1
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Edwards MR, Munirov VR, Singh A, Fasano NM, Kur E, Lemos N, Mikhailova JM, Wurtele JS, Michel P. Holographic Plasma Lenses. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:065003. [PMID: 35213202 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A hologram fully encodes a three-dimensional light field by imprinting the interference between the field and a reference beam in a recording medium. Here we show that two collinear pump lasers with different foci overlapped in a gas jet produce a holographic plasma lens capable of focusing or collimating a probe laser at intensities several orders-of-magnitude higher than the limits of a nonionized optic. We outline the theory of these diffractive plasma lenses and present simulations for two plasma mechanisms that allow their construction: spatially varying ionization and ponderomotively driven ion-density fluctuations. Damage-resistant plasma optics are necessary for manipulating high-intensity light, and divergence control of high-intensity pulses-provided by holographic plasma lenses-will be a critical component of high-power plasma-based lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - V R Munirov
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Singh
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N M Fasano
- Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - E Kur
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Lemos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | - J S Wurtele
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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2
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Goyon C, Edwards MR, Chapman T, Divol L, Lemos N, Williams GJ, Mariscal DA, Turnbull D, Hansen AM, Michel P. Slow and Fast Light in Plasma Using Optical Wave Mixing. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:205001. [PMID: 34110194 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.205001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Slow and fast light, or large changes in the group velocity of light, have been observed in a range of optical media, but the fine optical control necessary to induce an observable effect has not been achieved in a plasma. Here, we describe how the ion-acoustic response in a fully ionized plasma can produce large and measurable changes in the group velocity of light. We show the first experimental demonstration of slow and fast light in a plasma, measuring group velocities between 0.12c and -0.34c.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goyon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M R Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Chapman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Lemos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G J Williams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Mariscal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Turnbull
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - A M Hansen
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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3
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von der Linden J, Ramos-Mendez J, Faddegon B, Massin D, Fiksel G, Holder JP, Willingale L, Peebles J, Edwards MR, Chen H. Publisher's Note: "Dispersion calibration for the National Ignition Facility electron-positron-proton spectrometers for intense laser matter interactions" [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 92, 033516 (2021)]. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:059902. [PMID: 34243233 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Ramos-Mendez
- Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Bruce Faddegon
- Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Devan Massin
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Gennady Fiksel
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Joe P Holder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Louise Willingale
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jonathan Peebles
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Matthew R Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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4
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von der Linden J, Ramos-Méndez J, Faddegon B, Massin D, Fiksel G, Holder JP, Willingale L, Peebles J, Edwards MR, Chen H. Dispersion calibration for the National Ignition Facility electron-positron-proton spectrometers for intense laser matter interactions. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:033516. [PMID: 33820046 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electron-positron pairs, produced in intense laser-solid interactions, are diagnosed using magnetic spectrometers with image plates, such as the National Ignition Facility Electron-Positron-Proton Spectrometers (EPPSs). Although modeling can help infer the quantitative value, the accuracy of the models needs to be verified to ensure measurement quality. The dispersion of low-energy electrons and positrons may be affected by fringe magnetic fields near the entrance of the EPPS. We have calibrated the EPPS with six electron beams from a Siemens Oncor linear accelerator (linac) ranging in energy from 2.7 MeV to 15.2 MeV as they enter the spectrometer. A Geant4 traveling-wave optical parametric amplifier of superfluorescence Monte Carlo simulation was set up to match depth dose curves and lateral profiles measured in water at 100 cm source-surface distance. An accurate relationship was established between the bending magnet current setting and the energy of the electron beam at the exit window. The simulations and measurements were used to determine the energy distributions of the six electron beams at the EPPS slit. Analysis of the scanned image plates together with the determined energy distribution arriving in the spectrometer provides improved dispersion curves for the EPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Ramos-Méndez
- Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Bruce Faddegon
- Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Devan Massin
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Gennady Fiksel
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Joe P Holder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Louise Willingale
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jonathan Peebles
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Matthew R Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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5
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Fecher-Jones I, Grimmett C, Edwards MR, Knight JS, Smith J, Leach H, Moyses H, Jack S, Grocott MPW, Levett DZH. Development and evaluation of a novel pre-operative surgery school and behavioural change intervention for patients undergoing elective major surgery: Fit-4-Surgery School. Anaesthesia 2021; 76:1207-1211. [PMID: 33538015 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Group pre-operative education has usually been limited to conditioning expectations and providing education. Prehabilitation has highlighted modifiable lifestyle factors that are amenable to change and may improve clinical outcomes. We instituted a pre-operative 'Fit-4-Surgery School' for patients scheduled for major surgery, to educate and promote healthy behaviour. We evaluated patients' views having attended the school, and after surgery we asked how it had changed their behaviour with a lifestyle questionnaire. The school was launched in May 2016 and was attended by 586/1017 (58%) of invited patients. Patients who did not attend: lived further away, median (IQR [range]) 8 (4-19 [0-123]) miles vs. 5 (3-14 [0-172]) miles, p < 0.001; and were more deprived, Index of Multiple Deprivation Rank decile median (IQR [range]), 6 (4-8 [1-10]) vs. 7 (4-9 [1-10]), p = 0.04. Of the 492/586 (84%) participants who completed an evaluation questionnaire, 462 (94%) would recommend the school to a friend having surgery and 296 (60%) planned lifestyle changes. After surgery, 232/586 (40%) completed a behavioural change questionnaire, 106 (46%) of whom reported changing at least one lifestyle factor, most commonly by increasing exercise. The pre-operative school was acceptable to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fecher-Jones
- Department of Peri-operative Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - C Grimmett
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M R Edwards
- Department of Peri-operative Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - J S Knight
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - J Smith
- Department of Urological Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - H Leach
- Department of Prehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - H Moyses
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - S Jack
- Department of Prehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - M P W Grocott
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - D Z H Levett
- Department of Peri-operative Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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6
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Edwards MR, Fasano NM, Bennett T, Griffith A, Turley N, O'Brien BM, Mikhailova JM. A multi-terawatt two-color beam for high-power field-controlled nonlinear optics. Opt Lett 2020; 45:6542-6545. [PMID: 33258857 DOI: 10.1364/ol.403806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-color laser beams are instrumental in light-field control and enhancement of high-order harmonic, spectral supercontinuum, and terahertz radiation generated in gases, plasmas, and solids. We demonstrate a multi-terawatt two-color beam produced using a relativistic plasma mirror, with 110 mJ at 800 nm and 30 mJ at 400 nm. Both color components have high spatial quality and can be simultaneously focused, provided that the plasma mirror lies within a Rayleigh range of the driving fundamental beam. Favorable scaling of second-harmonic generation by plasma mirrors at relativistic intensities suggests them as an excellent tool for multi-color waveform synthesis beyond the petawatt level.
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7
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Edwards MR, Fasano NM, Mikhailova JM. Electron-Nanobunch-Width-Dominated Spectral Power Law for Relativistic Harmonic Generation from Ultrathin Foils. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:185004. [PMID: 32441983 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.185004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Relativistic high-order harmonic generation from solid-density plasma offers a compact source of coherent ultraviolet and x-ray light. For solid targets much thinner than the laser wavelength, the plasma thickness can be tuned to increase conversion efficiency; a reduction in total charge allows for balancing the laser and plasma driving forces, producing the most effective interaction. Unlike for semi-infinite plasma surfaces, we find that for ultrathin foil targets the dominant factor in the emission spectral shape is the finite width of the electron nanobunches, leading to a power-law exponent of approximately 10/3. Ultrathin foils produce higher-efficiency frequency conversion than solid targets for moderately relativistic (1<a_{0}<40) interactions and also provide unique insight into how the trajectories of individual electrons combine and interfere to generate reflected attosecond pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Edwards
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Nicholas M Fasano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Julia M Mikhailova
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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8
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Edwards MR, Mikhailova JM. The X-Ray Emission Effectiveness of Plasma Mirrors: Reexamining Power-Law Scaling for Relativistic High-Order Harmonic Generation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5154. [PMID: 32198482 PMCID: PMC7083899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrashort pulsed lasers provide uniquely detailed access to the ultrafast dynamics of physical, chemical, and biological systems, but only a handful of wavelengths are directly produced by solid-state lasers, necessitating efficient high-power frequency conversion. Relativistic plasma mirrors generate broadband power-law spectra, that may span the gap between petawatt-class infrared laser facilities and x-ray free-electron lasers; despite substantial theoretical work the ultimate efficiency of this relativistic high-order-harmonic generation remains unclear. We show that the coherent radiation emitted by plasma mirrors follows a power-law distribution of energy over frequency with an exponent that, even in the ultrarelativistic limit, strongly depends on the ratio of laser intensity to plasma density and exceeds the frequently quoted value of -8/3 over a wide range of parameters. The coherent synchrotron emission model, when adequately corrected for the finite width of emitting electron bunches, is not just valid for p-polarized light and thin foil targets, but generally describes relativistic harmonic generation, including at normal incidence and with finite-gradient plasmas. Our numerical results support the ω-4/3 scaling of the synchrotron emission model as a limiting efficiency of the process under most conditions. The highest frequencies that can be generated with this scaling are usually restricted by the width of the emitting electron bunch rather than the Lorentz factor of the fastest electrons. The theoretical scaling relations developed here suggest, for example, that with a 20-PW 800-nm driving laser, 1 TW/harmonic can be produced for 1-keV photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Edwards
- Princeton University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA.
| | - Julia M Mikhailova
- Princeton University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA.
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9
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Edwards MR, Shi Y, Mikhailova JM, Fisch NJ. Laser Amplification in Strongly Magnetized Plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:025001. [PMID: 31386488 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.025001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We consider backscattering of laser pulses in strongly magnetized plasma mediated by kinetic magnetohydrodynamic waves. Magnetized low-frequency (MLF) scattering, which can occur when the external magnetic field is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the laser propagation direction, provides an instability growth rate higher than Raman scattering and a frequency downshift comparable to Brillouin scattering. In addition to the high growth rate, which allows smaller plasmas, and the 0.1%-2% frequency downshift, which permits a wide range of pump sources, MLF scattering is an ideal candidate for amplification because the process supports an exceptionally large bandwidth, which particle-in-cell simulations show produces ultrashort durations. Under some conditions, MLF scattering also becomes the dominant spontaneous backscatter instability, with implications for magnetized laser-confinement experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Edwards
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Julia M Mikhailova
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gillies
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M R Edwards
- Department of Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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11
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Abstract
Frequency upconversion of an electromagnetic wave can occur in ionized plasma with decreasing electric permittivity and in split-ring resonator-structure metamaterials with decreasing magnetic permeability. We develop a general theory to describe the evolution of the wave frequency, amplitude, and energy density in homogeneous media with a temporally decreasing refractive index. We find that upconversion of the wave frequency is necessarily accompanied by partitioning of the wave energy into low-frequency modes, which sets an upper limit on the energy conversion efficiency. The efficiency limits are obtained for both varying permittivity and varying permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Qu
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Qing Jia
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Matthew R Edwards
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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12
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Chowdhury A, Nzeako O, Edwards MR. Blood on screwdriver tip to aid screw insertion at depth. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2017; 100:159. [PMID: 29046078 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2017.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Chowdhury
- Princess Royal University Hospital, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , Orpington , UK
| | - O Nzeako
- Princess Royal University Hospital, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , Orpington , UK
| | - M R Edwards
- Princess Royal University Hospital, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , Orpington , UK
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13
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Abstract
Plasma-based parametric amplification using stimulated Brillouin scattering offers a route to coherent x-ray pulses orders of magnitude more intense than those of the brightest available sources. Brillouin amplification permits amplification of shorter wavelengths with lower pump intensities than Raman amplification, which Landau and collisional damping limit in the x-ray regime. Analytic predictions, numerical solutions of the three-wave-coupling equations, and particle-in-cell simulations suggest that Brillouin amplification in solid-density plasmas will allow compression of current x-ray free-electron laser pulses to subfemtosecond durations and unprecedented intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Edwards
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Julia M Mikhailova
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
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14
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Stokes CA, Kaur R, Edwards MR, Mondhe M, Robinson D, Prestwich EC, Hume RD, Marshall CA, Perrie Y, O'Donnell VB, Harwood JL, Sabroe I, Parker LC. Human rhinovirus-induced inflammatory responses are inhibited by phosphatidylserine containing liposomes. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:829. [PMID: 28435153 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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McErlean P, Kelly A, Dhariwal J, Watson J, Jurdzinski N, Smith J, Solari R, Edwards MR, Oosterhout AV, Johnston SL, Lavender P. P235 Epigenetic landscape of the asthmatic airways. Thorax 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209333.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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16
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da Silva J, Hilzendeger C, Moermans C, Schleich F, Henket M, Kebadze T, Mallia P, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Louis R. Raised interferon-β, type 3 interferon and interferon-stimulated genes - evidence of innate immune activation in neutrophilic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 47:313-323. [PMID: 27622317 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferons play an important role in innate immunity. Previous studies report deficiency in virus induction of interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β and IFN-λ in bronchial epithelial and bronchial lavage cells in atopic asthmatics. It is now recognized that asthma is a heterogeneous disease comprising different inflammatory phenotypes, some of which may involve innate immune activation in the absence of overt infection. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether the severity of asthma or a specific cellular sputum pattern may be linked to evidence of innate immune activation. METHODS Here we investigate the expression of IFN-β, IFN-λ1 (IL-29), IFN-λ2/3 (IL-28A/B) and the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) such as myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1), oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) and viperin in unstimulated sputum cells in 57 asthmatics (including 16 mild, 19 moderate and 22 severe asthma patients) and compared them with 19 healthy subjects. RESULTS We observed increased expression of IFN-β, IFN-λ1/IL-29, OAS and viperin in asthmatics compared with healthy subjects, while IL-28 was not expressed in any group. The overexpression was restricted to neutrophilic asthmatics (sputum neutrophils ≥ 76%), while eosinophilic asthmatics (sputum eosinophils ≥ 3%) did not differ from healthy subjects or even showed a lower expression of Mx1. No difference in interferon or ISG expression was observed according to clinical asthma severity. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Neutrophilic, but not eosinophilic, asthmatics display overexpression of IFN-β, IFN-λ1/IL-29 and ISGs in their sputum cells that may reflect ongoing innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J da Silva
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Liege, GIGA I3 University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Allergy Service, University Hospital Professor Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago, Federal University of Santa Catarina (HU-UFSC), Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - C Hilzendeger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Liege, GIGA I3 University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Moermans
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Liege, GIGA I3 University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - F Schleich
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Liege, GIGA I3 University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - M Henket
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Liege, GIGA I3 University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - T Kebadze
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Mallia
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M R Edwards
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R Louis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Liege, GIGA I3 University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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17
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Abstract
We consider the efficiency limit of relativistic high-order-harmonic emission from solid targets achievable with tailored light fields. Using one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, the maximum energy conversion efficiency is shown to reach as high as 10% for the harmonics in the range of 80-200 eV and is largely independent of laser intensity and plasma density. The waveforms most effective at driving harmonics have a broad spectrum with a lower-frequency limit set by the width of the incident pulse envelope and an upper limit set by the relativistic plasma frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Edwards
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Julia M Mikhailova
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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18
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Edwards MR, Fisch NJ, Mikhailova JM. Strongly Enhanced Stimulated Brillouin Backscattering in an Electron-Positron Plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:015004. [PMID: 26799025 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.015004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Brillouin backscattering of light is shown to be drastically enhanced in electron-positron plasmas, in contrast to the suppression of stimulated Raman scattering. A generalized theory of three-wave coupling between electromagnetic and plasma waves in two-species plasmas with arbitrary mass ratios, confirmed with a comprehensive set of particle-in-cell simulations, reveals violations of commonly held assumptions about the behavior of electron-positron plasmas. Specifically, in the electron-positron limit three-wave parametric interaction between light and the plasma acoustic wave can occur, and the acoustic wave phase velocity differs from its usually assumed value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Edwards
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Julia M Mikhailova
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Miles RB, Michael JB, Limbach CM, McGuire SD, Chng TL, Edwards MR, DeLuca NJ, Shneider MN, Dogariu A. New diagnostic methods for laser plasma- and microwave-enhanced combustion. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2015; 373:20140338. [PMID: 26170432 PMCID: PMC4528431 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of pulsed laser- and microwave-induced plasma interactions with atmospheric and higher pressure combusting gases requires rapid diagnostic methods that are capable of determining the mechanisms by which these interactions are taking place. New rapid diagnostics are presented here extending the capabilities of Rayleigh and Thomson scattering and resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionization (REMPI) detection and introducing femtosecond laser-induced velocity and temperature profile imaging. Spectrally filtered Rayleigh scattering provides a method for the planar imaging of temperature fields for constant pressure interactions and line imaging of velocity, temperature and density profiles. Depolarization of Rayleigh scattering provides a measure of the dissociation fraction, and multi-wavelength line imaging enables the separation of Thomson scattering from Rayleigh scattering. Radar REMPI takes advantage of high-frequency microwave scattering from the region of laser-selected species ionization to extend REMPI to atmospheric pressures and implement it as a stand-off detection method for atomic and molecular species in combusting environments. Femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging (FLEET) generates highly excited molecular species and dissociation through the focal zone of the laser. The prompt fluorescence from excited molecular species yields temperature profiles, and the delayed fluorescence from recombining atomic fragments yields velocity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Miles
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Princeton University, Olden Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - James B Michael
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Princeton University, Olden Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Christopher M Limbach
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Princeton University, Olden Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sean D McGuire
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Princeton University, Olden Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Tat Loon Chng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Princeton University, Olden Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Matthew R Edwards
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Princeton University, Olden Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nicholas J DeLuca
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Princeton University, Olden Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mikhail N Shneider
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Princeton University, Olden Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Arthur Dogariu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Princeton University, Olden Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Rohde G, Message SD, Haas JJ, Kebadze T, Parker H, Laza-Stanca V, Khaitov MR, Kon OM, Stanciu LA, Mallia P, Edwards MR, Johnston SL. CXC chemokines and antimicrobial peptides in rhinovirus-induced experimental asthma exacerbations. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:930-9. [PMID: 24673807 PMCID: PMC4403958 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the major triggers of asthma exacerbations. We have shown previously that lower respiratory tract symptoms, airflow obstruction, and neutrophilic airway inflammation were increased in experimental RV-induced asthma exacerbations. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that neutrophil-related CXC chemokines and antimicrobial peptides are increased and related to clinical, virologic, and pathologic outcomes in RV-induced exacerbations of asthma. METHODS Protein levels of antimicrobial peptides (SLPI, HNP 1-3, elafin, and LL-37) and neutrophil chemokines (CXCL1/GRO-α, CXCL2/GRO-β, CXCL5/ENA-78, CXCL6/GCP-2, CXCL7/NAP-2, and CXCL8/IL-8) were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of 10 asthmatics and 15 normal controls taken before, at day four during and 6 weeks post-experimental infection. RESULTS BAL HNP 1-3 and Elafin were higher, CXCL7/NAP-2 was lower in asthmatics compared with controls at day 4 (P = 0.035, P = 0.048, and P = 0.025, respectively). BAL HNP 1-3 and CXCL8/IL-8 were increased during infection (P = 0.003 and P = 0.011, respectively). There was a trend to increased BAL neutrophils at day 4 compared with baseline (P = 0.076). BAL HNP 1-3 was positively correlated with BAL neutrophil numbers at day 4. There were no correlations between clinical parameters and HNP1-3 or IL-8 levels. CONCLUSIONS We propose that RV infection in asthma leads to increased release of CXCL8/IL-8, attracting neutrophils into the airways where they release HNP 1-3, which further enhances airway neutrophilia. Strategies to inhibit CXCL8/IL-8 may be useful in treatment of virus-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rohde
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma & Centre for Respiratory Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Edwards MR, Platonenko VT, Mikhailova JM. Enhanced attosecond bursts of relativistic high-order harmonics driven by two-color fields. Opt Lett 2014; 39:6823-6826. [PMID: 25503006 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.006823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We study the generation of attosecond x-ray and ultraviolet pulses from relativistically driven overdense plasma targets with two-color incident light. Particle-in-cell simulations show that significant improvement in pulse intensity and isolation is achievable with appropriate laser and plasma parameters. Conversion of 5% of incident laser energy to its second harmonic can enhance the intensity of generated attosecond pulses by an order of magnitude. This approach allows the generation of higher attosecond pulse intensities with existing experimental laser technology and offers a powerful tool for the analysis of the dynamics of relativistic laser-plasma interaction.
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Abstract
Bio-hybrid devices, which integrate biological cells with synthetic components, have opened a new path in miniaturized systems with the potential to provide actuation and control for systems down to a few microns in size. Here, we address the challenge of remotely controlling bio-hybrid microswimmers propelled by multiple bacterial cells. These devices have been proposed as a viable method for targeted drug delivery but have also been shown to exhibit stochastic motion. We demonstrate a method of remote magnetic control that significantly reduces the stochasticity of the motion, enabling steering control. The demonstrated microswimmers consist of multiple Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) bacteria attached to a 6 μm-diameter superparamagnetic bead. We characterize their motion and define the parameters governing their controllability. We show that the microswimmers can be controlled along two-dimensional (2-D) trajectories using weak magnetic fields (≤10 mT) and can achieve 2-D swimming speeds up to 7.3 μm s(-1). This magnetic steering approach can be integrated with sensory-based steering in future work, enabling new control strategies for bio-hybrid microsystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Wright Carlsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Bennet M, McCarthy A, Fix D, Edwards MR, Repp F, Vach P, Dunlop JWC, Sitti M, Buller GS, Klumpp S, Faivre D. Influence of magnetic fields on magneto-aerotaxis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101150. [PMID: 24983865 PMCID: PMC4077765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of cells to changes in their physico-chemical micro-environment is essential to their survival. For example, bacterial magnetotaxis uses the Earth's magnetic field together with chemical sensing to help microorganisms move towards favoured habitats. The studies of such complex responses are lacking a method that permits the simultaneous mapping of the chemical environment and the response of the organisms, and the ability to generate a controlled physiological magnetic field. We have thus developed a multi-modal microscopy platform that fulfils these requirements. Using simultaneous fluorescence and high-speed imaging in conjunction with diffusion and aerotactic models, we characterized the magneto-aerotaxis of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. We assessed the influence of the magnetic field (orientation; strength) on the formation and the dynamic of a micro-aerotactic band (size, dynamic, position). As previously described by models of magnetotaxis, the application of a magnetic field pointing towards the anoxic zone of an oxygen gradient results in an enhanced aerotaxis even down to Earth's magnetic field strength. We found that neither a ten-fold increase of the field strength nor a tilt of 45° resulted in a significant change of the aerotactic efficiency. However, when the field strength is zeroed or when the field angle is tilted to 90°, the magneto-aerotaxis efficiency is drastically reduced. The classical model of magneto-aerotaxis assumes a response proportional to the cosine of the angle difference between the directions of the oxygen gradient and that of the magnetic field. Our experimental evidence however shows that this behaviour is more complex than assumed in this model, thus opening up new avenues for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bennet
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aongus McCarthy
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, and Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitri Fix
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthew R. Edwards
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Felix Repp
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Vach
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - John W. C. Dunlop
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gerald S. Buller
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, and Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Klumpp
- Department of Theory and Bio-systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
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Zhuang J, Wei G, Wright Carlsen R, Edwards MR, Marculescu R, Bogdan P, Sitti M. Analytical modeling and experimental characterization of chemotaxis in Serratia marcescens. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 89:052704. [PMID: 25353826 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.052704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a modeling and experimental framework to characterize the chemotaxis of Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) relying on two-dimensional and three-dimensional tracking of individual bacteria. Previous studies mainly characterized bacterial chemotaxis based on population density analysis. Instead, this study focuses on single-cell tracking and measuring the chemotactic drift velocity V(C) from the biased tumble rate of individual bacteria on exposure to a concentration gradient of l-aspartate. The chemotactic response of S. marcescens is quantified over a range of concentration gradients (10^{-3} to 5 mM/mm) and average concentrations (0.5 × 10(-3) to 2.5 mM). Through the analysis of a large number of bacterial swimming trajectories, the tumble rate is found to have a significant bias with respect to the swimming direction. We also verify the relative gradient sensing mechanism in the chemotaxis of S. marcescens by measuring the change of V(C) with the average concentration and the gradient. The applied full pathway model with fitted parameters matches the experimental data. Finally, we show that our measurements based on individual bacteria lead to the determination of the motility coefficient μ (7.25 × 10(-6) cm(2)/s) of a population. The experimental characterization and simulation results for the chemotaxis of this bacterial species contribute towards using S. marcescens in chemically controlled biohybrid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhuang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Guopeng Wei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Rika Wright Carlsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Matthew R Edwards
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Radu Marculescu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Paul Bogdan
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Metin Sitti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA and Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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25
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Edwards MR, Regamey N, Vareille M, Kieninger E, Gupta A, Shoemark A, Saglani S, Sykes A, Macintyre J, Davies J, Bossley C, Bush A, Johnston SL. Impaired innate interferon induction in severe therapy resistant atopic asthmatic children. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:797-806. [PMID: 23212197 PMCID: PMC3684776 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Deficient type I interferon-β and type III interferon-λ induction by rhinoviruses has previously been reported in mild/moderate atopic asthmatic adults. No studies have yet investigated if this occurs in severe therapy resistant asthma (STRA). Here, we show that compared with non-allergic healthy control children, bronchial epithelial cells cultured ex vivo from severe therapy resistant atopic asthmatic children have profoundly impaired interferon-β and interferon-λ mRNA and protein in response to rhinovirus (RV) and polyIC stimulation. Severe treatment resistant asthmatics also exhibited increased virus load, which negatively correlated with interferon mRNA levels. Furthermore, uninfected cells from severe therapy resistant asthmatic children showed lower levels of Toll-like receptor-3 mRNA and reduced retinoic acid inducible gene and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 mRNA after RV stimulation. These data expand on the original work, suggesting that the innate anti-viral response to RVs is impaired in asthmatic tissues and demonstrate that this is a feature of STRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Edwards
- Respiratory Medicine, St Mary's Campus, National Heart Lung Institute, London, UK.
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26
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Sykes A, Edwards MR, Macintyre J, Rosario AD, Kon OM, Johnston SL. S119 Roles of TLR3, TLR4- and TLRs7–9 in Interferon Induction in Bronchial Epithelial Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Asthmatic and Non-Asthmatic Subjects. Thorax 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202678.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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27
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Michael JB, Edwards MR, Dogariu A, Miles RB. Femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging for quantitative velocity imaging in air. Appl Opt 2011; 50:5158-62. [PMID: 21946998 DOI: 10.1364/ao.50.005158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Time-accurate velocity measurements in unseeded air are made by tagging nitrogen with a femtosecond-duration laser pulse and monitoring the displacement of the molecules with a time-delayed, fast-gated camera. Centimeter-long lines are written through the focal region of a ∼1 mJ, 810 nm laser and are produced by nonlinear excitation and dissociation of nitrogen. Negligible heating is associated with this interaction. The emission arises from recombining nitrogen atoms and lasts for tens of microseconds in natural air. It falls into the 560 to 660 nm spectral region and consists of multiple spectral lines associated with first positive nitrogen transitions. The feasibility of this concept is demonstrated with lines written across a free jet, yielding instantaneous and averaged velocity profiles. The use of high-intensity femtosecond pulses for flow tagging allows the accurate determination of velocity profiles with a single laser system and camera.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Michael
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Engineering Quadrangle, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
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28
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Zdrenghea MT, Telcian AG, Laza-Stanca V, Bellettato CM, Edwards MR, Nikonova A, Khaitov MR, Azimi N, Groh V, Mallia P, Johnston SL, Stanciu LA. RSV infection modulates IL-15 production and MICA levels in respiratory epithelial cells. Eur Respir J 2011; 39:712-20. [PMID: 21852331 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00099811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin (IL)-15, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and MHC class I chain-related proteins (MIC) A and B are involved in cellular immune responses to virus infections but their role in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has not been studied. We aimed to determine how RSV infection modulates IL-15 production, MHC class I and MICA expression in respiratory epithelial cells, the molecular pathways implicated in virus-induced IL-15 production and how interferon (IFN)-γ alters RSV-induced IL-15 production and MHC class I and MICA expression. We infected respiratory epithelial cell lines (A549 and BEAS-2B cells) and primary bronchial epithelial cells with RSV and measured production of IL-15, expression of MHC I and MICA and the role of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB. We report here that RSV increases IL-15 in respiratory epithelial cells via virus replication and NF-κB-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, RSV infection of epithelial cells upregulated cell surface expression of MICA and levels of soluble MICA. IFN-γ upregulated RSV induction of soluble IL-15 but inhibited induction of MICA. Upregulation of IL-15, MHC I and MICA are likely to be important mechanisms in activating immune responses to RSV by epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Zdrenghea
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma and Centre for Respiratory Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
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29
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Kieninger E, Vareille M, Kopf BS, Blank F, Alves MP, Gisler FM, Latzin P, Casaulta C, Geiser T, Johnston SL, Edwards MR, Regamey N. Lack of an exaggerated inflammatory response on virus infection in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2011; 39:297-304. [PMID: 21719483 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00054511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections play an important role in cystic fibrosis (CF) exacerbations, but underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood. We aimed to assess whether an exaggerated inflammatory response of the airway epithelium on virus infection could explain the increased susceptibility of CF patients towards respiratory viruses. We used primary bronchial and nasal epithelial cells obtained from 24 healthy control subjects and 18 CF patients. IL-6, IL-8/CXCL8, IP-10/CXCL10, MCP-1/CCL2, RANTES/CCL5 and GRO-α/CXCL1 levels in supernatants and mRNA expression in cell lysates were measured before and after infection with rhinoviruses (RV-16 and RV-1B) and RSV. Cytotoxicity was assessed by lactate dehydrogenate assay and flow cytometry. All viruses induced strong cytokine release in both control and CF cells. The inflammatory response on virus infection was heterogeneous and depended on cell type and virus used, but was not increased in CF compared with control cells. On the contrary, there was a marked trend towards lower cytokine production associated with increased cell death in CF cells. An exaggerated inflammatory response to virus infection in bronchial epithelial cells does not explain the increased respiratory morbidity after virus infection in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kieninger
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital of Bern, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Mahoney, Robert P. (Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, N.Y.), and Mercedes R. Edwards. Fine structure of Thiobacillus thiooxidans. J. Bacteriol. 92: 487-495. 1966.-Thin section analysis of the chemosynthetic autotroph Thiobacillus thiooxidans revealed structures comparable to gram-negative heterotrophic bacteria. Although this species is unique in that it oxidizes elemental sulfur for energy, uses carbon dioxide as its sole source of carbon, and can withstand a pH of less than 1, thin sections revealed a profile of the cell envelope (cell wall and plasmalemma) similar to other gram-negative species which have more common physiological traits. The cell wall is composed of five layers with an overall width of approximately 200 A, and the plasmalemma appears as a conventional "unit membrane" with a width of about 85 A. Volutin granules and less-dense bodies of similar shape and size were frequently observed in close association with the nucleoplasm. The nature and function of these bodies are unknown at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Mahoney
- Biology Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, and Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
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Hewson CA, Haas JJ, Bartlett NW, Message SD, Laza-Stanca V, Kebadze T, Caramori G, Zhu J, Edbrooke MR, Stanciu LA, Kon OM, Papi A, Jeffery PK, Edwards MR, Johnston SL. Rhinovirus induces MUC5AC in a human infection model and in vitro via NF-κB and EGFR pathways. Eur Respir J 2010; 36:1425-35. [PMID: 20525715 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00026910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) infections are the major cause of asthma exacerbations, the major cause of morbidity and mortality in asthma. MUC5AC is the major mucin produced by bronchial epithelial cells. Whether RV infection upregulates MUC5AC in vivo is unknown and the molecular mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. We investigated RV induction of MUC5AC in vivo and in vitro to identify targets for development of new therapies for asthma exacerbations. RV infection increased MUC5AC release in normal and asthmatic volunteers experimentally infected with RV-16, and in asthmatic, but not normal, subjects, this was related to virus load. Bronchial epithelial cells were confirmed a source of MUC5AC in vivo. RV induction of MUC5AC in bronchial epithelial cells in vitro occurred via nuclear factor-κB-dependent induction of matrix metalloproteinase-mediated transforming growth factor-α release, thereby activating an epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent cascade culminating, via mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, in specificity protein-1 transactivation of the MUC5AC promoter. RV induction of MUC5AC may be an important mechanism in RV-induced asthma exacerbations in vivo. Revealing the complex serial signalling cascade involved identifies targets for development of pharmacologic intervention to treat mucus hypersecretion in RV-induced illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Hewson
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
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Abstract
The majority of asthma exacerbations are caused by rhinovirus. Currently the treatment of asthma exacerbations is inadequate. Previous evidence suggests that macrolide antibiotics have anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects; however, the mechanism is unknown. We investigated the anti-rhinoviral potential of macrolides through the induction of antiviral gene mRNA and protein. Primary human bronchial epithelial cells were pre-treated with the macrolides azithromycin, erythromycin and telithromycin, and infected with minor-group rhinovirus 1B and major-group rhinovirus 16. The mRNA expression of the antiviral genes, type I interferon-β and type III interferon-λ1, interferon-λ2/3, and interferon-stimulated genes (retinoic acid inducible gene I, melanoma differentiation associated gene 5, oligoadenylate synthase, MxA and viperin) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8), and rhinovirus replication and release were measured. Azithromycin, but not erythromycin or telithromycin, significantly increased rhinovirus 1B- and rhinovirus 16-induced interferons and interferon-stimulated gene mRNA expression and protein production. Furthermore, azithromycin significantly reduced rhinovirus replication and release. Rhinovirus induced IL-6 and IL-8 protein and mRNA expression were not significantly reduced by azithromycin pre-treatment. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that azithromycin has anti-rhinoviral activity in bronchial epithelial cells and, during rhinovirus infection, increases the production of interferon-stimulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gielen
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine National Heart & Lung Institute St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, W2 1PG, London, UK
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Edwards MR, Jaggar SI. Risk and outcome analysis of renal replacement therapies. Anaesthesia 2010; 64:1372-3; author reply 1373. [PMID: 20092513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06141_3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jones GG, Edwards MR, Singh SK. Tendon transfers through a bony tunnel using a Frazier tip sucker. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2009; 90:701-2. [PMID: 19496229 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2008.90.8.701b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G G Jones
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK.
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35
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36
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Khaitov MR, Laza-Stanca V, Edwards MR, Walton RP, Rohde G, Contoli M, Papi A, Stanciu LA, Kotenko SV, Johnston SL. Respiratory virus induction of alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferons in bronchial epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Allergy 2009; 64:375-86. [PMID: 19175599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses are the major cause of asthma exacerbations. Impaired production of interferon-beta in rhinovirus infected bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) and of the newly discovered interferon-lambdas in both BECs and bronchoalveolar lavage cells, is implicated in asthma exacerbation pathogenesis. Thus replacement of deficient interferon is a candidate new therapy for asthma exacerbations. Rhinoviruses and other respiratory viruses infect both BECs and macrophages, but their relative capacities for alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferon production are unknown. METHODS To provide guidance regarding which interferon type is the best candidate for development for treatment/prevention of asthma exacerbations we investigated respiratory virus induction of alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferons in BECs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by reverse transferase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Rhinovirus infection of BEAS-2B BECs induced interferon-alpha mRNA expression transiently at 8 h and interferon-beta later at 24 h while induction of interferon-lambda was strongly induced at both time points. At 24 h, interferon-alpha protein was not detected, interferon-beta was weakly induced while interferon-lambda was strongly induced. Similar patterns of mRNA induction were observed in primary BECs, in response to both rhinovirus and influenza A virus infection, though protein levels were below assay detection limits. In PBMCs interferon-alpha, interferon-beta and interferon-lambda mRNAs were all strongly induced by rhinovirus at both 8 and 24 h and proteins were induced: interferon-alpha>-beta>-lambda. Thus respiratory viruses induced expression of alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferons in BECs and PBMCs. In PBMCs interferon-alpha>-beta>-lambda while in BECs, interferon-lambda>-beta>-alpha. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that interferon-lambdas are likely the principal interferons produced during innate responses to respiratory viruses in BECs and interferon-alphas in PBMCs, while interferon-beta is produced by both cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Khaitov
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Wright Fleming Institute of Infection and Immunity and MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
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Curtin JF, Liu N, Candolfi M, Xiong W, Assi H, Yagiz K, Edwards MR, Michelsen KS, Kroeger KM, Liu C, Muhammad AKMG, Clark MC, Arditi M, Comin-Anduix B, Ribas A, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. HMGB1 mediates endogenous TLR2 activation and brain tumor regression. PLoS Med 2009; 6:e10. [PMID: 19143470 PMCID: PMC2621261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor that carries a 5-y survival rate of 5%. Attempts at eliciting a clinically relevant anti-GBM immune response in brain tumor patients have met with limited success, which is due to brain immune privilege, tumor immune evasion, and a paucity of dendritic cells (DCs) within the central nervous system. Herein we uncovered a novel pathway for the activation of an effective anti-GBM immune response mediated by high-mobility-group box 1 (HMGB1), an alarmin protein released from dying tumor cells, which acts as an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling on bone marrow-derived GBM-infiltrating DCs. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using a combined immunotherapy/conditional cytotoxic approach that utilizes adenoviral vectors (Ad) expressing Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) and thymidine kinase (TK) delivered into the tumor mass, we demonstrated that CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were required for tumor regression and immunological memory. Increased numbers of bone marrow-derived, tumor-infiltrating myeloid DCs (mDCs) were observed in response to the therapy. Infiltration of mDCs into the GBM, clonal expansion of antitumor T cells, and induction of an effective anti-GBM immune response were TLR2 dependent. We then proceeded to identify the endogenous ligand responsible for TLR2 signaling on tumor-infiltrating mDCs. We demonstrated that HMGB1 was released from dying tumor cells, in response to Ad-TK (+ gancyclovir [GCV]) treatment. Increased levels of HMGB1 were also detected in the serum of tumor-bearing Ad-Flt3L/Ad-TK (+GCV)-treated mice. Specific activation of TLR2 signaling was induced by supernatants from Ad-TK (+GCV)-treated GBM cells; this activation was blocked by glycyrrhizin (a specific HMGB1 inhibitor) or with antibodies to HMGB1. HMGB1 was also released from melanoma, small cell lung carcinoma, and glioma cells treated with radiation or temozolomide. Administration of either glycyrrhizin or anti-HMGB1 immunoglobulins to tumor-bearing Ad-Flt3L and Ad-TK treated mice, abolished therapeutic efficacy, highlighting the critical role played by HMGB1-mediated TLR2 signaling to elicit tumor regression. Therapeutic efficacy of Ad-Flt3L and Ad-TK (+GCV) treatment was demonstrated in a second glioma model and in an intracranial melanoma model with concomitant increases in the levels of circulating HMGB1. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence for the molecular and cellular mechanisms that support the rationale for the clinical implementation of antibrain cancer immunotherapies in combination with tumor killing approaches in order to elicit effective antitumor immune responses, and thus, will impact clinical neuro-oncology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Curtin
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Naiyou Liu
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Weidong Xiong
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hikmat Assi
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kader Yagiz
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew R Edwards
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kathrin S Michelsen
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kurt M Kroeger
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - A. K. M. Ghulam Muhammad
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mary C Clark
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Begonya Comin-Anduix
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- The Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Maria G Castro
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- The Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Curtin JF, Fakhouri TM, Candolfi M, Alden A, Edwards MR, Liu C, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Depletion of CD25+ T cells inhibits CD8+ T cells clonal expansion and glioblastoma multiforme regression. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.2_supplement.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James F Curtin
- Gene Therapeutics Research InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| | - Tamer M Fakhouri
- Gene Therapeutics Research InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Gene Therapeutics Research InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| | - Anderson Alden
- Gene Therapeutics Research InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| | - Matthew R Edwards
- Gene Therapeutics Research InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Gene Therapeutics Research InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Gene Therapeutics Research InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Gene Therapeutics Research InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
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Curtin JF, Edwards MR, Michelsen KS, Kroeger KM, Candolfi M, Liu C, Clark MC, Arditi M, Comin‐Andiux B, Ribas A, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. HMGB1 Mediates Endogenous TLR2 Activation And Brain Tumor Regression. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.2_supplement.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
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Edwards MR, Terry J, Gibbs J, Bridle S. Proximal anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture in a skeletally immature athlete: a case report and method of physeal sparing repair. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007; 15:150-2. [PMID: 16937153 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-006-0154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in adulthood is relatively common and surgical reconstruction is frequently required to allow return to high-level activities. There is growing evidence to suggest that ACL rupture in children is more common than previously thought and a poor outcome is associated with conservative management. The site of rupture in childhood is predominantly tibial avulsion, but mid-substance tears have also been reported. We report a case of a proximal ACL avulsion in an 11-year-old athlete and discuss a method of extra-physeal repair. There are very few previous reports of proximal avulsion fractures in skeletally immature patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Edwards
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, South East Thames Rotation, London, UK.
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Khaitov MR, Laza-Stantca V, Edwards MR, Johnston SL. [Production of alpha-, beta-, and lambda-interferons by epithelial and mononuclear cells during acute respiratory viral infection]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2006:63-9. [PMID: 17297883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Role of several types of cells (human broncho-epithelial cells, BEAS-2B cell line, and mononuclear cells as model of macrophages) in production of alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferons during acute respiratory viral infection was studied. Kits for detection of these interferons by quantitative PCR assay has been developed. In human broncho-epithelial cells respiratory viruses induced statistically significant expression of alpha-interferon mRNA at 8 hours after infection, beta-interferon mRNA--at 24 hours after infection, IL-29 mRNA (lambda-interferon) - at 24 hours after infection, IL-28 mRNA (lambda-interferon) - at 8 and 24 hours after infection. In BEAS-2B cell line induction of alpha-interferon mRNA expression was observed at 8 hours after infection, beta-interferon mRNA expression - at 24 hours after infection, IL-29 mRNA (lambda-interferon) expression - at 8 and 24 hours after viral challenge. Production of beta- and lambda-interferons by ELISA at 24 hours after infection has been detected. When polymorphonuclear cells were challenged, induction of alpha-, beta-, and lambda-interferons expression was observed at 8 hours after infection. Production of alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferons has been detected by ELISA at 24 hours after infection by rhinovirus 16.
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Edwards MR, Overstall S, Green DS. Response to: Accidental Epipen injection into a digit--the value of a Google search. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2004; 86:490. [PMID: 16761340 PMCID: PMC1964275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
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Edwards MR, Tibrewal S. Patello-femoral joint pain due to unusual location of localised pigmented villonodular synovitis-a case report. Knee 2004; 11:327-9. [PMID: 15261222 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0160(03)00078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2003] [Accepted: 04/11/2003] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Localised pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a rare condition usually affecting the knee. It can be a difficult condition to manage with an average delay in diagnosis of 4.4 years. We describe a case of a localised PVNS lesion interposed between the patello-femoral joint, presenting as 'anterior knee pain'. To our knowledge this has not previously been reported. The lesion was completely excised at arthroscopy resulting in complete resolution of symptoms. Solitary lesions of PVNS should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained 'anterior knee pain'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Edwards
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
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Lloyd D, Harris JC, Biagini GA, Hughes MR, Maroulis S, Bernard C, Wadley RB, Edwards MR. The plasma membrane of microaerophilic protists: oxidative and nitrosative stress. Microbiology (Reading) 2004; 150:1183-1190. [PMID: 15133079 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The trans-plasma-membrane electrochemical potential of microaerophilic protists was monitored by the use of voltage-sensitive charged lipophilic fluorophores; of the many available probes, the anionic oxonol dye bis(1,3-dibarbituric acid)-trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4(3)] is an example of one which has been successfully employed using fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser-scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. Several microaerophilic protists have been investigated with this dye; these were Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Tritrichomonas foetus, Hexamita inflata and Mastigamoeba punctachora. Under conditions where they exhibit normal vitality, these organisms exclude DiBAC4(3) by virtue of their maintenance of a plasma-membrane potential (negative inside). Uptake of the fluorophore is indicative of disturbance to this membrane (i.e. by inhibition of pump/leak balance, blockage of channels or generation of ionic leaks), and is indicative of metabolic perturbation or environmental stress. Here, it is shown that oxidative or nitrosative stress depolarizes the plasma membranes of the aforementioned O2-sensitive organisms and allows DiBAC4(3) influx. Oxonol uptake thereby provides a sensitive and early indication of plasma-membrane perturbation by agents that may lead to cytotoxicity and eventually to cell death by necrotic or apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lloyd
- Microbiology (BIOSI 1) Main Building, Cardiff University, PO Box 915, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK
| | - J C Harris
- Microbiology (BIOSI 1) Main Building, Cardiff University, PO Box 915, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK
| | - G A Biagini
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - M R Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, King's College University of London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - S Maroulis
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - C Bernard
- School of Science, Parramatta Campus, University of Western Sydney, Australia
| | - R B Wadley
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - M R Edwards
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
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Abstract
AIMS To investigate the antigiardial properties of the nitrosating agents: sodium nitrite, sodium nitroprusside and Roussin's black salt. METHODS AND RESULTS Use of confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry indicated permeabilization of the plasma membrane to the anionic fluorophore, DiBAC4(3) [bis(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol]. Loss of plasma membrane electrochemical potential was accompanied by loss of regulated cellular volume control. Changes in ultrastructure revealed by electron microscopy and capacity for oxygen consumption, were also consequences of nitrosative stress. Roussin's black salt (RBS), active at micromolar concentrations was the most potent of the three agents tested. CONCLUSIONS These multitargeted cytotoxic agents affected plasma membrane functions, inhibited cellular functions in Giardia intestinalis and led to loss of viability. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Nitrosative damage, as an antigiardial strategy, may have implications for development of chemotherapy along with suggesting natural host defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lloyd
- Department of Microbiology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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Abstract
The immunoglobulin repertoire arises as a consequence of combinatorial diversity, junctional diversity, and the process of somatic point mutation. Each of these processes involves biases that limit and shape the available immunoglobulin repertoire. The expressed repertoire is further shaped by selection, to the extent that biased gene usage can become apparent in many disease states. The study of rearranged immunoglobulin genes therefore may not only provide insights into the molecular processes involved in the generation of antibody diversity but also inform us of pathogenic processes and perhaps identify particular lymphocyte clones as therapeutic targets. Partly as a consequence of the low numbers of circulating IgE-committed B-cells, studies of rearranged IgE genes in allergic individuals have commenced relatively recently. In this review, recent advances in our understanding of the processes of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and somatic point mutation are described, and biases inherent to these processes are discussed. The evidence that some diseases may be associated with particular gene rearrangements is then considered, with a particular focus on allergic disease. Reviewed data suggest that an important contribution to the IgE response may come from cells that use relatively rare heavy chain V (V(H)) segment genes, which display little somatic point mutation. Some IgE antibodies also seem to display polyreactive binding. In other contexts, these 3 characteristics have been associated with antibodies of the B-1 B-cell subset, and the possibility that B-1 B-cells contribute to the allergic response is therefore considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Collins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Edwards MR, Siddiqui MN. The open abdomen--a simple cost-effective technique for laparostomy management. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2003; 85:281-2. [PMID: 12908470 PMCID: PMC1964386 DOI: 10.1308/003588403766275051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M R Edwards
- Department of General Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Hughson RL, Shoemaker JK, Topor ZL, Edwards MR, O'Leary DD, Lin DC, Gelb AW. Optimizing an LBNP protocol to test cardiopulmonary and arterial baroreflex control of vascular resistance. J Gravit Physiol 2002; 9:P73-4. [PMID: 14976999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Hughson
- Cardiorespiratory & Vascular Dynamics Lab, Univ. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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