1
|
Ripperger TJ, Uhrlaub JL, Watanabe M, Wong R, Castaneda Y, Pizzato HA, Thompson MR, Bradshaw C, Weinkauf CC, Bime C, Erickson HL, Knox K, Bixby B, Parthasarathy S, Chaudhary S, Natt B, Cristan E, El Aini T, Rischard F, Campion J, Chopra M, Insel M, Sam A, Knepler JL, Capaldi AP, Spier CM, Dake MD, Edwards T, Kaplan ME, Scott SJ, Hypes C, Mosier J, Harris DT, LaFleur BJ, Sprissler R, Nikolich-Žugich J, Bhattacharya D. Orthogonal SARS-CoV-2 Serological Assays Enable Surveillance of Low-Prevalence Communities and Reveal Durable Humoral Immunity. Immunity 2020; 53:925-933.e4. [PMID: 33129373 PMCID: PMC7554472 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a serological study to define correlates of immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Compared to those with mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, individuals with severe disease exhibited elevated virus-neutralizing titers and antibodies against the nucleocapsid (N) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Age and sex played lesser roles. All cases, including asymptomatic individuals, seroconverted by 2 weeks after PCR confirmation. Spike RBD and S2 and neutralizing antibodies remained detectable through 5-7 months after onset, whereas α-N titers diminished. Testing 5,882 members of the local community revealed only 1 sample with seroreactivity to both RBD and S2 that lacked neutralizing antibodies. This fidelity could not be achieved with either RBD or S2 alone. Thus, inclusion of multiple independent assays improved the accuracy of antibody tests in low-seroprevalence communities and revealed differences in antibody kinetics depending on the antigen. We conclude that neutralizing antibodies are stably produced for at least 5-7 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Arizona/epidemiology
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Testing
- Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods
- Coronavirus Infections/blood
- Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology
- Pandemics
- Phosphoproteins
- Pneumonia, Viral/blood
- Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Prevalence
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- SARS-CoV-2
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Ripperger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Makiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yvonne Castaneda
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hannah A Pizzato
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mallory R Thompson
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christine Bradshaw
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Craig C Weinkauf
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christian Bime
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Heidi L Erickson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kenneth Knox
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Billie Bixby
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sairam Parthasarathy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sachin Chaudhary
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Bhupinder Natt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Elaine Cristan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tammer El Aini
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Franz Rischard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janet Campion
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Madhav Chopra
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Insel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Afshin Sam
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - James L Knepler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew P Capaldi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Functional Genomics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Catherine M Spier
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael D Dake
- Office of the Senior Vice-President for Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Taylor Edwards
- University of Arizona Genomics Core and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew E Kaplan
- Functional Genomics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Serena Jain Scott
- Division of Geriatrics, General Medicine and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Cameron Hypes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jarrod Mosier
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David T Harris
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Health Sciences Biobank, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Ryan Sprissler
- University of Arizona Genomics Core and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ripperger TJ, Uhrlaub JL, Watanabe M, Wong R, Castaneda Y, Pizzato HA, Thompson MR, Bradshaw C, Weinkauf CC, Bime C, Erickson HL, Knox K, Bixby B, Parthasarathy S, Chaudhary S, Natt B, Cristan E, Aini TE, Rischard F, Campion J, Chopra M, Insel M, Sam A, Knepler JL, Capaldi AP, Spier CM, Dake MD, Edwards T, Kaplan ME, Scott SJ, Hypes C, Mosier J, Harris DT, LaFleur BJ, Sprissler R, Nikolich-Žugich J, Bhattacharya D. Detection, prevalence, and duration of humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 under conditions of limited population exposure. medRxiv 2020:2020.08.14.20174490. [PMID: 32817969 PMCID: PMC7430613 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.14.20174490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We conducted an extensive serological study to quantify population-level exposure and define correlates of immunity against SARS-CoV-2. We found that relative to mild COVID-19 cases, individuals with severe disease exhibited elevated authentic virus-neutralizing titers and antibody levels against nucleocapsid (N) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) and the S2 region of spike protein. Unlike disease severity, age and sex played lesser roles in serological responses. All cases, including asymptomatic individuals, seroconverted by 2 weeks post-PCR confirmation. RBD- and S2-specific and neutralizing antibody titers remained elevated and stable for at least 2-3 months post-onset, whereas those against N were more variable with rapid declines in many samples. Testing of 5882 self-recruited members of the local community demonstrated that 1.24% of individuals showed antibody reactivity to RBD. However, 18% (13/73) of these putative seropositive samples failed to neutralize authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus. Each of the neutralizing, but only 1 of the non-neutralizing samples, also displayed potent reactivity to S2. Thus, inclusion of multiple independent assays markedly improved the accuracy of antibody tests in low seroprevalence communities and revealed differences in antibody kinetics depending on the viral antigen. In contrast to other reports, we conclude that immunity is durable for at least several months after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Ripperger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Makiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yvonne Castaneda
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hannah A. Pizzato
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mallory R. Thompson
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christine Bradshaw
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Craig C. Weinkauf
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christian Bime
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Heidi L. Erickson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kenneth Knox
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Billie Bixby
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sairam Parthasarathy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sachin Chaudhary
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Bhupinder Natt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Elaine Cristan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tammer El Aini
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Franz Rischard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janet Campion
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Madhav Chopra
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Insel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Afshin Sam
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - James L. Knepler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew P. Capaldi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Functional Genomics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Catherine M. Spier
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael D. Dake
- Office of the Senior Vice-President for Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Taylor Edwards
- University of Arizona Genomics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Serena Jain Scott
- Division of Geriatrics, General Medicine and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, USA
| | - Cameron Hypes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, USA
| | - Jarrod Mosier
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, USA
| | - David T. Harris
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona Health Sciences Biobank, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | | | - Ryan Sprissler
- University of Arizona Genomics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wiens JJ, Camacho A, Goldberg A, Jezkova T, Kaplan ME, Lambert SM, Miller EC, Streicher JW, Walls RL. Climate change, extinction, and Sky Island biogeography in a montane lizard. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2610-2624. [PMID: 30843297 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Around the world, many species are confined to "Sky Islands," with different populations in isolated patches of montane habitat. How does this pattern arise? One scenario is that montane species were widespread in lowlands when climates were cooler, and were isolated by local extinction caused by warming conditions. This scenario implies that many montane species may be highly susceptible to anthropogenic warming. Here, we test this scenario in a montane lizard (Sceloporus jarrovii) from the Madrean Sky Islands of southeastern Arizona. We combined data from field surveys, climate, population genomics, and physiology. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that this species' current distribution is explained by local extinction caused by past climate change. However, our results for this species differ from simple expectations in several ways: (a) their absence at lower elevations is related to warm winter temperatures, not hot summer temperatures; (b) they appear to exclude a low-elevation congener from higher elevations, not the converse; (c) they are apparently absent from many climatically suitable but low mountain ranges, seemingly "pushed off the top" by climates even warmer than those today; (d) despite the potential for dispersal among ranges during recent glacial periods (~18,000 years ago), populations in different ranges diverged ~4.5-0.5 million years ago and remained largely distinct; and (e) body temperatures are inversely related to climatic temperatures among sites. These results may have implications for many other Sky Island systems. More broadly, we suggest that Sky Island species may be relevant for predicting responses to future warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Agustín Camacho
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aaron Goldberg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tereza Jezkova
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
| | - Matthew E Kaplan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Functional Genomics Core, Arizona Research Laboratories, Research, Discovery & Innovation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Shea M Lambert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Elizabeth C Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jeffrey W Streicher
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Ramona L Walls
- CyVerse, Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu G, Lanham C, Buchan JR, Kaplan ME. High-throughput transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using liquid handling robots. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174128. [PMID: 28319150 PMCID: PMC5358765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) is a powerful eukaryotic model organism ideally suited to high-throughput genetic analyses, which time and again has yielded insights that further our understanding of cell biology processes conserved in humans. Lithium Acetate (LiAc) transformation of yeast with DNA for the purposes of exogenous protein expression (e.g., plasmids) or genome mutation (e.g., gene mutation, deletion, epitope tagging) is a useful and long established method. However, a reliable and optimized high throughput transformation protocol that runs almost no risk of human error has not been described in the literature. Here, we describe such a method that is broadly transferable to most liquid handling high-throughput robotic platforms, which are now commonplace in academic and industry settings. Using our optimized method, we are able to comfortably transform approximately 1200 individual strains per day, allowing complete transformation of typical genomic yeast libraries within 6 days. In addition, use of our protocol for gene knockout purposes also provides a potentially quicker, easier and more cost-effective approach to generating collections of double mutants than the popular and elegant synthetic genetic array methodology. In summary, our methodology will be of significant use to anyone interested in high throughput molecular and/or genetic analysis of yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangbo Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GL); (JRB); (MEK)
| | - Clayton Lanham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - J. Ross Buchan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GL); (JRB); (MEK)
| | - Matthew E. Kaplan
- Functional Genomics Core facility, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GL); (JRB); (MEK)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaplan ME, Simmons ER, Hawkins JC, Ruane LG, Carney JM. Influence of cadmium and mycorrhizal fungi on the fatty acid profile of flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95:2528-2532. [PMID: 25371353 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The soil environment can affect not only the quantity of crops produced but also their nutritional quality. We examined the combined effects of below-ground cadmium (0, 5, and 15 ppm) and mycorrhizal fungi (presence and absence) on the concentration of five major fatty acids within flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum). RESULTS Plants grown with mycorrhizal fungi produced seeds that contained higher concentrations of unsaturated (18:1, 18:2 and 18:3), but not saturated (16:0 and 18:0) fatty acids. The effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds were most pronounced when plant roots were exposed to 15 ppm Cd (i.e. the concentrations of 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 increased by 169%, 370% and 150%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The pronounced effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids at 15 ppm Cd may have been due to the presence of elevated levels of Cd within seeds. Our results suggest that, once the concentration of cadmium within seeds reaches a certain threshold, this heavy metal may improve the efficiency of enzymes that convert saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Ellen R Simmons
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Jack C Hawkins
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Lauren G Ruane
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, US
| | - Jeffrey M Carney
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schlecht J, Kaplan ME, Barnard K, Karafet T, Hammer MF, Merchant NC. Machine-learning approaches for classifying haplogroup from Y chromosome STR data. PLoS Comput Biol 2008; 4:e1000093. [PMID: 18551166 PMCID: PMC2396484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation on the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome contains information about the ancestry of male lineages. Because of their low rate of mutation, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the markers of choice for unambiguously classifying Y chromosomes into related sets of lineages known as haplogroups, which tend to show geographic structure in many parts of the world. However, performing the large number of SNP genotyping tests needed to properly infer haplogroup status is expensive and time consuming. A novel alternative for assigning a sampled Y chromosome to a haplogroup is presented here. We show that by applying modern machine-learning algorithms we can infer with high accuracy the proper Y chromosome haplogroup of a sample by scoring a relatively small number of Y-linked short tandem repeats (STRs). Learning is based on a diverse ground-truth data set comprising pairs of SNP test results (haplogroup) and corresponding STR scores. We apply several independent machine-learning methods in tandem to learn formal classification functions. The result is an integrated high-throughput analysis system that automatically classifies large numbers of samples into haplogroups in a cost-effective and accurate manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Schlecht
- Computer Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. Kaplan
- Arizona Research Laboratories, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kobus Barnard
- Computer Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Karafet
- Arizona Research Laboratories, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Hammer
- Arizona Research Laboratories, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nirav C. Merchant
- Arizona Research Laboratories, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Behar DM, Garrigan D, Kaplan ME, Mobasher Z, Rosengarten D, Karafet TM, Quintana-Murci L, Ostrer H, Skorecki K, Hammer MF. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations. Hum Genet 2004; 114:354-65. [PMID: 14740294 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-003-1073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Accepted: 11/29/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of more than 25 genetic diseases has been described in Ashkenazi Jewish populations. Most of these diseases are characterized by one or two major founder mutations that are present in the Ashkenazi population at elevated frequencies. One explanation for this preponderance of recessive diseases is accentuated genetic drift resulting from a series of dispersals to and within Europe, endogamy, and/or recent rapid population growth. However, a clear picture of the manner in which neutral genetic variation has been affected by such a demographic history has not yet emerged. We have examined a set of 32 binary markers (single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNPs) and 10 microsatellites on the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY) to investigate the ways in which patterns of variation differ between Ashkenazi Jewish and their non-Jewish host populations in Europe. This set of SNPs defines a total of 20 NRY haplogroups in these populations, at least four of which are likely to have been part of the ancestral Ashkenazi gene pool in the Near East, and at least three of which may have introgressed to some degree into Ashkenazi populations after their dispersal to Europe. It is striking that whereas Ashkenazi populations are genetically more diverse at both the SNP and STR level compared with their European non-Jewish counterparts, they have greatly reduced within-haplogroup STR variability, especially in those founder haplogroups that migrated from the Near East. This contrasting pattern of diversity in Ashkenazi populations is evidence for a reduction in male effective population size, possibly resulting from a series of founder events and high rates of endogamy within Europe. This reduced effective population size may explain the high incidence of founder disease mutations despite overall high levels of NRY diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doron M Behar
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goldberg CS, Edwards T, Kaplan ME, Goode M. PCR primers for microsatellite loci in the tiger rattlesnake (Crotalus tigris, Viperidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
9
|
Bonné-Tamir B, Korostishevsky M, Redd AJ, Pel-Or Y, Kaplan ME, Hammer MF. Maternal and paternal lineages of the Samaritan isolate: mutation rates and time to most recent common male ancestor. Ann Hum Genet 2003; 67:153-64. [PMID: 12675690 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Samaritan community is a small, isolated, and highly endogamous group numbering some 650 members who have maintained extensive genealogical records for the past 13-15 generations. We performed mutation detection experiments on mitochondrial DNAs and Y chromosomes from confirmed maternal and paternal lineages to estimate mutation rates in these two haploid compartments of the genome. One hundred and twenty four DNA samples from different pedigrees (representing 200 generation links) were analyzed for the mtDNA hypervariable I and II regions, and 74 male samples (comprising 139 links) were typed for 12 Y-STRs mapping to the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY). Excluding two somatic heteroplasmic substitutions and several length variants in the homopolymeric C run in the HVII region, no mutations were found in the Samaritans' maternal lineages. Based on mutations found in Samaritan paternal lineages, an estimate of a mutation rate of 0.42% (95% confidence interval of 0.22%-0.71%) across 12 Y-STRs was obtained. This estimate is slightly higher than those obtained in previous pedigree studies in other populations. The haplotypes identified in Samaritan paternal lineages that belong to the same haplogroup were used to estimate the number of generations elapsed since their most recent common ancestor (MRCA). The estimate of 80 generations corresponds with accepted traditions of the origin of this sect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bonné-Tamir
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Ramat-Aviv, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fruchtman SM, Mack K, Kaplan ME, Peterson P, Berk PD, Wasserman LR. From efficacy to safety: a Polycythemia Vera Study group report on hydroxyurea in patients with polycythemia vera. Semin Hematol 1997; 34:17-23. [PMID: 9025158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Fruchtman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kaplan ME, Schonberg SK. HIV in adolescents. Clin Perinatol 1994; 21:75-84. [PMID: 8013187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although the number of adolescents with diagnosed AIDS in the United States remains less than 1000, many more have HIV infection that has not yet manifested as clinical illness. In addition, most adolescents are involved in risk behaviors that potentially expose them to the virus. Medical providers should be prepared to identify those at highest risk and be familiar with the legal and ethical issues surrounding the evaluation and testing for HIV infection in this population of teenagers. HIV prevention and the presence of infection during pregnancy are particularly challenging to the provider in light of the special developmental and social issues that are inherent to the process of adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Kaplan
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Christie DJ, Sauro SC, Cavanaugh AL, Kaplan ME. Severe thrombocytopenia in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient associated with pentamidine-dependent antibodies specific for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. Blood 1993; 82:3075-80. [PMID: 8219198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe thrombocytopenia developed in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome during treatment with intravenous pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The patient's bone marrow contained adequate numbers of megakaryocytes, suggesting peripheral platelet destruction. Platelet counts ranged between less than 3 and 20 x 10(9)/L for 2 weeks despite cessation of pentamidine, platelet transfusions, high-dose intravenous IgG, and 2 mg/kg/d prednisone. Thereafter, the platelet count increased to prepentamidine levels (95 x 10(9)/L0, permitting rapid withdrawal of steroids. Testing by immunofluorescence disclosed a high-titer, pentamidine-dependent IgG antibody in the patient's acute-phase serum that almost entirely disappeared by the time the patient's platelet count returned to baseline levels. This antibody reacted only with platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa as shown by antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies specific for various GPs, and was absorbable by normal, but not by GPIIb/IIIa-deficient platelets (from a patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia). The pentamidine-dependent antibody could not be demonstrated by immunoprecipitation using the patient's serum and 125I-labeled normal platelets, although a separate pentamidine-independent antibody was detected by this method. This latter antibody reacted with two GPs having molecular weights consistent with GPIIb/IIIa, and was present in postrecovery as well as acute-phase sera. However, only the pentamidine-dependent antibody was temporally associated with the severe thrombocytopenia. Therefore, we believe that these studies demonstrate, for the first time, that intravenous pentamidine therapy can provoke formation of drug-dependent antibodies that induce immunologic thrombocytopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Christie
- University of Minnesota, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Minneapolis 55455
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kaplan ME, van den Worm Y. The relationship between South African adolescents' knowledge and fear of AIDS and their attitudes toward people who have AIDS. J Soc Psychol 1993; 133:581-3. [PMID: 8231131 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1993.9712185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M E Kaplan
- Department of Psychology, University of South Africa, Pretoria
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Enright H, Weisdorf D, Peterson L, Rydell RE, Kaplan ME, Arthur DC. Inversion of chromosome 16 and dysplastic eosinophils in accelerated phase of chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1992; 6:381-4. [PMID: 1593903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of chromosome 16, including inv(16)(p13q22), del(16)(q22), and t(16;16)(p13;q22), have been reported almost exclusively in association with acute myelomonocytic leukemia and are characteristically accompanied by abnormal eosinophils with dysplastic granules in the bone marrow. We observed an inv(16)(p13q22) in two patients with typical Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The appearance of the abnormality of chromosome 16 was associated with acceleration of disease or onset of blast crisis and with the appearance in the bone marrow of abnormal eosinophils. In both cases the marrow karyotypes were 46,XY,t(9;22)(q34;q11)/46,XY,inv(16)(p13q22),t(9;22)(q34;q11). In these two patients the temporal association of the acquisition of the inversion 16 and the appearance of monocytoid cells and dysplastic eosinophils in the bone marrow further supports the relationship of this karyotypic abnormality with leukemic monocytoid and eosinophilic evolution. This secondary cytogenetic change appears to be an infrequent manifestation of specific phenotypic disease progression in CML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Enright
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The aromatization hypothesis asserts that testosterone (T) must be aromatized to estradiol (E2) to activate copulatory behavior in the male rat. In support of this hypothesis, the aromatization inhibitor, ATD, has been found to suppress male sexual behavior in T-treated rats. In our experiment, we first replicated this finding by peripherally injecting ATD (15 mg/day) or propylene glycol into T-treated (two 10-mm Silastic capsules) or control castrated male rats. In a second experiment, we bilaterally implanted either ATD-filled or blank cannulae into the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of either T-treated or control castrated male rats. With this more local distribution of ATD, a lesser decline in sexual behavior was found, suggesting that other brain areas are involved in the neurohormonal activation of copulatory behavior in the male rat. To determine whether in vivo ATD interacts with androgen or estrogen receptors, we conducted cell nuclear androgen and estrogen receptor binding assays of hypothalamus, preoptic area, amygdala, and septum following treatment with the combinations of systemic T alone. ATD plus T, ATD alone, and blank control. In all four brain areas binding of T to androgen receptors was significantly decreased in the presence of ATD, suggesting that ATD may act both as an androgen receptor blocker and as an aromatization inhibitor. Competitive binding studies indicated that ATD competes in vitro for cytosol androgen receptors, thus substantiating the in vivo antiandrogenic effects of ATD. Cell nuclear estrogen receptor binding was not significantly increased by exposure to T in the physiological range. No agonistic properties of ATD were observed either behaviorally or biochemically. Thus, an alternative explanation for the inhibitory effects of ATD on male sexual behavior is that ATD prevents T from binding to androgen receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Kaplan
- Department of Anatomy, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, CUNY, New York 10029
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Burroughs SF, Devine DV, Browne G, Kaplan ME. The population of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria neutrophils deficient in decay-accelerating factor is also deficient in alkaline phosphatase. Blood 1988; 71:1086-9. [PMID: 2451546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) the RBCs, neutrophils (PMNs), monocytes, and platelets derived from the abnormal clone are deficient in the complement-regulatory protein decay-accelerating factor (DAF). RBC acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) activities are also characteristically low. DAF, AChE, and LAP are known to be anchored within cell membranes to glycophospholipid-containing phosphatidylinositol (PI). Because PNH progenitors contain DAF that appears to be lost with maturation, it has been proposed that this disorder results from abnormal tethering of these and possibly other proteins to membrane PI. We were puzzled, therefore, that our two PNH patients consistently had normal LAP levels. Consequently, we studied their isolated PMNs to compare DAF and LAP activities in individual cells. PMNs were separated by flow cytometry into DAF-positive and -negative populations by using rabbit anti-DAF antiserum and fluorescein-conjugated goat antirabbit IgG. In both patients the majority of PMNs were DAF deficient, and these cells contained very little alkaline phosphatase activity. In contrast, the smaller, DAF-positive cell populations were phosphatase replete. This is the first demonstration that abnormalities in DAF and LAP activity occur in the same PNH PMN population and strengthens the hypothesis that defective anchoring of proteins to membrane glycophospholipid underlies the pathophysiology of this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Burroughs
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
In a retrospective study of 105 patients with non-small cell lung cancer during a 5-year period, 43 had leukocytosis. In 19 of the 43 patients, no clear cut etiology for the leukocytosis was apparent and it was attributed to the tumor itself. In these 19 patients, absolute neutrophilia was detected in 13, eosinophilia was present in three, and eleven exhibited concomitant thrombocytosis. Tumor-associated leukocytosis occurred predominantly, and eosinophilia exclusively, in patients with large cell pulmonary neoplasms. These results suggest an unusual myeloproliferative stimulus in this type of cancer. It may result from tumor cell production of hemopoietic growth factors such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity; however, additional studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanism(s), and to determine whether this is a peculiar characteristic of the cells that comprise large cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung.
Collapse
|
18
|
Schorer AE, Kaplan ME, Rao GH, Moldow CF. Interleukin 1 stimulates endothelial cell tissue factor production and expression by a prostaglandin-independent mechanism. Thromb Haemost 1986; 56:256-9. [PMID: 3031841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of coagulation occurs at inflammatory sites following the ingress of mononuclear cells, and may result from alterations in the vessel wall. Since the monokine, interleukin 1, initiates diverse responses to inflammation, its ability to enhance vascular procoagulant activity was studied. Interleukin 1-treated cultured human endothelial cells acquired elevated levels of the procoagulant, tissue factor. This required de novo protein synthesis, was maximal at 2 h after exposure to interleukin 1, and resulted in persistently elevated cellular procoagulant activity. Tissue factor was later expressed (6-24 h) on the surface of uninjured endothelial cells. Endothelial cell procoagulant production and expression in response to interleukin 1 could be dissociated from endogenous prostaglandin metabolism, being insensitive to hydrocortisone, indomethacin, eicosatetrayionic acid and exogenous arachidonic acid. In addition, no increase in prostaglandin synthesis occurred during the interval in which tissue factor was synthesized. We therefore conclude that interleukin 1 stimulates endothelial synthesis and surface expression of tissue factor by a prostaglandin-independent mechanism.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Acute myeloblastic leukemia occurs as a complication of myelodysplastic syndromes, but the appearance of an acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has only been reported once. We describe a case in which lymphoblastic transformation occurred in the setting of a dysmyelopoietic syndrome. This leukemia was characterized by lymphoid morphology, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) positivity, cytogenetic abnormalities, and immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. The patient responded to conventional therapy for this leukemia (vincristine and prednisone). Our case supports the hypothesis of a common lymphohemopoietic progenitor and suggests that in vitro tests may help identify a subset of these patients and be important in selecting appropriate therapy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kaplan ME, Mack K, Goldberg JD, Donovan PB, Berk PD, Wasserman LR. Long-term management of polycythemia vera with hydroxyurea: a progress report. Semin Hematol 1986; 23:167-71. [PMID: 3749925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
21
|
Kay NE, Kaplan ME. Defective T cell responsiveness in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: analysis of activation events. Blood 1986; 67:578-81. [PMID: 3081061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B cell disorder in which major T cell proliferative defects are present. We investigated the nature of this deficit by studying several parameters known to be crucial in normal T cell proliferative response to mitogen. Purified peripheral blood T cells from B-CLL patients were analyzed for the presence of T3 antigen. We observed that CLL T cells have a direct correlation between levels of T3 membrane antigen and proliferative response to mitogen. The appearance of activation antigens (transferrin, HLA-DR, and interleukin 2 [IL 2] receptor) was normal in CLL T cells post-mitogen exposure. Despite the normal presentation of IL 2 receptor on CLL T cell membrane, there was decreased production of IL 2 by CLL patients (v controls) (39.6 +/- 10.2 cells per milliliter v 64.6 +/- 11.0 cells per milliliter). Finally, we were able partially, but not fully, to reconstitute CLL T proliferative response to mitogen by adding purified exogenous IL 2. These findings suggest that CLL T cells have multiple defects that may impact on their proliferative potential. Further insight into these deficits may result in strategies that will facilitate immunologic restoration in T cells of these patients.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kay NE, Oken MM, Ascensao J, Kaplan ME. Lymphocytotoxic T lymphocytes in a patient with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia and pure red cell aplasia. Leuk Res 1985; 9:1189-94. [PMID: 3877853 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(85)90110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral blood T cells of a hypertransfused patient with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia and pure red cell aplasic were found to exhibit unusual spontaneous cytotoxic activity in vitro. The patient's E-rosette positive cells were cytotoxic for K562 (cultured human erythroleukemia cells) and allogeneic B and T lymphocytes freshly isolated from the peripheral blood of normal and CLL donors. They failed to kill autologous B cells, erythroid progenitors present in allogeneic bone marrow, and a number of cultured human tumor cells (Malme, CAKI) even after prolonged (36 h) co-culture. Peripheral blood T cells isolated from normal controls, other CLL patients, and hypertransfused individuals (n = 13) did not exhibit spontaneous lymphocytotoxic activity. Circulating cytotoxic T cells having the ability to kill freshly isolated allogeneic lymphocytes have, heretofore, not been reported in humans. Our findings suggest that among this patient's peripheral blood T cells, there exists a subpopulation of lymphocytotoxic cells that closely resemble cytotoxic T cells generated in vitro after priming with allogeneic target cells. Although the lymphocytotoxic cells could have been induced in this patient by previous HLA-mismatched transfusions, it is possible they may have arisen spontaneously and underly the patient's erythroblastopenic state.
Collapse
|
23
|
Donovan PB, Kaplan ME, Goldberg JD, Tatarsky I, Najean Y, Silberstein EB, Knospe WH, Laszlo J, Mack K, Berk PD. Treatment of polycythemia vera with hydroxyurea. Am J Hematol 1984; 17:329-34. [PMID: 6496458 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830170402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Conventional treatment of polycythemia vera (PV) with radioactive phosphorus or alkylating agents is associated with a significant excess of acute leukemia and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and skin. There is thus a need for a nonmutagenic agent in the treatment of this disorder. Hydroxyurea (HU) was administered to 118 patients with a loading dose of 30 mg/kg/day for 1 week, which was then reduced to 15 mg/kg/day. Initial control of the elevated hematocrit and platelet count was achieved within 12 weeks in over 80% of patients. Long-term disease control was defined and the accumulative 1-year failure-free survival was 73% in the previously untreated patients and 59% in those patients previously treated with other myelosuppressive modalities. The HU was well tolerated and cytopenia, which generally occurred within the first 8 weeks of therapy, was transient and of little clinical significance. However, it is recommended because of this toxicity that HU be administered initially at a dose of 15-20 mg/kg/day. Three patients developed acute leukemia; two were untreated and one had had myelosuppressive therapy. Hydroxyurea is an effective agent in the treatment of PV, but continued assessment of its mutagenic potential is necessary.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yunis JJ, Oken MM, Theologides A, Howe RB, Kaplan ME. Recurrent chromosomal defects are found in most patients with non-Hodgkin's-lymphoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1984; 13:17-28. [PMID: 6467179 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(84)90084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Using methotrexate cell synchronization, we successfully analyzed chromosomal preparations of 40 lymph node biopsies and one bone marrow sample from 44 patients with non-Hodgkin's, non-Burkitt's lymphoma. All of the 41 patients successfully analyzed showed clonal chromosomal abnormalities. In 25 of the 41 (61%), the defects were found to be consistent with (A) a deletion 6q in five of seven patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma, (B) a t(11;14), a del 11q, or a + 12 in seven of nine patients with small cell lymphocytic lymphoma, and (C) a t(14;18) in 12 of 15 patients with follicular lymphoma (small cleaved and mixed small and large cleaved) and in a single case of diffuse large cell lymphoma. In three patients with small cell lymphocytic lymphoma whose biopsies exhibited a t(11;14), lymphocytes were cultured and chromosomes examined for the presence of fragile sites. In two, frequent breaks at band 11q13.3 were observed. Such findings suggest a possible relationship between a fragile site and a predisposition to a specific chromosomal rearrangement in human neoplasia.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) peripheral blood T cells have a variety of functional abnormalities. To explore more extensively the T cell status of B-CLL patients, surface immunoglobulin-negative cells were isolated by sheep erythrocyte rosetting (ER) and the membrane phenotypes of the ER + cells defined by immunofluorescence utilizing monoclonal antibodies (MAb). In 11 of 18 CLL patients (CLL group I) there was excellent correlation between ER + and T3 (mature T cell marker) positivity. In the remaining patients (CLL group II), only 5-45% of ER + cells were T3 positive, suggesting that many rosetting cells were non-T. However, the ER +, T3 negative cells were nonreactive with OKM -1 (MAb which detects monocytes and 'null' lymphocytes) or with OKT11, 9.6, and 35.1, MAb against the T cell E receptor. Moreover ER +, T3 negative cells were not stained with OKT4, OKT8, OKT6, OKT9 , or OKT10 . Treatment of group II ER + cells with neuraminidase increased (from 27% to 74%) the mean percentages of T3 positive cells detected, but not other membrane antigens. ER + cells from group II patients, compared with normal and group I patients, exhibited diminished proliferative responses to PHA and Con-A (P less than 0.01) and supported poorly pokeweed mitogen-induced proliferation of normal allogeneic B cells (P less than 0.01). Thus, in approximately one-third of the CLL patients studied, many ER + cells poorly express a number of membrane antigens characteristic of normal mature T cells, one of which (T3) is unmasked by neuraminidase treatment. This phenotypic abnormality appears to be associated with significant T cell dysfunction in vitro and may, at least in part, contribute to the commonly encountered immunological defects present in these patients.
Collapse
|
26
|
Brubaker LH, Wasserman LR, Goldberg JD, Pisciotta AV, McIntyre OR, Kaplan ME, Modan B, Flannery J, Harp R. Increased prevalence of polycythemia vera in parents of patients on polycythemia vera study group protocols. Am J Hematol 1984; 16:367-73. [PMID: 6720682 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830160407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of relatives of 652 patients entered on studies of the Polycythemia Vera Study Group yielded five documented cases of the disease among the parents of patients. When compared with expected values based on the Connecticut Tumor Registry and other population studies a significant increase was found in the lifetime incidence of polycythemia vera in parents of these patients.
Collapse
|
27
|
Peacock TE, Kay NE, Ascensao JL, Kaplan ME. Establishment and characterization of a subclone (U-937-AG) from a permanent human monocyte cell line. Leuk Res 1984; 8:435-9. [PMID: 6748730 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(84)90084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The human cell line U-937 has many features suggestive of the monocyte. It may be stimulated in vitro to develop attributes of an activated macrophage with increased phagocytosis and enhanced Fc receptor expression. We describe the establishment of a subclone designated U-937 AG through the use of a mutagenic agent. The features of this subclone include increased tumoricidal cytotoxicity, increased Fc receptor expression for IgG and enhanced phagocytosis of antibody coated erythrocytes, while retaining the usual light microscopic features. The mutant cell line is also capable of producing an erythroid potentiating factor while temporary production of a granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor was noted. The availability of a "resting" parent and a more "activated" subclone of this human monocyte cell line should assist in the study of human monocyte activation.
Collapse
|
28
|
Gutmann HR, Chow YM, Vessella RL, Schuetzle B, Kaplan ME. The kinetic properties of the ecto-ATPase of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and of chronic lymphatic leukemia cells. Blood 1983; 62:1041-6. [PMID: 6138109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines whether the activity of the Mg2+-dependent ecto-ATPase of the surface membrane of the human lymphocyte is changed in chronic lymphocytic B-cell leukemia (CLL-B) and may be an indicator of malignant transformation. The ecto-ATPase activities of preparations consisting predominantly of T or B cells were compared to each other and to the ecto-ATPase of the CLL peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The specific activities and kinetic constants of the ecto-ATPase of the cell preparations were determined with [gamma-32P] adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as substrate. B-enriched lymphocytes had nearly fourfold greater specific activity and apparent Vmax than T-enriched lymphocytes, while the Km values of both cell types showed no significant difference. The specific activities and kinetic constants of the ecto-ATPase of the CLL PBL were significantly higher than the corresponding values of PBL or of B-enriched lymphocytes. Judging from the kinetic constants the ecto-ATPase of the CLL-B lymphocyte appears to be an enzyme that is distinctly different from that of the normal B cell. On the basis of the kinetic properties, the ecto-ATPase of the B cell appears to be identical with that of the T cell. The differences in the maximal velocities of the hydrolysis of ATP by B and T cells are likely due to a greater number of enzymatic sites on the B cell.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Using a new high-resolution technique for chromosomal analysis, we have successfully studied biopsy specimens of lymph nodes from 42 of 44 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and have categorized them using the new international histologic formulation and immunologic markers. Abnormalities of the clonal chromosomes were detected in all 42 patients. Three recurrent chromosomal aberrations were found to correlate with certain histologic types: a translocation between chromosomes 18 and 14 in 16 of 19 patients with follicular lymphomas (small cleaved cell, mixed cell, and large cell); a translocation between chromosomes 8 and 14 in 5 of 6 patients with small noncleaved-cell (non-Burkitt's) or large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma; and a trisomy 12 in 4 of 11 patients with small-cell lymphocytic lymphoma. Our findings suggest that characteristic chromosomal defects occur in certain lymphoma subtypes and that high-resolution chromosomal analysis promises to become an important tool in improving our basic understanding of lymphoid cancers.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zanjani ED, McGlave PB, Davies SF, Banisadre M, Kaplan ME, Sarosi GA. In vitro suppression of erythropoiesis by bone marrow adherent cells from some patients with fungal infection. Br J Haematol 1982; 50:479-90. [PMID: 7066200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1982.tb01944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We present evidence that alterations in marrow adherent cell (M phi) function may play a role in the suppression of erythropoiesis in some patients with fungal infection. Bone marrow (BM) cells from 12 normals and 10 patients with histoplasmosis were cultured in plasma clots before and after removal of M phi. BM from five patients (Group A) produced normal numbers of erythroid colonies (EC). In the remaining patients (Group B), smaller numbers of EC were detected (P less than 0.01). Removal of M phi from BM of normals and Group A patients resulted in decreased growth of EC. In contrast, M phi depletion of BM from patients in Group B resulted in greater EC formation (P less than 0.01). When normal M phi were admixed with normal or patients' BM-M phi, enhanced EC formation resulted. Whereas, at similar concentrations, M phi from group B patients caused inhibition of EC formation (P less than 0.005). The erythro-regulatory function of M phi, including the inhibitory action of patients' M phi, was mediated via a soluble agent(s) since media conditioned by M phi mimicked the action of these cells. Three patients in Group B were restudied 14 months after treatment with amphotericin B, when blood parameters had returned to normal. At this time, normal patterns of EC formation and M phi activity were observed.
Collapse
|
31
|
Gormus BJ, Vessella RL, Martin LN, Kaplan ME. Heterogeneity of human lymphocyte Fc receptors: studies using heat-aggregated and antigen-complexed IgG from human, rabbit, guinea pig, horse and goat. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1982; 5:483-99. [PMID: 7172622 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(82)90074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the ability of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HuPBL)4 to interact with IgG from several animal species. Three functions or activities that are reported to depend on an interaction between complexed IgG and HuPBL receptors (R) for the Fc piece of IgG (Fc gamma R) were compared: (1) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); (2) binding of heat-aggregated IgG (aggG); and (3) rosette formation with IgG-sensitized erythrocytes [RBC-A(gamma)]. IgG (and IgM) antibodies to chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) were purified from the sera of the following species after injection with CRBC stroma: (1) horse (Ho); (2) goat (Go); (3) rabbit (Ra); and (4) guinea pig (Gp). Good IgG-agglutinating antibody titers were obtained from each injected species. Using 51Cr-labeled CRBC targets and HuPBL effector cells, only Ra anti-CRBC IgG gave good ADCC at high dilutions. Ho and Go anti-CRBC (IgG) failed to give ADCC, and Gp anti-CRBC (IgG) gave approx. 30% of the level of kill as Ra. Ra Fab2 fragments of IgG antibody failed to produce ADCC. Treatment of HuPBL with Ra anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) almost totally ablated ADCC, whereas HoALS failed to alter ADCC. Pretreatment of HuPBL with aggG showed that Ra or Hu aggG gave essentially equal inhibition of ADCC, Gp gave approx. 30% of the degree of inhibition as Hu and Ra, and Ho or Go aggG had essentially no effect of ADCC. These results confirmed the following order of ability of IgG to interact with HuPBL ADCC killer (K) cells: (Hu greater than or equal to)Ra greater than Gp much greater than Ho, Go. The data suggest that Gp IgG interacts with only a subpopulation (approximately 30%) of HuPBL K cells. The binding of aggG to total HuPBL failed to strictly correlate with the ADCC results or with the results of rosette formation between total HuPBL and CRBC-A(gamma). The observations suggest that there is a heterogeneity of Fc gamma R between K and non-K cell subpopulations of HuPBL both in terms of the type of complexed IgG they are able to bind, and in terms of species of origin of the IgG. The data also support contentions that Fc gamma R that bind RBC-A (gamma) complexes differ from those that bind aggG.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
A patient is described who developed a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) 9 years after radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease. This occurrence is of particular interest because the treatment for Hodgkin's disease included no chemotherapy and the second tumor appeared to originate remote from the irradiated site. Thus, the role of Hodgkin's disease treatment in the etiology of this patient's second lymphoma appears doubtful. The development of DHL in this patient could represent an unrelated event or conceivably an event facilitated by Hodgkin's disease itself.
Collapse
|
33
|
Gormus BJ, Basara ML, Oken MM, Leech SH, Kaplan ME. Capping of peripheral blood lymphocyte C3 receptors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: relationship to chemotherapy. Int J Cancer 1981; 27:151-9. [PMID: 7287213 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910270205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The data show that in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) there are elevated numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) capable of rosette formation (complement-rosetting lymphocytes, CRL) with bacteria (B)-antibody-(A)-complement (C) (BAC) complexes. In most of the CLL patients studied, large percentages of CRL were impaired in their ability to undergo BAC-C3R cap formation compared to normal donors. The degree of impairment varied from one patient to the next. A consideration of clinical information suggested that the variation was related to the clinical response of patients to chemotherapy. Four categories of CLL patients could be identified on the basis of clinical data: (1) patients never received therapy for CLL; (2) those whose clinical history indicated a failure to respond to ongoing chemotherapy; (3) patients who had received successful prior chemotherapy and who were asymptomatic or stable and were receiving no therapy at the time of study; and (4) those who were undergoing therapy at the time of study and who subsequently became stable or asymptomatic and were removed from therapy. The first two categories of patients failed to show significant BAC-C3R capping, whereas the last two were able to form C3R caps on significant percentages of CRL. No direct relationship could be discerned between C3R capping and currently accepted classifications on stages (Rai) of CLL. These results suggest that monitoring the percentages of BAC-C3R cap-forming CRL may be useful in determining the success of chemotherapy of CLL patients. The microtubule-disrupting agent colchicine enhanced BAC-C3R capping in all CLL patients to normal levels, whereas the microfilament-disrupting agents cytochalasin B(CB) had no effect on CLL RBL C3R capping. CB totally abolished C3R capping of CRL from normal donors. These results suggest that abnormalities exist in both cytoskeletal and contractile systems of CR from CLL peripheral blood.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
To determine whether erythropoietin (Ep) is required only to trigger, or also to sustain the growth of erythroid progenitor (CFU-E) in vitro, the effect of limiting the time of exposure of sheep bone marrow CFU-E to Ep on erythroid colony (EC) formation was examined. Restricting the in vitro exposure of CFU-E to 2-24 h, either by brief preincubation with Ep or by neutralization of Ep present in culture with anti-Ep, resulted in a 70-90% reduction of EC formation, and the colonies that were produced were of a small size. In contrast, no inhibition of EC size or number occurred when CFU-E were exposed to EP for more than 24 h. These results suggest that Ep also modulates the proliferative events subsequent to the initial triggering of CFU-E which lead to the formation of erythrocytes.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gormus BJ, Basara ML, Cossman J, Arneson MA, Kaplan ME. The bacteria(B)--antibody(A)--complement(C) (BAC) rosette method for detecting C3 receptors (R): binding specificity and capping of human peripheral blood lymphocyte C3r. Cell Immunol 1980; 55:94-105. [PMID: 7428047 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(80)90140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
36
|
Nomdedeu B, Gormus BJ, Banisadre M, Rinehart JJ, Kaplan ME, Zanjani ED. Human peripheral blood erythroid burst forming unit (BFU(E)): evidence against T-lymphocyte requirement for proliferation in vitro. Exp Hematol 1980; 8:845-52. [PMID: 16398015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Erythroid burst-forming units (BFU(E)) are proliferative cells which may be precursors of the erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU(E)). To examine the role of T lymphocytes in the proliferation and/or differentiation of human blood BFU(E), the effect of purified T lymphocytes on erythroid colony (EC) formation by purified null cells was examined in vitro. Lymphocyte subpopulations were prepared by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation, immunoadsorbent chromatography, and sheep red blood cell rosetting after removal of monocytes by adherence to plastic. Cultures of isolated B, T, or null lymphocytes alone revealed that BFU(E) were present in the null cell fraction. Addition of isolated B and/or T lymphocytes in various ratios to null cells failed to influence the number or size of EC formed. These results indicate that normal human circulating BFU(E) are contained in the null cell fraction of peripheral blood lymphocytes and do not require T lymphocytes for normal growth and differentiation in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Nomdedeu
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gormus BJ, Basara ML, Arneson MA, Kaplan ME. Capping of mouse spleen lymphocyte C3 receptors: effects of pharmacologic agents. J Immunol 1980; 124:2747-53. [PMID: 7373047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
38
|
Gormus BJ, Basara ML, Arneson MA, Kaplan ME. Capping of mouse spleen lymphocyte C3 receptors: effects of pharmacologic agents. The Journal of Immunology 1980. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.124.6.2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
39
|
Johnson GJ, Allen DW, Cadman S, Fairbanks VF, White JG, Lampkin BC, Kaplan ME. Red-cell-membrane polypeptide aggregates in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutants with chronic hemolytic disease. A clue to the mechanism of hemolysis. N Engl J Med 1979; 301:522-7. [PMID: 460305 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197909063011004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Red-cell membranes from patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency were studied with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Membranes from each of five such patients who also had chronic hemolytic disease contained polypeptide aggregates within two molecular-weight ranges (4.4 X 10(5) and greater than 50 X 10(6) daltons). The 4.4 X 10(5) dalton aggregates were not detectable in red-cell membranes of patients with the enzyme deficiency without chronic hemolysis or in membranes from normal subjects, and the greater than 50 X 10(6) dalton aggregates were not found in appreciable amounts in these cells. The aggregates were dissociated by mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol -- indicating that they were formed by intermolecular disulfide bonds. The polypeptide aggregates contained spectrin but not globin. Red-cell deformability was decreased in aggregate-containing cells. We postulate that the polypeptide aggregates are indicators of oxidant damage to the red-cell membrane, which results in decreased deformability and chronic hemolysis.
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Rinehart JJ, Vessella R, Lange P, Kaplan ME, Gormus BJ. Characterization and comparison of human monocyte- and macrophage-induced tumor cell cytotoxicity. J Lab Clin Med 1979; 93:361-9. [PMID: 429847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
42
|
Oken MM, Kaplan ME. Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone in the treatment of refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep 1979; 63:441-7. [PMID: 371799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
43
|
Rinehart JJ, Zanjani ED, Nomdedeu B, Gormus BJ, Kaplan ME. Cell-cell interaction in erythropoiesis. Role of human monocytes. J Clin Invest 1978; 62:979-86. [PMID: 711862 PMCID: PMC371856 DOI: 10.1172/jci109227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E) are proliferative cells present in peripheral blood and bone marrow which may be precursors of the erythroid colony forming cell found in the bone marrow. To examine the possible role of monocyte-macrophages in the modulation of erythropoiesis, the effect of monocytes on peripheral blood BFU-E proliferation in response to erythropoietin was investigated in the plasma clot culture system. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal human donors were separated into four fractions. Fraction-I cells were obtained from the interface of Ficoll-Hypaque gradients (20-30% monocytes; 60-80% lymphocytes); fraction-II cells were fraction-I cells that were nonadherent to plastic (2-10% monocytes; 90-98% lymphocytes); fraction-III cells were obtained by incubation of fraction-II cells with carbonyl iron followed by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation (>99% lymphocytes); and fraction-IV cells represented the adherent population of fraction-II cells released from the plastic by lidocaine (>95% monocytes). When cells from these fractions were cultured in the presence of erythropoietin, the number of BFU-E-derived colonies was inversely proportional to the number of monocytes present (r = -0.96, P < 0.001). The suppressive effect of monocytes on BFU-E proliferation was confirmed by admixing autologous purified monocytes (fraction-IV cells) with fraction-III cells. Monocyte concentrations of >/=20% completely suppressed BFU-E activity. Reduction in the number of plated BFU-E by monocyte dilution could not account for these findings: a 15% reduction in the number of fraction-III cells plated resulted in only a 15% reduction in colony formation. These results indicate that monocyte-macrophages may play a significant role in the regulation of erythropoiesis and be involved in the pathogenesis of the hypoproliferative anemias associated with infection and certain neoplasia in which increased monocyte activity and monopoiesis also occur.
Collapse
|
44
|
Gormus BJ, Woodson M, Kaplan ME. Heterogeneity of human lymphocyte Fc receptors. I. Differential susceptibility to proteolysis. Clin Exp Immunol 1978; 34:268-73. [PMID: 737911 PMCID: PMC1537479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the possible heterogeneity of human lymphocyte Fc receptors, isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were enzymatically altered (`stripped') by exposure to pronase or papain. Pronase treatment markedly increased the percentages of PBL binding IgG-sensitized erythrocytes (EA), while simultaneously removing or inactivating their receptors for heat-aggregated IgG (aggG). Papain treatment markedly diminished the ability of PBL to bind both EA and aggG. Essentially identical results were obtained utilizing EA composed of either human Rh-positive type O erythrocytes sensitized with the human anti-Rh serum Ripley (HRBC-A Ripley) or with chicken erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit anti-CRBC IgG (CRBC-A). CRBC sensitized with Fab'2 fragments of rabbit anti-CRBC IgG were incapable of forming rosettes with normal or with pronase- or papain-stripped PBL. Pre-treatment of normal lymphocytes with aggG totally ablated their ability to rosette with EA. Incubation of pronase-stripped PBL for 18–20 hr in 5% CO2-air at 37°C resulted in diminution (to levels originally present) in the percentages of lymphocytes binding EA, but no regeneration of aggG receptors. Similar incubation of papain-stripped PBL resulted in significant reappearance of receptors binding EA, but no regeneration of aggG receptors. These results strongly suggest that: (1) lymphocyte receptors that bind EA complexes differ from those that bind aggG; (2) some lymphocytes possess cryptic receptors for EA that are expressed after proteolysis with pronase; (3) PBL having receptors for EA also have aggG receptors; and (4) there is no evidence that proteolytic stripping of PBL results in the generation of functionally different receptors for complexed IgG, since the Fc specificity of this receptor remains unchanged.
Collapse
|
45
|
Gormus BJ, Woodson M, Kaplan ME. Heterogeneity of human lymphocyte Fc receptors. II. Relationship to antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Clin Exp Immunol 1978; 34:274-80. [PMID: 104816 PMCID: PMC1537495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were incubated (stripped) with pronase or papain and compared with unstripped lymphocytes for their ability to mediate antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Despite marked removal or inactivation of receptors for heat-aggregated IgG (aggG) by proteolytic digestion, and pronounced changes in the percentages of cells rosetting with IgG-sensitized erythrocytes (EA) (decreased by papain, increased by pronase), stripped PBL functioned normally in ADCC. Stripped and unstripped lymphocytes were pre-treated with aggG to determine the role of aggG receptors in ADCC. AggG almost totally abolished ADCC by unstripped PBL, but inhibited ADCC by enzyme-stripped lymphocytes relatively poorly. Neither untreated nor stripped PBL were able to induce cytotoxicity of chicken erythrocyte (CRBC) target cells sensitized with the Fab'2 fragment of anti-CRBC IgG antibody (CRBC-A). Exposure of PBL to EA monolayers composed of CRBC-A or of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) sensitized with rabbit anti-SRBC IgG antibody (SRBC-A) depleted PBL of cells that rosetted with CRBC-A and with human Rh-positive, type O erythrocytes sensitized with the human anti-Rh serum Ripley (HRBC-A Ripley). Non-adherent cells were incapable of binding aggG and had markedly diminished cytotoxicity in ADCC. Similarly, exposure of PBL to HRBC-A Ripley monolayers resulted in non-adherent cells that were incapable of rosette formation with HRBC-A or CRBC-A, failed to bind aggG, and exhibited significantly diminished ADCC activity. These studies indicated that: (1) cytotoxic effector PBL active in ADCC (K cells) have receptors for aggG and for EA; (2) PBL deficient in functional aggG receptors (enzymatically inactivated or removed) are capable of inducing normal levels of ADCC; (3) aggG and EA receptors appear to be closely associated on native K-cell membranes; (4) there is no clear-cut relationship in a given lymphocyte population between the presence of either aggG or EA receptors and ADCC activity; and (5) populations of PBL binding HRBC-A Ripley overlap with, and may be identical to, those binding aggG and other types of EA complexes.
Collapse
|
46
|
Rinehart JJ, Lange P, Gormus BJ, Kaplan ME. Human monocyte-induced tumor cell cytotoxicity. Blood 1978; 52:211-20. [PMID: 656628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
47
|
Davies SF, Gormus BJ, Yarchoan R, Kaplan ME. Cryptococcal meningitis with false-positive cytology in the CSF. Use of T-cell rosetting to exclude meningeal lymphoma. JAMA 1978; 239:2369-70. [PMID: 347115 DOI: 10.1001/jama.239.22.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
48
|
Vessella RL, Gormus BJ, Lange PH, Kaplan ME. Heterogeneity among human lymphocyte effector cells mediating spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Int J Cancer 1978; 21:594-603. [PMID: 659025 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910210509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (SLMC) of lymphocytes from normal individuals was studied using the lymphocyte titration assay. Various techniques were used to study selectively several lymphocyte subpopulations. The activity of these subpopulations was tested in both the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and lymphocyte titration assays. Surface marker studies were performed on each lymphocyte subpopulation. The results from these studies indicate that effector cells mediating SLMC are a heterogeneous lymphocyte population composed of Fc-receptor-positive lymphocytes both with and without C3 receptors that consistently segregate with cells that do not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Our data suggest that, in many respects, the effector cells in SLMC and ADCC are identical. However, the mechanism appears to be different.
Collapse
|
49
|
Allen DW, Johnson GJ, Cadman S, Kaplan ME. Membrane polypeptide aggregates in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient and in vitro aged red blood cells. J Lab Clin Med 1978; 91:321-7. [PMID: 621430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RBC membrane polypeptide aggregates have been quantitated by PAGE SDS and by gel filtration. Aggregates were absent in fresh RBC's from normal controls, but aggregates with MW 4.4 X 10(5) and greater than 50 X 10(6) increased progressively as GSH levels fell in RBC's incubated in PBS without added glucose or calcium. Aggregates of both MW ranges were also present in fresh RBC's from a patient with compensated congenital nonspherocytic hemolysis associated with a mutant RBC G-6-PD, Long Prairie. Since the aggregates were dissociable by treatment with mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol, they are probably cross-linked by intermolecular disulfide bonds. Membranes containing these aggregates may represent an early and sensitive indicator of oxidative damage to red cells.
Collapse
|
50
|
Johnson GJ, Kaplan ME, Beutler E. G-6-PD Long Prairie: a new glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutant exhibiting normal sensitivity to inhibition by NADPH and accompanied by nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Blood 1977; 49:247-51. [PMID: 12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic properties of a new glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) variant (G-6-PD Long Prairie) were studied in a white patient with chronic nonspherocytic hemolysis. The red cells were found to have 2.3%-7.7% normal enzymatic activity. The mutant enzyme exhibited marked heat instability, an increased pH optimum, a moderately decreased Km for G-6-P, and increased utilization of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate and deamino NADP. The Km for NADP and Ki for NADPH were both normal. G-6-PD Long Prairie is an interesting new G-6-PD variant that demonstrates that chronic hemolysis can be associated with modestly decreased G-6-PD activity despite normal sensitivity to inhibition by NADPH. Although increased sensitivity to inhibition by NADPH has been postulated to decrease intracellular enzyme activity, resulting in enhanced susceptibility to hemolysis in certain G-6-PD variants with only moderately decreased enzymatic activity, an alternative mechanism of hemolysis, possibly enzyme thermolability, exists in G-6-PD Long Prairie.
Collapse
|