1
|
Lardos A, Patmore K, Allkin R, Lazarou R, Nesbitt M, Scott AC, Zipser B. A systematic methodology to assess the identity of plants in historical texts: A case study based on the Byzantine pharmacy text John the Physician's Therapeutics. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 322:117622. [PMID: 38128894 PMCID: PMC7615571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In recent decades, the study of historical texts has attracted research interest, particularly in ethnopharmacology. All studies of the materia medica cited in ancient and medieval texts share a concern, however, as to the reliability of modern identifications of these substances. Previous studies of European or Mediterranean texts relied mostly on authoritative dictionaries or glossaries providing botanical identities for the historical plant names in question. Several identities they suggest, however, are questionable and real possibility of error exists. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to develop and document a novel and interdisciplinary methodology providing more objective assessment of the identity of the plants (and minerals) described in these resources. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed an iterative experimental approach, using the 13th century Byzantine recipe text John the Physician's Therapeutics in its Commentary version (JC) as a case study. The methodology has six stages and relies on comparative analyses including statistical evaluation of botanical descriptions and information about medicinal uses drawn from both historical and modern sources. Stages 1-4 create the dataset, stage 5 derives the primary outcomes to be reviewed by experts in stage 6. RESULTS Using Disocorides' De Materia Medica (DMM) (1st century CE) as the culturally related reference text for the botanical descriptions of the plants cited in JC, allowed us to link the 194 plants used medicinally in JC with 252 plants cited in DMM. Our test sample for subsequent analyses consisted of the 50 JC plant names (corresponding to 61 DMM plants) for which DMM holds rich morphological information, and the 130 candidate species which have been suggested in the literature as potential botanical identities of those 50 JC plant names. Statistical evaluation of the comparative analyses revealed that in the majority of the cases, our method detected the candidate species having a higher likelihood of being the correct attribution from among the pool of suggested candidates. Final assessment and revision provided a list of the challenges associated with applying our methodology more widely and recommendations on how to address these issues. CONCLUSIONS We offer this multidisciplinary approach to more evidence-based assessment of the identity of plants in historical texts providing a measure of confidence for each suggested identity. Despite the experimental nature of our methodology and its limitations, its application allowed us to draw conclusions about the validity of suggested candidate plants as well as to distinguish between alternative candidates of the same historical plant name. Fully documenting the methodology facilitates its application to historical texts of any kind of cultural or linguistic background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lardos
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Natural Product Chemistry and Phytopharmacy Group, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | | | - Robert Allkin
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, London, TW9 3AE, UK.
| | | | - Mark Nesbitt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, London, TW9 3AE, UK.
| | - Andrew C Scott
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Department of Earth Sciences, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Barbara Zipser
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Department of History, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pironon S, Ondo I, Diazgranados M, Allkin R, Baquero AC, Cámara-Leret R, Canteiro C, Dennehy-Carr Z, Govaerts R, Hargreaves S, Hudson AJ, Lemmens R, Milliken W, Nesbitt M, Patmore K, Schmelzer G, Turner RM, van Andel TR, Ulian T, Antonelli A, Willis KJ. The global distribution of plants used by humans. Science 2024; 383:293-297. [PMID: 38236975 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Plants sustain human life. Understanding geographic patterns of the diversity of species used by people is thus essential for the sustainable management of plant resources. Here, we investigate the global distribution of 35,687 utilized plant species spanning 10 use categories (e.g., food, medicine, material). Our findings indicate general concordance between utilized and total plant diversity, supporting the potential for simultaneously conserving species diversity and its contributions to people. Although Indigenous lands across Mesoamerica, the Horn of Africa, and Southern Asia harbor a disproportionate diversity of utilized plants, the incidence of protected areas is negatively correlated with utilized species richness. Finding mechanisms to preserve areas containing concentrations of utilized plants and traditional knowledge must become a priority for the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Pironon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - I Ondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - M Diazgranados
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- International Plant Science Center, New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Allkin
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - A C Baquero
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - R Cámara-Leret
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Canteiro
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Z Dennehy-Carr
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Herbarium, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK
| | - R Govaerts
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - S Hargreaves
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - A J Hudson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, UK
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK
| | - R Lemmens
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - W Milliken
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, UK
| | - M Nesbitt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - K Patmore
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - G Schmelzer
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - R M Turner
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - T R van Andel
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - T Ulian
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, UK
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K J Willis
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zipser B, Scott AC, Allkin R, Gan P, Lardos A, Lazarou R, Lev E, Nesbitt M, Patmore K. Pharmaceutical Terminology in Ancient and Medieval Time - andrachne, chrysocolla and Others. Stud Ceranea 2023; 13:715-736. [PMID: 38524312 PMCID: PMC7615763 DOI: 10.18778/2084-140x.13.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Ancient and medieval pharmacological and medical texts contain a substantial amount of plant and mineral names. In some cases, the identification is straightforward. But for the majority of the data, we are unable to identify these ingredients with high certainty. In this paper, we discuss a selection of plant and mineral names both from a humanities and sciences point of view. In one case, the scientists were even able to examine a plant in situ. The conclusion of our paper is that a close collaboration between sciences and humanities is essential to avoid mistakes in the identification of materia medica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zipser
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Scott
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Allkin
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew, Richmond, London TW9 3AE, Great Britain
| | - Peretz Gan
- Al Alim Medicinal Herb Center, Moshav Zippori 49 Hamovil 1791000, Israel
| | - Andreas Lardos
- Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften, Gertrudstrasse 15, 8400 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Lazarou
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew, Richmond, London TW9 3AE, Great Britain
| | - Efraim Lev
- University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave. Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mark Nesbitt
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew, Richmond, London TW9 3AE, Great Britain
| | - Kristina Patmore
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew, Richmond, London TW9 3AE, Great Britain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Antonelli A, Farooq H, Colli-Silva M, Araújo JPM, Freitas AVL, Gardner EM, Grace O, Gu S, Marline L, Nesbitt M, Niskanen T, Onana JM, Pérez-Escobar OA, Taylor C, Knapp S. People-inspired names remain valuable. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1161-1162. [PMID: 37337005 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK.
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Harith Farooq
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lúrio University, Cabo Delgado, Mozambique
| | - Matheus Colli-Silva
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João P M Araújo
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - André V L Freitas
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elliot M Gardner
- International Center for Tropical Botany at The Kampong, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Olwen Grace
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shiran Gu
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lovanomenjanahary Marline
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Jean Michel Onana
- National Herbarium of Cameroon, IRAD, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pérez-Escobar OA, Tusso S, Przelomska NAS, Wu S, Ryan P, Nesbitt M, Silber MV, Preick M, Fei Z, Hofreiter M, Chomicki G, Renner SS. Genome sequencing of up to 6,000-yr-old Citrullus seeds reveals use of a bitter-fleshed species prior to watermelon domestication. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6652436. [PMID: 35907246 PMCID: PMC9387916 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iconographic evidence from Egypt suggests that watermelon pulp was consumed there as a dessert by 4,360 BP. Earlier archaeobotanical evidence comes from seeds from Neolithic settlements in Libya, but whether these were watermelons with sweet pulp or other forms is unknown. We generated genome sequences from 6,000- and 3,300-year-old seeds from Libya and Sudan, and from worldwide herbarium collections made between 1824 and 2019, and analyzed these data together with resequenced genomes from important germplasm collections for a total of 131 accessions. Phylogenomic and population-genomic analyses reveal that (1) much of the nuclear genome of both ancient seeds is traceable to West African seed-use “egusi-type” watermelon (Citrullus mucosospermus) rather than domesticated pulp-use watermelon (Citrullus lanatus ssp. vulgaris); (2) the 6,000-year-old watermelon likely had bitter pulp and greenish-white flesh as today found in C. mucosospermus, given alleles in the bitterness regulators ClBT and in the red color marker LYCB; and (3) both ancient genomes showed admixture from C. mucosospermus, C. lanatus ssp. cordophanus, C. lanatus ssp. vulgaris, and even South African Citrullus amarus, and evident introgression between the Libyan seed (UMB-6) and populations of C. lanatus. An unexpected new insight is that Citrullus appears to have initially been collected or cultivated for its seeds, not its flesh, consistent with seed damage patterns induced by human teeth in the oldest Libyan material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Tusso
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Munich (LMU), 82152 Planegg- Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Shan Wu
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Mark Nesbitt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE, United Kingdom
| | - Martina V Silber
- Faculty of Biology, Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), 80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Preick
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guillaume Chomicki
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne S Renner
- Faculty of Biology, Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), 80638 Munich, Germany.,Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Canales NA, Pérez-Escobar OA, Powell RF, Töpel M, Kidner C, Nesbitt M, Maldonado C, Barnes CJ, Rønsted N, Przelomska NAS, Leitch IJ, Antonelli A. A highly contiguous, scaffold-level nuclear genome assembly for the fever tree ( Cinchona pubescens Vahl) as a novel resource for Rubiaceae research. GigaByte 2022; 2022:gigabyte71. [PMID: 36950143 PMCID: PMC10027117 DOI: 10.46471/gigabyte.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Andean fever tree (Cinchona L.; Rubiaceae) is a source of bioactive quinine alkaloids used to treat malaria. C. pubescens Vahl is a valuable cash crop within its native range in northwestern South America, however, genomic resources are lacking. Here we provide the first highly contiguous and annotated nuclear and plastid genome assemblies using Oxford Nanopore PromethION-derived long-read and Illumina short-read data. Our nuclear genome assembly comprises 603 scaffolds with a total length of 904 Mbp (∼82% of the full genome based on a genome size of 1.1 Gbp/1C). Using a combination of de novo and reference-based transcriptome assemblies we annotated 72,305 coding sequences comprising 83% of the BUSCO gene set and 4.6% fragmented sequences. Using additional plastid and nuclear datasets we place C. pubescens in the Gentianales order. This first genomic resource for C. pubescens opens new research avenues, including the analysis of alkaloid biosynthesis in the fever tree.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Allasi Canales
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Oscar A. Pérez-Escobar
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
| | | | - Mats Töpel
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Carla Maldonado
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Nina Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - Ilia J. Leitch
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McAlvay AC, Armstrong CG, Baker J, Elk LB, Bosco S, Hanazaki N, Joseph L, Martínez-Cruz TE, Nesbitt M, Palmer MA, Priprá de Almeida WC, Anderson J, Asfaw Z, Borokini IT, Cano-Contreras EJ, Hoyte S, Hudson M, Ladio AH, Odonne G, Peter S, Rashford J, Wall J, Wolverton S, Vandebroek I. Ethnobiology Phase VI: Decolonizing Institutions, Projects, and Scholarship. J ETHNOBIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex C. McAlvay
- Institute of Economic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10458
| | | | - Janelle Baker
- Anthropology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Samantha Bosco
- 5 Horticulture Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Natalia Hanazaki
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Leigh Joseph
- 7 School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Mark Nesbitt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Meredith Alberta Palmer
- Science and Technology Studies Department, American Indian and Indigenous Studies Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Jane Anderson
- Equity for Indigenous Research and Innovation Coordinating Hub, Anthropology and Museum Studies, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Zemede Asfaw
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Israel T. Borokini
- Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Eréndira Juanita Cano-Contreras
- Centro de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias sobre Chiapas y la Frontera Sur, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Chiapas, México
| | - Simon Hoyte
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maui Hudson
- Te Kotahi Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ana H. Ladio
- INIBIOMA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | | | - Sonia Peter
- 20 Biocultural Education and Research Programme, St. James, Barbados
| | - John Rashford
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jeffrey Wall
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve Wolverton
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Ina Vandebroek
- Institute of Economic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10458
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pérez-Escobar OA, Bellot S, Przelomska NAS, Flowers JM, Nesbitt M, Ryan P, Gutaker RM, Gros-Balthazard M, Wells T, Kuhnhäuser BG, Schley R, Bogarín D, Dodsworth S, Diaz R, Lehmann M, Petoe P, Eiserhardt WL, Preick M, Hofreiter M, Hajdas I, Purugganan M, Antonelli A, Gravendeel B, Leitch IJ, Torres Jimenez MF, Papadopulos AST, Chomicki G, Renner SS, Baker WJ. Molecular clocks and archaeogenomics of a Late Period Egyptian date palm leaf reveal introgression from wild relatives and add timestamps on the domestication. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4475-4492. [PMID: 34191029 PMCID: PMC8476131 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, has been a cornerstone of Middle Eastern and North African agriculture for millennia. It was first domesticated in the Persian Gulf, and its evolution appears to have been influenced by gene flow from two wild relatives, P. theophrasti, currently restricted to Crete and Turkey, and P. sylvestris, widespread from Bangladesh to the West Himalayas. Genomes of ancient date palm seeds show that gene flow from P. theophrasti to P. dactylifera may have occurred by ∼2,200 years ago, but traces of P. sylvestris could not be detected. We here integrate archeogenomics of a ∼2,100-year-old P. dactylifera leaf from Saqqara (Egypt), molecular-clock dating, and coalescence approaches with population genomic tests, to probe the hybridization between the date palm and its two closest relatives and provide minimum and maximum timestamps for its reticulated evolution. The Saqqara date palm shares a close genetic affinity with North African date palm populations, and we find clear genomic admixture from both P. theophrasti, and P. sylvestris, indicating that both had contributed to the date palm genome by 2,100 years ago. Molecular-clocks placed the divergence of P. theophrasti from P. dactylifera/P. sylvestris and that of P. dactylifera from P. sylvestris in the Upper Miocene, but strongly supported, conflicting topologies point to older gene flow between P. theophrasti and P. dactylifera, and P. sylvestris and P. dactylifera. Our work highlights the ancient hybrid origin of the date palms, and prompts the investigation of the functional significance of genetic material introgressed from both close relatives, which in turn could prove useful for modern date palm breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sidonie Bellot
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK
| | - Natalia A S Przelomska
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK.,National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan M Flowers
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mark Nesbitt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK
| | - Philippa Ryan
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK
| | | | - Muriel Gros-Balthazard
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Montpellier, BP 64501 - 34394 Cedex 5, France
| | - Tom Wells
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Rowan Schley
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK
| | - Diego Bogarín
- Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, San José, 302-7050, Costa Rica
| | - Steven Dodsworth
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Rudy Diaz
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK
| | | | - Peter Petoe
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Wolf L Eiserhardt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK.,Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michaela Preick
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Michael Purugganan
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre and Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 413 19, Sweden
| | | | - Ilia J Leitch
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK
| | - Maria Fernanda Torres Jimenez
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre and Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 413 19, Sweden
| | - Alexander S T Papadopulos
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bangor, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Guillaume Chomicki
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Susanne S Renner
- Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Canales NA, Gress Hansen TN, Cornett C, Walker K, Driver F, Antonelli A, Maldonado C, Nesbitt M, Barnes CJ, Rønsted N. Historical chemical annotations of Cinchona bark collections are comparable to results from current day high-pressure liquid chromatography technologies. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 249:112375. [PMID: 31698039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Species of the genus Cinchona (Rubiaceae) have been used in traditional medicine, and as a source for quinine since its discovery as an effective medicine against malaria in the 17th century. Despite being the sole cure of malaria for almost 350 years, little is known about the chemical diversity between and within species of the antimalarial alkaloids found in the bark. Extensive historical Cinchona bark collections housed at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, and in other museums may shed new light on the alkaloid chemistry of the Cinchona genus and the history of the quest for the most effective Cinchona barks. AIM OF THE STUDY We used High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection (FLD) to reanalyze a set of Cinchona barks originally annotated for the four major quinine alkaloids by John Eliot Howard and others more than 150 years ago. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed an archival search on the Cinchona bark collections in the Economic Botany Collection housed in Kew, focusing on those with historical alkaloid content information. Then, we performed HPLC analysis of the bark samples to separate and quantify the four major quinine alkaloids and the total alkaloid content using fluorescence detection. Correlations between historic and current annotations were calculated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, before paired comparisons were performed using Wilcox rank sum tests. The effects of source were explored using generalized linear modelling (GLM), before the significance of each parameter in predicting alkaloid concentrations were assessed using chi-square tests as likelihood ratio testing (LRT) models. RESULTS The total alkaloid content estimation obtained by our HPLC analysis was comparatively similar to the historical chemical annotations made by Howard. Additionally, the quantity of two of the major alkaloids, quinine and cinchonine, and the total content of the four alkaloids obtained were significantly similar between the historical and current day analysis using linear regression. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the historical chemical analysis by Howard and current day HPLC alkaloid content estimations are comparable. Current day HPLC analysis thus provide a realistic estimate of the alkaloid contents in the historical bark samples at the time of sampling more than 150 years ago. Museum collections provide a powerful but underused source of material for understanding early use and collecting history as well as for comparative analyses with current day samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Allasi Canales
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Cornett
- Analytical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Walker
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK; Royal Holloway University of London, UK
| | - Felix Driver
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK; Royal Holloway University of London, UK
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carla Maldonado
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Christopher J Barnes
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Porteous G, Nesbitt M, Kendon JP, Prychid CJ, Stuppy W, Conejero M, Ballesteros D. Assessing Extreme Seed Longevity: The Value of Historic Botanical Collections to Modern Research. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1181. [PMID: 31681348 PMCID: PMC6802001 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Botanical, historical, and archaeological collections have been the source of extraordinarily long-lived seeds, which have been used to revive extinct genotypes or species. The longest-lived example of a viable seed of known age is the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L., of which an estimated 2000-year-old seed was germinated in 2005. Seed longevity is important for agriculture and biodiversity conservation, and understanding the basis for the extraordinary longevity of seeds from botanical collections could help improve seed banking technology. In this work, we studied the viability and structural features of date palm seeds collected in Baghdad in 1873 and stored in the Economic Botany Collection (EBC) at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and seeds collected in 2004 and stored dry at -20°C in the Millennium Seed Bank (MSB). Viability was studied by attempted seed germination and in vitro culture of embryos, and structural features were studied by X-rays, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. We found that the seeds preserved in the MSB did not decrease in viability, with ultrastructural features similar to those in freshly harvested seeds. In contrast, the 144-year-old seeds were dead, and large ultrastructural changes were observed, particularly in the storage lipids (size, distribution, and melting properties) and other storage constituents. These results contrast with previous reports that date seeds could remain viable for ∼2000 years in uncontrolled storage environments. We did not find that the postharvest treatment of the EBC seeds in the 19th century, or their storage conditions at Kew, was more deleterious than that which was likely encountered by the ∼2000-year-old seeds. These results highlight the role of well-documented collections in establishing whether reports of extraordinary longevity are ordinarily repeatable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Porteous
- Science Directorate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Nesbitt
- Science Directorate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Stuppy
- Science Directorate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom
- Botanic Garden, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maria Conejero
- Science Directorate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cunningham AB, Ingram W, Brinckmann JA, Nesbitt M. Twists, turns and trade: A new look at the Indian Screw tree (Helicteres isora). J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 225:128-135. [PMID: 29944892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This is the first study of global trade in fruits of the widely used traditional medicine, Helicteres isora L. It is used in Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani medical systems and/or local folk traditional medicines in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. The roots are used in Traditional Chinese Medicines in China and the fruits in jamu products in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. In addition, H. isora fruits are also used in "traditional" medical systems far beyond the natural distribution of this species, for example in Zulu herbal medicine (South Africa) and Kurdish herbal medicines (Iraq). AIMS OF THE STUDY This study had three aims: (i) to assess the global trade in H. isora fruits; (ii) to study the H. isora trade from West Timor to Java in terms of actors and prices along the value chain and (iii) to get a better understanding of the potential of this species to improve household income in eastern Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study uses historical records, a contemporary analysis of global trade data (2014-2016) and field assessments of value chains and the biological factors influencing H. isora fruit production. RESULTS Globally, the major exporter of H. isora fruits is India, which exports H. isora fruits to 19 countries, far beyond the natural geographical distribution of this species. Over a 36-month period (January 2014-December 2016), India exported 392 t of H. isora fruits, with a Free-On-Board (FOB) value of Indian rupiah (INR) 18,337,000 (US$ 274,055). This represents an average annual export quantity of about 130,526 kg/year. Over this three year period, most of these exports (85.5%) were to Indonesia (346.58 t), followed by Thailand (6.85%). Indian H. isora exports are also used in many other medical systems, including Kurdish and Zulu "traditional" medicines in Iraq and South Africa. Formation of an Indian diaspora in Bahrain, Mauritius, South Africa, Tanzania and Trinidad and Tobago over the past 130 years is one of the drivers of H. isora fruit trade outside the natural geographic distribution of the species. In Indonesia, demand for H. isora fruits is supplemented by an intra-island trade in Java and an inter-island trade from East Nusa Tenggara. West Timor, for example, exports around 31-37 t of air-dried H. isora fruits per year to Java. At the farm gate, local harvesters in West Timor get 4000 IDR (c. 0.3 US$) per kg, with businesses in Java paying 25,000 IDR (c.US$2) per kg for H. isora fruits. This is similar to the price paid for H. isora fruits imported from India to Java. CONCLUSIONS India is the major exporter of whole dried H. isora fruits, including to countries where this species has never been in traditional use. In Indonesia, H. isora fruit extracts are used in the cosmetic industry as well as in jamu herbal medicines, including "Tolak Angin", the country's most popular commercial "jamu" preparation. Indonesia also is the major importer of H. isora fruits from India. In eastern Indonesia, improved income to local villagers from the H. isora fruit trade could come from improved H. isora fruit quality due to better drying techniques. This would also reduce health risks along the supply chain from to mycotoxins that have been recorded on poorly dried H. isora fruits. There also is an opportunity for cultivation of H. isora in small-holder teak plantations in Indonesia, with harvest of H. isora fruits as well as the medicinal bark.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Cunningham
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, King Edward Avenue, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - W Ingram
- Threads of Life: Indonesian Textiles Arts Centre, Jalan Kajeng 24, Ubud 80571, Bali, Indonesia
| | - J A Brinckmann
- Traditional Medicinals, 4515 Ross Road, Sebastopol, CA 95472, USA
| | - M Nesbitt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nesbitt M. Gordon C. Hillman (1943-2018). Nat Plants 2018; 4:624. [PMID: 30185975 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nesbitt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van der Valk JM, Leon CJ, Nesbitt M. Macroscopic authentication of Chinese materia medica (CMM) : A UK market study of seeds and fruits. J Herb Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
14
|
Brand E, Leon C, Nesbitt M, Guo P, Huang R, Chen H, Liang L, Zhao Z. Economic botany collections: A source of material evidence for exploring historical changes in Chinese medicinal materials. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 200:209-227. [PMID: 28219727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Many Chinese medicinal materials (CMMs) have changed over centuries of use, particularly in terms of their botanical identity and processing methods. In some cases, these changes have important implications for safety and efficacy in modern clinical practice. As most previous research has focused on clarifying the evolution of CMMs by analyzing traditional Chinese materia medica ("bencao") literature, assessments of historical collections are needed to validate these conclusions with material evidence. AIM OF THE STUDY Historical collections of Chinese medicines reveal the market materials in circulation at a given moment in time, and represent an underexploited resource for analyzing the evolution of Chinese herbal medicines. This study compares specimens from a rare collection of CMMs from the 1920s with contemporary market materials; by highlighting examples of changes in botanical identity and processing that remain relevant for safe clinical practice in the modern era, this work aims to stimulate further research into previously unexplored historical collections of Chinese medicines. MATERIALS AND METHODS 620 specimens of CMMs that were collected from Chinese pharmacies in the Malay peninsula in the 1920s were examined macroscopically and compared with current pharmacopoeia specifications and authentic contemporary samples. These historical specimens, which are stored in the UK in the Economic Botany Collections (EBC) of Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, were morphologically examined, photographed, and compared to authentic CMMs stored at the Bank of China (Hong Kong) Chinese Medicines Center at Hong Kong Baptist University, as well as authentic herbarium-vouchered specimens from the Leon Collection (LC) at the Kew EBC. Case studies were selected to illustrate examples of historical changes in botanical identity, used plant parts, and processing methods. RESULTS This investigation confirmed that confusion due to shared common names and regional variations in the botanical identity of certain CMMs has been a persistent issue over time. Additionally, historical changes in processing methods and the plant parts used were observed for some CMMs. In some cases, these changes have direct implications for the safe clinical practice of Chinese medicine. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary assessment illustrated the significant potential of collections for clarifying historical changes in CMMs. More research is needed to investigate pre-modern collections of CMMs, including a more comprehensive assessment of the holdings in the Kew EBC and other European collections that have not yet been explored from the perspective of Chinese medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brand
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Christine Leon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Mark Nesbitt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Ping Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ran Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hubiao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Li Liang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhongzhen Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jones KA, Choong AMTL, Canham N, Renton S, Pollitt R, Nesbitt M, Kopcke D, Islam L, Buckley J, Ghali N, Vandersteen A. A combined vascular surgical and clinical genetics approach to diffuse aneurysmal disease. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2015; 97:e73-6. [PMID: 26264107 DOI: 10.1308/003588415x14181254790121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report two patients who presented with extensive aneurysmal disease, in association with minimal external physical signs. Patient 1 remained genetically undiagnosed despite multiple structural, biochemical and genetic investigations. He made a good recovery following surgery for popliteal and left axillary artery aneurysms. Patient 2 was diagnosed with vascular type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, associated with a high degree of tissue and blood vessel fragility, and is being managed conservatively. Early multidisciplinary assessment of such patients facilitates accurate diagnosis and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Jones
- Outer London North West Vascular Unit, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust , UK
| | | | - N Canham
- North West London Regional Genetics Service, Level 8V, Saint Mark's Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust , UK
| | - S Renton
- Outer London North West Vascular Unit, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust , UK
| | - R Pollitt
- Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome National Diagnostic Service, Sheffield Children's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , UK
| | - M Nesbitt
- Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome National Diagnostic Service, Sheffield Children's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , UK
| | - D Kopcke
- Department of Radiology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust , UK
| | - L Islam
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust , UK
| | - J Buckley
- Department of Infectious diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust , UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Harris JR, Lau H, Surgeoner BV, Chua N, Dobrovolsky W, Dort JC, Kalaydjian E, Nesbitt M, Scrimger RA, Seikaly H, Skarsgard D, Webster MA. Health care delivery for head-and-neck cancer patients in Alberta: a practice guideline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:e704-14. [PMID: 25302041 DOI: 10.3747/co.21.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of head-and-neck cancer is complex and requires the involvement of various health care professionals with a wide range of expertise. We describe the process of developing a practice guideline with recommendations about the organization and delivery of health care services for head-and-neck cancer patients in Alberta. METHODS Outcomes of interest included composition of the health care team, qualification requirements for team members, cancer centre and team member volumes, infrastructure needs, and wait times. A search for existing practice guidelines and a systematic review of the literature addressing the organization and delivery of health care services for head-and-neck cancer patients were conducted. The search included the Standards and Guidelines Evidence (sage) directory of cancer guidelines and PubMed. RESULTS One practice guideline was identified for adaptation. Three additional practice guidelines provided supplementary evidence to inform guideline recommendations. Members of the Alberta Provincial Head and Neck Tumour Team (consisting of various health professionals from across the province) provided expert feedback on the adapted recommendations through an online and in-person review process. Selected experts in head-and-neck cancer from outside the province participated in an external online review. SUMMARY The recommendations outlined in this practice guideline are based on existing guidelines that have been modified to fit the Alberta context. Although specific to Alberta, the recommendations lend credence to similar published guidelines and could be considered for use by groups lacking the resources of appointed guideline panels. The recommendations are meant to be a guide rather than a fixed protocol. The implementation of this practice guideline will depend on many factors, including but not limited to availability of trained personnel, adequate funding of infrastructure, and collaboration with other associations of health care professionals in the province.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Harris
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - H Lau
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
| | - B V Surgeoner
- Guideline Utilization Resource Unit, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB
| | - N Chua
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - W Dobrovolsky
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - J C Dort
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
| | - E Kalaydjian
- Department of Surgery, Section of Dentistry and Oral Health, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB
| | - M Nesbitt
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - R A Scrimger
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - H Seikaly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - D Skarsgard
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
| | - M A Webster
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Serrano A, Sousa M, Hallett J, Simmonds MSJ, Nesbitt M, Lopes JA. Identification of Dactylopius cochineal species with high-performance liquid chromatography and multivariate data analysis. Analyst 2014; 138:6081-90. [PMID: 23961534 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of American cochineal species (Dactylopius genus) can provide important information for the study of historical works of art, entomology, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foods. In this study, validated species of Dactylopius, including the domesticated cochineal D. coccus, were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and submitted to multivariate data analysis, in order to discriminate the species and hence construct a reference library for a wide range of applications. Principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) models successfully provided accurate species classifications. This library was then applied to the identification of 72 historical insect specimens of unidentified species, mostly dating from the 19th century, and belonging to the Economic Botany Collection, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. With this approach it was possible to identify anomalies in how insects were labelled historically, as several of them were revealed not to be cochineal. Nevertheless, more than 85% of the collection was determined to be species of Dactylopius and the majority of the specimens were identified as D. coccus. These results have shown that HPLC-DAD, in combination with suitable chemometric methods, is a powerful approach for discriminating related cochineal species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Serrano
- CHAM (Centre for Overseas History), Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa & Universidade dos Açores, Avenida de Berna, 1069-061 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mertes H, Pennings G, Choudhary M, Shaw C, Nesbitt M, Murdoch AP, Gudipati M, Redhead G, Hemingway V, McEleny K, Prakash A, Stewart J, De Wert G, Dondorp WJ, Liebaers I, Geraedts JPM, De Die-Smulders CEM. SELECTED ORAL COMMUNICATION SESSION, SESSION 16: ETHICS AND LAW, Monday 4 July 2011 14:00 - 15:00. Hum Reprod 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/26.s1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
19
|
|
20
|
Hall VJ, Compton D, Stojkovic P, Nesbitt M, Herbert M, Murdoch A, Stojkovic M. Developmental competence of human in vitro aged oocytes as host cells for nuclear transfer. Hum Reprod 2006; 22:52-62. [PMID: 16957049 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving human nuclear transfer (NT) efficiencies is paramount for the development of patient-specific stem cell lines, although the opportunities remain limited owing to difficulties in obtaining fresh mature oocytes. METHODS Therefore, the developmental competence of aged, failed-to-fertilize human oocytes as an alternate cytoplasmic source for NT was assessed and compared with use of fresh, ovulation-induced oocytes. To further characterize the developmental potential of aged oocytes, parthenogenetic activation, immunocytochemical analysis of essential microtubule proteins involved in meiotic and mitotic division, and RT-PCR in single oocytes (n = 6) was performed to determine expression of oocyte-specific genes [oocyte-specific histone 1 (H1FOO), growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), zygote arrest 1 (ZAR1)] and microtubule markers [nuclear mitotic arrest (NuMA), minus-end directed motor protein HSET and the microtubule kinesin motor protein EG5]. RESULTS For NT, enucleation and fusion rates of aged oocytes were significantly lower compared with fresh oocytes (P < 0.05). Cleavage rates and subsequent development were poor. In addition, parthenote cleavage was low. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that many oocytes displayed aberrant expression of NuMA and EG5, had disrupted meiotic spindles and tetrapolar spindles. One of the six oocytes misexpressed GDF9, BMP15 and ZAR1. Two oocytes expressed EG5 messenger RNA (mRNA), and HSET and NuMA were not detectable. RT-PCR of mRNA for oocyte specific genes and microtubule markers in single aged oocytes. CONCLUSIONS Thus, aneuploidy and spindle defects may contribute to poor parthenogenetic development and developmental outcomes following NT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V J Hall
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hall V, Compton D, Stojkovic P, Nesbitt M, Herbert M, Murdoch A, Stojkovic M. 36 DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE OF HUMAN AGED OOCYTES AS HOST CELLS FOR NUCLEAR TRANSFER. Reprod Fertil Dev 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv18n2ab36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of aged metaphase II oocytes (cultured in vitro for more than 14 h) for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in varying species has resulted in lower developmental outcomes compared with non-aged in vitro- or in vivo-matured oocytes. However, due to limited resources of fresh oocytes for the derivation of nuclear transfer stem cell lines, further investigation in using spare oocytes is required. Aged spare oocytes (48 h post oocyte retrieval) were consigned for research (under HFEA and local ethics approval) by couples undergoing either in vitro fertilization (failed IVF oocytes, f-IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (failed-ICSI oocytes, f-ICSI) treatments. Aged oocytes were randomly assigned for double-labeling immunocytochemical analysis (f-IVF, n = 10; f-ICSI, n = 7) for the microtubule markers, NuMA and �-tubulin, or parthenogenetic activation. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed as previously described (Chatzimeletiou et al. 2005 Hum. Reprod. 20, 672-682) using primary anti-rabbit NuMA (gift from D. Compton, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA) and anti-mouse DM1-�. Secondary antibodies were donkey anti-rabbit and anti-mouse immunoglobulins. Oocytes were counterstained with Hoechst 33342. Negative controls were performed as above with blocking solution substituting for primary antibodies. Parthenogenetic activation was performed for 4 h using 10 �M calcium ionophore (5 min) and 2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine (Ca-I/DMAP) for f-IVF (n = 10) and f-ICSI oocytes (n = 11) or 10 �g/mL puromycin (Ca-I/Pur) for f-IVF (n = 12) and f-ICSI oocytes (n = 10) (4 h). Activated oocytes were cultured in a biphasic system, G1.3" and G2.3" (Vitrolife UK, Ltd., Ediburgh, Lothian, UK) for 5 days at 37 �C in 5% CO2 in humidified air. NuMA was localized to the metaphase spindle in 6/10 (60%) and 7/7 (100%) oocytes for f-IVF and f-ICSI, respectively, and/or in cytoplasmic cytasters. One f-IVF oocyte and four f-ICSI oocytes had visible tetrapolar spindles. Unusual patterns of diffuse NuMA staining containing dense foci within these regions, but not associated with the cytasters or metaphase spindle, were also observed in two f-IVF oocytes. The majority of oocytes displayed ring-like staining of DM1-�, which was aberrant in two f-ICSI oocytes. Parthenogenetic development was poor for both treatments. Cleavage rates were 17% and 20% for f-IVF using Ca-I/PUR and Ca-I/DMAP, respectively, and 40% and 45% for f-ICSI using Ca-I/PUR and Ca-I/DMAP, respectively. Fragmentation rates were high across all treatments. No parthenogenetic embryos developed beyond the 6-cell stage. Thus, the use of aged human oocytes for SCNT may be difficult due to their incapacity to artificially activate using current activation protocols and, in addition, due to the microtubule abnormalities observed in many of these aged oocytes.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
In this work we have applied Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy to the analysis of several archival samples of brazilwoods from different geographical origins and of different ages. Samples of Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (from Brazil, South America), Caesalpinia sappan L. (East Indies, Asia), Haematoxylum brasiletto Karsten (Central America) and Haematoxylum campechianum L. (North America) were analysed in order to isolate key Raman biomarker bands which could provide the basis for an identification protocol. Previously recorded Raman spectra of brazilin and brazilein pigments extracted from genuine brazilwood of Brazilian origin provided a foundation for the nondestructive spectral discrimination between a sample of false 'brazilwood', which consisted of an inferior wood substratum stained with genuine pigment, and the true specimens. The provision of well-documented specimens of determinable age from the archival collection facilitated the evaluation of the effects of temporal degradation on the observed spectra, which could be used to further test the experimental protocols for nondestructive verification of samples in the archive with questionable assignment or provenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howell G M Edwards
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK BD7 1DP.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
|
25
|
|
26
|
|
27
|
|
28
|
Blatt C, Eversole-Cire P, Cohn VH, Zollman S, Fournier RE, Mohandas LT, Nesbitt M, Lugo T, Jones DT, Reed RR. Chromosomal localization of genes encoding guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunits in mouse and human. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:7642-6. [PMID: 2902634 PMCID: PMC282248 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.20.7642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of genes have been identified that specify the synthesis of the components of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). Eight different guanine nucleotide-binding alpha-subunit proteins, two different beta subunits, and one gamma subunit have been described. Hybridization of cDNA clones with DNA from human-mouse somatic cell hybrids was used to assign many of these genes to human chromosomes. The retinal-specific transducin subunit genes GNAT1 and GNAT2 were on chromosomes 3 and 1; GNAI1, GNAI2, and GNAI3 were assigned to chromosomes 7, 3, and 1, respectively; GNAZ and GNAS were found on chromosomes 22 and 20. The beta subunits were also assigned--GNB1 to chromosome 1 and GNB2 to chromosome 7. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were used to map the homologues of some of these genes in the mouse. GNAT1 and GNAI2 were found to map adjacent to each other on mouse chromosome 9 and GNAT2 was mapped on chromosome 17. The mouse GNB1 gene was assigned to chromosome 19. These mapping assignments will be useful in defining the extent of the G alpha gene family and may help in attempts to correlate specific genetic diseases with genes corresponding to G proteins.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Southern
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- DNA/genetics
- GTP-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells
- Mice
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Blatt
- Weizmann Institute, Rehovoth, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schurr E, Skamene E, Nesbitt M, Hynes R, Gros P. Identification of a linkage group including the Bcg gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1988; 137:310-5. [PMID: 2901325 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-50059-6_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
30
|
Dranginis A, Morley M, Nesbitt M, Rosenblum BB, Meisler MH. Independent regulation of nonallelic pancreatic amylase genes in diabetic mice. J Biol Chem 1984; 259:12216-9. [PMID: 6207174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of streptozotocin produces a diabetic condition in mice characterized by a specific decrease in amylase synthesis in the pancreas as well as a substantial reduction in amylase mRNA concentration. We have studied this effect in mice of the congenic strains C3H.AmyYBR and C3H.AmyCE with multiple active copies of the pancreatic amylase structural gene. When mice of these strains are treated with streptozotocin, the magnitude of reduction in the synthesis of each amylase isozyme is different. These differences are reflected in the relative activities of isozyme-specific mRNAs in an in vitro translation assay. Administration of insulin results in partial restoration of normal phenotypes. The results provide genetic evidence that individual copies of the amylase structural gene are associated with divergent cis-acting insulin-responsive sequences.
Collapse
|
31
|
Dranginis A, Morley M, Nesbitt M, Rosenblum BB, Meisler MH. Independent regulation of nonallelic pancreatic amylase genes in diabetic mice. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)71341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
32
|
Orsmond GS, Knight L, Dehner LP, Nicoloff DM, Nesbitt M, Bessinger FB. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma involving the heart. An echocardiographic, angiographic and pathologic study. Circulation 1976; 54:837-43. [PMID: 975481 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.54.5.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old girl, who had had an above-knee amputation of the left leg for a soft tissue sarcoma six years prior to this admission, presented with syncope, angina, and signs of aortic stenosis. Echocardiography demonstrated a mass arising from the interventricular septum with obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract and aortic valve. Cardiac catheterization and angiography confirmed these findings. At operation, a tumor was found involving the interventricular septum. Histologically, it was an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, and it appeared similar to the previous tumor. The patient was treated by partial surgical resection, cytotoxic drugs and localized radiation therapy and has been followed by serial echocardiography.
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
|
35
|
Abstract
Metaphase chromosomes of mice carrying Cattanach's translocation, which is the deletion of material from a medium-sized autosome and its insertion into an X chromosome, were stained with quinacrine mustard. Comparison of the fluorescence patterns of these chromosomes with those of the chromosomes of normal mice has allowed the identification of the autosome involved in the translocation and localization of the transposed material within the X chromosome. Since the material inserted into the X chromosome in Cattanach's translocation is known to carry part of linkage group I, we are now able to assign linkage group I to a specific chromosome pair of the normal fluorescent karyotype of the mouse.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The T(2;12) 163H translocation involves two chromosomes which carry the two groups of genes known as linkage groups II and XII. Staining with quinacrine mustard reveals that these chromosomes are numbers 10 and 19 of the fluorescent karyotype of the normal mouse. Linkage group II is assigned to chromosome 10, linkage group XII to chromosome 19.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Metaphase spreads from male and female mice of various inbred and random-bred types were stained with the DNA-binding fluorochrome quinacrine mustard. This treatment caused the chromosomes to display cross-striation patterns of bright and dark bands visible with the fluorescence microscope. The intensity distribution of fluorescence along each chromosome was found to be distinctive and reproducible, so that it was possible to differentiate and identify all chromosome pairs in the mouse karyotype. On the average, the X chromosome was the fourth largest pair in female cells. The Y was usually the smallest chromosome and showed the strongest fluorescence. Densitometer tracing of fluorescent chromosomes resulted in distinctive density profiles which could assist in chromosome identification.
Collapse
|