1
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Poole NM, Lee BR, Kronman MP, Smith MJ, Patel SJ, Olivero R, Wattles BA, Herigon J, Wirtz A, El Feghaly RE. Ambulatory amoxicillin use for common acute respiratory infections during a national shortage: Results from the SHARPS-OP benchmarking collaborative. Am J Infect Control 2024; 52:614-617. [PMID: 38158158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We quantified antibiotic prescribing for ambulatory pediatric acute respiratory illness at 22 institutions in "pre-shortage" (Jan 2019-Sep 2022) and "shortage" (Oct 2022-Mar 2023) periods for amoxicillin. While acute respiratory illness prescribing increased across settings, the proportion of amoxicillin prescriptions decreased. Variation was seen within and between institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Poole
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Brian R Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Matthew P Kronman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Duke University Department of Pediatrics and Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, NC
| | - Sameer J Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago IL
| | - Rosemary Olivero
- Department of Pediatric and Human Development, Michigan State College of Human Medicine; Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Bethany A Wattles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Joshua Herigon
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Ann Wirtz
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pharmacy, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Rana E El Feghaly
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO.
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2
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Baker B, Hung F, Smith MJ, Erkanli A, Greenhill K, Hayes J, Parish A, Zhou G, Moorthy GS, Deri CR. Utility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal PCR Testing in Pediatric Patients With Suspected Respiratory Infections. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2024; 13:242-245. [PMID: 38466576 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Observational studies in adults suggest nasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) swabs have a high negative predictive value (NPV) for ruling out MRSA pneumonia, however, pediatric data are limited. This retrospective study of 505 pediatric patients found a 99.8% NPV among children with suspected respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Baker
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Frances Hung
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alaattin Erkanli
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine Greenhill
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jillian Hayes
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alice Parish
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grace Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ganga S Moorthy
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Connor R Deri
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Randell RL, Balevic SJ, Greenberg RG, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Thompson EJ, Venkatachalam S, Smith MJ, Bendel C, Bliss JM, Chaaban H, Chhabra R, Dammann CEL, Downey LC, Hornik C, Hussain N, Laughon MM, Lavery A, Moya F, Saxonhouse M, Sokol GM, Trembath A, Weitkamp JH, Hornik CP. Opportunistic dried blood spot sampling validates and optimizes a pediatric population pharmacokinetic model of metronidazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0153323. [PMID: 38477706 PMCID: PMC10994817 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01533-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic models rarely undergo external validation in vulnerable populations such as critically ill infants, thereby limiting the accuracy, efficacy, and safety of model-informed dosing in real-world settings. Here, we describe an opportunistic approach using dried blood spots (DBS) to evaluate a population pharmacokinetic model of metronidazole in critically ill preterm infants of gestational age (GA) ≤31 weeks from the Metronidazole Pharmacokinetics in Premature Infants (PTN_METRO, NCT01222585) study. First, we used linear correlation to compare 42 paired DBS and plasma metronidazole concentrations from 21 preterm infants [mean (SD): post natal age 28.0 (21.7) days, GA 26.3 (2.4) weeks]. Using the resulting predictive equation, we estimated plasma metronidazole concentrations (ePlasma) from 399 DBS collected from 122 preterm and term infants [mean (SD): post natal age 16.7 (15.8) days, GA 31.4 (5.1) weeks] from the Antibiotic Safety in Infants with Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections (SCAMP, NCT01994993) trial. When evaluating the PTN_METRO model using ePlasma from the SCAMP trial, we found that the model generally predicted ePlasma well in preterm infants with GA ≤31 weeks. When including ePlasma from term and preterm infants with GA >31 weeks, the model was optimized using a sigmoidal Emax maturation function of postmenstrual age on clearance and estimated the exponent of weight on volume of distribution. The optimized model supports existing dosing guidelines and adds new data to support a 6-hour dosing interval for infants with postmenstrual age >40 weeks. Using an opportunistic DBS to externally validate and optimize a metronidazole population pharmacokinetic model was feasible and useful in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Randell
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen J. Balevic
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel G. Greenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catherine Bendel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joseph M. Bliss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Hala Chaaban
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Rakesh Chhabra
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - L. Corbin Downey
- Department of Pediatrics, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chi Hornik
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Naveed Hussain
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children’s, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthew M. Laughon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Fernando Moya
- Division of Wilmington Pediatric Specialties, Department of Pediatrics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Saxonhouse
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Levine Children’s Hospital, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Charlotte campus, Atrium Healthcare, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory M. Sokol
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrea Trembath
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joern-Hendrik Weitkamp
- Mildred Stahlman Division of Neonatology, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christoph P. Hornik
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act – Pediatric Trials Network Steering Committee
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children’s, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Division of Wilmington Pediatric Specialties, Department of Pediatrics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Levine Children’s Hospital, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Charlotte campus, Atrium Healthcare, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Mildred Stahlman Division of Neonatology, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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4
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Fallah S, Duncan D, Reichl KD, Smith MJ, Wang W, Porco JA, Brown LE, Whitesell L, Robbins N, Cowen LE. A chemical screen identifies structurally diverse metal chelators with activity against the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0409523. [PMID: 38376363 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04095-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, one of the most prevalent human fungal pathogens, causes diverse diseases extending from superficial infections to deadly systemic mycoses. Currently, only three major classes of antifungal drugs are available to treat systemic infections: azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. Alarmingly, the efficacy of these antifungals against C. albicans is hindered both by basal tolerance toward the drugs and the development of resistance mechanisms such as alterations of the drug's target, modulation of stress responses, and overexpression of efflux pumps. Thus, the need to identify novel antifungal strategies is dire. To address this challenge, we screened 3,049 structurally-diverse compounds from the Boston University Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) chemical library against a C. albicans clinical isolate and identified 17 molecules that inhibited C. albicans growth by >80% relative to controls. Among the most potent compounds were CMLD013360, CMLD012661, and CMLD012693, molecules representing two distinct chemical scaffolds, including 3-hydroxyquinolinones and a xanthone natural product. Based on structural insights, CMLD013360, CMLD012661, and CMLD012693 were hypothesized to exert antifungal activity through metal chelation. Follow-up investigations revealed all three compounds exerted antifungal activity against non-albicans Candida, including Candida auris and Candida glabrata, with the xanthone natural product CMLD013360 also displaying activity against the pathogenic mould Aspergillus fumigatus. Media supplementation with metallonutrients, namely ferric or ferrous iron, rescued C. albicans growth, confirming these compounds act as metal chelators. Thus, this work identifies and characterizes two chemical scaffolds that chelate iron to inhibit the growth of the clinically relevant fungal pathogen C. albicansIMPORTANCEThe worldwide incidence of invasive fungal infections is increasing at an alarming rate. Systemic candidiasis caused by the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans is the most common cause of life-threatening fungal infection. However, due to the limited number of antifungal drug classes available and the rise of antifungal resistance, an urgent need exists for the identification of novel treatments. By screening a compound collection from the Boston University Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), we identified three compounds representing two distinct chemical scaffolds that displayed activity against C. albicans. Follow-up analyses confirmed these molecules were also active against other pathogenic fungal species including Candida auris and Aspergillus fumigatus. Finally, we determined that these compounds inhibit the growth of C. albicans in culture through iron chelation. Overall, this observation describes two novel chemical scaffolds with antifungal activity against diverse fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fallah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dustin Duncan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle D Reichl
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren E Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Perez R, Yarrington ME, Deri CR, Smith MJ, Hayes J, Wrenn RH, Moehring RW. Teams in Transition: Increasing Role of Advanced Practice Providers in Antimicrobial Use and Infectious Diseases Consultation. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae141. [PMID: 38577030 PMCID: PMC10993059 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced practice providers (APPs) have taken on increasing responsibilities as primary team members in acute care hospitals, but the impact of this practice shift on antimicrobial prescribing and infectious diseases (ID) consultation requests is unknown. Here we describe longitudinal trends in antimicrobial days of therapy (DOT) and ID consultation by attributed provider type in 3 hospitals. Methods We performed a retrospective time series analysis of antimicrobial use and ID consultation from July 2015 to June 2022 at a major university hospital and 2 community hospitals. We evaluated antimicrobial DOT and ID consultation over time and assessed attribution to 3 groups of providers: attending physicians, trainees, and APPs. We used multinomial logistic regression to measure changes in percentage of DOT and ID consultation across the clinician groups over time using physicians as the referent. Results Baseline distribution of antimicrobial DOT and ID consultation varied by practice setting, but all subgroups showed increases in the proportion attributable to APPs. Large increases were seen in the rate of ID consultation, increasing by >30% during the study period. At our university hospital, by study end >40% of new ID consults and restricted antimicrobial days were attributed to APPs. Conclusions Hospitals had differing baseline patterns of DOT attributed to provider groups, but all experienced increases in DOT attributed to APPs. Similar increases were seen in changes to ID consultation. APPs have increasing involvement in antimicrobial use decisions in the inpatient setting and should be engaged in future antimicrobial stewardship initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo Perez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael E Yarrington
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Connor R Deri
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Department of Medicine, Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jillian Hayes
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebekah H Wrenn
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebekah W Moehring
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Viant MR, Amstalden E, Athersuch T, Bouhifd M, Camuzeaux S, Crizer DM, Driemert P, Ebbels T, Ekman D, Flick B, Giri V, Gómez-Romero M, Haake V, Herold M, Kende A, Lai F, Leonards PEG, Lim PP, Lloyd GR, Mosley J, Namini C, Rice JR, Romano S, Sands C, Smith MJ, Sobanski T, Southam AD, Swindale L, van Ravenzwaay B, Walk T, Weber RJM, Zickgraf FM, Kamp H. Demonstrating the reliability of in vivo metabolomics based chemical grouping: towards best practice. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1111-1123. [PMID: 38368582 PMCID: PMC10944399 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
While grouping/read-across is widely used to fill data gaps, chemical registration dossiers are often rejected due to weak category justifications based on structural similarity only. Metabolomics provides a route to robust chemical categories via evidence of shared molecular effects across source and target substances. To gain international acceptance, this approach must demonstrate high reliability, and best-practice guidance is required. The MetAbolomics ring Trial for CHemical groupING (MATCHING), comprising six industrial, government and academic ring-trial partners, evaluated inter-laboratory reproducibility and worked towards best-practice. An independent team selected eight substances (WY-14643, 4-chloro-3-nitroaniline, 17α-methyl-testosterone, trenbolone, aniline, dichlorprop-p, 2-chloroaniline, fenofibrate); ring-trial partners were blinded to their identities and modes-of-action. Plasma samples were derived from 28-day rat tests (two doses per substance), aliquoted, and distributed to partners. Each partner applied their preferred liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics workflows to acquire, process, quality assess, statistically analyze and report their grouping results to the European Chemicals Agency, to ensure the blinding conditions of the ring trial. Five of six partners, whose metabolomics datasets passed quality control, correctly identified the grouping of eight test substances into three categories, for both male and female rats. Strikingly, this was achieved even though a range of metabolomics approaches were used. Through assessing intrastudy quality-control samples, the sixth partner observed high technical variation and was unable to group the substances. By comparing workflows, we conclude that some heterogeneity in metabolomics methods is not detrimental to consistent grouping, and that assessing data quality prior to grouping is essential. We recommend development of international guidance for quality-control acceptance criteria. This study demonstrates the reliability of metabolomics for chemical grouping and works towards best-practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Viant
- Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - E Amstalden
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Athersuch
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - M Bouhifd
- European Chemicals Agency, Telakkakatu 6, FI-00121, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Camuzeaux
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, National Phenome Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - D M Crizer
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - P Driemert
- BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, Tegeler Weg 33, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Ebbels
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - D Ekman
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - B Flick
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- NUVISAN ICB GmbH, Toxicology, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - V Giri
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - M Gómez-Romero
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, National Phenome Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - V Haake
- BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, Tegeler Weg 33, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Herold
- BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, Tegeler Weg 33, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Kende
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - F Lai
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - P E G Leonards
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P P Lim
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - G R Lloyd
- Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - J Mosley
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - C Namini
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - J R Rice
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - S Romano
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - C Sands
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, National Phenome Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - M J Smith
- Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - T Sobanski
- European Chemicals Agency, Telakkakatu 6, FI-00121, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A D Southam
- Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - L Swindale
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - B van Ravenzwaay
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Environmental Sciences Consulting, 67122, Altrip, Germany
| | - T Walk
- BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, Tegeler Weg 33, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - R J M Weber
- Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - F M Zickgraf
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - H Kamp
- BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, Tegeler Weg 33, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Tribble AC, Moorthy GS, Vartanian RJ, Smith MJ. Pediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs Reduce Antibiotic Use at Combined Adult-Pediatric Hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2024:ciae112. [PMID: 38427851 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Implementation of dedicated pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) at two combined adult-pediatric hospitals with existing ASPs was associated with sustained decreases in pediatric antibiotic use (AU) out of proportion to declines seen in adult inpatient units. ASPs in combined hospitals may not detect excessive pediatric AU without incorporating pediatric expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C Tribble
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ganga S Moorthy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J Vartanian
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael J Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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8
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Alur R, Hall E, Smith MJ, Zakrison T, Loughran C, Cosey-Gay F, Kaufman EJ. What medical-legal partnerships can do for trauma patients and trauma care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2024; 96:340-345. [PMID: 38147579 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Trauma patients are particularly vulnerable to the impact of preexisting social and legal determinants of health postinjury. Trauma patients have a wide range of legal needs, including housing, employment, debt, insurance coverage, and access to federal and state benefits. Legal support could provide vital assistance to address the social determinants of health for injured patients. Medical legal partnerships (MLPs) embed legal professionals within health care teams to improve health by addressing legal needs that affect health. Medical legal partnerships have a successful track record in oncology, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and pediatrics, but have been little used in trauma. We conducted a scoping review to describe the role of MLPs and their potential to improve health outcomes for patients with traumatic injuries. We found that MLPs use legal remedies to address a variety of social and structural conditions that could affect patient health across several patient populations, such as children with asthma and patients with cancer. Legal intervention can assist patients in obtaining stable and healthy housing, employment opportunities, debt relief, access to public benefits, and immigration assistance. Medical legal partnership structure varies across institutions. In some, MLP lawyers are employed directly by a health care institution. In others, MLPs function as partnerships between a health system and an external legal organization. Medical legal partnerships have been found to reduce hospital readmissions, increase treatment utilization by patients, decrease patient stress levels, and benefit health systems financially. This scoping review outlines the potential of MLPs to improve outcomes for injured patients. Establishing trauma-focused MLPs could be a feasible intervention for trauma centers around the country seeking to improve health outcomes and reduce disparities for injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Alur
- From the Perelman School of Medicine (R.A.); Carey School of Law (R.A.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (E.H.), Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Community Violence Intervention Program (M.J.S.), Washington, District of Columbia; Critical Trauma Research (T.Z.), University of Chicago Medicine; Legal Aid Chicago (C.L.); Violence Recovery Program (F.C.-G.), University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery (E.J.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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9
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Moorthy GS, Young RR, Raman SR, Smith MJ. Variations in antibiotic prescribing among children enrolled in North Carolina Medicaid, 2013-2019. J Rural Health 2024. [PMID: 38287204 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The majority of pediatric antibiotic prescribing occurs in the outpatient setting and inappropriate use contributes to antimicrobial resistance. There are regional variations in outpatient antibiotic use with the highest rates occurring in the Southern states, including in Appalachia. The purpose of this study was to describe the rates and risk factors for inappropriate antibiotic prescription among pediatric patients enrolled in North Carolina (NC) Medicaid. METHODS We used Medicaid prescription claims data from 2013 to 2019 to describe patterns of pediatric antibiotic prescription in NC. We assessed patient and provider factors to identify variations in prescribing. FINDINGS Children who were less than 2 years of age, non-Hispanic White, and living in a rural area had the highest overall rates of antibiotic prescription. Compared to pediatricians, the risk of inappropriate antibiotic prescription was highest among other specialists and general practioners and lowest among nurse practitioners. Rural areas of NC had the highest rates of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, and the risk for non-Hispanic Black children compared to children of other races/ethnicities was compounded by rurality. CONCLUSIONS Prescribing practices in NC differ compared to neighboring states with a lower overall risk of inappropriate prescription in Appalachian regions; however, disparities by race and rurality exist. Outpatient stewardship efforts in NC should focus on ensuring health equity by appreciating racial and geographic variations in prescribing patterns and providing education to all health care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga S Moorthy
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca R Young
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sudha R Raman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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10
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Jackson LA, Stapleton JT, Walter EB, Chen WH, Rouphael NG, Anderson EJ, Neuzil KM, Winokur PL, Smith MJ, Schmader KE, Swamy GK, Thompson AB, Mulligan MJ, Rostad CA, Cross K, Tsong R, Wegel A, Roberts PC. Immunogenicity and safety of varying dosages of a fifth-wave influenza A/H7N9 inactivated vaccine given with and without AS03 adjuvant in healthy adults. Vaccine 2024; 42:295-309. [PMID: 38105137 PMCID: PMC10790638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human infections with the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus were first reported in China in 2013 and continued to occur in annual waves. In the 2016/2017 fifth wave, Yangtze River Delta (YRD) lineage viruses, which differed antigenically from those of earlier waves, predominated. METHODS In this phase 2 double-blinded trial we randomized 720 adults ≥ 19 years of age to receive two injections of a YRD lineage inactivated A/Hong Kong/125/2017 fifth-wave H7N9 vaccine, given 21 days apart, at doses of 3.75, 7.5, and 15 µg of hemagglutinin (HA) with AS03A adjuvant and at doses of 15 and 45 µg of HA without adjuvant. RESULTS Two doses of adjuvanted vaccine were required to induce HA inhibition (HI) antibody titers ≥ 40 in most participants. After two doses of the 15 µg H7N9 formulation, given with or without AS03 adjuvant, the proportion achieving a HI titer ≥ 40 against the vaccine strain at 21 days after the second vaccination was 65 % (95 % CI, 57 %-73 %) and 0 % (95 % CI, 0 %-4%), respectively. Among those who received two doses of the 15 µg adjuvanted formulation the proportion with HI titer ≥ 40 at 21 days after the second vaccination was 76 % (95 % CI, 66 %-84 %) in those 19-64 years of age and 49 % (95 % CI, 37 %-62 %) in those ≥ 65 years of age. Responses to the adjuvanted vaccine formulations did not vary by HA content. Antibody responses declined over time and responses against drifted H7N9 strains were diminished. Overall, the vaccines were well tolerated but, as expected, adjuvanted vaccines were associated with more frequent solicited systemic and local adverse events. CONCLUSIONS AS03 adjuvant improved the immune responses to an inactivated fifth-wave H7N9 influenza vaccine, particularly in younger adults, but invoked lower responses to drifted H7N9 strains. These findings may inform future influenza pandemic preparedness strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nadine G Rouphael
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia L Winokur
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth E Schmader
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine and GRECC, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Geeta K Swamy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amelia B Thompson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul C Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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11
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MacAllister SA, Fernandez AR, Smith MJ, Myers JB, Crowe RP. Prehospital Sepsis Recognition and Outcomes for Patients with Sepsis by Race and Ethnicity. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2023:1-7. [PMID: 38095600 DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2023.2294269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First medical contact for patients with sepsis often initiates in the prehospital setting, yet limited studies have explored the EMS sepsis recognition-mortality relationship. Racial and ethnic minority patients often have worse sepsis outcomes, yet the role of prehospital recognition in this inequity has not been explored. Our objective was to describe prehospital sepsis recognition and hospital mortality, with analysis by patient race and ethnicity. METHODS Using linked EMS and hospital records from the 2021 ESO Data Collaborative, we retrospectively analyzed 9-1-1 EMS transports for adult patients with emergency department ICD-10 sepsis diagnosis codes. EMS sepsis recognition was defined as a primary or secondary sepsis impression, use of an electronic health record specialty sepsis form, or a prehospital sepsis alert. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the association between EMS sepsis recognition and hospital mortality, adjusting for age, sex, race and ethnicity, scene socioeconomic status, and documented clinical characteristics: altered mental status, hypotension, tachypnea, tachycardia, fever. We conducted a secondary analysis of patients who were positive for the quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) using first prehospital vital signs. RESULTS We analyzed 20,172 records for EMS-transported patients with diagnosed sepsis. Overall, 8% of patients were Black, 8% were Hispanic, and 72% were White. Prehospital sepsis recognition was 18%. Prehospital sepsis recognition was similar across racial and ethnic groups (Black: 17.2%, Hispanic: 17.4%, White: 18.1%) and adjusted odds of sepsis recognition did not differ between racial and ethnic groups. Overall mortality was 11% (2,186). Prehospital sepsis recognition was associated with a 18% reduction in adjusted odds of mortality (OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.70-0.94). Of patients who were qSOFA positive in the field (n = 2,168), EMS sepsis recognition was 32% and was similar across race and ethnicities. Adjusted odds of mortality were 0.68 (95% CI: 0.53-0.88) when sepsis was recognized in the prehospital setting. CONCLUSION EMS identified sepsis in fewer than one in three patients even after limiting to those positive for qSOFA, without differences by race and ethnicity. EMS sepsis recognition was associated with reduced odds of mortality; however, Black patients remained at greater odds of death suggesting additional factors that warrant investigation.
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12
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Ashford SA, Morris G, Smith MJ. Ultrasound image guided injection of botulinum toxin for the management of spasticity: A Delphi study to develop recommendations for a scope of practice, competency, and governance framework. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2023; 5:100299. [PMID: 38163024 PMCID: PMC10757174 DOI: 10.1016/j.arrct.2023.100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To establish a scope of practice, competency (through education) and governance framework for ultrasound image guided injection of botulinum toxin in the management of spasticity. Design Delphi study. Setting International, web-based survey. Participants A purposively selected multidisciplinary (physicians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists) panel of experts (n=15) in the use of ultrasound image guided injection of botulinum toxin for management of spasticity. Panel members were predominantly based in the UK (11/15). Interventions In round 1, open-ended questions were posed relating to potential scope of practice for 'ultrasound imaging in spasticity management'; (specifically relating to ultrasound image guided injection of Botulinum Toxin) education/competency and governance considerations. In round 2, respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with the statements generated. Outcome measures 5-point Likert scale used for rating the statements. Threshold for consensus agreement was set at 70% or above. Results Three different scopes of practice relating to ultrasound imaging in spasticity management were accepted. The primary scope of practice was the use of ultrasound imaging to guide safe and accurate delivery of botulinum toxin. Relating to this primary scope, 7 competency requirements were agreed relating to areas including image optimization and interpretation, needle visualization and safety. A singular, broad governance statement was generated. Conclusion Relating specifically to guided injection of botulinum toxin for management of spasticity, we present a scope of practice, competency, and governance framework. These are integrated within a framework approach to provide a mechanism for increased patient access to accurate, safe, and effective focal spasticity treatment. The framework supports focused training routes, greater inter-profession communication and wider clinical community engagement in spasticity management using this modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Ashford
- Regional Hyper-acute Rehabilitation Unit, London North West University healthcare NHS Trust & Department of Palliative Care, King's College London, London, England
| | - Gary Morris
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
- Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, Wales
| | - Michael J. Smith
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
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13
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Wattles BA, Feygin Y, Jawad KS, Stevenson MD, Vidwan NK, Blatt DB, Davis DW, Creel LM, Porter JM, Jones VF, Smith MJ. Use of the Child Opportunity Index to Examine Racial Variations in Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing to Children. J Pediatr 2023; 261:113572. [PMID: 37343705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
To examine further racial and ethnic variations in antibiotic prescribing to children, we used the Child Opportunity Index. Black children were less likely to be prescribed an antibiotic. Low- and moderate-opportunity areas were associated with greater rates of antibiotic prescribing, after adjusting for race and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Wattles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY.
| | - Yana Feygin
- Norton Children's Research Institute, affiliated with University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Kahir S Jawad
- Norton Children's Research Institute, affiliated with University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Michelle D Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Norton Children's and University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Navjyot K Vidwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Norton Children's and University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Daniel B Blatt
- Department of Pediatrics, Norton Children's and University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Deborah Winders Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Norton Children's Research Institute, affiliated with University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Liza M Creel
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Jennifer M Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, Norton Children's and University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - V Faye Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Norton Children's and University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Michael J Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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14
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Perez R, Yarrington ME, Adams MB, Deri CR, Drew RH, Smith MJ, Spivey J, Wrenn RH, Moehring RW. Pandemic hits: Evaluation of an antimicrobial stewardship program website for hospital communication during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:1701-1703. [PMID: 37042608 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo Perez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael E Yarrington
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Martha B Adams
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Connor R Deri
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Richard H Drew
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Campbell University College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Buies Creek, North Carolina
| | - Michael J Smith
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Justin Spivey
- Department of Pharmacy, McLeod Health Seacoast, Little River, South Carolina
| | - Rebekah H Wrenn
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rebekah W Moehring
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina
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15
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Branche AR, Rouphael NG, Diemert DJ, Falsey AR, Losada C, Baden LR, Frey SE, Whitaker JA, Little SJ, Anderson EJ, Walter EB, Novak RM, Rupp R, Jackson LA, Babu TM, Kottkamp AC, Luetkemeyer AF, Immergluck LC, Presti RM, Bäcker M, Winokur PL, Mahgoub SM, Goepfert PA, Fusco DN, Malkin E, Bethony JM, Walsh EE, Graciaa DS, Samaha H, Sherman AC, Walsh SR, Abate G, Oikonomopoulou Z, El Sahly HM, Martin TCS, Kamidani S, Smith MJ, Ladner BG, Porterfield L, Dunstan M, Wald A, Davis T, Atmar RL, Mulligan MJ, Lyke KE, Posavad CM, Meagher MA, Stephens DS, Neuzil KM, Abebe K, Hill H, Albert J, Telu K, Mu J, Lewis TC, Giebeig LA, Eaton A, Netzl A, Wilks SH, Türeli S, Makhene M, Crandon S, Montefiori DC, Makowski M, Smith DJ, Nayak SU, Roberts PC, Beigel JH. Comparison of bivalent and monovalent SARS-CoV-2 variant vaccines: the phase 2 randomized open-label COVAIL trial. Nat Med 2023; 29:2334-2346. [PMID: 37640860 PMCID: PMC10504073 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection wanes over time, requiring updated boosters. In a phase 2, open-label, randomized clinical trial with sequentially enrolled stages at 22 US sites, we assessed safety and immunogenicity of a second boost with monovalent or bivalent variant vaccines from mRNA and protein-based platforms targeting wild-type, Beta, Delta and Omicron BA.1 spike antigens. The primary outcome was pseudovirus neutralization titers at 50% inhibitory dilution (ID50 titers) with 95% confidence intervals against different SARS-CoV-2 strains. The secondary outcome assessed safety by solicited local and systemic adverse events (AEs), unsolicited AEs, serious AEs and AEs of special interest. Boosting with prototype/wild-type vaccines produced numerically lower ID50 titers than any variant-containing vaccine against all variants. Conversely, boosting with a variant vaccine excluding prototype was not associated with decreased neutralization against D614G. Omicron BA.1 or Beta monovalent vaccines were nearly equivalent to Omicron BA.1 + prototype or Beta + prototype bivalent vaccines for neutralization of Beta, Omicron BA.1 and Omicron BA.4/5, although they were lower for contemporaneous Omicron subvariants. Safety was similar across arms and stages and comparable to previous reports. Our study shows that updated vaccines targeting Beta or Omicron BA.1 provide broadly crossprotective neutralizing antibody responses against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants without sacrificing immunity to the ancestral strain. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05289037 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Branche
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | | | - David J Diemert
- George Washington Vaccine Research Unit, George Washington University, Washington D.C., WA, USA
| | - Ann R Falsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Lindsey R Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharon E Frey
- Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer A Whitaker
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan J Little
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (CCIV) of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard M Novak
- Project WISH, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Rupp
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Lisa A Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tara M Babu
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Angelica C Kottkamp
- NYU VTEU Manhattan Research Clinic, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne F Luetkemeyer
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lilly C Immergluck
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, and Clinical Research Center, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Martín Bäcker
- NYU VTEU Long Island Research Clinic, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA
| | | | - Siham M Mahgoub
- Howard University College of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Washington D.C., WA, USA
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Elissa Malkin
- George Washington Vaccine Research Unit, George Washington University, Washington D.C., WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Bethony
- George Washington Vaccine Research Unit, George Washington University, Washington D.C., WA, USA
| | - Edward E Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Hady Samaha
- Hope Clinic, Emory University, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Amy C Sherman
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen R Walsh
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Getahun Abate
- Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Hana M El Sahly
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas C S Martin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (CCIV) of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Maya Dunstan
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tamia Davis
- NYU VTEU Manhattan Research Clinic, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- NYU VTEU Manhattan Research Clinic, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirsten E Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christine M Posavad
- IDCRC Laboratory Operations Unit, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan A Meagher
- IDCRC Laboratory Operations Unit, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David S Stephens
- Department of Medicine and Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Heather Hill
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jim Albert
- The Emmes Company, LLC, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Jinjian Mu
- The Emmes Company, LLC, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Teri C Lewis
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Giebeig
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Antonia Netzl
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel H Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sina Türeli
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mamodikoe Makhene
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonja Crandon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Seema U Nayak
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul C Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John H Beigel
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Wattles BA, Smith MJ, Feygin Y, Jawad K, Flinchum A, Corley B, Spicer KB. Inappropriate Prescribing of Antibiotics to Pediatric Patients Receiving Medicaid: Comparison of High-Volume and Non-High-Volume Antibiotic Prescribers-Kentucky, 2019. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2307. [PMID: 37628504 PMCID: PMC10454144 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11162307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing to pediatric Medicaid patients was compared among high-volume and non-high-volume prescribers. High-volume prescribers had a higher percentage of inappropriate prescriptions than non-high-volume prescribers (17.2% versus 15.8%, p = 0.005). Targeting high-volume prescribers for stewardship efforts is a practical approach to reducing outpatient antibiotic prescribing that also captures inappropriate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A. Wattles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Michael J. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center and Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yana Feygin
- Department of Pediatrics, Norton Children’s and University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kahir Jawad
- Department of Pediatrics, Norton Children’s and University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Andrea Flinchum
- Healthcare-Associated Infection/Antibiotic Resistance Prevention Program, Division of Epidemiology and Health Planning, Kentucky Department for Public Health, Frankfort, KY 40621, USA
| | - Brittany Corley
- Healthcare-Associated Infection/Antibiotic Resistance Prevention Program, Division of Epidemiology and Health Planning, Kentucky Department for Public Health, Frankfort, KY 40621, USA
| | - Kevin B. Spicer
- Healthcare-Associated Infection/Antibiotic Resistance Prevention Program, Division of Epidemiology and Health Planning, Kentucky Department for Public Health, Frankfort, KY 40621, USA
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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El Feghaly RE, Herigon JC, Kronman MP, Wattles BA, Poole NM, Smith MJ, Vaughan AM, Olivero R, Patel SJ, Wirtz A, Willis Z, Lee BR. Benchmarking of Outpatient Pediatric Antibiotic Prescribing: Results of a Multicenter Collaborative. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2023:7188237. [PMID: 37262431 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most antibiotic use occurs in ambulatory settings. No benchmarks exist for pediatric institutions to assess their outpatient antibiotic use and compare prescribing rates to peers. We aimed to share pediatric outpatient antibiotic use reports and benchmarking metrics nationally. METHODS We invited institutions from the Sharing Antimicrobial Reports for Pediatric Stewardship OutPatient (SHARPS-OP) Collaborative to contribute quarterly aggregate reports on antibiotic use from January 2019 through June 2022. Outpatient settings included emergency departments (ED), urgent care centers (UCC), primary care clinics (PCC) and telehealth encounters. Benchmarking metrics included the percentage of 1) all acute encounters resulting in antibiotic prescriptions; 2) acute respiratory infection (ARI) encounters resulting in antibiotic prescriptions; and among ARI encounters receiving antibiotics, 3) the percentage receiving amoxicillin ("Amoxicillin index"); and 4) the percentage receiving azithromycin ("Azithromycin index"). We collected rates of antibiotic prescriptions with durations ≤7 days and >10 days from institutions able to provide validated duration data. RESULTS Twenty-one institutions submitted aggregate reports. Percent ARI encounters receiving antibiotics were highest in the UCC (40.2%), and lowest in telehealth (19.1%). Amoxicillin index was highest for the ED (76.2%), and lowest for telehealth (55.8%), while azithromycin index was similar for ED, UCC and PCC (3.8%, 3.7% and 5.0% respectively). Antibiotic duration of ≤7 days varied substantially (46.4% for ED, 27.8% UCC, 23.7% telehealth, 16.4% PCC). CONCLUSIONS We developed a benchmarking platform for key pediatric outpatient antibiotic use metrics drawing data from multiple pediatric institutions nationally. These data may serve as a baseline measurement for future improvement work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana E El Feghaly
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
- University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - Joshua C Herigon
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
- University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - Matthew P Kronman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Nicole M Poole
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Michael J Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Ana M Vaughan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Rosemary Olivero
- Department of Pediatric and Human Development, Michigan State College of Human Medicine; Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Sameer J Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Ann Wirtz
- University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Zachary Willis
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Brian R Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
- University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
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Moorthy GS, Young RR, Smith MJ, White MJ, Hong H, Kelly MS. Racial Inequities in Sepsis Mortality Among Children in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:361-367. [PMID: 36795560 PMCID: PMC10101919 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial inequities influence health outcomes in the United States, but their impact on sepsis outcomes among children is understudied. We aimed to evaluate for racial inequities in sepsis mortality using a nationally representative sample of pediatric hospitalizations. METHODS This population-based, retrospective cohort study used the 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2016 Kids' Inpatient Database. Eligible children 1 month to 17 years old were identified using sepsis-related International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision or International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes. We used modified Poisson regression to evaluate the association between patient race and in-hospital mortality, clustering by hospital and adjusting for age, sex and year. We used Wald tests to assess for modification of associations between race and mortality by sociodemographic factors, geographic region and insurance status. RESULTS Among 38,234 children with sepsis, 2555 (6.7%) died in-hospital. Compared with White children, mortality was higher among Hispanic (adjusted relative risk: 1.09; 95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.14), Asian/Pacific Islander (1.17, 1.08-1.27) and children from other racial minority groups (1.27, 1.19-1.35). Black children had similar mortality to White children overall (1.02, 0.96-1.07), but higher mortality in the South (7.3% vs. 6.4%; P < 0.0001). Hispanic children had higher mortality than White children in the Midwest (6.9% vs. 5.4%; P < 0.0001), while Asian/Pacific Islander children had higher mortality than all other racial categories in the Midwest (12.6%) and South (12.0%). Mortality was higher among uninsured children than among privately insured children (1.24, 1.17-1.31). CONCLUSIONS Risk of in-hospital mortality among children with sepsis in the United States differs by patient race, geographic region and insurance status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga S. Moorthy
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca R. Young
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael J. Smith
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michelle J. White
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hwanhee Hong
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew S. Kelly
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Smith MJ, Geach JE. Astronomia ex machina: a history, primer and outlook on neural networks in astronomy. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:221454. [PMID: 37266039 PMCID: PMC10230190 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we explore the historical development and future prospects of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning in astronomy. We trace the evolution of connectionism in astronomy through its three waves, from the early use of multilayer perceptrons, to the rise of convolutional and recurrent neural networks, and finally to the current era of unsupervised and generative deep learning methods. With the exponential growth of astronomical data, deep learning techniques offer an unprecedented opportunity to uncover valuable insights and tackle previously intractable problems. As we enter the anticipated fourth wave of astronomical connectionism, we argue for the adoption of GPT-like foundation models fine-tuned for astronomical applications. Such models could harness the wealth of high-quality, multimodal astronomical data to serve state-of-the-art downstream tasks. To keep pace with advancements driven by Big Tech, we propose a collaborative, open-source approach within the astronomy community to develop and maintain these foundation models, fostering a symbiotic relationship between AI and astronomy that capitalizes on the unique strengths of both fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Smith
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - James E. Geach
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
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Smith MJ. Can Veterans Experience Acculturative Stress? Journal of Veterans Studies 2023. [DOI: 10.21061/jvs.v9i2.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
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Smith MJ, Huang CC, Phan TH, Sasaki H, White KO, Heil-Chapdelaine RA, Angus-Hill M. Abstract 2871: Spatial landscape of the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using multiplexed imaging and AI based analysis. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic tumors are highly heterogenous, often with more aggressive regions that are responsible for invasion and metastasis. These aggressive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition and create subregions in the tumor that evade treatments and provide a critical support niche for continued tumor growth and metastasis. Conventional chemotherapy plus radiation, or in advanced disease chemotherapy plus targeted drug therapy can lengthen patient survival. However, even in patients with local disease, the 5-year survival rate remains at around 40%, demonstrating that there is need for improved conventional and immune therapies for all pancreatic cancer patients. In this study, dozens of biomarkers have been used to probe tumor heterogeneity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissue. We rely on the published finding that hypoxia gene expression is consistent in PDAC, regardless of tumor location, whether primary tumor or metastasis. With the spatial biology solution, Cell DIVETM and proprietary Spatial AI analytics software, dozens of biomarkers can be used to computationally reduce tumor heterogeneity, and to spatially define cells in the microenvironment within hypoxic and normoxic regions of PDAC, and in normal pancreas. We found that these hypoxic PDAC regions are devoid of immune cells in general, with the appearance of spatially co-localized populations of cell types consistent with tumor desmoplasia and inflammation. Taken together, multiplexed whole slide imaging and analysis enables spatially resolved whole tissue analysis of the tumor microenvironment, including new insights into spatial biology in the hypoxic PDAC environment.
Citation Format: Michael J. Smith, Chi-Chou Huang, Tuan H. Phan, Hideki Sasaki, Katie O. White, Richard A. Heil-Chapdelaine, Melinda Angus-Hill. Spatial landscape of the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using multiplexed imaging and AI based analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2871.
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Arvidson L, Prioli R, Jensen S, Smith MJ, White KO, Heil-Chapdelaine RA, Huang CC, Phan TH, Sasaki H, Angus-Hill ML. Abstract 4701: Spatial resolution of tumor and immune cell lineages in the hypoxic microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding how the tumor microenvironment (TME) evolves during tumorigenesis and therapeutic response is crucial to developing personalized treatments with the goal of improving cancer therapy. With robust and comprehensive multiplexed imaging technologies, immune biomarker antibodies can be used to interrogate immune cell lineages and structures. When combined with specific oncology biomarker antibodies, this approach can capture the immune response within the TME in a variety of neoplasms. The Cell DIVETM Multiplex Imaging Solution allows probing and imaging of dozens of biomarkers on a whole single tissue section using an iterative staining and dye inactivation workflow. The broad portfolio of robust IHC-validated antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology (CST) enables the detection of key proteins in the TME, allowing immune cell detection and phenotyping in tissue. Here, we demonstrate multiplexed Cell DIVE imaging using a novel CST panel to probe pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). These biomarker antibodies define the immune cell landscape in the hypoxic tumor. Development of the antibody panel required minimal optimization, enabled the identification of complex cell types and revealed their cell-to-cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment. The availability of cell type specific biomarkers, combined with the ability to interrogate using multiplexed tissue imaging, provides unprecedented and novel insights and spatial resolution of immune cell populations with many cell types in the TME.
Citation Format: Lisa Arvidson, Reginaldo Prioli, Samuel Jensen, Michael J. Smith, Katie O. White, Richard A. Heil-Chapdelaine, Chi-Chou Huang, Tuan H. Phan, Hideki Sasaki, Melinda L. Angus-Hill. Spatial resolution of tumor and immune cell lineages in the hypoxic microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4701.
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Arvidson L, Prioli R, Jensen S, Hoying JB, Golway MW, Smith MJ, White KO, Heil-Chapdelaine RA, Huang CC, Phan TH, Sasaki H, Angus-Hill M. Abstract 4698: Reproducibility in spatial biology: reducing variables to improve the reliability of insight generation. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
There is an ongoing crisis in reproducibility in scientific studies, and studies in spatial biology are no exception. Cell DIVETM Multiplex imaging solution (Leica Microsystems) provides reliable workflow solutions to minimize variability from study to study. Cell DIVE allows probing and imaging of dozens of biomarkers on a whole tissue section with an iterative staining and dye inactivation workflow. At its core, Cell DIVE is designed to provide methods reproducibility, from tissue preparation, antigen retrieval, and sample imaging and slide storage. Cell DIVE is designed to work with directly conjugated primary antibodies, another source of variability. However, conjugated antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology (CST) are rigorously validated using stringent acceptance criteria to reduce variability. In addition, the use of recombinant antibodies, the consistent conjugate brightness and antibody degree-of-labeling reduce lot to lot variability, ensuring reliable conjugated antibodies for spatial biology studies. High resolution imaging results are obtained by consistent round to round imaging, consistent calibration and corrections, and reduction of human error using the BAB 200 liquid handling solution (Advanced Solutions Life Sciences). We present here, an iterative biomarker study using adjacent tissue sections probed with distinct lots of CST antibody panels, imaged in temporally separated batches using a Cell DIVE imager fitted with a BAB200 liquid handler. Following robust analysis (segmentation, phenotyping and statistical analysis), we report the reproducibility findings across parameters. Methods and results reproducibility in spatial biology is essential for reliable insight generation, giving confidence in the quality of future studies aimed at improving patient outcomes.
Citation Format: Lisa Arvidson, Reginaldo Prioli, Samuel Jensen, James B. Hoying, Michael W. Golway, Michael J. Smith, Katie O. White, Richard A. Heil-Chapdelaine, Chi-Chou Huang, Tuan H. Phan, Hideki Sasaki, Melinda Angus-Hill. Reproducibility in spatial biology: reducing variables to improve the reliability of insight generation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4698.
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Gallen K, Sonnenberg J, Loughran C, Smith MJ, Sheppard M, Schuster K, Kaufman E, Song JS, Hall EC. Health Effects of Policing in Hospitals: a Narrative Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:870-882. [PMID: 35267188 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Law enforcement activity, in the form of outside agencies or hospital security forces, is increasingly common in American healthcare. Little is known about the potential effects of this prevalent, modifiable exposure on hospital staff and patient health. This narrative review characterizes existing evidence on the direct and indirect health effects of law enforcement activity in hospitals. OBSERVATIONS Law enforcement activity in hospitals can affect health outcomes through four mechanisms: (1) physical health effects related to workplace violence, restraint use, excessive force, and weapon use; (2) mental health effects involving perceptions of safety and psychological distress; (3) social effects related to the patient-provider relationship, mistrust, and bias and discrimination; and (4) legal and ethical considerations affecting overall well-being. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Unchecked law enforcement activity in hospitals may risk patient physical and mental health, reduce patient trust, result in bias and discrimination, and contribute to legal and ethical rights violations. Importantly, law enforcement activity in hospitals may also contribute to staff perceptions of safety. To fill knowledge gaps on the measurable impact of law enforcement activity in the hospital on staff and patients, hospitals should collect and publicly share robust data on law enforcement activity in their facilities, create and adopt patient-centered policies to ensure safety and protect patient health and privacy, and implement evidence-based interventions that safely reduce law enforcement involvement with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Gallen
- Division of Trauma, Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jake Sonnenberg
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mildred Sheppard
- Community Violence Intervention Program, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Kirsten Schuster
- Division of Trauma, Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elinore Kaufman
- Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ji Seon Song
- School of Law, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Erin C Hall
- Division of Trauma, Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
- Community Violence Intervention Program, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
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Gallen KM, Smith MJ, Crane J, Loughran C, Schuster K, Sonnenberg J, Reese M, Girard VW, Song JS, Hall EC. Law Enforcement and Patient Privacy Among Survivors of Violence: A Nationwide Mixed-Methods Study. J Surg Res 2023; 283:648-657. [PMID: 36455418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the emergent treatment of violently injured patients, law enforcement (LE) officers and health care providers frequently interact. Both have duties to protect patient health, rights, and public health, however, the balance of these duties may feel at odds. The purpose of this study is to assess hospital-based violence intervention program (HVIP) representatives' experiences with LE officers among survivors of violence and the impact of hospital policies on interactions with LE officers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A nationwide survey was distributed to the 35 HVIPs that form the Health Alliance for Violence Intervention. Data regarding respondent affiliation, programs, and perceptions of hospital policies outlining LE activity were collected. Follow-up video interviews were open coded and qualitatively analyzed using grounded theory. RESULTS Respondents from 32 HVIPs completed the survey (91%), and 22 interviews (63%) were conducted. Common themes from interviews were: police-patient interactions; racism, bias, and victims' treatment as suspects; and training and education. Only 39% of respondents knew that policies existed and were familiar with them. Most representatives believed their hospitals' existing policies were inadequate, ineffective, or biased. Programs that reported good working relationships with LE officers offered insight on how their programs maintain these partnerships and work with LE officers towards a common goal. CONCLUSIONS Unclear or inadequate policies relating to LE activity may jeopardize the health and privacy of violently injured patients. Primary areas identified for improvement include clarifying and revising hospital policies, education of staff and LE officers, and improved communication between health care providers and LE officers to better protect patient rights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Gallen
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michael J Smith
- Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joshua Crane
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Carly Loughran
- Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kirsten Schuster
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jake Sonnenberg
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Mildred Reese
- Community Violence Intervention Program, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Vicki W Girard
- Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ji Seon Song
- University of California, Irvine School of Law, Irvine, California
| | - Erin C Hall
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia; Community Violence Intervention Program, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia.
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Gallen K, Loughran C, Smith MJ, Schille C, Schuster K, Reese M, Sonnenberg J, Song JS, Kaufman E, Hall EC. Addressing Legal Needs as Violence Prevention: A National Survey of Legal Services Offered through Hospital-based Violence Intervention Programs. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2023; 34:1427-1444. [PMID: 38661765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs) provide comprehensive services to survivors of community violence to address social determinants of health (SDOH) as risks factors for future violence. Medical-legal partnerships (MLPs) integrate lawyers into health care teams to address SDOH through the application of the law. Despite shared purposes, it is unknown if HVIP-MLPs exist. We sought to quantify the existing landscape of legal services provided by HVIPs, identify HVIP-MLPs, and characterize barriers to formation. Surveys and interviews were conducted in 2020 with 35 HVIPs of the Health Alliance for Violence Intervention (HAVI) concerning civil legal services. Most HVIPs screened for civil legal needs though none had an official MLP. Common civil legal needs included housing, mental health, and education. Barriers included no memorandum of understanding, legal confusion, funding, and overwhelming need. In 2021, no HVIP-MLP partnerships existed within HAVI. Establishing HVIP-MLPs may further support survivors of violence and address health inequity.
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Perez R, Yarrington ME, Wrenn R, Deri CR, Adams MB, Drew RH, Moehring RW, Smith MJ, Spivey J. 961. Pandemic Hits: Evaluation of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Website for Hospital Communication During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022. [PMCID: PMC9752438 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac492.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic Stewardship Programs (ASPs) assist front-line clinicians in synthesizing emerging data and establishing best practices. Our ASP team directly maintained and edited an internal web application, Duke CustomID®, to disseminate updated guideline, policy, and drug information during COVID-19. We aimed to describe website engagement and maintenance during the dynamic pandemic period. Methods We performed a descriptive, time-series analysis using Google Analytics software to measure engagement with Duke CustomID® during a 1-year pre-pandemic period through the Omicron surge: January 2019 to March 2022. We measured total page views (or “hits”), COVID-specific page hits, and days requiring COVID-specific page edits by week. Given fluctuations in hospitalization rates, we defined the primary outcome as the rate of hits divided by total hospitalizations. Weekly data were assessed graphically with positive COVID tests and COVID hospitalizations. We used negative binomial regression to quantify the association between COVID hospitalizations and hit rates and to trend engagement over time, adjusted for seasonality. We stratified data by COVID page and calculated a hit/edit ratio. Results Engagement with CustomID® increased during the pandemic period, especially during surges (Figure). Hits in the pre-pandemic period were median 1707 (range 1165-2354) per week, and hit rates median 1.95 per hospitalization (range 1.40-2.86). Peaks were observed in March 2020 (hit rate 4.59) and January 2022 (hit rate 3.87). On average, for every 100 COVID hospitalizations, the hit rate increased by 0.08 (0.004-0.16, p=0.04). Engagement slowly increased over the study period (relative rate week 1 versus 170: 1.15, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.28, p=0.02). COVID page edits per week had a median of 2 (range 0-12). Adult Inpatient Guidelines and COVID Monoclonal Antibody pages had highest use (Table). Duke CustomID Hits and Maintenance Efforts over the Pandemic
![]() Top: COVID-specific CustomID hits per week (Green), Positive COVID tests per week (Blue) over time Middle: Total custom ID page hits relative to total hospitalizations per week (teal), COVID hospitalizations (Red) Bottom: Number of edits to COVID-specific CustomID pages per week, stratified by management pages and drug pages Several dates of significance are highlighted including the Emergency Use Authorizations (EUA) for remdesivir, the COVID Vaccines, and Paxlovid Duke CustomID COVID-19 Page Hits and Edits
![]() COVID specific pages on Duke CustomID with total hits, edits, and ratio over the pandemic Conclusion Our ASP’s website was a highly utilized, practical tool for disseminating practice-changing information during the pandemic. Use increased over time and especially during surges. An electronic reference customized for local practice and rapidly updated by ASPs offers critical support for front-line clinicians. Disclosures Martha B. Adams, M.D., Custom Clinical Decision Support, Inc: Board Member|Custom Clinical Decision Support, Inc: Ownership Interest Richard H. Drew, PharmD MS, American College of Clinical Pharmacists: Publication royalties|Takeda: Advisor/Consultant|UpToDate: publication royalties Rebekah W. Moehring, MD, MPH, FIDSA, FSHEA, UpToDate, Inc.: Author Royalties Michael J. Smith, M.D., M.S.C.E, Merck: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard H Drew
- Duke School of Medicine/Campbell University College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
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Wattles BA, Smith MJ, Feygin Y, Jawad KS, Bhadury S, Sun J, Kong M, Woods CR. Recurrent Antibiotic Use in Kentucky Children With 6 Years of Continuous Medicaid Enrollment. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:492-497. [PMID: 35964236 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the distribution of antibiotic use in individual children over time. The amoxicillin index is a recently proposed metric to assess first-line antibiotic prescribing to children. METHODS We constructed a cohort of continuously enrolled Medicaid children using enrollment claims from 2012 to 2017. Pharmacy claims were used to identify antibiotic prescription data. RESULTS Among 169 724 children with 6 years of Medicaid enrollment, 10 804 (6.4%) had no antibiotic prescription claims during the study period; 43 473 (25.6%) had 1-3 antibiotics; 34 318 (20.2%) had 4-6 antibiotics; 30 994 (18.3%) had 7-10; 35 018 (20.6%) had 11-20; and 15 117 (8.9%) children had more than 20 antibiotic prescriptions. Overall, the population had a median total of 6 antibiotic prescriptions during the study period, but use was higher in certain patient groups: younger age (8 antibiotic fills over the 6-year period, [IQR 4-14]), White children (7 [IQR 3-13], compared to 3 [IQR 1-6] in Black children), rural settings (9 [IQR 4-15]) and chronic conditions (8 [IQR 4-15]). Higher-use groups also had lower rates of amoxicillin fills, reported as amoxicillin indices. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic use is common among most children insured by Kentucky Medicaid. A number of fills over time were higher in younger children, and in White children, children living in rural settings and children with chronic conditions. Patients with higher recurrent antibiotic use are important targets for designing high-impact antibiotic stewardship efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Wattles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yana Feygin
- Norton Children's Research Institute Affiliated with University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kahir S Jawad
- Norton Children's Research Institute Affiliated with University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sagnik Bhadury
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jingchao Sun
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Maiying Kong
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Charles R Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee College of Medicine-Chattanooga, Children's Hospital at Erlanger, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
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Chang YC, Young RR, Mavis AM, Chambers ET, Kirmani S, Kelly MS, Kalu IC, Smith MJ, Lugo DJ. Epstein-Barr Virus DNAemia and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269766. [PMID: 36256635 PMCID: PMC9578615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients commonly have Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNAemia and are at risk of developing post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). EBV DNAemia has not been analyzed on a continuous scale in this population. METHODS All children ≤ 18 years of age who underwent SOT at a single center between January 1, 2007 and July 31, 2018 were included in this retrospective study. Transplant episodes in which PTLD occurred were compared to transplant episodes without PTLD. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the development of EBV DNAemia and maximum height of EBV DNAemia. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios for time to PTLD. RESULTS Of 275 total transplant recipients and 294 transplant episodes, there were 14 episodes of PTLD. Intestinal and multivisceral transplant were strongly associated with PTLD (p = 0.002). Risk factors for the development of EBV DNAemia include donor and recipient positive EBV serologies (p = 0.001) and older age (p = 0.001). Maximum level of EBV DNAemia was significantly associated with development of PTLD (p<0.0001). Every one log (log10) increase in the maximum level of EBV DNAemia was associated with a more than doubling of the hazard on developing PTLD (HR: 2.18, 95% CI 1.19-3.99). CONCLUSIONS Transplant type was strongly associated with development of PTLD in pediatric SOT recipients. EBV serologies and age were associated with the development of EBV DNAemia and height of DNAemia. High levels of EBV DNAemia were strongly associated with an increased hazard for PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeh-Chung Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rebecca R. Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alisha M. Mavis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eileen T. Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sonya Kirmani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ibukunoluwa C. Kalu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Debra J. Lugo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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O'Neal KS, Oliphant EA, Johnson EJ, Hines MT, Smith MJ. Prescriber and employee utilization of a health sciences center campus outpatient pharmacy: A qualitative analysis. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2022; 79:2032-2039. [PMID: 35980283 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DISCLAIMER In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. PURPOSE The college of pharmacy has operated pharmacies on campus for over 26 years. Employees and patients are users of the pharmacies; however, utilization across the campus has been limited. This paper describes a process, as well as results, that was used to gather input from employees on a large university health sciences center campus on pharmacy needs and related behaviors on campus pharmacy utilization. METHODS Two focus groups of staff and 4 focus groups of prescribers were conducted over 1 month. Participants were selected through purposive sampling via email within an academic health sciences center campus over a 1-month period. The sessions were moderated by one investigator using a preconstructed discussion guide and lasted 1 hour. Two additional investigators observed sessions for nonverbal communication; all sessions were audio recorded for subsequent transcription. An open-coding process was performed on verbatim transcripts using NVivo12. The investigator team then developed, refined, and grouped themes during subsequent group discussions. RESULTS A total of 44 participants took part in 6 focus groups. Participants included prescribers (physicians, nurses, physician assistants) and staff (nonprescribers). Two major themes identified were (1) factors related to on-campus pharmacies and (2) qualities valued in a pharmacy. There was an equal split (8% for each group) on awareness of the on-campus pharmacies. Almost 11% of participants commented on the accessibility of a pharmacy being a quality valued in a pharmacy. CONCLUSION Focus groups provided insights for the administration team regarding additional value-added services that would be helpful for the campus community, as well as various approaches to increase utilization of the on-campus pharmacies. Focus group methodology is an effective approach to engage employees of a large university campus to garner new ideas to enhance existing policies or services, as well as to gather thoughts on preliminary strategic plans before implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily A Oliphant
- University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Eric J Johnson
- University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael T Hines
- University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Johnston EW, Alves A, Messiou C, Napolitano A, Strauss D, Hayes A, Smith MJ, Benson C, Jones RL, Gennatas S, Fotiadis N. Percutaneous cryoablation for desmoid fibromatosis: initial experience at a UK centre. Clin Radiol 2022; 77:784-793. [PMID: 35850865 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM To report the first UK experience of cryoablation in desmoid fibromatosis (DF) with particular focus on technique, safety, and efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were selected at multidisciplinary tumour board meetings at a specialist cancer hospital. Radiation dose, procedure duration, and number of cryoprobes were compared for small versus large tumours (>10 cm long axis). Response at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was evaluated using different criteria, and percentage agreement with clinical response as assessed in oncology clinic calculated. RESULTS Thirteen procedures were performed in 10 patients (eight women, median age 51 years, IQR 42-69 years) between February 2019 and August 2021. Procedures for large tumours had higher radiation dose (2,012 ± 1,012 versus 1,076 ± 519 mGy·cm, p=0.048) used more cryoprobes (13 ± 7 versus 4 ± 2, p=0.009), and were more likely to have residual unablated tumour (38 ± 37% versus 7.5 ± 10%, p=0.045). Adverse events were minor apart from one transient radial nerve palsy. Eight of 10 patients had symptomatic benefit at clinical follow-up (median 353 days, IQR 86-796 days), and three started systemic therapy mean 393 days later. All patients who had complete ablation demonstrated symptomatic response, with no instances of repeat treatment, recurrence, or need for systemic therapy during the study period. All progression occurred outside ablation zones. CONCLUSION Cryoablation for symptomatic DF is a reproducible technique with low, transient toxicity, where one or two treatments can achieve a meaningful response. Where possible, the ablation ice ball should fully cover DF tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Johnston
- Interventional Radiology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.
| | - A Alves
- Medial Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - C Messiou
- Diagnostic Radiology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Napolitano
- Medial Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - D Strauss
- Academic Surgical Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Hayes
- Academic Surgical Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - M J Smith
- Academic Surgical Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - C Benson
- Medial Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - R L Jones
- Medial Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - S Gennatas
- Medial Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - N Fotiadis
- Interventional Radiology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.
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Branche AR, Rouphael NG, Diemert DJ, Falsey AR, Losada C, Baden LR, Frey SE, Whitaker JA, Little SJ, Anderson EJ, Walter EB, Novak RM, Rupp R, Jackson LA, Babu TM, Kottkamp AC, Luetkemeyer AF, Immergluck LC, Presti RM, Bäcker M, Winokur PL, Mahgoub SM, Goepfert PA, Fusco DN, Malkin E, Bethony JM, Walsh EE, Graciaa DS, Samaha H, Sherman AC, Walsh SR, Abate G, Oikonomopoulou Z, El Sahly HM, Martin TCS, Rostad CA, Smith MJ, Ladner BG, Porterfield L, Dunstan M, Wald A, Davis T, Atmar RL, Mulligan MJ, Lyke KE, Posavad CM, Meagher MA, Stephens DS, Neuzil KM, Abebe K, Hill H, Albert J, Lewis TC, Giebeig LA, Eaton A, Netzl A, Wilks SH, Türeli S, Makhene M, Crandon S, Lee M, Nayak SU, Montefiori DC, Makowski M, Smith DJ, Roberts PC, Beigel JH. SARS-CoV-2 Variant Vaccine Boosters Trial: Preliminary Analyses. medRxiv 2022:2022.07.12.22277336. [PMID: 35898343 PMCID: PMC9327623 DOI: 10.1101/2022.07.12.22277336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Protection from SARS-CoV-2 vaccines wanes over time and is compounded by emerging variants including Omicron subvariants. This study evaluated safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variant vaccines. Methods This phase 2 open-label, randomized trial enrolled healthy adults previously vaccinated with a SARS-CoV-2 primary series and a single boost. Eligible participants were randomized to one of six Moderna COVID19 mRNA vaccine arms (50µg dose): Prototype (mRNA-1273), Omicron BA.1+Beta (1 or 2 doses), Omicron BA.1+Delta, Omicron BA.1 monovalent, and Omicron BA.1+Prototype. Neutralization antibody titers (ID 50 ) were assessed for D614G, Delta, Beta and Omicron BA.1 variants and Omicron BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/BA.5 subvariants 15 days after vaccination. Results From March 30 to May 6, 2022, 597 participants were randomized and vaccinated. Median age was 53 years, and 20% had a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. All vaccines were safe and well-tolerated. Day 15 geometric mean titers (GMT) against D614G were similar across arms and ages, and higher with prior infection. For uninfected participants, Day 15 Omicron BA.1 GMTs were similar across Omicron-containing vaccine arms (3724-4561) and higher than Prototype (1,997 [95%CI:1,482-2,692]). The Omicron BA.1 monovalent and Omicron BA.1+Prototype vaccines induced a geometric mean ratio (GMR) to Prototype for Omicron BA.1 of 2.03 (97.5%CI:1.37-3.00) and 1.56 (97.5%CI:1.06-2.31), respectively. A subset of samples from uninfected participants in four arms were also tested in a different laboratory at Day 15 for neutralizing antibody titers to D614G and Omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2.12.2 and BA.4/BA.5. Omicron BA.4/BA.5 GMTs were approximately one third BA.1 GMTs (Prototype 517 [95%CI:324-826] vs. 1503 [95%CI:949-2381]; Omicron BA.1+Beta 628 [95%CI:367-1,074] vs. 2125 [95%CI:1139-3965]; Omicron BA.1+Delta 765 [95%CI:443-1,322] vs. 2242 [95%CI:1218-4128] and Omicron BA.1+Prototype 635 [95%CI:447-903] vs. 1972 [95%CI:1337-2907). Conclusions Higher Omicron BA.1 titers were observed with Omicron-containing vaccines compared to Prototype vaccine and titers against Omicron BA.4/BA.5 were lower than against BA.1 for all candidate vaccines. Clinicaltrialsgov NCT05289037.
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Wattles BA, Jawad KS, Feygin YF, Stahl JD, Vidwan NK, Stevenson MD, Kong M, Smith MJ. Quality of antibiotic prescribing to children through the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol 2022; 2:e94. [PMID: 36483376 PMCID: PMC9726595 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe pediatric outpatient visits and antibiotic prescribing during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. DESIGN An observational, retrospective control study from January 2019 to October 2021. SETTING Outpatient clinics, including 27 family medicine clinics, 27 pediatric clinics, and 26 urgent or prompt care clinics. PATIENTS Children aged 0-19 years receiving care in an outpatient setting. METHODS Data were extracted from the electronic health record. The COVID-19 era was defined as April 1, 2020, to October 31, 2021. Virtual visits were identified by coded encounter or visit type variables. Visit diagnoses were assigned using a 3-tier classification system based on appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing and a subanalysis of respiratory visits was performed to compare changes in the COVID-19 era compared to baseline. RESULTS Through October 2021, we detected an overall sustained reduction of 18.2% in antibiotic prescribing to children. Disproportionate changes occurred in the percentages of antibiotic visits in respiratory visits for children by age, race or ethnicity, practice setting, and prescriber type. Virtual visits were minimal during the study period but did not result in higher rates of antibiotic visits or in-person follow-up visits. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that reductions in antibiotic prescribing have been sustained despite increases in outpatient visits. However, additional studies are warranted to better understand disproportionate rates of antibiotic visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A. Wattles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kahir S. Jawad
- Norton Children’s Research Institute Affiliated with University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Yana F. Feygin
- Norton Children’s Research Institute Affiliated with University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - J. Drew Stahl
- Department of Pharmacy, Norton Children’s Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Navjyot K. Vidwan
- Norton Children’s and University of Louisville School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Michelle D. Stevenson
- Norton Children’s and University of Louisville School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville School for Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Michael J. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Boutzoukas AE, Zimmerman KO, Inkelas M, Brookhart MA, Benjamin DK, Butteris S, Koval S, DeMuri GP, Manuel VG, Smith MJ, McGann KA, Kalu IC, Weber DJ, Falk A, Shane AL, Schuster JE, Goldman JL, Hickerson J, Benjamin V, Edwards L, Erickson TR, Benjamin DK. School Masking Policies and Secondary SARS-CoV-2 Transmission. Pediatrics 2022; 149:e2022056687. [PMID: 35260896 PMCID: PMC9647584 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-056687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, masking has been a widely used mitigation practice in kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12) school districts to limit within-school transmission. Prior studies attempting to quantify the impact of masking have assessed total cases within schools; however, the metric that more optimally defines effectiveness of mitigation practices is within-school transmission, or secondary cases. We estimated the impact of various masking practices on secondary transmission in a cohort of K-12 schools. METHODS We performed a multistate, prospective, observational, open cohort study from July 26, 2021 to December 13, 2021. Districts reported mitigation practices and weekly infection data. Districts that were able to perform contact tracing and adjudicate primary and secondary infections were eligible for inclusion. To estimate the impact of masking on secondary transmission, we used a quasi-Poisson regression model. RESULTS A total of 1 112 899 students and 157 069 staff attended 61 K-12 districts across 9 states that met inclusion criteria. The districts reported 40 601 primary and 3085 secondary infections. Six districts had optional masking policies, 9 had partial masking policies, and 46 had universal masking. In unadjusted analysis, districts that optionally masked throughout the study period had 3.6 times the rate of secondary transmission as universally masked districts; and for every 100 community-acquired cases, universally masked districts had 7.3 predicted secondary infections, whereas optionally masked districts had 26.4. CONCLUSIONS Secondary transmission across the cohort was modest (<10% of total infections) and universal masking was associated with reduced secondary transmission compared with optional masking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanecia O. Zimmerman
- Duke Clinical Research Institute
- Departments of Pediatrics
- Co-Chair, The ABC Science Collaborative, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Moira Inkelas
- Fielding School of Public Health
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - M. Alan Brookhart
- Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Sabrina Butteris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Maddison, Wisconsin
| | - Shawn Koval
- University of Wisconsin Health, Healthy Kids Collaborative, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gregory P. DeMuri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Maddison, Wisconsin
| | - Vladimir G. Manuel
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- University of California David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - David J. Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Amy Falk
- Department of Pediatrics, Aspirus Doctors Clinic, Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin
| | - Andi L. Shane
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer E. Schuster
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Jennifer L. Goldman
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel K. Benjamin
- Duke Clinical Research Institute
- Departments of Pediatrics
- Co-Chair, The ABC Science Collaborative, Durham, North Carolina
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Smith
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bethany A Wattles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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Kilgore JT, Lanata MM, Willis JM, McCarthy MJ, Becker JB, Evans JE, Smith MJ. Utilization of West Virginia Pediatric Medicaid Claims Data to Guide Outpatient Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:172-176. [PMID: 34939655 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
West Virginia consistently ranks in the top two nationally for per capita antibiotic prescription rates in both pediatric and adult outpatient populations. We present the first descriptive analysis evaluating outpatient prescription rates within the WV pediatric Medicaid population, which demonstrated significant antibiotic prescribing variability by provider type, specialty, and geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Kilgore
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mariana M Lanata
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jonathan M Willis
- Department of Information Technology, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- Department of Information Technology, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - James B Becker
- Department of Family Medicine, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Joseph E Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights progress in combating pediatric pneumococcal disease in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). This review is timely given the development of increased valency PCVs for potential use in children. RECENT FINDINGS Countries implementing vaccination programs with PCVs have witnessed dramatic reductions in cases of childhood invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). In the US, the largest decline of IPD followed the introduction of 7-valent PCV with additional decreases following the switch to 13-valent PCV (PCV13). Despite these gains, IPD still occurs in the US but at much lower rates. Likewise, pneumonia hospitalizations and office visits for otitis media have decreased. Nasopharyngeal colonization with pneumococci has persisted due to replacement by nonvaccine serotypes: colonizing non-PCV13 serotypes have less invasive potential. The PCV era has also been marked by reductions in the proportions of pneumococcus showing nonsusceptibility or resistance to some antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, PCVs have an excellent safety profile. SUMMARY Despite proven safety and efficacy, childhood vaccination programs in some countries do not include PCVs, resulting in the majority of global deaths attributable to pneumococcus. Increased worldwide vaccination of children and the development of higher valency vaccines holds additional promise for further reductions in childhood IPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel B Walter
- Department of Pediatrics
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Department of Pediatrics
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Aleem S, Walker LS, Hornik CD, Smith MJ, Grotegut CA, Weimer KED. Severe Congenital Syphilis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Case Series. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:335-339. [PMID: 34620796 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a 291% relative increase in congenital syphilis (CS) cases in the United States from 2015 to 2019. Although the majority of affected fetuses/infants are stillborn or are asymptomatic, a subset is born with severe clinical illness. We describe a series of severe CS cases in the neonatal intensive care unit. METHODS Retrospective review of infants with CS, admitted to the Duke Intensive Care Nursery from June 2016 to February 2020. We recorded birthweight, gestational age, medications, procedures, diagnoses, laboratory data and outcomes. Severe symptoms included: birth depression, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and/or persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN). RESULTS Seven infants with CS were identified and 5 with severe presentations were included. Median gestational age was 35.1 weeks (range: 29-37 weeks, median: 35 weeks). All infants required intubation at birth, 2 required chest compressions and epinephrine in the delivery room. One had hydrops fetalis and died in the delivery room. All 4 surviving infants had HIE, severe PPHN, hepatitis and seizures. All infants had a positive rapid plasma reagin, and were treated with penicillin G. Maternal rapid plasma reagin was pending for 3 of 5 infants at delivery, and later returned positive; 2 were positive during pregnancy but not treated. Other infectious work-up was negative. Three infants survived to discharge. CONCLUSION CS can be associated with HIE, PPHN and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in affected infants. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion and include CS in their differential diagnoses. This study also highlights the importance of adequate treatment of identified cases and screening during the third trimester and at delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Aleem
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University
| | | | - Chi D Hornik
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University
- Duke Clinical Research Institute
| | | | - Chad A Grotegut
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Durham
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Treitler DS, Soumeillant MC, Simmons EM, Lin D, Inankur B, Rogers AJ, Dummeldinger M, Kolotuchin S, Chan C, Li J, Freitag A, Lora Gonzalez F, Smith MJ, Sfouggatakis C, Wang J, Benkovics T, Deerberg J, Simpson JH, Chen K, Tymonko S. Development of a Commercial Process for Deucravacitinib, a Deuterated API for TYK2 Inhibition. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Treitler
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Maxime C. Soumeillant
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M. Simmons
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Dong Lin
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Bahar Inankur
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Amanda J. Rogers
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael Dummeldinger
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Sergei Kolotuchin
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Collin Chan
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Adam Freitag
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | | | - Michael J. Smith
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Chris Sfouggatakis
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jianji Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Tamas Benkovics
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Joerg Deerberg
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - James H. Simpson
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Ke Chen
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Steven Tymonko
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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Boutzoukas AE, Zimmerman KO, Benjamin DK, DeMuri GP, Kalu IC, Smith MJ, McGann KA, Koval S, Brookhart MA, Butteris SM. Secondary Transmission of COVID-19 in K-12 Schools: Findings From 2 States. Pediatrics 2022; 149:e2021054268K. [PMID: 34737171 PMCID: PMC9647774 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-054268k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the impact of distancing practices on secondary transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the degree of sports-associated secondary transmission across a large diverse cohort of schools during spring 2021. METHODS Participating districts in North Carolina and Wisconsin and North Carolina charter schools offering in-person instruction between March 15, 2021 and June 25, 2021 reported on distancing policies, community- and school-acquired infections, quarantines, and infections associated with school-sponsored sports. We calculated the ratio of school-acquired to community-acquired infection, secondary attack rates, and the proportion of secondary transmission events associated with sports. To estimate the effect of distancing and bus practices on student secondary transmission, we used a quasi-Poisson regression model with the number of primary student cases as the denominator. RESULTS During the study period, 1 102 039 students and staff attended in-person instruction in 100 North Carolina school districts, 13 Wisconsin school districts, and 14 North Carolina charter schools. Students and staff had 7865 primary infections, 386 secondary infections, and 48 313 quarantines. For every 20 community-acquired infections, there was 1 within-school transmission event. Secondary transmissions associated with school sports composed 46% of secondary transmission events in middle and high schools. Relaxed distancing practices (<3 ft, 3 ft) and increased children per bus seat were not associated with increased relative risk of secondary transmission. CONCLUSIONS With universal masking, in-person education was associated with low rates of secondary transmission, even with less stringent distancing and bus practices. Given the rates of sports-associated secondary transmission, additional mitigation may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanecia O. Zimmerman
- Duke Clinical Research Institute
- Departments of Pediatrics
- The ABC Science Collaborative, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel K. Benjamin
- Duke Clinical Research Institute
- Departments of Pediatrics
- The ABC Science Collaborative, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gregory P. DeMuri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | | | | | - Shawn Koval
- Healthy Kids Collaborative, University of Wisconsin Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - M. Alan Brookhart
- Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sabrina M. Butteris
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Boutzoukas AE, Zimmerman KO, Mann TK, Moorthy GS, Blakemore A, McGann KA, Smith MJ, Nutting B, Kerley K, Brookhart MA, Edwards L, Rak Z, Benjamin DK, Kalu IC. A School-Based SARS-CoV-2 Testing Program: Testing Uptake and Quarantine Length After In-School Exposures. Pediatrics 2022; 149:e2021054268J. [PMID: 34737175 PMCID: PMC9647777 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-054268j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related quarantines, which are required after close contact with infected individuals, have substantially disrupted in-person education for kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12) students. In recent recommendations, shortened durations of quarantine are allowed if a negative SARS-CoV-2 test result is obtained at 5 to 7 days postexposure, but access to testing remains limited. We hypothesized that providing access to in-school SARS-CoV-2 testing postexposure would increase testing and reduce missed school days. METHODS This prospective cohort study was conducted in one large public K-12 school district in North Carolina and included 2 periods: preimplementation (March 15, 2021, to April 21, 2021) and postimplementation (April 22, 2021, to June 4, 2021), defined around initiation of an in-school SARS-CoV-2 testing program in which on-site access to testing is provided. Number of quarantined students and staff, testing uptake, test results, and number of missed school days were analyzed and compared between the preimplementation and postimplementation periods. RESULTS Twenty-four schools, including 12 251 in-person learners, participated in the study. During preimplementation, 446 close contacts were quarantined for school-related exposures; 708 close contacts were quarantined postimplementation. Testing uptake after school-related exposures increased from 6% to 40% (95% confidence interval: 23% to 45%) after implementation, and 89% of tests were conducted in-school. After in-school testing implementation, close contacts missed ∼1.5 fewer days of school (95% confidence interval: -2 to -1). CONCLUSIONS Providing access to in-school testing may be a worthwhile mechanism to increase testing uptake after in-school exposures and minimize missed days of in-person learning, thereby mitigating the pandemic's ongoing impact on children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique E. Boutzoukas
- Departments of Pediatrics
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kanecia O. Zimmerman
- Departments of Pediatrics
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- The ABC Science Collaborative, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tara K. Mann
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ganga S. Moorthy
- Departments of Pediatrics
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ashley Blakemore
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Boen Nutting
- Iredell-Statesville Schools, Statesville, North Carolina
| | - Karen Kerley
- Iredell-Statesville Schools, Statesville, North Carolina
| | - M. Alan Brookhart
- Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Laura Edwards
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zsolt Rak
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel K. Benjamin
- Departments of Pediatrics
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- The ABC Science Collaborative, Durham, North Carolina
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Oster ME, Shay DK, Su JR, Gee J, Creech CB, Broder KR, Edwards K, Soslow JH, Dendy JM, Schlaudecker E, Lang SM, Barnett ED, Ruberg FL, Smith MJ, Campbell MJ, Lopes RD, Sperling LS, Baumblatt JA, Thompson DL, Marquez PL, Strid P, Woo J, Pugsley R, Reagan-Steiner S, DeStefano F, Shimabukuro TT. Myocarditis Cases Reported After mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination in the US From December 2020 to August 2021. JAMA 2022; 327:331-340. [PMID: 35076665 PMCID: PMC8790664 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.24110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 180.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Vaccination against COVID-19 provides clear public health benefits, but vaccination also carries potential risks. The risks and outcomes of myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination are unclear. OBJECTIVE To describe reports of myocarditis and the reporting rates after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in the US. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Descriptive study of reports of myocarditis to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) that occurred after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine administration between December 2020 and August 2021 in 192 405 448 individuals older than 12 years of age in the US; data were processed by VAERS as of September 30, 2021. EXPOSURES Vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Reports of myocarditis to VAERS were adjudicated and summarized for all age groups. Crude reporting rates were calculated across age and sex strata. Expected rates of myocarditis by age and sex were calculated using 2017-2019 claims data. For persons younger than 30 years of age, medical record reviews and clinician interviews were conducted to describe clinical presentation, diagnostic test results, treatment, and early outcomes. RESULTS Among 192 405 448 persons receiving a total of 354 100 845 mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines during the study period, there were 1991 reports of myocarditis to VAERS and 1626 of these reports met the case definition of myocarditis. Of those with myocarditis, the median age was 21 years (IQR, 16-31 years) and the median time to symptom onset was 2 days (IQR, 1-3 days). Males comprised 82% of the myocarditis cases for whom sex was reported. The crude reporting rates for cases of myocarditis within 7 days after COVID-19 vaccination exceeded the expected rates of myocarditis across multiple age and sex strata. The rates of myocarditis were highest after the second vaccination dose in adolescent males aged 12 to 15 years (70.7 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine), in adolescent males aged 16 to 17 years (105.9 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine), and in young men aged 18 to 24 years (52.4 and 56.3 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine and the mRNA-1273 vaccine, respectively). There were 826 cases of myocarditis among those younger than 30 years of age who had detailed clinical information available; of these cases, 792 of 809 (98%) had elevated troponin levels, 569 of 794 (72%) had abnormal electrocardiogram results, and 223 of 312 (72%) had abnormal cardiac magnetic resonance imaging results. Approximately 96% of persons (784/813) were hospitalized and 87% (577/661) of these had resolution of presenting symptoms by hospital discharge. The most common treatment was nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (589/676; 87%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Based on passive surveillance reporting in the US, the risk of myocarditis after receiving mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines was increased across multiple age and sex strata and was highest after the second vaccination dose in adolescent males and young men. This risk should be considered in the context of the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Oster
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David K. Shay
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John R. Su
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julianne Gee
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Karen R. Broder
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | - Sean M. Lang
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurence S. Sperling
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | - Penelope Strid
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jared Woo
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - River Pugsley
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Frank DeStefano
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Logan M, Bradley BM, Chen B, Kruger J, Van Meter J, Paetznick B, Smith MJ, Romero-Steiner S. A Policy Analysis of Preparedness for Hurricane Evacuations in the United States, 1990 to 2019: Implementation in Coastal States. Health Secur 2022; 20:65-73. [PMID: 34935495 PMCID: PMC10036075 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2021.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hurricane or typhoon evacuations in the United States are typically managed by state, territorial, or tribal emergency management officials with federal, state, and local agency operational support. The evacuation process may involve issuing mandatory or "voluntary" evacuation orders to alert the community and mitigate loss of life and injury. We conducted an analysis of state and local hurricane evacuation policies identified through a literature review (January 1990 to June 2019) and key informant interviews with state public health and emergency management officials in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas in October and November 2019. Findings from the literature review show that most gaps in hurricane evacuation preparedness-based on 44 policy-related publications identified in the review-could be categorized into 4 themes: shelters, evacuation decisionmaking, at-risk populations, and transportation. Findings from key informant interviews for 7 states revealed that coastal states have been able to address most of these gaps since Hurricane Katrina in 2005. However, an important remaining gap in preparedness is providing timely warnings to at-risk populations during hurricane evacuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinda Logan
- Marinda Logan, MPH, is a Health Scientist, Office of Scientific Integrity, Office of Science; and Belen Moran Bradley, MA, is a Health Communication Specialist, Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Center for Global Health; both at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Brenda Chen, MS, is a Health Statistician, Division of State and Local Readiness; Judy Kruger, PhD, MS, is Deputy, Evaluation and Analysis Branch, Division of State and Local Readiness; Jessica Van Meter, MPH, is a Fellow, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Division of State and Local Readiness; Brandon Paetznick is a Fellow, Division of State and Local Readiness; Michael J. Smith, MS, is Deputy Associate Director for Policy, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation; Sandra Romero-Steiner, PhD, is a Health Scientist, Office of Science and Public Health Practice; all at the Center for Preparedness and Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Belen Moran Bradley
- Marinda Logan, MPH, is a Health Scientist, Office of Scientific Integrity, Office of Science; and Belen Moran Bradley, MA, is a Health Communication Specialist, Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Center for Global Health; both at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Brenda Chen, MS, is a Health Statistician, Division of State and Local Readiness; Judy Kruger, PhD, MS, is Deputy, Evaluation and Analysis Branch, Division of State and Local Readiness; Jessica Van Meter, MPH, is a Fellow, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Division of State and Local Readiness; Brandon Paetznick is a Fellow, Division of State and Local Readiness; Michael J. Smith, MS, is Deputy Associate Director for Policy, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation; Sandra Romero-Steiner, PhD, is a Health Scientist, Office of Science and Public Health Practice; all at the Center for Preparedness and Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brenda Chen
- Marinda Logan, MPH, is a Health Scientist, Office of Scientific Integrity, Office of Science; and Belen Moran Bradley, MA, is a Health Communication Specialist, Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Center for Global Health; both at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Brenda Chen, MS, is a Health Statistician, Division of State and Local Readiness; Judy Kruger, PhD, MS, is Deputy, Evaluation and Analysis Branch, Division of State and Local Readiness; Jessica Van Meter, MPH, is a Fellow, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Division of State and Local Readiness; Brandon Paetznick is a Fellow, Division of State and Local Readiness; Michael J. Smith, MS, is Deputy Associate Director for Policy, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation; Sandra Romero-Steiner, PhD, is a Health Scientist, Office of Science and Public Health Practice; all at the Center for Preparedness and Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Judy Kruger
- Marinda Logan, MPH, is a Health Scientist, Office of Scientific Integrity, Office of Science; and Belen Moran Bradley, MA, is a Health Communication Specialist, Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Center for Global Health; both at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Brenda Chen, MS, is a Health Statistician, Division of State and Local Readiness; Judy Kruger, PhD, MS, is Deputy, Evaluation and Analysis Branch, Division of State and Local Readiness; Jessica Van Meter, MPH, is a Fellow, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Division of State and Local Readiness; Brandon Paetznick is a Fellow, Division of State and Local Readiness; Michael J. Smith, MS, is Deputy Associate Director for Policy, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation; Sandra Romero-Steiner, PhD, is a Health Scientist, Office of Science and Public Health Practice; all at the Center for Preparedness and Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jessica Van Meter
- Marinda Logan, MPH, is a Health Scientist, Office of Scientific Integrity, Office of Science; and Belen Moran Bradley, MA, is a Health Communication Specialist, Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Center for Global Health; both at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Brenda Chen, MS, is a Health Statistician, Division of State and Local Readiness; Judy Kruger, PhD, MS, is Deputy, Evaluation and Analysis Branch, Division of State and Local Readiness; Jessica Van Meter, MPH, is a Fellow, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Division of State and Local Readiness; Brandon Paetznick is a Fellow, Division of State and Local Readiness; Michael J. Smith, MS, is Deputy Associate Director for Policy, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation; Sandra Romero-Steiner, PhD, is a Health Scientist, Office of Science and Public Health Practice; all at the Center for Preparedness and Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brandon Paetznick
- Marinda Logan, MPH, is a Health Scientist, Office of Scientific Integrity, Office of Science; and Belen Moran Bradley, MA, is a Health Communication Specialist, Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Center for Global Health; both at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Brenda Chen, MS, is a Health Statistician, Division of State and Local Readiness; Judy Kruger, PhD, MS, is Deputy, Evaluation and Analysis Branch, Division of State and Local Readiness; Jessica Van Meter, MPH, is a Fellow, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Division of State and Local Readiness; Brandon Paetznick is a Fellow, Division of State and Local Readiness; Michael J. Smith, MS, is Deputy Associate Director for Policy, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation; Sandra Romero-Steiner, PhD, is a Health Scientist, Office of Science and Public Health Practice; all at the Center for Preparedness and Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Marinda Logan, MPH, is a Health Scientist, Office of Scientific Integrity, Office of Science; and Belen Moran Bradley, MA, is a Health Communication Specialist, Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Center for Global Health; both at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Brenda Chen, MS, is a Health Statistician, Division of State and Local Readiness; Judy Kruger, PhD, MS, is Deputy, Evaluation and Analysis Branch, Division of State and Local Readiness; Jessica Van Meter, MPH, is a Fellow, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Division of State and Local Readiness; Brandon Paetznick is a Fellow, Division of State and Local Readiness; Michael J. Smith, MS, is Deputy Associate Director for Policy, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation; Sandra Romero-Steiner, PhD, is a Health Scientist, Office of Science and Public Health Practice; all at the Center for Preparedness and Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sandra Romero-Steiner
- Marinda Logan, MPH, is a Health Scientist, Office of Scientific Integrity, Office of Science; and Belen Moran Bradley, MA, is a Health Communication Specialist, Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Center for Global Health; both at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Brenda Chen, MS, is a Health Statistician, Division of State and Local Readiness; Judy Kruger, PhD, MS, is Deputy, Evaluation and Analysis Branch, Division of State and Local Readiness; Jessica Van Meter, MPH, is a Fellow, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Division of State and Local Readiness; Brandon Paetznick is a Fellow, Division of State and Local Readiness; Michael J. Smith, MS, is Deputy Associate Director for Policy, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation; Sandra Romero-Steiner, PhD, is a Health Scientist, Office of Science and Public Health Practice; all at the Center for Preparedness and Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Moorthy G, Zhao C, Smith MJ. 1129. Outpatient Prescribing During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021. [PMCID: PMC8644837 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Joint Commission requires ambulatory healthcare systems to collect, analyze and report antimicrobial prescribing data. Duke University Health System (DUHS) piloted a dashboard to capture outpatient prescribing for pediatric patients with URI. Implementation in 2020 allowed for an assessment of antibiotic prescribing during the pandemic. Methods We included patients 0 - < 19 years seen at DUHS for URI and pharyngitis from 1/1/2019 -2/21/2021. Patient characteristics included: age, sex, race, ethnicity, Pediatric Medical Complexity Algorithm (PMCA) score and insurance status (public versus private). Provider characteristics included: type (physician, NP, PA) and specialty (pediatrics, family medicine, internal medicine, other). We compared pre- and post-COVID ( March 1, 2020) prescribing and prescribing during telehealth versus in-person visits. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors independently associated with antibiotic prescribing. Results 62,447 children were seen during the study period, 29% of whom received an antibiotic. Amoxicillin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic (64.4%), followed by cefdinir (11%) amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (10%) and azithromycin (8%). Factors associated with antibiotic prescribing are shown in Table 1. White race, private insurance, visits with nurse practitioners and visits with non-pediatric providers were associated with high prescribing. Higher PMCA scores, indicating greater medical complexity, were associated with decreased likelihood of prescribing. Although the total number of outpatient visits plummeted during the COVID period, rates of prescribing only decreased mildly from 31% to 25% (Figure 1). Table 1. Factors Associated with Antibiotic Prescribing in Logistic Regression Model ![]()
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Conclusion Outpatient prescribing was associated with multiple patient and provider characteristics. Similar to other studies, white race, private insurance, and visits with non-physician, non-pediatric providers were associated with antibiotic prescription. Despite a large decrease in the number of outpatient visits during the pandemic, rates of prescribing for URI decreased minimally. A better understanding of factors associated with antibiotic prescribing during the pandemic may identify priority targets for outpatient stewardship as mitigation strategies are relaxed. Disclosures Michael J. Smith, MD, M.S.C.E, Merck (Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support)
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Bukhari A, Seidelman J, Smith BA, Lewis SS, Smith MJ, Moehring RW, Anderson DJ, Akinboyo I. 384. SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance Testing Patterns among Hospitalized Pediatric Patients in a Single Academic Medical Center. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021. [PMCID: PMC8644037 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab466.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children infected with SARS-CoV-2 often have mild or no symptoms, making symptom screening an ineffective tool for determining isolation precautions. As an infection control measure, universal pre-procedural and admission SARS-CoV-2 testing for pediatric patients was implemented in April and August 2020, respectively. Limited data exist on the utility screening programs in the pediatric population. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients (birth to 18 years) admitted to a tertiary care academic medical center from April 2020 to May 2021 that had one or more SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care or polymerase chain reaction tests performed. We describe demographic data, positivity rates and repeat testing trends observed in our cohort. Results A total of 2,579 SARS-CoV-2 tests were performed among 1,027 pediatric inpatients. Of these, 51 tests (2%) from 45 patients (4.3%) resulted positive. Community infection rates ranged from 4.5-60 cases/100,000 persons/day during the study period. Hispanic patients comprised 16% of the total children tested, but were disproportionately overrepresented (40%) among those testing positive (Figure1). Of 654 children with repeated tests, 7 (0.1%) converted to positive from a prior negative result. Median days between repeat tests was 12 (IQR 6-45), not necessarily performed during the same hospital stay. Five of these 7 patients had tests repeated < 3 days from a negative result, of which only 2 had no history of recent infection by testing performed at an outside facility. Pre-procedural tests accounted for 35% of repeat testing, of which 0.9% were positive. Repeated tests were most frequently ordered for patients in hematology/oncology (35%) and solid organ transplant/surgical (33%) wards, each with < 3% positive conversion rate. Notably, no hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the study period. Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 Testing Distributed by Race/Ethnicity ![]()
Conclusion The positivity rate of universal pre-procedural and admission SARS-CoV-2 testing in pediatric patients was low in our inpatient cohort. Tests repeated < 3 days from a negative result were especially low yield, suggesting limited utility of this practice. Diagnostic testing stewardship in certain populations may be useful, especially as community infection rates decline. Disclosures Michael J. Smith, MD, M.S.C.E, Merck (Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support) Rebekah W. Moehring, MD, MPH, UpToDate, Inc. (Other Financial or Material Support, Author Royalties)
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rebekah W Moehring
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, NC
| | - Deverick J Anderson
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, NC
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Wattles BA, Stahl JA, Jawad KS, Feygin Y, Kong M, Vidwan N, Stevenson MD, Smith MJ. 1123. Appropriateness of Antibiotic Prescribing Through the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Telehealth Visits. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021. [PMCID: PMC8644520 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting mitigation strategies have impacted rates of outpatient infections and delivery of care to pediatric patients. Virtual healthcare was rapidly implemented but much is unknown about the quality of care provided in telehealth visits. We sought to describe changes in visits throughout the pandemic and evaluate the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing.
Methods
We utilized EHR data from a large health care system that provides primary care via pediatric, family medicine, and urgent care clinics. We included outpatient visits from 1/1/19 - 4/30/21 for children < 20 years. The COVID-19 era was defined as after March 2020. Visits were labeled as virtual according to coded encounter or visit type variables. The appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions was assigned using a previously published ICD-10 classification scheme that defines each prescription as appropriate, potentially appropriate, or inappropriate (Chua, et al. BMJ, 2019).
Results
There were 805,130 outpatient visits during the study period. The mean rate of antibiotic prescriptions in the pre-pandemic period was 23% (range 17-26% per month) and 11% (range 9-15%) in the COVID-19 era. Mean rates of inappropriate prescribing were 17% (range 14-20% per month) and 20% (range 19-22%), respectively (Figure 1). Coded virtual visits during the COVID-19 era were uncommon (1-2%) with the exception of April and May 2020 (11% and 5%, respectively). During the COVID-19 era, approximately 9% of telehealth visits resulted in antibiotics, compared to 11% of in-person visits (Table 1). Virtual visits had lower rates of inappropriate and appropriate prescribing, but higher rates of potentially appropriate prescribing (Table 1).
Visits and associated antibiotic prescribing in the pre-pandemic and COVID-19 era
Appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in the COVID-19 era, by visit type
Conclusion
Rates and volume of antibiotic prescribing in outpatient pediatric visits have declined in the COVID-19 era, while rates of inappropriate prescribing have increased slightly. Our study suggests use of telehealth for pediatric visits was minimal and led to higher prescribing rates for “potentially appropriate” indications. This could be explained by a lack of clinical certainty in conditions such as otitis media and pharyngitis in virtual visits.
Disclosures
Bethany A. Wattles, PharmD, MHA, Merck (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support) Yana Feygin, Master of Science, Merck (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support) Michelle D. Stevenson, MD, MS, Merck (Grant/Research Support) Michael J. Smith, MD, M.S.C.E, Merck (Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support)
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yana Feygin
- University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | | | - Michelle D Stevenson
- Norton Children’s Medical Group and University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Thomas SJ, Young RR, Akinboyo I, Smith MJ, Buckley T, Lewis SS. 412. Estimating the Impact of School Classroom Sizes on the Probability of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infectivity or Exposure. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021. [PMCID: PMC8643815 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab466.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite schools reopening across the United States in communities with low and high Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevalence, data remain scarce about the effect of classroom size on the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) within schools. This study estimates the effect of classroom size on the risk of COVID-19 infection in a closed classroom cohort for varying age groups locally in Durham, North Carolina. Total number of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections over a 28-day follow-up period for varying classroom reproduction number (R0) and varying classroom cohort sizes of 15 students, 30 students and 100 students in Durham County, North Carolina. ![]()
Methods Using publicly available population and COVID-19 case count data from Durham County, we calculated a weekly average number of new confirmed COVID-19 cases per week between May 3, 2020 and August 22, 2020 according to age categories: < 5 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15-19 years. We collated average classroom cohort sizes and enrollment data for each age group by grade level of education for the first month of the 2019-2020 academic school year. Then, using a SEIR compartmental model, we calculated the number of susceptible (S), exposed (E), infectious (I) and recovered (R) students in a cohort size of 15, 30 and 100 students, modelling for classroom reproduction number (R0) of 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 within a closed classroom cohort over a 14-day and 28-day follow-up period using age group-specific COVID-19 prevalence rates. Results The SEIR model estimated that the increase in cohort size resulted in up to 5 new COVID-19 infections per 10,000 students whereas the classroom R0 had a stronger effect, with up to 88 new infections per 10,000 students in a closed classroom cohort over time. When comparing different follow-up periods in a closed cohort with R0 of 0.5, we estimated 12 more infected students per 10,000 students over 28 days as compared to 14 days irrespective of cohort size. With a R0 of 2.5, there were 49 more infected students per 10,000 students over 28 days as compared to 14 days. Conclusion Classroom R0 had a stronger impact in reducing school-based COVID-19 transmission events as compared to cohort size. Additionally, earlier isolation of newly infected students in a closed cohort resulted in fewer new COVID-19 infections within that group. Mitigation strategies should target promoting safe practices within the school setting including early quarantine of newly identified contacts and minimizing COVID-19 community prevalence. Disclosures Michael J. Smith, MD, M.S.C.E, Merck (Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support)
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tara Buckley
- Durham County Public Health Department, Durham, North Carolina
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Wattles BA, Vidwan NK, Smith MJ. Antibiotic Stewardship Throughout the Primary Care Visit: Opportunities for Office Staff. Fam Pract Manag 2021; 28:10-14. [PMID: 34751549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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Zimmerman KO, Brookhart MA, Kalu IC, Boutzoukas AE, McGann KA, Smith MJ, Maradiaga Panayotti GM, Armstrong SC, Weber DJ, Moorthy GS, Benjamin DK. Community SARS-CoV-2 Surge and Within-School Transmission. Pediatrics 2021; 148:peds.2021-052686. [PMID: 34321339 PMCID: PMC10071552 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-052686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES When the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic began, experts raised concerns about in-person instruction in the setting of high levels of community transmission. We describe secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within North Carolina kindergarten through 12th-grade school districts during a winter surge to determine if mitigation strategies can hinder within-school transmission. METHODS From October 26, 2020, to February 28, 2021, 13 North Carolina school districts participating in The ABC Science Collaborative were open for in-person instruction, adhered to basic mitigation strategies, and tracked community- and school-acquired SARS-CoV-2 cases. Public health officials adjudicated each case. We combined these data with that from August 2020 to evaluate the effect of the SARS-CoV-2 winter surge on infection rates as well as weekly community- and school-acquired cases. We evaluated the number of secondary cases generated by each primary case as well as the role of athletic activities in school-acquired cases. RESULTS More than 100 000 students and staff from 13 school districts attended school in person; of these, 4969 community-acquired SARS-CoV-2 infections were documented by molecular testing. Through contact tracing, North Carolina local health department staff identified an additional 209 infections among >26 000 school close contacts (secondary attack rate <1%). Most within-school transmissions in high schools (75%) were linked to school-sponsored sports. School-acquired cases slightly increased during the surge; however, within-school transmission rates remained constant, from presurge to surge, with ∼1 school-acquired case for every 20 primary cases. CONCLUSIONS With adherence to basic mitigation strategies, within-school transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can be interrupted, even during a surge of community infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanecia O Zimmerman
- Duke Clinical Research Institute
- The ABC Science Collaborative
- Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Kathleen A McGann
- Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael J Smith
- Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - David J Weber
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ganga S Moorthy
- Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Betty B Staples
- Division of Primary Care Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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