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Rauscher FG, Elze T, Francke M, Martinez-Perez ME, Li Y, Wirkner K, Tönjes A, Engel C, Thiery J, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Kirsten T, Loeffler M, Ebert T, Wang M. Glucose tolerance and insulin resistance/sensitivity associate with retinal layer characteristics: the LIFE-Adult-Study. Diabetologia 2024; 67:928-939. [PMID: 38431705 PMCID: PMC10954961 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS As the prevalence of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance is increasing throughout the world, diabetes-induced eye diseases are a global health burden. We aim to identify distinct optical bands which are closely related to insulin and glucose metabolism, using non-invasive, high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in a large, population-based dataset. METHODS The LIFE-Adult-Study randomly selected 10,000 participants from the population registry of Leipzig, Germany. Cross-sectional, standardised phenotyping included the assessment of various metabolic risk markers and ocular imaging, such as SD-OCT-derived thicknesses of ten optical bands of the retina. Global and Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) subfield-specific optical retinal layer thicknesses were investigated in 7384 healthy eyes of 7384 participants from the LIFE-Adult-Study stratified by normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance and/or HbA1c 5.7-6.4% [39-47 mmol/mol]) and diabetes. The association of optical retinal band characteristics with different indices of glucose tolerance (e.g. fasting glucose, area under the glucose curve), insulin resistance (e.g. HOMA2-IR, triglyceride glucose index), or insulin sensitivity (e.g. estimated glucose disposal rate [eGDR], Stumvoll metabolic clearance rate) was determined using multivariable linear regression analyses for the individual markers adjusted for age, sex and refraction. Various sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the observed findings. RESULTS In the study cohort, nine out of ten optical bands of the retina showed significant sex- and glucose tolerance-dependent differences in band thicknesses. Multivariable linear regression analyses revealed a significant, independent, and inverse association between markers of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (e.g. HOMA2-IR) with the thickness of the optical bands representing the anatomical retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL, standardised β=-0.096; p<0.001 for HOMA2-IR) and myoid zone (MZ; β=-0.096; p<0.001 for HOMA2-IR) of the photoreceptors. Conversely, markers of insulin sensitivity (e.g. eGDR) positively and independently associated with ONL (β=0.090; p<0.001 for eGDR) and MZ (β=0.133; p<0.001 for eGDR) band thicknesses. These global associations were confirmed in ETDRS subfield-specific analyses. Sensitivity analyses further validated our findings when physical activity, neuroanatomical cell/tissue types and ETDRS subfield categories were investigated after stratifying the cohort by glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION An impaired glucose homeostasis associates with a thinning of the optical bands of retinal ONL and photoreceptor MZ. Changes in ONL and MZ thicknesses might predict early metabolic retinal alterations in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska G Rauscher
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medical Data Science, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Elze
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mike Francke
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Elena Martinez-Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yangjiani Li
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Toralf Kirsten
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medical Data Science, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Valterova E, Unterlauft JD, Francke M, Kirsten T, Kolar R, Rauscher FG. Comprehensive automatic processing and analysis of adaptive optics flood illumination retinal images on healthy subjects. Biomed Opt Express 2023; 14:945-970. [PMID: 36874506 PMCID: PMC9979672 DOI: 10.1364/boe.471881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a novel fully automated method for retinal analysis in images acquired with a flood illuminated adaptive optics retinal camera (AO-FIO). The proposed processing pipeline consists of several steps: First, we register single AO-FIO images in a montage image capturing a larger retinal area. The registration is performed by combination of phase correlation and the scale-invariant feature transform method. A set of 200 AO-FIO images from 10 healthy subjects (10 images from left eye and 10 images from right eye) is processed into 20 montage images and mutually aligned according to the automatically detected fovea center. As a second step, the photoreceptors in the montage images are detected using a method based on regional maxima localization, where the detector parameters were determined with Bayesian optimization according to manually labeled photoreceptors by three evaluators. The detection assessment, based on Dice coefficient, ranges from 0.72 to 0.8. In the next step, the corresponding density maps are generated for each of the montage images. As a final step, representative averaged photoreceptor density maps are created for the left and right eye and thus enabling comprehensive analysis across the montage images and a straightforward comparison with available histological data and other published studies. Our proposed method and software thus enable us to generate AO-based photoreceptor density maps for all measured locations fully automatically, and thus it is suitable for large studies, as those are in pressing need for automated approaches. In addition, the application MATADOR (MATlab ADaptive Optics Retinal Image Analysis) that implements the described pipeline and the dataset with photoreceptor labels are made publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Valterova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Data Science, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan D. Unterlauft
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstr., 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mike Francke
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Toralf Kirsten
- Department of Medical Data Science, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Database Group, Faculty of Bio Sciences and Computer Sciences, Mittweida University of Applied Sciences, Mittweida, Germany
| | - Radim Kolar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Equally contributing
| | - Franziska G. Rauscher
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Equally contributing
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Rauscher FG, Wang M, Francke M, Wirkner K, Tönjes A, Engel C, Thiery J, Stenvinkel P, Stumvoll M, Loeffler M, Elze T, Ebert T. Renal function and lipid metabolism are major predictors of circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness-the LIFE-Adult Study. BMC Med 2021; 19:202. [PMID: 34488766 PMCID: PMC8422631 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT) as assessed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a new technique used for the detection and evaluation of glaucoma and other optic neuropathies. Before translating cpRNFLT into clinics, it is crucially important to investigate anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical parameters potentially affecting cpRNFLT in a large population-based dataset. METHODS The population-based LIFE-Adult Study randomly selected 10,000 participants from the population registry of Leipzig, Germany. All participants underwent standardized systemic assessment of various cardiometabolic risk markers and ocular imaging, including cpRNFLT measurement using SD-OCT (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering). After employing strict SD-OCT quality criteria, 8952 individuals were analyzed. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the independent associations of various cardiometabolic risk markers with sector-specific cpRNFLT. For significant markers, the relative strength of the observed associations was compared to each other to identify the most relevant factors influencing cpRNFLT. In all analyses, the false discovery rate method for multiple comparisons was applied. RESULTS In the entire cohort, female subjects had significantly thicker global and also sectoral cpRNFLT compared to male subjects (p < 0.05). Multivariable linear regression analyses revealed a significant and independent association between global and sectoral cpRNFLT with biomarkers of renal function and lipid profile. Thus, thinner cpRNFLT was associated with worse renal function as assessed by cystatin C and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Furthermore, an adverse lipid profile (i.e., low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, as well as high total, high non-HDL, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high apolipoprotein B) was independently and statistically significantly related to thicker cpRNFLT. In contrast, we do not observe a significant association between cpRNFLT and markers of inflammation, glucose homeostasis, liver function, blood pressure, or obesity in our sector-specific analysis and globally. CONCLUSIONS Markers of renal function and lipid metabolism are predictors of sectoral cpRNFLT in a large and deeply phenotyped population-based study independently of previously established covariates. Future studies on cpRNFLT should include these biomarkers and need to investigate whether incorporation will improve the diagnosis of early eye diseases based on cpRNFLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska G Rauscher
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mike Francke
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Elze
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rauscher FG, Francke M, Hiemisch A, Kiess W, Michael R. Ocular biometry in children and adolescents from 4 to 17 years: a cross-sectional study in central Germany. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:496-511. [PMID: 33960004 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate ocular biometry in a large paediatric population as a function of age and sex in children of European descent. METHODS Children were examined as part of the LIFE Child Study (Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Disease), a population-based study in Leipzig, Germany. Altogether, 1907 children, aged from 4 to 17 years, were examined with the Lenstar LS 900. Data from the right eye was analysed for axial length, central corneal thickness, flat and steep corneal radii, aqueous depth, lens thickness and vitreous depth. Wavefront-based autorefraction was employed for analysis. RESULTS Axial length increased in girls from 21.6 mm (4 years) up to 23.4 mm (17 years); this increase (0.174 mm per year) was statistically significant up to age 14 (23.3 mm). Axial length increased in boys from 22.2 mm (4 years) up to 23.9 mm (17 years); this increase (0.178 mm per year) was statistically significant up to age 10 (23.3 mm). No change was observed for central corneal thickness (average: girls 550 µm; boys 554 µm). Corneal curvature in girls was somewhat flatter at age 4 (7.70 mm) compared to age 10 (7.78 mm), whereas it was constant in boys (7.89 mm). Aqueous depth at age 4 was 2.73 mm for girls and 2.86 mm for boys, with the same rate of increase per year (girls: 0.046 mm; boys: 0.047 mm) from age 4 to 10. At age 17, aqueous depth was 3.06 mm in girls and 3.20 mm in boys. Lens thickness was reduced from age 4 (3.75 mm) to age 10 (3.47 mm) in girls and from age 4 (3.73 mm) to age 10 (3.44 mm) in boys, with the same rate of decrease per year of 0.046 and 0.047 mm, respectively. At age 17, lens thickness was 3.52 mm in girls and 3.50 mm in boys. Vitreous depth at age 4 was 14.51 mm for girls and 15.08 mm for boys; with 0.156 mm (girls) or 0.140 mm (boys) increase per year until age 14 (girls: 16.08 mm; boys: 16.48 mm). At age 17, vitreous depth was 16.29 mm in girls and 16.62 mm in boys. CONCLUSIONS Eye growth (axial length) in girls showed a lag of about four years compared to boys. Aqueous depth increase matches the lens thickness decrease from ages 4 to 10 years in girls and boys. Lens thickness minimum is reached at 11 years in girls and at 12 years in boys. All dimensions of the optical ocular components are closely correlated with axial length. These data may serve as normative values for the assessment of eye growth in central European children and will provide a basis for monitoring refractive error development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska G Rauscher
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mike Francke
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiemisch
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralph Michael
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Krasselt K, Frommelt C, Brunner R, Rauscher FG, Francke M, Körber N. Various cross-linking methods inhibit the collagenase I degradation of rabbit scleral tissue. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:488. [PMID: 33317477 PMCID: PMC7734860 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagen cross-linking of the sclera is a promising approach to strengthen scleral rigidity and thus to inhibit eye growth in progressive myopia. Additionally, cross-linking might inhibit degrading processes in idiopathic melting or in ocular inflammatory diseases of the sclera. Different cross-linking treatments were tested to increase resistance to enzymatic degradation of the rabbit sclera. METHODS Scleral patches from rabbit eyes were cross-linked using paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde or riboflavin combined with UV-A-light or with blue light. The patches were incubated with collagenase I (MMP1) for various durations up to 24 h to elucidate differences in scleral resistance to enzymatic degradation. Degraded protein components in the supernatant were detected and quantified using measurements of Fluoraldehyde o-Phthaldialdehyde (OPA) fluorescence. RESULTS All cross-linking methods reduced the enzymatic degradation of rabbit scleral tissue by MMP1. Incubation with glutaraldehyde (1%) and paraformaldehyde (4%) caused nearly a complete inhibition of enzymatic degradation (down to 7% ± 2.8 of digested protein compared to control). Cross-linking with riboflavin/UV-A-light reduced the degradation by MMP1 to 62% ± 12.7 after 24 h. Cross-linking with riboflavin/blue light reduced the degradation by MMP1 to 77% ± 13.5 after 24 h. No significant differences could be detected comparing different light intensities, light exposure times or riboflavin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The application of all cross-linking methods increased the resistance of rabbit scleral tissue to MMP1-degradation. Especially, gentle cross-linking with riboflavin and UV-A or blue light might be a clinical approach in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Krasselt
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cornelius Frommelt
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Brunner
- Fachbereich SciTec, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, University of Applied Sciences, Carl-Zeiß-Promenade 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Georgia Rauscher
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mike Francke
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nicole Körber
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Urban I, Uwurukundo X, Stumpf D, Frey K, Reichenbach A, Francke M, Brüning R, Brunner R. Amphibious vision - Optical design model of the hooded merganser eye. Vision Res 2020; 175:75-84. [PMID: 32736228 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive schematic eye model of the hooded merganser is introduced for the first time to advance the understanding of amphibious vision. It is comprised of two different configurations, the first one modeling its visual system in air (unaccommodated state) and the second one representing the case where the eye is immersed in water (accommodated state). The model was designed using available data of former studies, image analysis and the implementation of feasible assumptions that serve as starting values. An optimization process incorporating an optical design program is used to vary the starting values with the aim of finding the setup offering the best acuity. The image quality was measured using the root-mean-square radius of the focal spot formed on the retina. The resulting schematic eye model comprises all relevant optical specifications, including aspherical geometrical parameters for cornea and lens, distances between the surfaces, the gradient index distribution of the lens, the retinal specifications and the object distance in both media. It achieves a spot radius of 4.20 μm for the unaccommodated state, which meets the expectations derived by the mean ganglion cell density and comparison with other animals. In contrast, under water the determined spot radius of 11.48 µm indicates an acuity loss. As well as enhancing our understanding of the vision of the hooded merganser, the schematic eye model may also serve as a simulation basis for examing similar animal eyes, such as the cormorant or other fish hunting birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Urban
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Germany.
| | - Xavier Uwurukundo
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Germany.
| | - Daniela Stumpf
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Germany.
| | - Katharina Frey
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Germany.
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, University Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mike Francke
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, University Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Robert Brüning
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF), Jena, Germany.
| | - Robert Brunner
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF), Jena, Germany.
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Giai Via A, McCarthy M, Francke M, Oliva F, Mazzocca A, Maffulli N. Hyperglycemia induces osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived stem cells: an in vitro study. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2019. [DOI: 10.32098/mltj.01.2018.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Giai Via
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgey and Traumatology, Hip surgery centre, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - M.B. McCarthy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgey, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - M. Francke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgey, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - F. Oliva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgey and Traumatology, University of Rome School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - A.D. Mazzocca
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgey, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - N. Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Excercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, London, England
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Claus I, Frey K, Hönle T, Brüning R, Reichenbach A, Francke M, Brunner R. Comprehensive optical design model of the goldfish eye and quantitative simulation of the consequences on the accommodation mechanism. Vision Res 2018; 154:115-121. [PMID: 30476501 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To further extent our understanding of aquatic vision, we introduce a complete optical model of a goldfish eye, which comprises all important optical parameters for the first time. Especially a spherical gradient index structure for the crystalline lens was included, thus allowing a detailed analysis of image quality, regarding spot size, and wavelength dependent aberration. The simulation results show, that our realistic eye model generates a sufficient image quality, with a spot radius of 4.9 μm which is below the inter cone distance of 5.5 μm. Furthermore, we optically simulate potential mechanical processes of accommodation and compare the results with contradictory findings of previous experimental studies. The quantitative simulation of the accommodation capacity shows that the depth of field is strongly dependent on the resting position and becomes significantly smaller when shorter resting positions are assumed. That means, to enable an extended depth perception with high acuity for the goldfish an adaptive, lens shifting mechanism would be required. In addition, our model allows a clear prediction of the expected axial lens-shift, which is necessary to ensure a sufficient resolution over a large object range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Claus
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Germany.
| | - Katharina Frey
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Germany.
| | - Tobias Hönle
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF), Jena, Germany.
| | - Robert Brüning
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF), Jena, Germany.
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, University Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mike Francke
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, University Leipzig, Germany; Saxonian Incubator of Clinical Translation (SIKT), University Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Robert Brunner
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF), Jena, Germany.
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Roski C, Langrock C, Körber N, Habermann G, Buse E, Reichenbach A, Pannicke T, Francke M. Comparison of cellular localisation of the Ca2+
-binding proteins calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin in the retina of four different Macaca
species. Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 47:573-582. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roski
- Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Christiane Langrock
- Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Nicole Körber
- Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Sächsischer Inkubator für klinische Translation (SIKT); Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Thomas Pannicke
- Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Mike Francke
- Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Sächsischer Inkubator für klinische Translation (SIKT); Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Karl A, Agte S, Zayas-Santiago A, Makarov FN, Rivera Y, Benedikt J, Francke M, Reichenbach A, Skatchkov SN, Bringmann A. Retinal adaptation to dim light vision in spectacled caimans (Caiman crocodilus fuscus): Analysis of retinal ultrastructure. Exp Eye Res 2018; 173:160-178. [PMID: 29753728 PMCID: PMC9930524 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that mammalian retinal glial (Müller) cells act as living optical fibers that guide the light through the retinal tissue to the photoreceptor cells (Agte et al., 2011; Franze et al., 2007). However, for nonmammalian species it is unclear whether Müller cells also improve the transretinal light transmission. Furthermore, for nonmammalian species there is a lack of ultrastructural data of the retinal cells, which, in general, delivers fundamental information of the retinal function, i.e. the vision of the species. A detailed study of the cellular ultrastructure provides a basic approach of the research. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the retina of the spectacled caimans at electron and light microscopical levels to describe the structural features. For electron microscopy, we used a superfast microwave fixation procedure in order to achieve more precise ultrastructural information than common fixation techniques. As result, our detailed ultrastructural study of all retinal parts shows structural features which strongly indicate that the caiman retina is adapted to dim light and night vision. Various structural characteristics of Müller cells suppose that the Müller cell may increase the light intensity along the path of light through the neuroretina and, thus, increase the sensitivity of the scotopic vision of spectacled caimans. Müller cells traverse the whole thickness of the neuroretina and thus may guide the light from the inner retinal surface to the photoreceptor cell perikarya and the Müller cell microvilli between the photoreceptor segments. Thick Müller cell trunks/processes traverse the layers which contain light-scattering structures, i.e., nerve fibers and synapses. Large Müller cell somata run through the inner nuclear layer and contain flattened, elongated Müller cell nuclei which are arranged along the light path and, thus, may reduce the loss of the light intensity along the retinal light path. The oblique arrangement of many Müller cell trunks/processes in the inner plexiform layer and the large Müller cell somata in the inner nuclear layer may suggest that light guidance through Müller cells increases the visual sensitivity. Furthermore, an adaptation of the caiman retina to low light levels is strongly supported by detailed ultrastructural data of other retinal parts, e.g. by (i) the presence of a guanine-based retinal tapetum, (ii) the rod dominance of the retina, (iii) the presence of photoreceptor cell nuclei, which penetrate the outer limiting membrane, (iv) the relatively low densities of photoreceptor and neuronal cells which is compensated by (v) the presence of rods with long and thick outer segments, that may increase the probability of photon absorption. According to a cell number analysis, the central and temporal areas of the dorsal tapetal retina, which supports downward prey detection in darker water, are the sites of the highest diurnal contrast/color vision, i.e. cone vision and of the highest retinal light sensitivity, i.e. rod vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Karl
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Carl Ludwig Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Silke Agte
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Astrid Zayas-Santiago
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Felix N Makarov
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yomarie Rivera
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Jan Benedikt
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Mike Francke
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Serguei N Skatchkov
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, USA; Department of Physiology, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Bringmann A, Syrbe S, Görner K, Kacza J, Francke M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A. The primate fovea: Structure, function and development. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 66:49-84. [PMID: 29609042 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A fovea is a pitted invagination in the inner retinal tissue (fovea interna) that overlies an area of photoreceptors specialized for high acuity vision (fovea externa). Although the shape of the vertebrate fovea varies considerably among the species, there are two basic types. The retina of many predatory fish, reptilians, and birds possess one (or two) convexiclivate fovea(s), while the retina of higher primates contains a concaviclivate fovea. By refraction of the incoming light, the convexiclivate fovea may function as image enlarger, focus indicator, and movement detector. By centrifugal displacement of the inner retinal layers, which increases the transparency of the central foveal tissue (the foveola), the primate fovea interna improves the quality of the image received by the central photoreceptors. In this review, we summarize ‒ with the focus on Müller cells of the human and macaque fovea ‒ data regarding the structure of the primate fovea, discuss various aspects of the optical function of the fovea, and propose a model of foveal development. The "Müller cell cone" of the foveola comprises specialized Müller cells which do not support neuronal activity but may serve optical and structural functions. In addition to the "Müller cell cone", structural stabilization of the foveal morphology may be provided by the 'z-shaped' Müller cells of the fovea walls, via exerting tractional forces onto Henle fibers. The spatial distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein may suggest that the foveola and the Henle fiber layer are subjects to mechanical stress. During development, the foveal pit is proposed to be formed by a vertical contraction of the centralmost Müller cells. After widening of the foveal pit likely mediated by retracting astrocytes, Henle fibers are formed by horizontal contraction of Müller cell processes in the outer plexiform layer and the centripetal displacement of photoreceptors. A better understanding of the molecular, cellular, and mechanical factors involved in the developmental morphogenesis and the structural stabilization of the fovea may help to explain the (patho-) genesis of foveal hypoplasia and macular holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Syrbe
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Görner
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Kacza
- Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mike Francke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Wagner M, Scheibe P, Francke M, Zimmerling B, Frey K, Vogel M, Luckhaus S, Wiedemann P, Kiess W, Rauscher FG. Automated detection of the choroid boundary within OCT image data using quadratic measure filters. J Biomed Opt 2017; 22:25004. [PMID: 28301657 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.2.025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the automated detection of the outer choroid boundary within spectral-domain optical coherence tomography image data, based on an image model within the space of functions of bounded variation and the application of quadratic measure filters, is presented. The same method is used for the segmentation of retinal layer boundaries and proves to be suitable even for data generated without special imaging modes and moderate line averaging. Based on the segmentations, an automated determination of the central fovea region and choroidal thickness measurements for this and two adjacent 1-mm regions are provided. The quality of the method is assessed by comparison with manual delineations performed by five trained graders. The study is based on data from 50 children of the ages 8 to 13 that were obtained in the framework of the LIFE Child study at Leipzig University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheibe
- Leipzig University, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mike Francke
- Leipzig University, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Leipzig, GermanycLeipzig University, Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beatrice Zimmerling
- Leipzig University, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Leipzig, GermanycLeipzig University, Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Frey
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena-University of Applied Sciences, Department SciTec, Jena, Germany
| | - Mandy Vogel
- Leipzig University, LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Luckhaus
- Leipzig University, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Leipzig, GermanyfLeipzig University, Institute of Mathematics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Leipzig University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Leipzig University, LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig, GermanyhUniversity Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Women and Child Health, Leipzig University, Leipzig, GermanyiLeipzig University, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Pannicke T, Ivo Chao T, Reisenhofer M, Francke M, Reichenbach A. Comparative electrophysiology of retinal Müller glial cells-A survey on vertebrate species. Glia 2016; 65:533-568. [PMID: 27767232 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells are the dominant macroglial cells in the retina of all vertebrates. They fulfill a variety of functions important for retinal physiology, among them spatial buffering of K+ ions and uptake of glutamate and other neurotransmitters. To this end, Müller cells express inwardly rectifying K+ channels and electrogenic glutamate transporters. Moreover, a lot of voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, aquaporin water channels, and electrogenic transporters are expressed in Müller cells, some of them in a species-specific manner. For example, voltage-dependent Na+ channels are found exclusively in some but not all mammalian species. Whereas a lot of data exist from amphibians and mammals, the results from other vertebrates are sparse. It is the aim of this review to present a survey on Müller cell electrophysiology covering all classes of vertebrates. The focus is on functional studies, mainly performed using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. However, data about the expression of membrane channels and transporters from immunohistochemistry are also included. Possible functional roles of membrane channels and transporters are discussed. Obviously, electrophysiological properties involved in the main functions of Müller cells developed early in vertebrate evolution. GLIA 2017;65:533-568.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pannicke
- Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung, Abteilung Pathophysiologie der Neuroglia, Universität Leipzig, Germany
| | - T Ivo Chao
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Reisenhofer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mike Francke
- Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung, Abteilung Pathophysiologie der Neuroglia, Universität Leipzig, Germany
- Sächsischer Inkubator für klinische Translation (SIKT), Universität Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung, Abteilung Pathophysiologie der Neuroglia, Universität Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Mulligan A, Seman M, Francke M, Long C, Wong C, Cox N, Neil C. Prevalence and Impact of Anaemia and Iron Deficiency in Elderly Hospitalised Heart Failure Patients: Effect on Length of Stay and Hospital Free Survival. Heart Lung Circ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Scheibe P, Zocher MT, Francke M, Rauscher FG. Analysis of foveal characteristics and their asymmetries in the normal population. Exp Eye Res 2016; 148:1-11. [PMID: 27191610 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The advance of optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables a detailed examination of the human retina in-vivo for clinical routine and experimental eye research. Only few investigations to date captured human foveal morphology in a large subject group on the basis of a detailed analysis employing mathematical models. However, even for important foveal characteristics unified terminology and clear definitions were not implemented so far. This might be a reason, why to this day the human fovea is considered to be a mostly symmetric and round structure. Therefore, the most important finding of this work is the detailed analysis of the asymmetric structure of the human fovea. We employed five clinically highly relevant foveal characteristics, which are derived from a previously published fovea model. For each, an accurate mathematical description is given. The presented properties include (1) mean retinal thickness inside a defined radius, (2) foveal bowl area, (3) a new, exact definition of foveal radius, (4) maximum foveal slope, and (5) the maximum height of the foveal rim. Furthermore, minimum retinal thickness was derived and analyzed. 220 strictly controlled healthy Caucasian subjects of European decent with an even distribution of age and gender were imaged with an Heidelberg Spectralis OCT. Detailed analysis demonstrated the following general results: (1) significant gender difference regarding the central foveal subfield thickness (CFST) but no significant differences for the minimum central retinal thickness, (2) a strong correlation between right and left eye of the same subject, and, as essential finding, (3) strong structural differences of the fovea form in the different anatomical directions (nasal, temporal, inferior and superior). In the analysis of the foveal asymmetry, it will be demonstrated that the foveal radius is larger in nasal and temporal direction compared to inferior and superior position. Furthermore, it will be shown that the circular fovea rather has an elliptic form with the larger axis along the nasal to temporal direction. Interestingly, the foveal slope shows a divergent behavior as the temporal direction has the smallest slope angle and both, inferior and superior angles are clearly larger than the others. The findings in this work can be used for an exact quantification of changes in early stages of various retinal diseases and as a marker for initial diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Scheibe
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Mike Francke
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Iseli HP, Körber N, Koch C, Karl A, Penk A, Huster D, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Francke M. Scleral cross-linking by riboflavin and blue light application in young rabbits: damage threshold and eye growth inhibition. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 254:109-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Schuldt C, Karl A, Körber N, Koch C, Liu Q, Fritsch AW, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Käs JA, Francke M, Iseli HP. Dose-dependent collagen cross-linking of rabbit scleral tissue by blue light and riboflavin treatment probed by dynamic shear rheology. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:e328-e336. [PMID: 25516112 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the visco-elastic properties of isolated rabbit scleral tissue and dose-dependent biomechanical and morphological changes after collagen cross-linking by riboflavin/blue light treatment. MATERIAL Scleral patches from 87 adult albino rabbit eyes were examined by dynamic shear rheology. Scleral patches were treated by riboflavin and different intensities of blue light (450 nm), and the impact on the visco-elastic properties was determined by various rheological test regimes. The relative elastic modulus was calculated from non-treated and corresponding treated scleral patches, and treatments with different blue light intensities were compared. RESULTS Shear rheology enables us to study the material properties of scleral tissue within physiological relevant parameters. Cross-linking treatment increased the viscous as well as the elastic modulus and changed the ratio of the elastic versus viscous proportion in scleral tissue. Constant riboflavin application combined with different blue light intensities from 12 mW/cm(2) up to 100 mW/cm(2) increased the relative elastic modulus of scleral tissue by factors up to 1.8. Further enhancement of the applied light intensity caused a decline of the relative elastic modulus. This might be due to destructive changes of the collagen bundle structure at larger light intensities, as observed by histological examination. CONCLUSION Collagen cross-linking by riboflavin/blue light application increases the biomechanical stiffness of the sclera in a dose-dependent manner up to certain light intensities. Therefore, this treatment might be a suitable therapeutic approach to stabilize the biomechanical properties of scleral tissue in cases of pathological eye expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schuldt
- Soft Matter Physics Division; Institute for Experimental Physics I; Department of Physics and Earth Science; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Anett Karl
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Nicole Körber
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospital; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Qing Liu
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Anatol W. Fritsch
- Soft Matter Physics Division; Institute for Experimental Physics I; Department of Physics and Earth Science; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospital; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Josef A. Käs
- Soft Matter Physics Division; Institute for Experimental Physics I; Department of Physics and Earth Science; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Mike Francke
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Hans Peter Iseli
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospital; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
- Limmat Eye Center; Zürich Switzerland
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Iseli HP, Körber N, Karl A, Koch C, Schuldt C, Penk A, Liu Q, Huster D, Käs J, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Francke M. Damage threshold in adult rabbit eyes after scleral cross-linking by riboflavin/blue light application. Exp Eye Res 2015. [PMID: 26208440 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several scleral cross-linking (SXL) methods were suggested to increase the biomechanical stiffness of scleral tissue and therefore, to inhibit axial eye elongation in progressive myopia. In addition to scleral cross-linking and biomechanical effects caused by riboflavin and light irradiation such a treatment might induce tissue damage, dependent on the light intensity used. Therefore, we characterized the damage threshold and mechanical stiffening effect in rabbit eyes after application of riboflavin combined with various blue light intensities. Adult pigmented and albino rabbits were treated with riboflavin (0.5 %) and varying blue light (450 ± 50 nm) dosages from 18 to 780 J/cm(2) (15 to 650 mW/cm(2) for 20 min). Scleral, choroidal and retinal tissue alterations were detected by means of light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Biomechanical changes were measured by shear rheology. Blue light dosages of 480 J/cm(2) (400 mW/cm(2)) and beyond induced pathological changes in ocular tissues; the damage threshold was defined by the light intensities which induced cellular degeneration and/or massive collagen structure changes. At such high dosages, we observed alterations of the collagen structure in scleral tissue, as well as pigment aggregation, internal hemorrhages, and collapsed blood vessels. Additionally, photoreceptor degenerations associated with microglia activation and macroglia cell reactivity in the retina were detected. These pathological alterations were locally restricted to the treated areas. Pigmentation of rabbit eyes did not change the damage threshold after a treatment with riboflavin and blue light but seems to influence the vulnerability for blue light irradiations. Increased biomechanical stiffness of scleral tissue could be achieved with blue light intensities below the characterized damage threshold. We conclude that riboflavin and blue light application increased the biomechanical stiffness of scleral tissue at blue light energy levels below the damage threshold. Therefore, applied blue light intensities below the characterized damage threshold might define a therapeutic blue light tolerance range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter Iseli
- Limmat Eye Center, Hardtturnstraße 133, 8005 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 10-14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Körber
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anett Karl
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 10-14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Schuldt
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics I, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Penk
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Qing Liu
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef Käs
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics I, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 10-14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mike Francke
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Zayas-Santiago A, Agte S, Rivera Y, Benedikt J, Ulbricht E, Karl A, Dávila J, Savvinov A, Kucheryavykh Y, Inyushin M, Cubano LA, Pannicke T, Veh RW, Francke M, Verkhratsky A, Eaton MJ, Reichenbach A, Skatchkov SN. Unidirectional photoreceptor-to-Müller glia coupling and unique K+ channel expression in Caiman retina. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97155. [PMID: 24831221 PMCID: PMC4022631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Müller cells, the principal glial cells of the vertebrate retina, are fundamental for the maintenance and function of neuronal cells. In most vertebrates, including humans, Müller cells abundantly express Kir4.1 inwardly rectifying potassium channels responsible for hyperpolarized membrane potential and for various vital functions such as potassium buffering and glutamate clearance; inter-species differences in Kir4.1 expression were, however, observed. Localization and function of potassium channels in Müller cells from the retina of crocodiles remain, hitherto, unknown. Methods We studied retinae of the Spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus fuscus), endowed with both diurnal and nocturnal vision, by (i) immunohistochemistry, (ii) whole-cell voltage-clamp, and (iii) fluorescent dye tracing to investigate K+ channel distribution and glia-to-neuron communications. Results Immunohistochemistry revealed that caiman Müller cells, similarly to other vertebrates, express vimentin, GFAP, S100β, and glutamine synthetase. In contrast, Kir4.1 channel protein was not found in Müller cells but was localized in photoreceptor cells. Instead, 2P-domain TASK-1 channels were expressed in Müller cells. Electrophysiological properties of enzymatically dissociated Müller cells without photoreceptors and isolated Müller cells with adhering photoreceptors were significantly different. This suggests ion coupling between Müller cells and photoreceptors in the caiman retina. Sulforhodamine-B injected into cones permeated to adhering Müller cells thus revealing a uni-directional dye coupling. Conclusion Our data indicate that caiman Müller glial cells are unique among vertebrates studied so far by predominantly expressing TASK-1 rather than Kir4.1 K+ channels and by bi-directional ion and uni-directional dye coupling to photoreceptor cells. This coupling may play an important role in specific glia-neuron signaling pathways and in a new type of K+ buffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Zayas-Santiago
- Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry and Physiology, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Silke Agte
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Soft Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yomarie Rivera
- Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry and Physiology, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Jan Benedikt
- Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry and Physiology, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Elke Ulbricht
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anett Karl
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José Dávila
- Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry and Physiology, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Alexey Savvinov
- Department of Physical Sciences, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Río Piedras, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Yuriy Kucheryavykh
- Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry and Physiology, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Mikhail Inyushin
- Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry and Physiology, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Luis A. Cubano
- Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry and Physiology, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Thomas Pannicke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Mike Francke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Misty J. Eaton
- Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry and Physiology, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Serguei N. Skatchkov
- Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry and Physiology, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Francke M, Kreysing M, Mack A, Engelmann J, Karl A, Makarov F, Guck J, Kolle M, Wolburg H, Pusch R, von der Emde G, Schuster S, Wagner HJ, Reichenbach A. Grouped retinae and tapetal cups in some Teleostian fish: Occurrence, structure, and function. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 38:43-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rauscher FG, Azmanis P, Körber N, Koch C, Hübel J, Vetterlein W, Werner B, Thielebein J, Dawczynski J, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Francke M, Krautwald-Junghanns ME. Optical Coherence Tomography as a Diagnostic Tool for Retinal Pathologies in Avian Ophthalmology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:8259-69. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Panagiotis Azmanis
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Körber
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany 4Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Leipzig University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Leipzig, Germany 3Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Hübel
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wencke Vetterlein
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beatrice Werner
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Thielebein
- Institute of Agriculture and Nutrition Sciences, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jens Dawczynski
- Leipzig University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Leipzig University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mike Francke
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany 4Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Scheibe P, Lazareva A, Braumann UD, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Francke M, Rauscher FG. Parametric model for the 3D reconstruction of individual fovea shape from OCT data. Exp Eye Res 2013; 119:19-26. [PMID: 24291205 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As revealed by optical coherence tomography (OCT), the shape of the fovea may vary greatly among individuals. However, none of the hitherto available mathematical descriptions comprehensively reproduces all individual characteristics such as foveal depth, slope, naso-temporal asymmetry, and others. Here, a novel mathematical approach is presented to obtain a very accurate model of the complete 3D foveal surface of an individual, by utilizing recent developments in OCT. For this purpose, a new formula was developed serving as a simple but very flexible way to represent a given fovea. An extensive description of the used model parameters, as well as, of the complete method of reconstructing a foveal surface from OCT data, is presented. Noteworthy, the formula analytically provides characteristic foveal parameters and thus allows for extensive quantification. The present approach was verified on 432 OCT scans and has proved to be able to capture the whole range of asymmetric foveal shapes with high accuracy (i.e. a mean fit error of 1.40 μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Scheibe
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anfisa Lazareva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf-Dietrich Braumann
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases (LIFE), University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mike Francke
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Prasse M, Rauscher FG, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Francke M. Optical properties of retinal tissue and the potential of adaptive optics to visualize retinal ganglion cells in vivo. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:269-78. [PMID: 23529360 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many efforts have been made to improve the diagnostic tools used to identify and to estimate the progress of ganglion cell and nerve fibre degeneration in glaucoma. Imaging by optical coherence tomography and measurements of the dimensions of the optic nerve head and the nerve fibre layer in central retinal areas is currently used to estimate the grade of pathological changes. The visualization and quantification of ganglion cells and nerve fibres directly in patients would dramatically improve glaucoma diagnostics. We have investigated the optical properties of cellular structures of retinal tissue in order to establish a means of visualizing and quantifying ganglion cells in the living retina without staining. We have characterized the optical properties of retinal tissue in several species including humans. Nerve fibres, blood vessels, ganglion cells and their cell processes have been visualized at high image resolution by means of the reflection mode of a confocal laser scanning microscope. The potential of adaptive optics in current imaging systems and the possibilities of imaging single ganglion cells non-invasively in patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Prasse
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
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Ulbricht E, Pannicke T, Uhlmann S, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Francke M. Activation of retinal microglial cells is not associated with Müller cell reactivity in vitrectomized rabbit eyes. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91:e48-55. [PMID: 22937815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitrectomy is a frequently performed surgical intervention in ophthalmology to remove vitreous traction and opacities or to treat complicated retinal detachments and diabetic changes. However, there is lack of information about cellular responses in retinal tissue after a surgical intervention such as vitrectomy. Microglia cells, the immune competent cells of neuronal tissue, are involved in nearly all neuropathological changes and are additionally activated by neurosurgical interventions. For most neurodegenerative changes, it is described that microglia activation is generally accompanied by a reactive gliosis of macroglial cells. However, it is not known whether microglial cell activation is necessarily associated with macroglial cell gliosis or whether these processes are regulated separately. Furthermore, there is an ongoing debate about possible detrimental consequences of microglial cell activation for neurons in central neural and retinal tissue. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry and whole-cell patch clamp experiments in a rabbit model of partial pars plana vitrectomy, we investigated micro- and macroglial cell reactivity after this intervention. RESULTS Partial vitrectomy induced a massive microglia response characterized by morphological changes, intraretinal migration and proliferation of retinal microglial cells, respectively. Microglial cell reactivity was observed 2 days after the operation and was down-regulated after 7 days. Microglia reactivity was associated with neither a general Müller cell gliosis nor an obvious neuronal cell loss. Electrophysiological examinations revealed no significant changes of whole-cell currents and membrane potentials of Müller cells from healthy and vitrectomized eyes up to 3 weeks after operation. Only a small number of individual Müller glial cells expressed GFAP or reduced their inward currents as a sign of Müller cell gliosis. CONCLUSION Vitrectomy induced a massive response of microglial cells. However, microglia activation and deactivation are effectively regulated and are not necessarily associated with macroglial (Müller) cell reactivity and with obvious detrimental effects to neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Ulbricht
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Kreysing M, Pusch R, Haverkate D, Landsberger M, Engelmann J, Ruiter J, Mora-Ferrer C, Ulbricht E, Grosche J, Franze K, Streif S, Schumacher S, Makarov F, Kacza J, Guck J, Wolburg H, Bowmaker JK, von der Emde G, Schuster S, Wagner HJ, Reichenbach A, Francke M. Photonic Crystal Light Collectors in Fish Retina Improve Vision in Turbid Water. Science 2012; 336:1700-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1218072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite their diversity, vertebrate retinae are specialized to maximize either photon catch or visual acuity. Here, we describe a functional type that is optimized for neither purpose. In the retina of the elephantnose fish (Gnathonemus petersii), cone photoreceptors are grouped together within reflecting, photonic crystal–lined cups acting as macroreceptors, but rod photoreceptors are positioned behind these reflectors. This unusual arrangement matches rod and cone sensitivity for detecting color-mixed stimuli, whereas the photoreceptor grouping renders the fish insensitive to spatial noise; together, this enables more reliable flight reactions in the fish’s dim and turbid habitat as compared with fish lacking this retinal specialization.
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Grosche A, Pannicke T, Karl A, Iandiev I, Francke M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A. Physiologic Properties of Müller Cells from Human Eyes Affected with Uveal Melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 53:4170-6. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Grosche
- From the Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung, the
| | | | - Anett Karl
- From the Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung, the 2Translationszentrum für Regenerative Medizin, and the
| | - Ianors Iandiev
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mike Francke
- From the Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung, the 2Translationszentrum für Regenerative Medizin, and the
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Bringmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Wurm A, Pannicke T, Iandiev I, Francke M, Hollborn M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Osborne NN, Bringmann A. Purinergic signaling involved in Müller cell function in the mammalian retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 30:324-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Joly S, Francke M, Ulbricht E, Beck S, Seeliger M, Hirrlinger P, Hirrlinger J, Lang KS, Zinkernagel M, Odermatt B, Samardzija M, Reichenbach A, Grimm C, Remé CE. Cooperative phagocytes: resident microglia and bone marrow immigrants remove dead photoreceptors in retinal lesions. Am J Pathol 2009; 174:2310-23. [PMID: 19435787 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is essential for the removal of photoreceptor debris following retinal injury. We used two mouse models, mice injected with green fluorescent protein-labeled bone marrow cells or green fluorescent protein-labeled microglia, to study the origin and activation patterns of phagocytic cells after acute blue light-induced retinal lesions. We show that following injury, blood-borne macrophages enter the eye via the optic nerve and ciliary body and soon migrate into the injured retinal area. Resident microglia are also activated rapidly throughout the entire retina and adopt macrophage characteristics only in the injured region. Both blood-borne- and microglia-derived macrophages were involved in the phagocytosis of dead photoreceptors. No obvious breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier was observed. Ccl4, Ccl12, Tgfb1, Csf1, and Tnf were differentially expressed in both the isolated retina and the eyecup of wild-type mice. Debris-laden macrophages appeared to leave the retina into the general circulation, suggesting their potential to become antigen-presenting cells. These experiments provide evidence that both local and immigrant macrophages remove apoptotic photoreceptors and cell debris in the injured retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Joly
- Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstr. 24, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Arumugam D, Slaughter R, Galbraith A, Brown M, Javorsky G, Harker J, Francke M, Platts D. Impact of MRI Results on Management of Patients Referred to an Advanced Heart Failure Unit. Heart Lung Circ 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2009.05.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Goczalik I, Ulbricht E, Hollborn M, Raap M, Uhlmann S, Weick M, Pannicke T, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A, Reichenbach A, Francke M. Expression of CXCL8, CXCR1, and CXCR2 in Neurons and Glial Cells of the Human and Rabbit Retina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 49:4578-89. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Goczalik
- From the Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, the2Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research at the Faculty of Medicine and the
| | - Elke Ulbricht
- From the Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, the
| | - Margrit Hollborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Raap
- From the Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, the
| | - Susann Uhlmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Weick
- From the Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, the
| | | | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Mike Francke
- From the Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, the
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Schilling S, Zeitschel U, Hoffmann T, Heiser U, Francke M, Kehlen A, Holzer M, Hutter-Paier B, Prokesch M, Windisch M, Jagla W, Schlenzig D, Lindner C, Rudolph T, Reuter G, Cynis H, Montag D, Demuth HU, Rossner S. Glutaminyl cyclase inhibition attenuates pyroglutamate Abeta and Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Nat Med 2008; 14:1106-11. [PMID: 18836460 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Because of their abundance, resistance to proteolysis, rapid aggregation and neurotoxicity, N-terminally truncated and, in particular, pyroglutamate (pE)-modified Abeta peptides have been suggested as being important in the initiation of pathological cascades resulting in the development of Alzheimer's disease. We found that the N-terminal pE-formation is catalyzed by glutaminyl cyclase in vivo. Glutaminyl cyclase expression was upregulated in the cortices of individuals with Alzheimer's disease and correlated with the appearance of pE-modified Abeta. Oral application of a glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor resulted in reduced Abeta(3(pE)-42) burden in two different transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and in a new Drosophila model. Treatment of mice was accompanied by reductions in Abeta(x-40/42), diminished plaque formation and gliosis and improved performance in context memory and spatial learning tests. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that Abeta(3(pE)-42) acts as a seed for Abeta aggregation by self-aggregation and co-aggregation with Abeta(1-40/42). Therefore, Abeta(3(pE)-40/42) peptides seem to represent Abeta forms with exceptional potency for disturbing neuronal function. The reduction of brain pE-Abeta by inhibition of glutaminyl cyclase offers a new therapeutic option for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and provides implications for other amyloidoses, such as familial Danish dementia.
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Hollborn M, Francke M, Iandiev I, Bu¨hner E, Foja C, Kohen L, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A, Uhlmann S. Early Activation of Inflammation- and Immune Response-Related Genes after Experimental Detachment of the Porcine Retina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 49:1262-73. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margrit Hollborn
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Clinic, the2Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research (IZKF), the
| | - Mike Francke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; the
| | - Ianors Iandiev
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Clinic, the4Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; and the
| | - Eva Bu¨hner
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Clinic, the
| | - Christian Foja
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Clinic, the
| | - Leon Kohen
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Clinic, the5Helios Klinikum Aue, Aue, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; the
| | | | | | - Susann Uhlmann
- Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; and the
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Pfeiffer-Guglielmi B, Francke M, Reichenbach A, Hamprecht B. Glycogen phosphorylase isozymes and energy metabolism in the rat peripheral nervous system--an immunocytochemical study. Brain Res 2006; 1136:20-7. [PMID: 17239832 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen represents the major brain energy reserve which is located mainly in astrocytes. Though the role of brain glycogen has drawn increasing attention, little is known about glycogen metabolism in the peripheral nervous system. In the present work, we have demonstrated immunocytochemically the ubiquitous presence of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), one of the major control sites in glycogen metabolism, in the axons of rat spinal and sciatic nerves, but not in Schwann cells. Application of isozyme-specific antibodies revealed the presence of the GP BB (brain) isoform, but not the MM (muscle) isoform. This is in accord with previous results demonstrating the presence of isoform BB, but not MM, in the few GP-containing brain and spinal cord neurons and in vagus nerve axons. In contrast, brain astrocytes express both isoforms. As GP BB is mainly regulated by the cellular AMP level, a special role of glycogen in the energization of the nerve axons is suggested. The cellular locations of hexokinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase and glucose transporters are discussed in respect to possible metabolic roles of glycogen in peripheral nerves.
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Goczalik I, Raap M, Weick M, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A, Reichenbach A, Francke M. [P119]: CXCL8, CXCR1 and CXCR2 expression in cultured glial cells and gliotic cell membranes of the human retina. Int J Dev Neurosci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2006.09.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Pfeiffer-Guglielmi B, Coles JA, Francke M, Reichenbach A, Fleckenstein B, Jung G, Nicaise G, Hamprecht B. Immunocytochemical analysis of rat vagus nerve by antibodies against glycogen phosphorylase isozymes. Brain Res 2006; 1110:23-9. [PMID: 16879805 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is an endogenous store of glucose equivalents for energy metabolism in many tissues. The brain contains a significant amount of glycogen the role of which as an energy reserve is currently under debate. Apparently little is known concerning a possible role of glycogen in peripheral nerves. We have demonstrated immunocytochemically the presence of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), a key enzyme in glycogen metabolism, in large and small axons of the rat vagus nerve, but not in Schwann cells. Furthermore, the isozyme-specific antibodies applied detected only the presence of the brain isoform BB of GP, but not the muscle isoform MM. This is in agreement with the occurrence of solely the BB isoform in the few brain and spinal cord neurons that contain GP. In contrast, astroglial cells in brain and spinal cord have previously been shown to contain both isoforms. Since GP isozymes are regulated differentially, the expression of isoform BB may provide hints to possible functions of glycogen in the vagus nerve.
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Bringmann A, Pannicke T, Grosche J, Francke M, Wiedemann P, Skatchkov SN, Osborne NN, Reichenbach A. Müller cells in the healthy and diseased retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2006; 25:397-424. [PMID: 16839797 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1227] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Müller glial cells span the entire thickness of the tissue, and ensheath all retinal neurons, in vertebrate retinae of all species. This morphological relationship is reflected by a multitude of functional interactions between neurons and Müller cells, including a 'metabolic symbiosis' and the processing of visual information. Müller cells are also responsible for the maintenance of the homeostasis of the retinal extracellular milieu (ions, water, neurotransmitter molecules, and pH). In vascularized retinae, Müller cells may also be involved in the control of angiogenesis, and the regulation of retinal blood flow. Virtually every disease of the retina is associated with a reactive Müller cell gliosis which, on the one hand, supports the survival of retinal neurons but, on the other hand, may accelerate the progress of neuronal degeneration: Müller cells protect neurons via a release of neurotrophic factors, the uptake and degradation of the excitotoxin, glutamate, and the secretion of the antioxidant, glutathione. However, gliotic Müller cells display a dysregulation of various neuron-supportive functions. This contributes to a disturbance of retinal glutamate metabolism and ion homeostasis, and causes the development of retinal edema and neuronal cell death. Moreover, there are diseases evoking a primary Müller cell insufficiency, such as hepatic retinopathy and certain forms of glaucoma. Any impairment of supportive functions of Müller cells, primary or secondary, must cause and/or aggravate a dysfunction and loss of neurons, by increasing the susceptibility of neurons to stressful stimuli in the diseased retina. On the contrary, Müller cells may be used in the future for novel therapeutic strategies to protect neurons against apoptosis (somatic gene therapy), or to differentiate retinal neurons from Müller/stem cells. Meanwhile, a proper understanding of the gliotic responses of Müller cells in the diseased retina, and of their protective vs. detrimental effects, is essential for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies that use and stimulate the neuron-supportive/protective-and prevent the destructive-mechanisms of gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Clinic, Medical Faculty of the University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Trumm CG, Glaser C, Paasche V, Crispin A, Popp P, Küttner B, Francke M, Nissen-Meyer S, Reiser M. Einfluss eines PACS-/RIS-integrierten Spracherkennungssystems auf den Zeitaufwand der Erstellung und die Verfügbarkeit radiologischer Befunde. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2006; 178:400-9. [PMID: 16607588 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-926610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Quantification of the impact of a PACS/RIS-integrated speech recognition system (SRS) on the time expenditure for radiology reporting and on hospital-wide report availability (RA) in a university institution. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a prospective pilot study, the following parameters were assessed for 669 radiographic examinations (CR): 1. time requirement per report dictation (TED: dictation time (s)/number of images [examination] x number of words [report]) with either a combination of PACS/tape-based dictation (TD: analog dictation device/mini-cassette/transcription) or PACS/RIS/speech recognition system (RR: remote recognition/transcription and OR: online recognition/self-correction by radiologist), respectively, and 2. the Report Turnaround Time (RTT) as the time interval from the entry of the first image into the PACS to the available RIS/HIS report. Two equal time periods were chosen retrospectively from the RIS database: 11/2002 - 2/2003 (only TD) and 11/2003 - 2/2004 (only RR or OR with speech recognition system [SRS]). The mid-term (> or = 24 h, 24 h intervals) and short-term (< 24 h, 1 h intervals) RA after examination completion were calculated for all modalities and for CR, CT, MR and XA/DS separately. The relative increase in the mid-term RA (RIMRA: related to total number of examinations in each time period) and increase in the short-term RA (ISRA: ratio of available reports during the 1st to 24th hour) were calculated. RESULTS Prospectively, there was a significant difference between TD/RR/OR (n = 151/257/261) regarding mean TED (0.44/0.54/0.62 s [per word and image]) and mean RTT (10.47/6.65/1.27 h), respectively. Retrospectively, 37 898/39 680 reports were computed from the RIS database for the time periods of 11/2002 - 2/2003 and 11/2003 - 2/2004. For CR/CT there was a shift of the short-term RA to the first 6 hours after examination completion (mean cumulative RA 20 % higher) with a more than three-fold increase in the total number of available reports within 24 hours (all modalities). The RIMRA for CR/CT/MR was 3.1/5.8/4.0 in the first 24 hours, and 2.0 for XA/DS in the second 24-hour interval. CONCLUSION In comparison to tape-based dictation, an SRS results in a significantly higher primary time expenditure and a modified report dictation workflow. In a university institution, a PACS/RIS-integrated SRS achieves a marked improvement in both short- and mid-term RA which eventually results in an improvement in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Trumm
- Institut für Klinische Radiologie, Klinikum der Universität München Grosshadern.
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Trumm CG, Grosse C, Küttner B, Francke M, Nissen-Meyer S, Glaser C, Reiser M. Auswirkung eines PACS/RIS-integrierten Spracherkennungssystems auf die Befundverfügbarkeit: 3-Jahres-Follow-Up-Studie. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-940648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
With ongoing technical refinements speech recognition systems (SRS) are becoming an increasingly attractive alternative to traditional methods of preparing and transcribing medical reports. The two main components of any SRS are the acoustic model and the language model. Features of modern SRS with continuous speech recognition are macros with individually definable texts and report templates as well as the option to navigate in a text or to control SRS or RIS functions by speech recognition. The best benefit from SRS can be obtained if it is integrated into a RIS/RIS-PACS installation. Report availability and time efficiency of the reporting process (related to recognition rate, time expenditure for editing and correcting a report) are the principal determinants of the clinical performance of any SRS. For practical purposes the recognition rate is estimated by the error rate (unit "word"). Error rates range from 4 to 28%. Roughly 20% of them are errors in the vocabulary which may result in clinically relevant misinterpretation. It is thus mandatory to thoroughly correct any transcribed text as well as to continuously train and adapt the SRS vocabulary. The implementation of SRS dramatically improves report availability. This is most pronounced for CT and CR. However, the individual time expenditure for (SRS-based) reporting increased by 20-25% (CR) and according to literature data there is an increase by 30% for CT and MRI. The extent to which the transcription staff profits from SRS depends largely on its qualification. Online dictation implies a workload shift from the transcription staff to the reporting radiologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Glaser
- Institut für Klinische Radiologie, Klinikum Grosshadern der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
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41
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Franke H, Klimke K, Brinckmann U, Grosche J, Francke M, Sperlagh B, Reichenbach A, Liebert UG, Illes P. P2X(7) receptor-mRNA and -protein in the mouse retina; changes during retinal degeneration in BALBCrds mice. Neurochem Int 2005; 47:235-42. [PMID: 15964665 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A combined real-time PCR/immunohistochemistry study was carried out to investigate whether P2X(7) receptors, known to induce apoptosis and necrosis, may be causally related to the process of retinal degeneration in BALBCrds mice. In the retinae of BALBCrds mice, P2X(7) receptor-mRNA was the highest at an age of 20-40 days, and declined afterwards. At the same time, the P2X(7) receptor-message was constantly low in the retina of control BALBC mice until postnatal day 100. The receptor-mRNA in total brain tissue of both strains of mice was comparable with that of BALBCrds retinae. Double immunofluorescence in combination with laser scanning microscopy was used to study the distribution of P2X(7) receptor-immunoreactivity (IR) on neurons and different glial cell types of the retina. An exclusively neuronal localization of P2X(7)-IR in the ganglion cell layer was found by using either anti-neuronal nuclei or microtubule associated protein-2 as neuronal markers. There was a slight age-dependent decrease in the abundance of neuronal P2X(7)-IR both in BALBCrds or BALBC mice. P2X(7)-IR failed to co-localize with any of the non-neuronal markers used to stain microglial or Müller glial cells. No P2X(7) receptor-IR was found in the retinal ganglion cell layer of P2X(7)(-/-) animals, when compared with the control littermates. Hence, we suggest that, in BALBCrds mice, an early up-regulation of neuronal P2X(7) receptors may cause injury of retinal neurons and thereby functionally contribute to the retinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Franke
- Rudolf-Boehm-lnstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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42
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Uckermann O, Uhlmann S, Pannicke T, Francke M, Gamsalijew R, Makarov F, Ulbricht E, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Osborne NN, Bringmann A. Ischemia-reperfusion causes exudative detachment of the rabbit retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:2592-600. [PMID: 15980253 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.04-1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the activation of macroglial (Müller) and microglial cells, as well as neuronal cell degeneration, during ischemia-reperfusion in rabbit retina and to test the possible effect of triamcinolone acetonide on gliosis. METHODS Transient retinal ischemia was produced by increasing intraocular pressure for 60 minutes. Triamcinolone (8 mg) was intravitreally applied immediately after the cessation of ischemia. At 3 and 8 days after reperfusion, the K+ currents of acutely isolated Müller cells were recorded, and the Ca2+ responses of Müller cells on stimulation of P2Y receptors were recorded fluorometrically in retinal wholemounts. Microglial/immune cells in the nerve fiber layer of retinal wholemounts were labeled with isolectin. To evaluate neuronal and Müller cell loss, the numbers of cells were counted in retinal slices. RESULTS Transient ischemia caused exudative detachment of the central retina that was characterized by disruption of the pigment epithelial monolayer, the presence of scattered pigment epithelial and immune cells in the expanded subretinal space, and retinal folds. A significant loss of photoreceptor cells was observed at 8 days after reperfusion. At 3 and 8 days after reperfusion, Müller cell gliosis was apparent, as indicated by cellular hypertrophy, downregulation of K+ channel expression, and an increased number of cells that displayed P2Y receptor-mediated Ca2+ responses. The number of microglial/immune cells increased strongly after reperfusion. Intravitreal triamcinolone did not affect the parameters of Müller cell gliosis but decreased the number of microglial/immune cells. CONCLUSIONS Ischemia-reperfusion of the rabbit retina causes exudative retinal detachment that is characterized by a loss of photoreceptor cells, whereas the inner retina remains largely preserved. Micro- and macroglial cells are activated early during reperfusion, even before dropout of the photoreceptor cells. Intravitreal triamcinolone may decrease the degree of microglial/immune cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortrud Uckermann
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig Medical Faculty, Germany
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Fries JE, Goczalik IM, Wheeler-Schilling TH, Kohler K, Guenther E, Wolf S, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A, Reichenbach A, Francke M, Pannicke T. Identification of P2Y Receptor Subtypes in Human Müller Glial Cells by Physiology, Single Cell RT-PCR, and Immunohistochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 46:3000-7. [PMID: 16043877 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal Müller glial cells are known to express metabotropic P2Y receptors. The present study was conducted to identify certain subtypes of P2Y receptors in human Müller cells. METHODS The patch-clamp technique was used to measure increases of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ currents mediated by the activation of P2Y receptors in freshly isolated human Müller cells. Several P2 agonists were used. Subsequently, the cells were harvested into the patch pipette and a single cell RT-PCR was performed. Moreover, retinal tissue from organ donors was used for immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The electrophysiological data were consistent with the expression of P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y6 receptor subtypes. RT-PCR revealed that mRNA for all these subtypes was present in Müller cells. However, the incidence of P2Y2 receptor mRNA was significantly lower than that of the other subtypes. Immunoreactivity for all four subtypes was found in retinal tissue, partly colocalized with immunoreactivity for vimentin. CONCLUSIONS The presented data obtained by different techniques revealed that human Müller cells express P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y6 receptors. The specific roles of these receptor subtypes in retinal physiology and/or pathophysiology remain to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Fries
- Forschungsstelle für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Universitätsaugenklinik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Malgorzata Goczalik I, Raap M, Weick M, Milenkovic I, Heidmann J, Enzmann V, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Francke M. The activation of IL-8 receptors in cultured guinea pig Müller glial cells is modified by signals from retinal pigment epithelium. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 161:49-60. [PMID: 15748943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 8 (IL-8, CXCL8) is a pro-inflammatory chemokine which attracts neutrophils to sites of inflammation via an activation of the G-protein-coupled receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2. However, both IL-8 and IL-8 receptors are widely expressed in various tissues and cell types, and have been suggested to be involved in other functions such as angiogenesis, tumor growth, or brain pathology. We examined the expression of IL-8 and IL-8 receptors in highly enriched primary cultures of guinea pig Muller glial cells. Immunoreactivity for CXCL8, CXCR1 and CXCR2 was observed in all cultured Muller cells. The expression of CXCL8 was confirmed by PCR, and the secretion of the CXCL8 protein from Muller cells was revealed by ELISA. Western blots showed prominent bands at approximately 40 kDa by using antibodies specific for human CXCR1 and CXCR2, and the expression of a putative CXCR2 receptor in Muller cells was confirmed by PCR. Furthermore, cultured Muller cells responded to application of recombinant human IL-8 with an increase of the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. If supernatants of cultured human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were applied to the Muller cell cultures, no obvious changes were observed in the CXCL8, CXCR1 and CXCR2 expression but (i) Muller cell proliferation was stimulated, and (ii) there was an increased number of CXCL8-responsive Muller cells and the amplitudes of the evoked calcium responses were enhanced. It is concluded that Muller glial cells may participate in the inflammatory response(s) of the retina during ocular diseases, and that this contribution may be modified by interactions with RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Malgorzata Goczalik
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany
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Francke M, Faude F, Pannicke T, Uckermann O, Weick M, Wolburg H, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Uhlmann S, Bringmann A. Glial cell-mediated spread of retinal degeneration during detachment: a hypothesis based upon studies in rabbits. Vision Res 2005; 45:2256-67. [PMID: 15924940 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2004.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 08/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In human subjects with peripheral retinal detachments, visual deficits are not restricted to the detached retina but are also present in the non-detached tissue. Based upon studies on a rabbit model of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, we propose a glial cell-mediated mechanism of spread of retinal degeneration into non-detached retinal areas which may also have importance for the understanding of alterations in the human retina. Both detached and attached portions of the rabbit retina display photoreceptor cell degeneration and cystic degeneration of the innermost layers. An inverse mode of photoreceptor cell degeneration in the attached tissue suggests a disturbed support of the photoreceptor cells by Müller cells which show various indications of gliosis (increased expression of intermediate filaments, cell hypertrophy, decreased plasma membrane K(+) conductance, increased Ca(2+) responsiveness to purinergic stimulation) in both detached and attached tissues. We propose that gliotic alterations of Müller cells contribute to the degeneration of the attached retina, via disturbance of glial homeostasis mechanisms. A down-regulation of the K(+) conductance of Müller cells may prevent effective retinal K(+) and water clearance, and may favor photoreceptor cell degeneration and edema development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Francke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany
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Pfeiffer-Guglielmi B, Francke M, Reichenbach A, Fleckenstein B, Jung G, Hamprecht B. Glycogen phosphorylase isozyme pattern in mammalian retinal Müller (glial) cells and in astrocytes of retina and optic nerve. Glia 2005; 49:84-95. [PMID: 15390095 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells, the radially oriented dominant macroglial cells of the retina, are known to contain abundant glycogen as well as the key enzyme for its degradation, glycogen phosphorylase (GP), but the expressed isozyme pattern is unknown. To elucidate the isoform expression pattern, specific antisera directed against the brain (BB) and muscle (MM) isoforms of GP were applied to retinal sections, isolated Müller cells, and sections of the optic nerve. We show that Müller cells of rat, rabbit, guinea pig, and mouse retina exclusively express the BB isoform. Astrocytes of rat and rabbit optic nerve, as well as retina express only the BB isoform. In contrast, astrocytes in the brain and spinal cord as well as the epithelial cells of the pars caeca and of the ciliary body express both the BB and MM isoform. This result may indicate some differences in the role of glycogen in retinal macroglia and brain astrocytes, reflecting a local specialization of macroglia in the retina proper.
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Uckermann O, Iandiev I, Francke M, Franze K, Grosche J, Wolf S, Kohen L, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A. Selective staining by vital dyes of Müller glial cells in retinal wholemounts. Glia 2003; 45:59-66. [PMID: 14648546 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Müller glial cells within the retina may respond to different signaling molecules with an elevation of their intracellular free calcium. To prove the localization of the recorded calcium responses in Müller cells within acutely isolated retinal wholemounts, retinal pieces from adult animals and humans were exposed to different vital dyes just after the calcium imaging records were finished. The dyes, Mitotracker Orange, Mitotracker Green, Celltracker Orange, Celltracker Green, and monochlorobimane, are all selectively taken up by Müller glial cells, while neuronal cells remain largely devoid of the dyes. By using this method, it can be demonstrated that the free calcium alterations within the wholemounts indeed occur within Müller cells. Moreover, the cross-sectional areas of (dye-filled) Müller glial cell bodies, as well as of (dye-free) neuronal cell bodies, can be measured in retinal wholemounts, and the spatial densities of both types of cells can be determined. The vital dye loading of Müller cells may facilitate investigations of stimulus-induced alterations of retinal glial cell physiology and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortrud Uckermann
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Uhlmann S, Bringmann A, Uckermann O, Pannicke T, Weick M, Ulbricht E, Goczalik I, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Francke M. Early glial cell reactivity in experimental retinal detachment: effect of suramin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44:4114-22. [PMID: 12939335 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.03-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In a rabbit model of retinal detachment, early Müller glial cell reactivity was monitored-specifically, changes in membrane features-to determine whether these changes involve an upregulation of purinergic P2 receptor-mediated responses and whether all or some of these alterations could be blocked by suramin or pyridoxal phosphate 6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS). In addition, the immune cell reactivity (microglial cells and blood-derived immune cells) was monitored. METHODS A local retinal detachment was induced by subretinal injection of a sodium hyaluronate solution. Three, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery, Müller cells were acutely isolated, and patch-clamp records of the whole-cell potassium currents were made. The presence of P2 receptor-mediated responses was determined by measuring extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced membrane current increases, and by recording of ATP-induced calcium responses at the vitreal surface of retinal wholemounts. The density of isolectin B(4)-labeled immune cells was determined in the nerve fiber layer of retinal wholemounts. RESULTS Within 24 hours of detachment, Müller cell reactivity was evident. The cells downregulated the density of their inwardly rectifying potassium currents to 60% and 47% of the control value at 48 hours and 72 hours of detachment, respectively. This downregulation was accompanied by an enhanced incidence of cells which showed calcium and current responses after ATP application (control: 14%; 24 hours of detachment: 42%; 72 hours of detachment: 80%). Müller cell hypertrophy was apparent at 48 and 72 hours of detachment. Application of suramin during surgery inhibited the downregulation of potassium currents, but not the elevated responsiveness to extracellular ATP; PPADS had no effect. Suramin also inhibited the inflammatory response that was induced by the surgical procedure and that was apparent by the increased number of immune cells. CONCLUSIONS Reactive responses of Müller cells occur within 24 hours of detachment. Suramin inhibits several (but not all) reactive glial alterations and therefore may represent one candidate for further investigations in the search for drugs that limit detrimental effects of immune cell activation and Müller cell gliosis during retinal detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Uhlmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Uckermann O, Uhlmann S, Weick M, Pannicke T, Francke M, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A. Upregulation of purinergic P2Y receptor-mediated calcium responses in glial cells during experimental detachment of the rabbit retina. Neurosci Lett 2003; 338:131-4. [PMID: 12566170 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate injury-induced alterations of purinergic P2Y receptor-mediated calcium responses in glial (Müller) cells of the rabbit retina, neural retinae were experimentally detached from the pigment epithelium. The ATP-evoked calcium responses were recorded in the endfeet of glial cells at the vitread surface of retinal wholemounts. In control retinae, approximately 7% of the glial cells investigated showed ATP-evoked calcium responses. Within 24 h of detachment, significantly more retinal glial cells (42%) showed calcium responses, and glial ATP responsiveness increased further in retinae which were detached for 48 (44%) or for 72 h (64%). The results indicate that in the detached retina, glial cells upregulate their responsiveness to extracellular ATP within 24 h of injury. Thus, P2Y receptor-mediated signalling may be involved in the early steps of glial response to retinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortrud Uckermann
- Department of Neurophysiology, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, D-04109, Leipzig, Germany
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Francke M, Uhlmann S, Pannicke T, Goczalik I, Uckermann O, Weick M, Härtig W, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A. Experimental dispase-induced retinopathy causes up-regulation of P2Y receptor-mediated calcium responses in Müller glial cells. Ophthalmic Res 2003; 35:30-41. [PMID: 12566861 DOI: 10.1159/000068192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) Müller glial cells show an up-regulation of their responsiveness to extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). In the present study, we investigated if such a glial cell response is also a feature for other retinopathies besides PVR. To this aim, the proteolytic enzyme, dispase (0.1 U), was injected into the vitreous of rabbit eyes. After 3 weeks, a distinct retinopathy had developed which showed no signs of PVR. The retinopathy was characterized by strong alterations of the retinal vasculature in the medullary rays, by photoreceptor degeneration, retinal atrophy, and activation of microglial cells. Müller cells became reactive, as indicated by up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity and by hypertrophy involving subretinal fibrosis. Müller cell reactivity was also evidenced electrophysiologically by a down-regulation of their inwardly rectifying potassium currents and by an up-regulation of their responsiveness to extracellular ATP. Significantly more Müller cells from dispase-treated eyes showed ATP-evoked calcium (83%) and current responses (69%) when compared with cells from control eyes (13 and 9%, respectively). The results indicate that increased responsiveness to extracellular ATP may be a more general feature of Müller cell gliosis, and is also observed in retinopathies besides PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Francke
- Department of Neurophysiology, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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