 49.3%, P<0.001). The rate of ongoing pregnancies is higher but without reaching significant difference in this same group (36.6% vs 26%, P=0.277).

CONCLUSION

As compared to daily FSH, corifollitropin alfa, in oocyte donors offers, advantages in terms of ease of use with identical efficiency.

[Conservative management of endometrioma in women undergoing in vitro fertilization]

Endometriosis is a chronic disease. The pathogenesis is actually still unclear. Endometriosis is responsible for infertility and/or pelvic pain. One of the most important features of the disease is the heterogeneity (clinical and anatomical). Among the different phenotypes of endometriosis, the ovarian endometrioma seems to most important lesion in the management of endometriosis-related infertility. Surgical treatment is associated to a decrease of the ovarian reserve and a potential detrimental effect on in vitro fecondation (IVF) outcomes. Thus, the choice between conservative or surgical management of endometrioma before IVF is actually debated. The advantages and drawback of surgical and conservative management should be discussed before to plan the treatment. In the present review, we aimed at assessing the risks of a conservative management of endometrioma as compared to surgery before IVF.

Changes in quality of life after a diagnosis of cancer: a 2-year study comparing breast cancer and melanoma patients

PURPOSE

Longitudinal studies addressing change in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) following a diagnosis of cancer have mainly focused on a single cancer type, and little is known about the differences in HRQoL over time according to the type of tumor. The current study aims to compare the change in HRQoL over 2 years following breast cancer or melanoma diagnosis and socio-demographic variables associated with HRQoL over time.

METHODS

Patients recently diagnosed with breast cancer (n = 215) or melanoma (n = 78) completed surveys within 1 month of diagnosis and 6, 12, and 24 months later. Multilevel modeling analyses were used to compare the evolution over time of HRQoL dimensions, as measured by the EORTC QLQ-C30, in both cancers. Longitudinal effect of socio-demographic variables on HRQoL was also assessed.

RESULTS

Consistent with the literature, both cancer patients experienced decreased HRQoL scores following the diagnosis before improving over time. However, our analyses revealed that this rebound effect may occur at diverse times over the course of the illness according to the type of cancer. In addition, HRQoL over time was positively associated with age and negatively related to living with a partner regardless of the type of cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the present study suggest that support in hospital units should be specific and depend on the cancer type.

Molecular cloning of proteoglycan core proteins

Recombinant DNA methods have been used to analyse core proteins of two different proteoglycans, one from a rat yolk sac tumour and the other from human fibroblasts and fetal membrane tissue. The processed core protein of the yolk sac tumour proteoglycan is a 104-amino acid polypeptide. This polypeptide contains a 49-amino acid serine-glycine repeat which clearly serves as the chondroitin sulphate attachment region. Genomic and mRNA blots suggest that this core protein is a member of a multigene family the members of which share the Ser-Gly repeat. The fibroblast/fetal membrane proteoglycan has a 329-amino acid core protein which is also processed from a larger precursor. This core protein contains three individual Ser-Gly dipeptides, one of which is known to be substituted with a chondroitin/dermatan sulphate side-chain. The availability of proteoglycan cDNA clones will facilitate gene transfer studies aimed at identifying the recognition sequences for the addition of the glycosaminoglycan. Gene transfer should also allow studies on the effects of proteoglycan expression on cellular properties such as adhesion and tumorigenicity.

Interactions with tenascin and differential effects on cell adhesion of neurocan and phosphacan, two major chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of nervous tissue

We have studied interactions of tenascin with two chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, neurocan and phosphacan. Neurocan is a multi-domain proteoglycan with a 136-kDa core protein that is synthesized by neurons and binds to hyaluronic acid, whereas the 173-kDa core protein of phosphacan, which is synthesized by glia, represents an extracellular variant of the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTP zeta/beta. Keratan sulfate-containing glycoforms of phosphacan (designated phosphacan-KS) are also present in brain. Immunocytochemical studies of early postnatal rat cerebellum demonstrated that the localization of neurocan, phosphacan, and phosphacan-KS all overlap extensively with that of tenascin, an extracellular matrix protein that modulates cell adhesion and migration. Binding studies using purified proteins covalently attached to fluorescent microbeads demonstrated that proteoglycan-coated beads co-aggregated with differently fluorescing beads coated with tenascin. The co-aggregation was specifically inhibited by Fab' fragments of antibodies against tenascin or the proteoglycans and by soluble neurocan, phosphacan, and tenascin. A solid phase radioligand binding assay confirmed that neurocan, phosphacan, and phosphacan-KS bind to tenascin but not to laminin and fibronectin. Chondroitinase treatment of the proteoglycans or addition of free chondroitin sulfate had no significant effect, indicating that the binding activity is mediated largely via the core glycoproteins. Scatchard analysis demonstrated high affinity binding of 125I-phosphacan, phosphacan-KS, and neurocan to a single site in tenascin, and neurocan and various glycoforms of phosphacan all inhibited binding of 125I-phosphacan to tenascin. In studies of cell adhesion to proteins adsorbed to Petri dishes, phosphacan inhibited adhesion of C6 glioma cells to tenascin whereas neurocan had no effect. Our results suggest that tenascin binds phosphacan and neurocan in vivo and that interactions between chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and tenascin may play important roles in nervous tissue histogenesis, possibly by modulating signal transduction across the plasma membrane.

Proteoglycan-19, laminin and collagen type IV production is correlated with the levels of mRNA in F9 cell aggregates differentiating in the presence or absence of cyclic AMP

F9 embryonal carcinoma cells differentiate to embryoid bodies containing an outer epithelial layer of visceral endoderm cells when cultured as aggregates in medium containing retinoic acid (RA). Another pathway of differentiation to parietal endoderm is followed when dibutyryl cyclic AMP (cAMP) is added to the medium. We have measured the accumulated levels of RNA transcripts from a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan gene (PG-19), the type IV collagen alpha 1, alpha 2 subunit genes, and laminin B1, B2 subunit genes during these differentiation processes. Laminin B2 gene is uniquely regulated among the extracellular matrix component genes studied. The level of laminin B2 RNA remains almost invariant during RA induction of differentiation but is induced 11-fold by cAMP with RA. In contrast, laminin B1, collagen IV alpha 1, and alpha 2 genes are induced in two stages with six- to sevenfold accumulation of RNA induced by RA and fourfold greater levels by cAMP (19- to 28-fold overall). All of these matrix-encoding genes except proteoglycan are expressed at low levels in unstimulated F9 cells, whereas PG-19 is completely undetectable and is observed only after 2 days of stimulation with RA. Its increased expression with RA and cAMP induction is at least 100-fold during F9 differentiation. Extracellular matrix transcripts are relatively stable and this accounts in part for high accumulated levels during differentiation. We conclude that several kinds of gene regulation occur among the matrix components and other differentiation markers, and this makes the F9 model system useful to study the differential effects of hormone treatments on cellular events leading to differentiation and loss of tumorigenicity.

Comparison of various methods for delivering radiolabeled monoclonal antibody to normal rat brain

Different methods were evaluated for delivering iodine-125 monoclonal antibodies (Mab's) to the central nervous system in 40- to 99-gm Fischer rats. By evaluating interhemispheric, interregional, and brain:blood ratios of Mab's, the efficacy of intracarotid (IC) or intravenous (IV) administration of Mab's with and without prior IC perfusion with 0.9% NaCl (normal saline, NS), 1.4 M mannitol, or 1.6 M arabinose, or of femoral artery perfusion with 1.4 M mannitol was evaluated. No difference was seen between IC and IV administration of Mab's with or without prior perfusion. Intracarotid perfusion with hyperosmolar agents was required to disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and to significantly elevate brain levels of Mab's. The brain and blood levels of Mab's were elevated in all regions of the brain following hyperosmolar BBB disruption. However, the levels were significantly higher in the ipsilateral hemisphere, with cross-over occurring primarily in the vascular distribution of the contralateral anterior cerebral artery. Intracarotid hyperosmolar perfusion produced 450% to 500% increases in ipsilateral and 240% to 280% increases in contralateral hemispheric brain:blood Mab ratio levels compared to those achieved with NS perfusion. For IC perfusion of mannitol or arabinose, flow rates ranging from 0.017 to 0.052 ml/sec were equally effective in disrupting the BBB. Insignificant morbidity and mortality rates were noted up to 2 weeks following BBB disruption. Additional ligation of major extracranial branches of the external and internal carotid arteries prior to IC perfusion did not result in a selective increase in hemispheric Mab levels. Temporally, following hyperosmolar BBB disruption, brain:blood Mab ratios remained elevated bilaterally at 7 days after Mab delivery, with the ipsilateral hemispheric levels remaining significantly elevated compared with the contralateral hemispheric levels until Day 5, when the ratio returned to the nonperfused range. Catheterization was required in the small animals and was performed under magnification in 10 to 20 minutes, with less than an 8% overall morbidity and mortality. The methodology developed should prove helpful in delivery of Mab's or other agents in rat tumor models and experimental models for other disease entities.

Distribution of lymphocytes identified by surface markers in murine strains with systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndromes

The frequencies and absolute numbers of B and T cells in the lymphoid organs of five murine strains (NZB, (NZB X NZW)F1, BXSB, MRL/l, and MRL/n) with SLE-like syndromes were examined. We assessed the frequencies of cells bearing surface Ig, C3d and IgG Fc receptors, and theta-antigen. The sequential expression of Ig isotopes on developing B cells and the Ig isotypes expressed on adult B cells were ascertained. In addition, the Ly subsets and the expression of Ia antigens coded for by the I-J subregion of the mouse H-2 complex were examined. Compared to normal, older mice, New Zealand mice had low frequencies and absolute numbers of B cells, BXSB mice had a moderate B-cell proliferation, and MRL/l mice had normal absolute numbers of B cells but a reduced frequency concomitant with a massive T-cell proliferation. Old New Zealand mice and BXSB mice had reduced frequencies and absolute numbers of T cells compared to old controls. The developmental Ig-isotype diversity during the 1st wk of age was similar in normal mice and those with autoimmune manifestations. Mature B cells were present in lymphoid organs of New Zealand mice and BXSB mice as evidenced by the high frequency of C3d receptor-bearing cells and Ig-isotype expression (high ratio of IgM- to IgD-bearing cells) in adult spleen cells. Numbers of IgG Fc receptor-bearing cells were reduced in autoimmune mice with advanced age and disease. The proliferating T cells in MRL/l mice were found to be theta-antigen positive but Ly null. These theta+-, Ly null cells may have arisen from Ly123+ T cells. MRL/l and BXSB mice seemed normal in their content of T cells bearing Ia antigens coded for by the I-J subregion of H-2. Overall, mice with autoimmune manifestations appear to express perturbations in T and B cells with development of disease, and their patterns of change vary from one strain to another.

Immunopathogenicity and oncogenicity of murine leukaemia virus. IV. Antinuclear antibody response and tumour induction in B10.A recombinant mice

The levels of murine leukaemia virus (MuLV) proteins p30 and gp70, antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-soluble nuclear protein, anti-single-stranded DNA, anti-double-stranded DNA and anti-histone antibodies were measured in B10.A and B10.A recombinant mice neonatally infected with MuLV-Scripps (Lerner et al., 1972). The incidence and latency of lymphoma and the incidence of glomerulonephritis were also determined. The mice studied could be divided into high-responder and low-responder groups. Most of the high ANA antibody could be attributed to anti-histone antibody. High response was associated with the H-2b haplotype and recombinant strains on the B10 background which were identical at the I-A subregion derived from the H-2b parental stock. In contrast, low ANA response was associated with the I-A subregion derived from the H-2k haplotype. In all groups of virus-inoculated animals, most animals developed serum elevations of p30 and gp70 and at least 72% of the inoculated animals developed lymphomas. High serum p30 levels correlated inversely with latency and directly with gp70 values. From 4 to 28% of the animals in each virus-inoculated group had histological evidence of glomerulonephritis, although no clear genetic basis could be ascribed to the incidence of glomerulonephritis, serum p30 or gp70 levels, or latency of lymphoma development.