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Spoor MS, Zigioli VA, Jacocks KA. What is your diagnosis? Bronchoalveolar wash fluid from a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:777-779. [PMID: 31256426 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Spoor MS, Ramirez CJ, Daniel RJ, Shaw DP, Wininger FA, Whitney MS. What is your diagnosis? Pituitary mass in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:381-2. [PMID: 27163433 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Spoor
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Christina J Ramirez
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rob J Daniel
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dan P Shaw
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Fred A Wininger
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Marlyn S Whitney
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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Spoor MS, Flesner BK, Trzil JE, Whitney MS, Shaw DP, Selting KA. What is your diagnosis? Intra-abdominal mass in a female spayed dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 43:109-10. [PMID: 24313736 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Spoor
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Spoor MS, Spagnoli ST, Burton EN, Wininger FA, Romsland TD, Kuroki K, Wiedmeyer CE. What is your diagnosis? Cystic mass in the fourth ventricle of the brain of a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:387-8. [PMID: 23772996 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Spoor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Spoor MS, Kim DY, Kanazono S, Wininger FA, Whitney MS. What is your diagnosis? Impression smears of a cerebral mass from a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:240-1. [PMID: 23432620 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Spoor
- Department of Pathobiology, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Jackson DE, Selting KA, Spoor MS, Henry CJ, Wiedmeyer CE. Evaluation of fixation time using Diff-Quik for staining of canine mast cell tumor aspirates. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 42:99-102. [PMID: 23278320 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cell tumors are the most common cutaneous tumor in the dog and are often diagnosed via fine-needle aspiration and cytology. Many veterinary practices use Diff-Quik stain for these cases because it is easy to use and provides rapid results. Anecdotal reports suggest that Diff-Quik does not stain mast cell tumor granules well and that increased duration of fixation time can improve staining quality; however, this has not been prospectively evaluated. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine if varying fixation time would affect the staining quality of mast cell granules using the Diff-Quik stain. The null hypothesis was that there would be no difference in the staining of the granules based on duration of time in the fixation solution. METHODS Fine-needle aspirates of cutaneous mast cell tumors were obtained from 21 dogs and distributed on multiple slides. These slides were then stained in Diff-Quik at varying fixation times (ie, 5 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes). One slide was stained with modified Wright stain as a control. Mast cell staining quality was evaluated either by blinded clinicopathologic review (n = 12) or by computer analysis of photomicrographs (n = 6). Results were compared with histopathologic grade. RESULTS There was no difference in staining quality among groups. CONCLUSIONS Alteration in fixation time using Diff-Quik does not improve staining characteristics of mast cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E Jackson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Spoor MS, Radi ZA, Dunstan RW. Characterization of Age- and Gender-related Changes in the Spleen and Thymus from Control Cynomolgus Macaques Used in Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:695-704. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623308320279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Age- and gender-related lymphoid tissue variability in control male and female monkeys of various ages (under three years; three to six years; seven to fifteen years) was characterized. Spleen and thymus organ weights, organ-to-body and organ-to-brain ratios, morphology by light microscopy, and B- and T-cell immunohistochemistry (IHC) were evaluated. Splenic weights and ratios were not significantly different between various age groups or genders, except males and females in the three-to-six-years age group, who exhibited statistically significant changes from the under-three-years age group. No differences in the number of primary follicles, secondary follicles with germinal centers, B-cell follicles, and periarterial lymphoid sheath were seen between age groups or genders, and no trends were noted in the spleen. By IHC, no differences were observed in B- and T-cell splenic densities. Several age- and gender-related changes in weights and ratios were noted in the thymus. The thymus had a trend toward increased interlobular fat infiltration with increasing age in both males and females. Thymic delineation of the cortex and medulla was significantly decreased in the seven-to-fifteen-years age group for males only. The cortex-to-medulla ratio was significantly lower only in males in the seven-to-fifteen-years age group. B- and T-cell cellular density did not change across various ages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zaher A. Radi
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
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Tyner JW, Kim EY, Ide K, Pelletier MR, Roswit WT, Morton JD, Battaile JT, Patel AC, Patterson GA, Castro M, Spoor MS, You Y, Brody SL, Holtzman MJ. Blocking airway mucous cell metaplasia by inhibiting EGFR antiapoptosis and IL-13 transdifferentiation signals. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:309-21. [PMID: 16453019 PMCID: PMC1359039 DOI: 10.1172/jci25167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia are common features of inflammatory and neoplastic disease, but the basis for the altered epithelial phenotype is often uncertain. Here we show that long-term ciliated cell hyperplasia coincides with mucous (goblet) cell metaplasia after respiratory viral clearance in mouse airways. This chronic switch in epithelial behavior exhibits genetic susceptibility and depends on persistent activation of EGFR signaling to PI3K that prevents apoptosis of ciliated cells and on IL-13 signaling that promotes transdifferentiation of ciliated to goblet cells. Thus, EGFR blockade (using an irreversible EGFR kinase inhibitor designated EKB-569) prevents virus-induced increases in ciliated and goblet cells whereas IL-13 blockade (using s-IL-13Ralpha2-Fc) exacerbates ciliated cell hyperplasia but still inhibits goblet cell metaplasia. The distinct effects of EGFR and IL-13 inhibitors after viral reprogramming suggest that these combined therapeutic strategies may also correct epithelial architecture in the setting of airway inflammatory disorders characterized by a similar pattern of chronic EGFR activation, IL-13 expression, and ciliated-to-goblet cell metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Tyner
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Huang T, You Y, Spoor MS, Richer EJ, Kudva VV, Paige RC, Seiler MP, Liebler JM, Zabner J, Plopper CG, Brody SL. Foxj1 is required for apical localization of ezrin in airway epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2004; 116:4935-45. [PMID: 14625387 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell polarity depend on cytoskeletal organization and protein trafficking to polarized cortical membranes. ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) family members link polarized proteins with cytoskeletal actin. Although ERMs are often considered to be functionally similar, we found that, in airway epithelial cells, apical localization of ERMs depend on cell differentiation and is independently regulated. Moesin was present in the apical membrane of all undifferentiated epithelial cells. However, in differentiated cells, ezrin and moesin were selectively localized to apical membranes of ciliated airway cells and were absent from secretory cells. To identify regulatory proteins required for selective ERM trafficking, we evaluated airway epithelial cells lacking Foxj1, an F-box factor that directs programs required for cilia formation at the apical membrane. Interestingly, Foxj1 expression was also required for localization of apical ezrin, but not moesin. Additionally, membrane-cytoskeletal and threonine-phosphorylated ezrin were decreased in Foxj1-null cells, consistent with absent apical ezrin. Although apical moesin expression was present in null cells, it could not compensate for ezrin because ERM-associated EBP50 and the beta2 adrenergic receptor failed to localize apically in the absence of Foxj1. These findings indicate that Foxj1 regulates ERM proteins differentially to selectively direct the apical localization of ezrin for the organization of multi-protein complexes in apical membranes of airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
Forkhead transcription factors play key roles in the regulation of immune responses. Here, we identify a role for one member of this family, Foxj1, in the regulation of T cell activation and autoreactivity. Foxj1 deficiency resulted in multiorgan systemic inflammation, exaggerated Th1 cytokine production, and T cell proliferation in autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions. Foxj1 suppressed NF-kappaB transcription activity in vitro, and Foxj1-deficient T cells possessed increased NF-kappaB activity in vivo, correlating with the ability of Foxj1 to regulate IkappaB proteins, particularly IkappaBbeta. Thus, Foxj1 likely modulates inflammatory reactions and prevents autoimmunity by antagonizing proinflammatory transcriptional activities. These results suggest a potentially general role for forkhead genes in the enforcement of lymphocyte quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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