1
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Laan M, Giraud M, Irla M. Editorial: Thymic function at single cell resolution. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1358957. [PMID: 38259446 PMCID: PMC10801162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1358957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martti Laan
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- INSERM, Nantes Université, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), CNRS, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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2
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Schinzer D, Munt M, Spieß O, Indolese A, Roux L, Giraud M. Short and Scalable Synthesis of Plant‐Based Cholesterol in GMP Grade. Adv Synth Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202300103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxim Munt
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg GERMANY
| | | | | | - Lionel Roux
- Corden Pharma International GmbH SWITZERLAND
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3
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Provin N, Giraud M. Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Thymic Epithelial Cells and Generation of Thymic Organoids: Applications for Therapeutic Strategies Against APECED. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930963. [PMID: 35844523 PMCID: PMC9277542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ essential for the induction of central immune tolerance. Maturing T cells undergo several steps of expansion and selection mediated by thymic epithelial cells (TECs). In APECED and other congenital pathologies, a deficiency in genes that regulate TEC development or their ability to select non auto-reactive thymocytes results in a defective immune balance, and consequently in a general autoimmune syndrome. Restoration of thymic function is thus crucial for the emergence of curative treatments. The last decade has seen remarkable progress in both gene editing and pluripotent stem cell differentiation, with the emergence of CRISPR-based gene correction, the trivialization of reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) and their subsequent differentiation into multiple cellular fates. The combination of these two approaches has paved the way to the generation of genetically corrected thymic organoids and their use to control thymic genetic pathologies affecting self-tolerance. Here we review the recent advances in differentiation of iPSc into TECs and the ability of the latter to support a proper and efficient maturation of thymocytes into functional and non-autoreactive T cells. A special focus is given on thymus organogenesis and pathway modulation during iPSc differentiation, on the impact of the 2/3D structure on the generated TECs, and on perspectives for therapeutic strategies in APECED based on patient-derived iPSc corrected for AIRE gene mutations.
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4
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Charaix J, Borelli A, Santamaria JC, Chasson L, Giraud M, Sergé A, Irla M. Recirculating Foxp3 + regulatory T cells are restimulated in the thymus under Aire control. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:355. [PMID: 35678896 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thymically-derived Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) critically control immunological tolerance. These cells are generated in the medulla through high affinity interactions with medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) expressing the Autoimmune regulator (Aire). Recent advances have revealed that thymic Treg contain not only developing but also recirculating cells from the periphery. Although Aire is implicated in the generation of Foxp3+ Treg, its role in the biology of recirculating Treg remains elusive. Here, we show that Aire regulates the suppressive signature of recirculating Treg independently of the remodeling of the medullary 3D organization throughout life where Treg reside. Accordingly, the adoptive transfer of peripheral Foxp3+ Treg in AireKO recipients led to an impaired suppressive signature upon their entry into the thymus. Furthermore, recirculating Treg from AireKO mice failed to attenuate the severity of multiorgan autoimmunity, demonstrating that their suppressive function is altered. Using bone marrow chimeras, we reveal that mTEC-specific expression of Aire controls the suppressive signature of recirculating Treg. Finally, mature mTEC lacking Aire were inefficient in stimulating peripheral Treg both in polyclonal and antigen-specific co-culture assays. Overall, this study demonstrates that Aire confers to mTEC the ability to restimulate recirculating Treg, unravelling a novel function for this master regulator in Treg biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Charaix
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Alexia Borelli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Jérémy C Santamaria
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Chasson
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, INSERM, Nantes Université, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Arnauld Sergé
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Laboratoire adhésion inflammation (LAI), CNRS, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.
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5
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Padonou F, Gonzalez V, Provin N, Yayilkan S, Jmari N, Maslovskaja J, Kisand K, Peterson P, Irla M, Giraud M. Aire-dependent transcripts escape Raver2-induced splice-event inclusion in the thymic epithelium. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53576. [PMID: 35037357 PMCID: PMC8892270 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aire allows medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) to express and present a large number of self-antigens for central tolerance. Although mTECs express a high diversity of self-antigen splice isoforms, the extent and regulation of alternative splicing events (ASEs) in their transcripts, notably in those induced by Aire, is unknown. In contrast to Aire-neutral genes, we find that transcripts of Aire-sensitive genes show only a low number of ASEs in mTECs, with about a quarter present in peripheral tissues excluded from the thymus. We identify Raver2, as a splicing-related factor overexpressed in mTECs and dependent on H3K36me3 marks, that promotes ASEs in transcripts of Aire-neutral genes, leaving Aire-sensitive ones unaffected. H3K36me3 profiling reveals its depletion at Aire-sensitive genes and supports a mechanism that is preceding Aire expression leading to transcripts of Aire-sensitive genes with low ASEs that escape Raver2-induced alternative splicing. The lack of ASEs in Aire-induced transcripts would result in an incomplete Aire-dependent negative selection of autoreactive T cells, thus highlighting the need of complementary tolerance mechanisms to prevent activation of these cells in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Padonou
- Nantes UniversitéINSERMCenter for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064NantesFrance,Institut CochinINSERMCNRSParis UniversitéParisFrance
| | | | - Nathan Provin
- Nantes UniversitéINSERMCenter for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064NantesFrance
| | - Sümeyye Yayilkan
- Nantes UniversitéINSERMCenter for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064NantesFrance
| | - Nada Jmari
- Institut CochinINSERMCNRSParis UniversitéParisFrance
| | | | - Kai Kisand
- Molecular Pathology Research GroupUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Molecular Pathology Research GroupUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Magali Irla
- Aix‐Marseille UniversitéCNRSINSERMCIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyMarseilleFrance
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Nantes UniversitéINSERMCenter for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064NantesFrance,Institut CochinINSERMCNRSParis UniversitéParisFrance
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6
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Lopes N, Boucherit N, Santamaria JC, Provin N, Charaix J, Ferrier P, Giraud M, Irla M. Thymocytes trigger self-antigen-controlling pathways in immature medullary thymic epithelial stages. eLife 2022; 11:69982. [PMID: 35188458 PMCID: PMC8860447 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of developing T cells with Aire+ medullary thymic epithelial cells expressing high levels of MHCII molecules (mTEChi) are critical for the induction of central tolerance in the thymus. In turn, thymocytes regulate the cellularity of Aire+ mTEChi. However, it remains unknown whether thymocytes control the precursors of Aire+ mTEChi that are contained in mTEClo cells or other mTEClo subsets that have recently been delineated by single-cell transcriptomic analyses. Here, using three distinct transgenic mouse models, in which antigen presentation between mTECs and CD4+ thymocytes is perturbed, we show by high-throughput RNA-seq that self-reactive CD4+ thymocytes induce key transcriptional regulators in mTEClo and control the composition of mTEClo subsets, including Aire+ mTEChi precursors, post-Aire and tuft-like mTECs. Furthermore, these interactions upregulate the expression of tissue-restricted self-antigens, cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules important for T-cell development. This gene activation program induced in mTEClo is combined with a global increase of the active H3K4me3 histone mark. Finally, we demonstrate that these self-reactive interactions between CD4+ thymocytes and mTECs critically prevent multiorgan autoimmunity. Our genome-wide study thus reveals that self-reactive CD4+ thymocytes control multiple unsuspected facets from immature stages of mTECs, which determines their heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noella Lopes
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Boucherit
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Jérémy C Santamaria
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Nathan Provin
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Jonathan Charaix
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Ferrier
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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7
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Azoury ME, Samassa F, Buitinga M, Nigi L, Brusco N, Callebaut A, Giraud M, Irla M, Lalanne AI, Carré A, Afonso G, Zhou Z, Brandao B, Colli ML, Sebastiani G, Dotta F, Nakayama M, Eizirik DL, You S, Pinto S, Mamula MJ, Verdier Y, Vinh J, Buus S, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Mallone R. CD8 + T Cells Variably Recognize Native Versus Citrullinated GRP78 Epitopes in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:2879-2891. [PMID: 34561224 PMCID: PMC8660990 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, autoimmune β-cell destruction may be favored by neoantigens harboring posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as citrullination. We studied the recognition of native and citrullinated glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78 peptides by CD8+ T cells. Citrullination modulated T-cell recognition and, to a lesser extent, HLA-A2 binding. GRP78-reactive CD8+ T cells circulated at similar frequencies in healthy donors and donors with type 1 diabetes and preferentially recognized either native or citrullinated versions, without cross-reactivity. Rather, the preference for native GRP78 epitopes was associated with CD8+ T cells cross-reactive with bacterial mimotopes. In the pancreas, a dominant GRP78 peptide was instead preferentially recognized when citrullinated. To further clarify these recognition patterns, we considered the possibility of citrullination in the thymus. Citrullinating peptidylarginine deiminase (Padi) enzymes were expressed in murine and human medullary epithelial cells (mTECs), with citrullinated proteins detected in murine mTECs. However, Padi2 and Padi4 expression was diminished in mature mTECs from NOD mice versus C57BL/6 mice. We conclude that, on one hand, the CD8+ T cell preference for native GRP78 peptides may be shaped by cross-reactivity with bacterial mimotopes. On the other hand, PTMs may not invariably favor loss of tolerance because thymic citrullination, although impaired in NOD mice, may drive deletion of citrulline-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mijke Buitinga
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Nigi
- Toscana Life Sciences, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Noemi Brusco
- Toscana Life Sciences, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Aïsha Callebaut
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, INSERM UMR1064, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Ana Ines Lalanne
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Alexia Carré
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Afonso
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Brandao
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Maikel L Colli
- Medical Faculty, Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Toscana Life Sciences, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Toscana Life Sciences, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- Medical Faculty, Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Sheena Pinto
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Yann Verdier
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France
| | - Soren Buus
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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8
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Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is a rare life-threatening autoimmune disease that attacks multiple organs and has its onset in childhood. It is an inherited condition caused by a variety of mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene that encodes a protein whose function has been uncovered by the generation and study of Aire-KO mice. These provided invaluable insights into the link between AIRE expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), and the broad spectrum of self-antigens that these cells express and present to the developing thymocytes. However, these murine models poorly recapitulate all phenotypic aspects of human APECED. Unlike Aire-KO mice, the recently generated Aire-KO rat model presents visual features, organ lymphocytic infiltrations and production of autoantibodies that resemble those observed in APECED patients, making the rat model a main research asset. In addition, ex vivo models of AIRE-dependent self-antigen expression in primary mTECs have been successfully set up. Thymus organoids based on pluripotent stem cell-derived TECs from APECED patients are also emerging, and constitute a promising tool to engineer AIRE-corrected mTECs and restore the generation of regulatory T cells. Eventually, these new models will undoubtedly lead to main advances in the identification and assessment of specific and efficient new therapeutic strategies aiming to restore immunological tolerance in APECED patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Besnard
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Francine Padonou
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Nathan Provin
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France
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9
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Guyon C, Jmari N, Padonou F, Li YC, Ucar O, Fujikado N, Coulpier F, Blanchet C, Root DE, Giraud M. Aire-dependent genes undergo Clp1-mediated 3'UTR shortening associated with higher transcript stability in the thymus. eLife 2020; 9:52985. [PMID: 32338592 PMCID: PMC7205469 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the immune system to avoid autoimmune disease relies on tolerization of thymocytes to self-antigens whose expression and presentation by thymic medullary epithelial cells (mTECs) is controlled predominantly by Aire at the transcriptional level and possibly regulated at other unrecognized levels. Aire-sensitive gene expression is influenced by several molecular factors, some of which belong to the 3'end processing complex, suggesting they might impact transcript stability and levels through an effect on 3'UTR shortening. We discovered that Aire-sensitive genes display a pronounced preference for short-3'UTR transcript isoforms in mTECs, a feature preceding Aire's expression and correlated with the preferential selection of proximal polyA sites by the 3'end processing complex. Through an RNAi screen and generation of a lentigenic mouse, we found that one factor, Clp1, promotes 3'UTR shortening associated with higher transcript stability and expression of Aire-sensitive genes, revealing a post-transcriptional level of control of Aire-activated expression in mTECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Guyon
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nada Jmari
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Francine Padonou
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Yen-Chin Li
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olga Ucar
- Division of Developmental Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Noriyuki Fujikado
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Plateforme Génomique, Paris, France
| | | | - David E Root
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000, Nantes, France
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10
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Marin E, Bouchet-Delbos L, Renoult O, Louvet C, Nerriere-Daguin V, Managh AJ, Even A, Giraud M, Vu Manh TP, Aguesse A, Bériou G, Chiffoleau E, Alliot-Licht B, Prieur X, Croyal M, Hutchinson JA, Obermajer N, Geissler EK, Vanhove B, Blancho G, Dalod M, Josien R, Pecqueur C, Cuturi MC, Moreau A. Human Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Regulate Immune Responses through Lactate Synthesis. Cell Metab 2019; 30:1075-1090.e8. [PMID: 31801055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy is a promising strategy for treating patients suffering from autoimmune or inflammatory diseases or receiving a transplant. Based on our preclinical studies, we have generated human autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells (ATDCs), which are being tested in a first-in-man clinical trial in kidney transplant recipients. Here, we report that ATDCs represent a unique subset of monocyte-derived cells based on phenotypic, transcriptomic, and metabolic analyses. ATDCs are characterized by their suppression of T cell proliferation and their expansion of Tregs through secreted factors. ATDCs produce high levels of lactate that shape T cell responses toward tolerance. Indeed, T cells take up ATDC-secreted lactate, leading to a decrease of their glycolysis. In vivo, ATDCs promote elevated levels of circulating lactate and delay graft-versus-host disease by reducing T cell proliferative capacity. The suppression of T cell immunity through lactate production by ATDCs is a novel mechanism that distinguishes ATDCs from other cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Marin
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Bouchet-Delbos
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Ophélie Renoult
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes-Angers UMR1232, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Louvet
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Nerriere-Daguin
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Amy J Managh
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Amandine Even
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Thien Phong Vu Manh
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Aguesse
- UMR 1280 PhAN, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, INRA, CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, Nantes, France
| | - Gaelle Bériou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Elise Chiffoleau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Brigitte Alliot-Licht
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France; Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Xavier Prieur
- Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Mikael Croyal
- UMR 1280 PhAN, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, INRA, CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, Nantes, France
| | - James A Hutchinson
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Natasa Obermajer
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward K Geissler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernard Vanhove
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Blancho
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Dalod
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Régis Josien
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Pecqueur
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes-Angers UMR1232, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Maria-Cristina Cuturi
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Aurélie Moreau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France.
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11
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Fiévet F, Ammar-Merah S, Brayner R, Chau F, Giraud M, Mammeri F, Peron J, Piquemal JY, Sicard L, Viau G. The polyol process: a unique method for easy access to metal nanoparticles with tailored sizes, shapes and compositions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5187-5233. [PMID: 29901663 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00777a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
After about three decades of development, the polyol process is now widely recognized and practised as a unique soft chemical method for the preparation of a large variety of nanoparticles which can be used in important technological fields. It offers many advantages: low cost, ease of use and, very importantly, already proven scalability for industrial applications. Among the different classes of inorganic nanoparticles which can be prepared in liquid polyols, metals were the first reported. This review aims to give a comprehensive account of the strategies used to prepare monometallic nanoparticles and multimetallic materials with tailored size and shape. As regards monometallic materials, while the preparation of noble as well as ferromagnetic metals is now clearly established, the scope of the polyol process has been extended to the preparation of more electropositive metals, such as post-transition metals and semi-metals. The potential of this method is also clearly displayed for the preparation of alloys, intermetallics and core-shell nanostructures with a very large diversity of compositions and architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fiévet
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue J.-A. de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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12
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Boisseau P, Debord C, Eveillard M, Quéméner A, Sigaud M, Giraud M, Talarmain P, Thomas C, Landeau G, Bezieau S, Petesch BP, Béné MC, Fouassier M. Two novel variants of uncertain significance in GP9 associated with Bernard–Soulier syndrome: Are they true mutations? Platelets 2017; 29:316-318. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1371288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Boisseau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - C. Debord
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M. Eveillard
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - A. Quéméner
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M. Sigaud
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre Régional de Traitement des Hémophiles, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M. Giraud
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - P. Talarmain
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - C. Thomas
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - G. Landeau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - S. Bezieau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - B. Pan Petesch
- Centre Régional de Traitement des Hémophiles, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - M. C. Béné
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M. Fouassier
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre Régional de Traitement des Hémophiles, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
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13
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Boudesocque L, Forni L, Martinez A, Nuzillard JM, Giraud M, Renault JH. Purification of dirucotide, a synthetic 17-aminoacid peptide, by ion exchange centrifugal partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:78-83. [PMID: 28739271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dirucotide is a synthetic drug candidate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. This 17-aminoacid peptide was successfully purified by ion exchange centrifugal partition chromatography. The optimized conditions involved the biphasic methyl tert-butyl ether/acetonitrile/n-butanol/water (2:1:2:5, v/v) solvent system in the descending mode, the di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid cation-exchanger with an exchanger (di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid)/dirucotide mole ratio of 100 and Ca2+ ions in aqueous solution as displacer. Critical impurities were efficiently eliminated and dirucotide was recovered in high yield and purity (69% and 98%, respectively) and with a productivity of 2.29g per liter of stationary phase per hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Boudesocque
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims UMR CNRS 7312, SFR Cap'Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; UMR INRA 1282 Infectiologie Santé Publique, Université de Tours François Rabelais, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques Philippe Maupas, Tours, France
| | | | - Agathe Martinez
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims UMR CNRS 7312, SFR Cap'Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Jean-Marc Nuzillard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims UMR CNRS 7312, SFR Cap'Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Jean-Hugues Renault
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims UMR CNRS 7312, SFR Cap'Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.
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14
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Herzig Y, Nevo S, Bornstein C, Brezis MR, Ben-Hur S, Shkedy A, Eisenberg-Bord M, Levi B, Delacher M, Goldfarb Y, David E, Weinberger L, Viukov S, Ben-Dor S, Giraud M, Hanna JH, Breiling A, Lyko F, Amit I, Feuerer M, Abramson J. Transcriptional programs that control expression of the autoimmune regulator gene Aire. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:161-172. [PMID: 27941786 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aire is a transcriptional regulator that induces promiscuous expression of thousands of genes encoding tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). While the target genes of Aire are well characterized, the transcriptional programs that regulate its own expression have remained elusive. Here we comprehensively analyzed both cis-acting and trans-acting regulatory mechanisms and found that the Aire locus was insulated by the global chromatin organizer CTCF and was hypermethylated in cells and tissues that did not express Aire. In mTECs, however, Aire expression was facilitated by concurrent eviction of CTCF, specific demethylation of exon 2 and the proximal promoter, and the coordinated action of several transcription activators, including Irf4, Irf8, Tbx21, Tcf7 and Ctcfl, which acted on mTEC-specific accessible regions in the Aire locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Herzig
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shir Nevo
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chamutal Bornstein
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Miriam R Brezis
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sharon Ben-Hur
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aya Shkedy
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Ben Levi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Delacher
- Research Group Immune Tolerance, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yael Goldfarb
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leehee Weinberger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Viukov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Bioinformatics Unit, Biological Services Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Achim Breiling
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Lyko
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Research Group Immune Tolerance, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakub Abramson
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Danan-Gotthold M, Guyon C, Giraud M, Levanon EY, Abramson J. Extensive RNA editing and splicing increase immune self-representation diversity in medullary thymic epithelial cells. Genome Biol 2016; 17:219. [PMID: 27776542 PMCID: PMC5078920 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In order to become functionally competent but harmless mediators of the immune system, T cells undergo a strict educational program in the thymus, where they learn to discriminate between self and non-self. This educational program is, to a large extent, mediated by medullary thymic epithelial cells that have a unique capacity to express, and subsequently present, a large fraction of body antigens. While the scope of promiscuously expressed genes by medullary thymic epithelial cells is well-established, relatively little is known about the expression of variants that are generated by co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Results Our study reveals that in comparison to other cell types, medullary thymic epithelial cells display significantly higher levels of alternative splicing, as well as A-to-I and C-to-U RNA editing, which thereby further expand the diversity of their self-antigen repertoire. Interestingly, Aire, the key mediator of promiscuous gene expression in these cells, plays a limited role in the regulation of these transcriptional processes. Conclusions Our results highlight RNA processing as another layer by which the immune system assures a comprehensive self-representation in the thymus which is required for the establishment of self-tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1079-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Danan-Gotthold
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Clotilde Guyon
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Erez Y Levanon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel.
| | - Jakub Abramson
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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16
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Giraud M, Gaultier J, Vergnon D, Chalayer E, Cathébras P. Scléroedème de Buschke révélateur d’un lymphome T. Rev Med Interne 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Abstract
In the fight against antibiotic resistance, gold nanoparticles (AuNP) with antibiotics grafted on their surfaces have been found to be potent agents. Ampicillin-conjugated AuNPs have been thus reported to overcome highly ampicillin-resistant bacteria. However, the structure at the atomic scale of these hybrid systems remains misunderstood. In this paper, the structure of the interface between an ampicillin molecule AMP and three flat gold facets Au(111), Au(110) and Au(100) has been investigated with numerical simulations (dispersion-corrected DFT). Adsorption energies, bond distances and electron densities indicate that the adsorption of AMP on these facets goes through multiple partially covalent bonding. The stability of the AuNP/AMP nanoconjugates is explained by large adsorption energies and their potential antibacterial activity is discussed on the basis of the constrained spatial orientation of the grafted antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tarrat
- CEMES CNRS UPR 8011 and Université de Toulouse, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
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18
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Chuprin A, Avin A, Goldfarb Y, Herzig Y, Levi B, Jacob A, Sela A, Katz S, Grossman M, Guyon C, Rathaus M, Cohen HY, Sagi I, Giraud M, McBurney MW, Husebye ES, Abramson J. The deacetylase Sirt1 is an essential regulator of Aire-mediated induction of central immunological tolerance. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:737-45. [PMID: 26006015 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aire is a transcriptional regulator that induces the promiscuous expression of thousands of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), a step critical for the induction of immunological self-tolerance. Studies have offered molecular insights into how Aire operates, but more comprehensive understanding of this process still remains elusive. Here we found abundant expression of the protein deacetylase Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) in mature Aire(+) mTECs, wherein it was required for the expression of Aire-dependent TRA-encoding genes and the subsequent induction of immunological self-tolerance. Our study elucidates a previously unknown molecular mechanism for Aire-mediated transcriptional regulation and identifies a unique function for Sirt1 in preventing organ-specific autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chuprin
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ayelet Avin
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Goldfarb
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yonatan Herzig
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ben Levi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Jacob
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaf Sela
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shir Katz
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moran Grossman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Clotilde Guyon
- Department of Immunology, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Moran Rathaus
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Haim Y Cohen
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Department of Immunology, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Eystein S Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jakub Abramson
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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19
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Arismendi M, Giraud M, Ruzehaji N, Dieudé P, Koumakis E, Ruiz B, Airo P, Cusi D, Matucci-Cerinic M, Salvi E, Cuomo G, Hachulla E, Diot E, Caramaschi P, Riccieri V, Avouac J, Kayser C, Allanore Y. Identification of NF-κB and PLCL2 as new susceptibility genes and highlights on a potential role of IRF8 through interferon signature modulation in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:71. [PMID: 25880423 PMCID: PMC4422604 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic sclerosis (SSc) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) are rare polygenic autoimmune diseases (AIDs) characterized by fibroblast dysfunction. Furthermore, both diseases share some genetic bases with other AIDs, as evidenced by autoimmune gene pleiotropism. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified by a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) in PBC might contribute to SSc susceptibility. METHODS Sixteen PBC susceptibility SNPs were genotyped in a total of 1,616 patients with SSc and 3,621 healthy controls from two European populations (France and Italy). RESULTS We observed an association between PLCL2 rs1372072 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12 to 1.33, P adj = 7.22 × 10(-5)), nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) rs7665090 (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.25, P adj = 0.01), and IRF8 rs11117432 (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.86, P adj = 2.49 × 10(-4)) with SSc susceptibility. Furthermore, phenotype stratification showed an association between rs1372072 and rs11117432 with the limited cutaneous subgroup (lcSSc) (P adj = 4.45 × 10(-4) and P adj = 0.001), whereas rs7665090 was associated with the diffuse cutaneous subtype (dcSSc) (P adj = 0.003). Genotype-mRNA expression correlation analysis revealed that the IRF8 protective allele was associated with increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) expression (P = 0.03) in patients with SSc but decreased type I IFN (IFIT1) expression in patients and controls (P = 0.02). In addition, we found an epistatic interaction between NF-κB and IRF8 (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.74, P = 4 × 10(-4)) which in turn revealed that the IRF8 protective effect is dependent on the presence of the NF-κB susceptibility allele. CONCLUSIONS An analysis of pleiotropic genes identified two new susceptibility genes for SSc (NF-κB and PLCL2) and confirmed the IRF8 locus. Furthermore, the IRF8 variant influenced the IFN signature, and we found an interaction between IRF8 and NF-κB gene variants that might play a role in SSc susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arismendi
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, 70040-020, Brazil.
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Nadira Ruzehaji
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Dieudé
- Paris Diderot University, Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France. .,Paris Diderot University, INSERM U699, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France.
| | - Eugenie Koumakis
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Barbara Ruiz
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Paolo Airo
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Daniele Cusi
- University of Milano, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry San Paolo & Genomics and Bioinformatics Platform, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Biomedicine & Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Department of Rheumatology AVC, Department of Medicine & Denothe Centre, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Erika Salvi
- University of Milano, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry San Paolo & Genomics and Bioinformatics Platform, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Cuomo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Eric Hachulla
- Université Lille II, Médecine Interne, Lille, France.
| | | | - Paola Caramaschi
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Valeria Riccieri
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Clinic and Therapy, University "Sapienza" of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Jérôme Avouac
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,Paris Descartes University, Rheumatology A Department, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.
| | - Cristiane Kayser
- Department of Rheumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Yannick Allanore
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,Paris Descartes University, Rheumatology A Department, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.
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Marcotte S, Poisson T, Portet-Koltalo F, Aubrays M, Basle J, de Bort M, Giraud M, Nguyen Hoang T, Octau C, Pasquereau J, Blondeel C. Evaluation of the PAH and water-extractable phenols content in used cross ties from the French rail network. Chemosphere 2014; 111:1-6. [PMID: 24997892 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recycling used railway sleepers is a major economic and environmental issue since nearly 50000 tons of those are incinerated every year in France. Therefore, it appeared essential to determine the real toxicity of sleepers and particularly for very old one. They are treated with creosote, which contains toxic and carcinogen compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aims at measuring the amount of 16 priority PAHs and water extractable phenols in 12 sleepers implemented between 1936 and 1978. Results showed that the creosote content was systematically far above 1000mgkg(-1), even after 76years ageing. Crossties should then be considered as a hazardous waste according to European regulations. Less creosote and PAHs were detected in the sleepers centers. Moreover, the fraction of volatile PAHs was lower in the surface part, due to their evaporation. It appeared that a long ageing process was not sufficient to remove the major part of volatile PAHs and that they could be yet released in the atmospheric environment. Moreover, most of the treated crossties contained huge amount of the highly toxic benzo[a]pyrene, between 179mgkg(-1) and up to 853mgkg(-1) in wood. In contrast, the study revealed that concentrations of water extractable phenols were well below European regulations (3% by mass of creosote).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marcotte
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR CNRS 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen et INSA de Rouen, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - T Poisson
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR CNRS 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen et INSA de Rouen, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - F Portet-Koltalo
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR CNRS 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen et INSA de Rouen, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - M Aubrays
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - J Basle
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - M de Bort
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - M Giraud
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - T Nguyen Hoang
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - C Octau
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - J Pasquereau
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - C Blondeel
- Réseau Ferré de France, Direction régionale Basse Normandie et Haute Normandie, 38 bis rue verte, 76000 Rouen, France
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Amarouche N, Boudesocque L, Borie N, Giraud M, Forni L, Butte A, Edwards F, Renault JH. New biphasic solvent system based on cyclopentyl methyl ether for the purification of a non-polar synthetic peptide by pH-zone refining centrifugal partition chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1222-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Amarouche
- ICMR UMR CNRS 7312; Institut de chimie moléculaire de Reims; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Reims France
| | - Leslie Boudesocque
- UMR INRA 1282 Infectiologie Santé Publique; Université de Tours François Rabelais; UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques Philippe Maupas; Tours France
| | - Nicolas Borie
- ICMR UMR CNRS 7312; Institut de chimie moléculaire de Reims; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Reims France
| | | | - Luciano Forni
- Lonza AG, Valais Works; Rottenstrasse; Visp Switzerland
| | | | - Florence Edwards
- ICMR UMR CNRS 7312; Institut de chimie moléculaire de Reims; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Reims France
| | - Jean-Hugues Renault
- ICMR UMR CNRS 7312; Institut de chimie moléculaire de Reims; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Reims France
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Amarouche N, Giraud M, Forni L, Butte A, Edwards F, Borie N, Renault JH. Two novel solvent system compositions for protected synthetic peptide purification by centrifugal partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1337:155-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Giraud M, Jmari N, Du L, Carallis F, Nieland TJF, Perez-Campo FM, Bensaude O, Root DE, Hacohen N, Mathis D, Benoist C. An RNAi screen for Aire cofactors reveals a role for Hnrnpl in polymerase release and Aire-activated ectopic transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1491-6. [PMID: 24434558 PMCID: PMC3910647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323535111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aire induces the expression of a large set of autoantigen genes in the thymus, driving immunological tolerance in maturing T cells. To determine the full spectrum of molecular mechanisms underlying the Aire transactivation function, we screened an AIRE-dependent gene-expression system with a genome-scale lentiviral shRNA library, targeting factors associated with chromatin architecture/function, transcription, and mRNA processing. Fifty-one functional allies were identified, with a preponderance of factors that impact transcriptional elongation compared with initiation, in particular members of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) involved in the release of "paused" RNA polymerases (CCNT2 and HEXIM1); mRNA processing and polyadenylation factors were also highlighted (HNRNPL/F, SFRS1, SFRS3, and CLP1). Aire's functional allies were validated on transfected and endogenous target genes, including the generation of lentigenic knockdown (KD) mice. We uncovered the effect of the splicing factor Hnrnpl on Aire-induced transcription. Transcripts sensitive to the P-TEFb inhibitor flavopiridol were reduced by Hnrnpl knockdown in thymic epithelial cells, independently of their dependence on Aire, therefore indicating a general effect of Hnrnpl on RNA elongation. This conclusion was substantiated by demonstration of HNRNPL interactions with P-TEFb components (CDK9, CCNT2, HEXIM1, and the small 7SK RNA). Aire-containing complexes include 7SK RNA, the latter interaction disrupted by HNRNPL knockdown, suggesting that HNRNPL may partake in delivering inactive P-TEFb to Aire. Thus, these results indicate that mRNA processing factors cooperate with Aire to release stalled polymerases and to activate ectopic expression of autoantigen genes in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Giraud
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Immunology, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Nada Jmari
- Department of Immunology, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lina Du
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Floriane Carallis
- Department of Immunology, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | - Flor M. Perez-Campo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla-Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, 39008 Santander, Spain; and
| | - Olivier Bensaude
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, INSERM U1024, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David E. Root
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Nir Hacohen
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Koumakis E, Giraud M, Dieudé P, Cuomo G, Airo P, Chiocchia G, Allanore Y. SAT0013 Candidate gene study in systemic sclerosis identifies a rare and functional variant of TNFAIP3 locus as a risk factor for individual polyautoimmunity. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Koumakis E, Giraud M, Dieudé P, Cohignac V, Cuomo G, Airò P, Hachulla E, Matucci-Cerinic M, Diot E, Caramaschi P, Mouthon L, Riccieri V, Cracowski JL, Tiev KP, Francès C, Amoura Z, Sibilia J, Cosnes A, Carpentier P, Valentini G, Manetti M, Guiducci S, Meyer O, Kahan A, Boileau C, Chiocchia G, Allanore Y. Brief report: candidate gene study in systemic sclerosis identifies a rare and functional variant of the TNFAIP3 locus as a risk factor for polyautoimmunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2746-52. [PMID: 22488580 DOI: 10.1002/art.34490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) share some pathophysiologic bases as evidenced by individual and familial polyautoimmunity and common susceptibility genetic factors. With regard to the latter, there has been a recent shift from the "common variant" to the "rare variant" paradigm, since rare variants of TNFAIP3 and TREX1 with large effect sizes have recently been discovered in SLE. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether rare variants of TNFAIP3 and TREX1 are also associated with SSc. METHODS TREX1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs3135946, rs7626978, rs3135943, and rs11797 and TNFAIP3 SNPs rs9494883, rs72063345, rs5029939, rs2230926, rs117480515, and rs7749323 were genotyped in a discovery set (985 SSc patients and 1,011 controls), and replication analysis of the most relevant results was performed in a second set (622 SSc patients and 493 controls). RESULTS No association between TREX1 variants and SSc was observed. For TNFAIP3, we first demonstrated that a low-frequency variant, rs117480515, tagged the recently identified TT>A SLE dinucleotide. In the discovery sample, we observed that all tested TNFAIP3 variants were in linkage disequilibrium and were associated with SSc and various SSc subsets, including the polyautoimmune phenotype. We subsequently genotyped rs117480515 in the replication sample and found it to be associated solely with the SSc polyautoimmune subset (odds ratio 3.51 [95% confidence interval 2.28-5.41], P = 8.58 × 10(-9) ) in the combined populations. Genotype-messenger RNA (mRNA) expression correlation analysis revealed that the TNFAIP3 rs117480515 risk allele was associated with decreased mRNA expression. CONCLUSION The present findings establish the TNFAIP3 locus as a susceptibility factor for the subset of SSc with a polyautoimmune phenotype. Our results support the implication of rare/low-frequency functional variants and the critical role of A20 in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugénie Koumakis
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, and Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Postma TM, Giraud M, Albericio F. Trimethoxyphenylthio as a Highly Labile Replacement for tert-Butylthio Cysteine Protection in Fmoc Solid Phase Synthesis. Org Lett 2012; 14:5468-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3025499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M. Postma
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, 08028, Spain, CIBER-BBN, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, Lonza Ltd., Visp, VS 3930, Switzerland, and School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu Natal, 4001-Durban, South Africa
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, 08028, Spain, CIBER-BBN, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, Lonza Ltd., Visp, VS 3930, Switzerland, and School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu Natal, 4001-Durban, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, 08028, Spain, CIBER-BBN, 08028-Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, Lonza Ltd., Visp, VS 3930, Switzerland, and School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu Natal, 4001-Durban, South Africa
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27
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Boudesocque L, Lameiras P, Amarouche N, Giraud M, Quattrini F, Garrity JM, Nuzillard JM, Renault JH. Ion-exchange centrifugal partition chromatography: a methodological approach for peptide separation. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1236:115-22. [PMID: 22436667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the scope and optimization strategies employed in ion-exchange centrifugal partition chromatography (IXCPC). Both the weak and the strong modes were used to separate the constituents of a model mixture of dipeptides. Thus, the combined use of the quaternary biphasic solvent system, methyl-tert-butylether/acetonitrile/n-butanol/water (2:1:2:5, v/v) in the descending mode, of the lipophilic di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA) cation-exchanger, and of two displacers: calcium chloride and hydrochloric acid, has proven to be efficient for the preparative separation of the model mixture of five dipeptides (GG, GY, AY, LV and LY, in the order they were collected). The separation was optimized by splitting the stationary phase into two sections that differed by their triethylamine concentration. Moreover, the chemical nature of the exchanger/analyte entities that were involved in the chromatographic process was determined by (31)P and (1)H DOSY NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Boudesocque
- ICMR UMR CNRS 6229, IFR 53 Interactions Cellules Microenvironnement, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Bât. 18, Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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Giraud M, Yoshida H, Abramson J, Rahl PB, Young RA, Mathis D, Benoist C. Aire unleashes stalled RNA polymerase to induce ectopic gene expression in thymic epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:535-40. [PMID: 22203960 PMCID: PMC3258631 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119351109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aire is a transcriptional regulator that induces expression of peripheral tissue antigens (PTA) in thymic medullary epithelial cells (MECs), driving immunological self-tolerance in differentiating T cells. To elucidate its mechanistic pathways, we examined its transcriptional impact in MECs in vivo by microarray analysis with mRNA-spanning probes. This analysis revealed initiation of Aire-activated genes to be comparable in Aire-deficient and wild-type MECs, but with a block to elongation after 50-100 bp in the absence of Aire, suggesting activation by release of stalled polymerases by Aire. In contrast, patterns of activation by transcription factors such as Klf4 were consistent with regulation of initiation. Mapping of Aire and RNA polymerase-II (Pol-II) by ChIP and high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) revealed that Aire bound all Pol-II-rich transcriptional start sites (TSS), irrespective of its eventual effect. However, the genes it preferentially activated were characterized by a relative surfeit of stalled polymerases at the TSS, which resolved once Aire was introduced into cells. Thus, transcript mapping and ChIP-seq data indicate that Aire activates ectopic transcription not through specific recognition of PTA gene promoters but by releasing stalled polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Giraud
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Hideyuki Yoshida
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Jakub Abramson
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | | | - Richard A. Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
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Góngora-Benítez M, Cristau M, Giraud M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. A universal strategy for preparing protected C-terminal peptides on the solid phase through an intramolecular click chemistry-based handle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2313-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aebi
- Traumatologic and Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinique du Pont-de-Chaume, 330, avenue Marcel-Unal, 82000 Montauban, France.
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31
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Jeannot C, Troucelier E, Mercusot A, Riedel M, Dijoux N, Mimran C, Petit B, Geoffroy O, Clerici G, Giraud M. [Interest of coronary flow reserve of the LAD during dobutamine stress echocardiography]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2011; 60:197-201. [PMID: 21665185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the value of the coronary flow reserve (CFR) in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) during dobutamine stress echocardiography in the diagnosis of significant LAD stenosis (more than 70%). METHOD Retrospective study of 81 patients with a positive stress echocardiography who underwent a coronarography. RESULTS Measurement of coronary flow reserve was able in half echocardiographic exams. Medium Pic diastolic velocity was 0.33 m/s (SD 0.20), medium maximal diastolic velocity during stress was 0.62 m/s (SD 0.20), medium CFR was 2.25 (SD 0.65). In 50 patients LAD was not seen; in five of them LAD was occluded. The predictive positive value (PPV) of a low coronary flow reserve to detect LAD stenosis is 66.7% and the negative predictive value (NPV) is 65.4%. An abnormal anterior contraction during stress echo with a low reserve has a PPV of 75% for the diagnosis of significant IVA stenosis and a normal contraction during stress with normal coronary flow reserve means a NPV of 65%. We did not show a significant correlation between low coronary flow and abnormal contraction during stress echocardiography (kappa 0.51). CONCLUSION Coronary flow reserve of LAD during stress echo is feasible but does not really improve exam performance to detect significant IVA stenosis. This measurement remains to be clear in coronary patients management.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jeannot
- Service de cardiologie, groupe hospitalier Sud-Réunion, Saint-Pierre cedex.
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Albuisson J, Isidor B, Giraud M, Pichon O, Marsaud T, David A, Le Caignec C, Bezieau S. Identification of two novel mutations in Shh long-range regulator associated with familial pre-axial polydactyly. Clin Genet 2011; 79:371-7. [PMID: 20569257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pre-axial polydactyly type II (PPDII, MIM #174500), Werner mesomelic syndrome (MIM %188770) and Haas polysyndactyly (MIM #186200) are a group of closely related conditions caused by mutations in a long-range Sonic hedgehog (SHH, MIM *600725) regulator called ZRS. To date, 19 point mutations, 10 duplications and 1 triplication of the ZRS associated with those pre-axial polydactylies have been reported in humans, mice, cats and chickens. Some of these have been shown to cause ectopic expression of Shh in the limb bud in mice, leading to a polydactylous phenotype, but the precise mechanism by which ZRS mutations generate this phenotype remains unknown. We present two PPDII families with fully penetrant point mutations in ultra-conserved predicted binding sites for transcription factors SOX9 and PAX3, two possible candidates for regulating SHH expression. Screening for point mutations or copy-number variation of the ZRS, high-resolution array-CGH, and screening of other conserved non-coding sequences (CNS) surrounding SHH in a third family are negative. This is the sixth PPDII pedigree with possible linkage to 7q36 that presents with no detectable ZRS mutation. We hypothesize that another nearby regulatory sequence, or an undetected position effect between ZRS and SHH, could be responsible for negative familial cases linked to 7q36.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Albuisson
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 9 quai Moncousu, Nantes Cedex 01, France
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Cai CQ, Zhang T, Breslin MB, Giraud M, Lan MS. Both polymorphic variable number of tandem repeats and autoimmune regulator modulate differential expression of insulin in human thymic epithelial cells. Diabetes 2011; 60:336-44. [PMID: 20876716 PMCID: PMC3012191 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polymorphic INS-VNTR plays an important role in regulating insulin transcript expression in the human thymus that leads to either insulin autoimmunity or tolerance. The molecular mechanisms underlying the INS-VNTR haplotype-dependent insulin expression are still unclear. In this study, we determined the mechanistic components underlying the differential insulin gene expression in human thymic epithelial cells, which should have profound effects on the insulin autoimmune tolerance induction. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A repetitive DNA region designated as a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) is located upstream of the human insulin gene and correlates with the incidence of type 1 diabetes. We generated six class I and two class III VNTR constructs linked to the human insulin basal promoter or SV40 heterologous promoter/enhancer and demonstrated that AIRE protein modulates the insulin promoter activities differentially through binding to the VNTR region. RESULTS Here we show that in the presence of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE), the class III VNTR haplotype is responsible for an average of three-fold higher insulin expression than class I VNTR in thymic epithelial cells. In a protein-DNA pull-down experiment, AIRE protein is capable of binding to VNTR class I and III probes. Further, the transcriptional activation of the INS-VNTR by AIRE requires the insulin basal promoter. The VNTR sequence loses its activation activity when linked to a heterologous promoter and/or enhancer. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a type 1 diabetes predisposition encoded by the INS-VNTR locus and a critical function played by AIRE, which constitute a dual control mechanisms regulating quantitative expression of insulin in human thymic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Qi Cai
- The Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tao Zhang
- The Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Mary B. Breslin
- The Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael S. Lan
- The Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Corresponding author: Michael S. Lan,
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Schmitt S, Giraud M, Hary J, Rival JM, Bezieau S, Boisseau P. A faster strategy for prenatal diagnosis of fragile X syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2010; 30:1217-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Góngora-Benítez M, Tulla-Puche J, Paradís-Bas M, Werbitzky O, Giraud M, Albericio F. Optimized Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of the cysteine-rich peptide linaclotide. Biopolymers 2010; 96:69-80. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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García-Ramos Y, Giraud M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Optimized Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of Thymosin alpha1 by side-chain anchoring onto a PEG resin. Biopolymers 2010; 92:565-72. [PMID: 19802821 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin alpha1 is a 28-amino acid acetylated peptide used for the treatment of hepatitis B and C. This peptide has a difficult sequence because of the presence of consecutive beta-branched amino acids and shows a tendency to form beta-sheet structures, partly as a result of the many protecting groups required to assemble the peptide (up to 20 side-chain protecting groups). Consequently, its synthesis has been generally achieved by convergent solution chemistry. Here we report a straightforward stepwise solid-phase synthesis on a polyethylene glycol solid-support that enables the scaling-up of this key therapeutic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yésica García-Ramos
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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Abramson J, Giraud M, Benoist C, Mathis D. Aire's partners in the molecular control of immunological tolerance. Cell 2010; 140:123-35. [PMID: 20085707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aire induces the expression of a battery of peripheral-tissue self-antigens (PTAs) in thymic stromal cells, promoting the clonal deletion of differentiating T cells that recognize them. Just how Aire targets and induces PTA transcripts remains largely undefined. Screening via Aire-targeted coimmunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry, and validating by multiple RNAi-mediated knockdown approaches, we identified a large set of proteins that associate with Aire. They fall into four major functional classes: nuclear transport, chromatin binding/structure, transcription and pre-mRNA processing. One set of Aire interactions centered on DNA protein kinase and a group of proteins it partners with to resolve DNA double-stranded breaks or promote transcriptional elongation. Another set of interactions was focused on the pre-mRNA splicing and maturation machinery, potentially explaining the markedly more effective processing of PTA transcripts in the presence of Aire. These findings suggest a model to explain Aire's widespread targeting and induction of weakly transcribed chromatin regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Abramson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Isidro A, Latassa D, Giraud M, Alvarez M, Albericio F. 1,2-Dimethylindole-3-sulfonyl (MIS) as protecting group for the side chain of arginine. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2565-9. [PMID: 19503931 DOI: 10.1039/b904836g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The protection of arginine (Arg) side chains is a crucial issue in peptide chemistry because of the propensity of the basic guanidinium group to produce side reactions. Currently, sulfonyl-type protecting groups, such as 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman (Pmc) and 2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyldihydrobenzofurane (Pbf), are the most widely used for this purpose. Nevertheless, Arg side chain protection remains problematic as a result of the acid stability of these two compounds. This issue is even more relevant in Arg-rich sequences, acid-sensitive peptides and large-scale syntheses. The 1,2-dimethylindole-3-sulfonyl (MIS) group is more acid-labile than Pmc and Pbf and can therefore be a better option for Arg side chain protection. In addition, MIS is compatible with tryptophan-containing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Isidro
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) is a multifactorial disease, markedly influenced by genetic factors, even though it shows limited heritability. The clinically typical form of autoimmune MG with thymus hyperplasia shows the most reproducible genetic associations, especially with the A1-B8-DR3 (8.1) haplotype of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). However, because of strong linkage disequilibrium, the causative polymorphism in this region is not known yet. Increasing the density of genetic markers has nevertheless recently revealed the complex, but highly significant contribution of this essential genetic region in controlling the disease phenotype and the quantitative expression of serum autoantibodies. The advances of the human genome program, the development of genotyping and sequencing tools with increasing throughput, and the availability of powerful statistical methods now make feasible the dissection of a complex genetic region, such as the MHC and beyond, the systematic search throughout the genome for variants influencing disease predisposition. The identification of such functional variants should provide new clues to the pathogenesis of MG, as recently illustrated by the study of a promoter polymorphism of the CHRNA1 locus, influencing its thymic expression and central tolerance, or of a coding variant of the PTPN22 intracellular phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Giraud
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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40
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Schwarz NG, Revillion M, Roque-Afonso AM, Dussaix E, Giraud M, Liberpre C, Couturier E, Delarocque Astagneau E. A food-borne outbreak of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in a secondary school in Upper Normandy, France, in November 2006. Euro Surveill 2008. [DOI: 10.2807/ese.13.22.18885-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In November 2006, six symptomatic cases of hepatitis A in pupils of a secondary school in Upper Normandy, France, were reported to the district health service. This paper describes the outbreak investigation undertaken with the aim to identify the vehicle and source of infection, implement control measures and estimate the size of the outbreak. A primary case at the secondary school was defined as a pupil or a member of the staff with IgM anti-HAV detected in the serum and with onset of symptoms between 12 and 21 November 2006; a secondary case was defined as a contact to a primary case and who developed symptoms and had IgM anti-HAV two to seven weeks later. We performed a case control study of primary cases, controls being pupils visiting the same school (cases/controls 1:4) and inspected the canteen facilities. All 13 canteen employees were examined for anti-HAV IgM antibodies. A phylogenetic analysis of HAV of cases was performed. We identified 10 primary and 5 secondary cases. Among primary cases 90% reported eating liver pate at the canteen compared to 62% among controls (OR 5.5, 95% CI 0.62-256.9).One liver pate sample contained markers of faecal contamination. HAV genotypes were of one identical type. All 13 canteen employees were negative for IgM anti-HAV while four had anti-HAV total antibodies. We found deficiencies regarding food preparing procedures and insufficient hand washing facilities. The vehicle of the outbreak was believed to be the liver pate but the source of HAV could not be identified. Insufficient facilities in the canteen hindered staff from maintaining a high hygiene standard and were subsequently improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Schwarz
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET)
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS), Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - M Revillion
- Cellule Interrégionale d’Epidémiologie (Cire) de Haute Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - A M Roque-Afonso
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) d’hépatite A, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - E Dussaix
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) d’hépatite A, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - M Giraud
- Direction Départementale des Affaires Sanitaires est Sociales, Evreux, France
| | - C Liberpre
- Direction Départementale des Services Vétérinaires, Evreux, France
| | - E Couturier
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS), Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - E Delarocque Astagneau
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS), Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Saint-Maurice, France
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41
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Schwarz NG, Revillion M, Roque-Afonso AM, Dussaix E, Giraud M, Liberpre C, Couturier E, Delarocque Astagneau E. A food-borne outbreak of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in a secondary school in Upper Normandy, France, in November 2006. Euro Surveill 2008; 13:18885. [PMID: 18761959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In November 2006, six symptomatic cases of hepatitis A in pupils of a secondary school in Upper Normandy, France, were reported to the district health service. This paper describes the outbreak investigation undertaken with the aim to identify the vehicle and source of infection, implement control measures and estimate the size of the outbreak. A primary case at the secondary school was defined as a pupil or a member of the staff with IgM anti-HAV detected in the serum and with onset of symptoms between 12 and 21 November 2006; a secondary case was defined as a contact to a primary case and who developed symptoms and had IgM anti-HAV two to seven weeks later. We performed a case control study of primary cases, controls being pupils visiting the same school (cases/controls 1:4) and inspected the canteen facilities. All 13 canteen employees were examined for anti-HAV IgM antibodies. A phylogenetic analysis of HAV of cases was performed. We identified 10 primary and 5 secondary cases. Among primary cases 90% reported eating liver pate at the canteen compared to 62% among controls (OR 5.5, 95% CI 0.62-256.9). One liver pate sample contained markers of faecal contamination. HAV genotypes were of one identical type. All 13 canteen employees were negative for IgM anti-HAV while four had anti-HAV total antibodies. We found deficiencies regarding food preparing procedures and insufficient hand washing facilities. The vehicle of the outbreak was believed to be the liver pate but the source of HAV could not be identified. Insufficient facilities in the canteen hindered staff from maintaining a high hygiene standard and were subsequently improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Schwarz
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Departement des Maladies Infectieuses, Saint-Maurice, France.
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Wipff J, Giraud M, Sibilia J, Mouthon L, Meyer O, Tiev K, Airo P, Caramaschi P, Guiducci S, Garchon HJ, Matucci-Cerinic M, Kahan A, Avouac J, Boileau C, Allanore Y. Polymorphic markers of the fibrillin-1 gene and systemic sclerosis in European Caucasian patients. J Rheumatol 2008; 35:643-649. [PMID: 18278837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence suggests that systemic sclerosis (SSc) belongs to the fibrillinopathic disorders. Significant associations have been found with the fibrillin-1 gene (FBN1) in Choctaw and Japanese populations. We investigated FBN1 polymorphisms in cohorts of European Caucasian patients. METHODS We investigated 6 FBN1 polymorphisms in 2 cohorts: one with 399 French subjects (243 SSc patients/156 matched healthy controls), another with 319 Italian subjects (266 SSc patients/153 matched healthy controls). The 6 FBN1 polymorphisms included one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in intron C to replicate its genetic association and 5 microsatellite markers (D15S1028 in the 5' region, intragenic MTS2 and MTS3, and D15S123 and D15S143 in the 3' region). Then we investigated the French cohort enlarged to 362 SSc patients/162 matched healthy controls for 5 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNP) that account for the common genetic diversity according to HapMap data. We used Arlequin, Cocaphase, Phase 2 software, and Fisher's exact test for statistical analyses. RESULTS All markers were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No association was detected between polymorphic markers and disease in either the French or Italian cohorts, even for specific phenotypes. No significant differences between patients and controls were detected for the 5 tagSNP. CONCLUSION In contrast with data from Choctaw and Japanese patients, no association was detected between the polymorphic markers of FBN1 and SSc in 2 European Caucasian populations. These discrepancies may be explained by ethnic specificities and heterogeneity associated with this multigenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Wipff
- Department of Rheumatology A, Paris Descartes University, Medical Faculty, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Giraud M, Taubert R, Vandiedonck C, Ke X, Lévi-Strauss M, Pagani F, Baralle FE, Eymard B, Tranchant C, Gajdos P, Vincent A, Willcox N, Beeson D, Kyewski B, Garchon HJ. An IRF8-binding promoter variant and AIRE control CHRNA1 promiscuous expression in thymus. Nature 2007; 448:934-7. [PMID: 17687331 DOI: 10.1038/nature06066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Promiscuous expression of tissue-restricted auto-antigens in the thymus imposes T-cell tolerance and provides protection from autoimmune diseases. Promiscuous expression of a set of self-antigens occurs in medullary thymic epithelial cells and is partly controlled by the autoimmune regulator (AIRE), a nuclear protein for which loss-of-function mutations cause the type 1 autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome. However, additional factors must be involved in the regulation of this promiscuous expression. Here we describe a mechanism controlling thymic transcription of a prototypic tissue-restricted human auto-antigen gene, CHRNA1. This gene encodes the alpha-subunit of the muscle acetylcholine receptor, which is the main target of pathogenic auto-antibodies in autoimmune myasthenia gravis. On re-sequencing the CHRNA1 gene, we identified a functional bi-allelic variant in the promoter that is associated with early onset of disease in two independent human populations (France and United Kingdom). We show that this variant prevents binding of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) and abrogates CHRNA1 promoter activity in thymic epithelial cells in vitro. Notably, both the CHRNA1 promoter variant and AIRE modulate CHRNA1 messenger RNA levels in human medullary thymic epithelial cells ex vivo and also in a transactivation assay. These findings reveal a critical function of AIRE and the interferon signalling pathway in regulating quantitative expression of this auto-antigen in the thymus, suggesting that together they set the threshold for self-tolerance versus autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Kilic
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Uludag University School of Medicine, Gorukle, Bursa 16059, Turkey.
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45
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Colombier I, Spagnoli S, Corval A, Baldeck PL, Giraud M, Leaustic A, Yu P, Irie M. Diarylethene microcrystals make directional jumps upon ultraviolet irradiation. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:011101. [PMID: 17212480 DOI: 10.1063/1.2429061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcrystals of a diarylethene {1,2-bis[5'-methyl-2'-(2"-pyridyl)thiazolyl]perfluorocyclo-pentene} undergo jumps upon photoirradiation. These photochromic crystals present molecular structural changes upon irradiation with ultraviolet light because of reversible photocyclization reactions. When the energy absorbed by crystals reaches about 10 microJ, the uniaxial stress induced in the crystal lattice relaxes through directional jumps. If one prevents crystals from jumping, then parallel, equidistant cracks appear on crystal surfaces. These photomechanical effects could result from a Grinfeld surface instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Colombier
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique CNRS UMR5588, Université Grenoble I, France
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the pancreas has undergone a major change because it can provide noninvasive images of the pancreatic ducts and the parenchyma. MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) enables detection of anatomic variants such as pancreas divisum. Although contrast material-enhanced CT is still considered the gold standard in acute pancreatitis and for the detection of calcifications in chronic pancreatitis, MR imaging and secretin-enhanced MRCP are useful in evaluating pseudocysts and pancreatic disruption. The role of MR is still debated in pancreatic neoplasms except the cystic lesions where MR imaging provides critical information regarding the lesion's content and a possible communication with the pancreatic ducts. MRCP and MR of the pancreas are also useful in identifying other pancreatic diseases such as lymphoplasmocytic pancreatitis and groove pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hakimé
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Beaujon, 100 bd du Général Leclerc, 92110 Clichy, France
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Torres R, Teixidó N, Viñas I, Mari M, Casalini L, Giraud M, Usall J. Efficacy of Candida sake CPA-1 formulation for controlling Penicillium expansum decay on pome fruit from different Mediterranean regions. J Food Prot 2006; 69:2703-11. [PMID: 17133815 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.11.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of a formulated product of the yeast Candida sake CPA-1 for controlling postharvest diseases on pome fruits was demonstrated in laboratory, semicommercial, and commercial trials carried out in the major pome fruit producing region of the European Union. First, one wettable powder and seven liquid formulations were tested in laboratory trials that involved two varieties of apples and two varieties of pears. In all cases, an efficacy similar to that of fresh cells was demonstrated in the control of artificial Penicillium expansum infection. After these trials, the formulated product chosen for semicommercial and commercial trials was LF1, a liquid formulation that is particularly suitable for commercial applications. In semicommercial trials, LF1 showed a performance similar to fresh cells in most trials, and the population dynamics of both fresh and formulated cells were quite stable throughout the storage period. This indicates the high viability of C. sake CPA-1 in this formulation and the absence of adverse effects during the formulation of the product, which may significantly affect both its ability to grow on fruit and its antagonistic activity. We evaluated the control of natural infection after applying the formulated product in a commercial drencher in different packinghouses. A significant reduction in the incidence of diseases was observed with a recommended dose of around 10(7) CFU/ml when natural infections were greater than 1%. In general, large quantities of yeast were observed on the surface of unwounded fruits of different pome fruit cultivars. Moreover, populations of this biocontrol agent increased rapidly on fruit surfaces and remained quite stable for a long time under commercial storage conditions. Commercial practices used in packinghouses were therefore successfully applied for this formulated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Torres
- Postharvest Unit, Institute of Agro-Food Research and Technology (IRTA), Centre UdL (University of Lleida)-IRTA, Av. Rovira Roure, 191. 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
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48
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Vandiedonck C, Capdevielle C, Giraud M, Krumeich S, Jais JP, Eymard B, Tranchant C, Gajdos P, Garchon HJ. Association of the PTPN22*R620W polymorphism with autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:404-7. [PMID: 16437561 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate a role of the intracellular tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22*R620W variant in autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG), considering disease heterogeneity. METHODS We used a case-control design, comparing 470 patients and 296 controls, all French whites. Patients were categorized depending on the presence of a thymoma and serum anti-titin antibodies. RESULTS The 620W risk allele was increased in 293 nonthymoma patients without anti-titin antibodies (odds ratio, 1.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.32-2.97, p = 0.00059) but not in nonthymoma patients with anti-titin antibodies or in thymoma patients. INTERPRETATION Our genetic findings strengthen the concept that these groups of patients correspond to etiologically distinct disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vandiedonck
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Descartes, France
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49
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Vullierme MP, Giraud M, Hammel P, Couvelard A, Sauvanet A, Belghiti J, Ruszniewski P, Vilgrain V. Aspect radiologique des tumeurs intracanalaires pancréatiques mucineuses et papillaires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 86:781-94; quiz 795-6. [PMID: 16142072 DOI: 10.1016/s0221-0363(05)81445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IPMTP is a pancreatic duct disease that can better be diagnosed due to advances in imaging techniques. This probably explains the recent increased frequency of this disease. Enlargement of the main pancreatic duct and/or branch ducts is a typical feature. CT and MRI with MRCP are useful for diagnosis. Features of malignant degeneration are better known. Preoperative staging is performed at CT. Differential diagnosis includes main pancreatic duct dilatation and pancreatic cysts. Recent papers indicate that isolated side branch IPMTP is less frequently malignant. Surgery is indicated in the presence of acute pancreatitis or suspicion of malignant degeneration. Imaging is useful for the follow up of patients with isolated side branch IPMTP. In this paper, the diagnostic, staging and malignant features of IPMTP will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Vullierme
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Beaujon, 100, boulevard du Général-Leclerc, 92110 Clichy
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Siepe M, Pavlovic M, Giraud M, Receputo C, Menasché P, Tevaearai H, Carrel T. Dysfunction following myocardial infarction is attenuated by implantation of myoblast-based polyurethane patches. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-862067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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