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Farkas I, Skrapits K, Sárvári M, Göcz B, Takács S, Rumpler É, Hrabovszky E. Functional GnRH receptor signaling regulates striatal cholinergic neurons in neonatal but not in adult mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1353151. [PMID: 38348415 PMCID: PMC10859511 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1353151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproduction in mammals is controlled by hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Recent studies from our laboratory established that the basal ganglia of the human brain contain additional large populations of GnRH synthesizing neurons which are absent in adult mice. Such extrahypothalamic GnRH neurons mostly occur in the putamen where they correspond to subsets of the striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChINs) and express GnRHR autoreceptors. In an effort to establish a mouse model for functional studies of striatal GnRH/GnRHR signaling, we carried out electrophysiological experiments on acute brain slices from male transgenic mice. Using PN4-7 neonatal mice, half of striatal ChINs responded with transient hyperpolarization and decreased firing rate to 1.2 µM GnRH, whereas medium spiny projection neurons remained unaffected. GnRH acted on its specific receptor because no response was observed in the presence of the GnRHR antagonist Antide. Addition of the membrane-impermeable G protein-coupled receptor inhibitor GDP-β-S to the internal electrode solution eliminated the effect of GnRH. Further, GnRH was able to inhibit ChINs in presence of tetrodotoxin which blocked action potential mediated events. Collectively, these data indicated that the receptor underlying the effects of GnRH in neonatal mice is localized within ChINs. GnRH responsiveness of ChINs was transient and entirely disappeared in adult mice. These results raise the possibility to use neonatal transgenic mice as a functional model to investigate the role of GnRH/GnRHR signaling discovered earlier in adult human ChINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Farkas
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (Hungarian Research Network), Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (Hungarian Research Network), Budapest, Hungary
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Rumpler É, Göcz B, Skrapits K, Sárvári M, Takács S, Farkas I, Póliska S, Papp M, Solymosi N, Hrabovszky E. Development of a versatile LCM-Seq method for spatial transcriptomics of fluorescently tagged cholinergic neuron populations. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105121. [PMID: 37536628 PMCID: PMC10477691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell transcriptomics are powerful tools to define neuronal cell types based on co-expressed gene clusters. Limited RNA input in these technologies necessarily compromises transcriptome coverage and accuracy of differential expression analysis. We propose that bulk RNA-Seq of neuronal pools defined by spatial position offers an alternative strategy to overcome these technical limitations. We report a laser-capture microdissection (LCM)-Seq method which allows deep transcriptome profiling of fluorescently tagged neuron populations isolated with LCM from histological sections of transgenic mice. Mild formaldehyde fixation of ZsGreen marker protein, LCM sampling of ∼300 pooled neurons, followed by RNA isolation, library preparation and RNA-Seq with methods optimized for nanogram amounts of moderately degraded RNA enabled us to detect ∼15,000 different transcripts in fluorescently labeled cholinergic neuron populations. The LCM-Seq approach showed excellent accuracy in quantitative studies, allowing us to detect 2891 transcripts expressed differentially between the spatially defined and clinically relevant cholinergic neuron populations of the dorsal caudate-putamen and medial septum. In summary, the LCM-Seq method we report in this study is a versatile, sensitive, and accurate bulk sequencing approach to study the transcriptome profile and differential gene expression of fluorescently tagged neuronal populations isolated from transgenic mice with high spatial precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Rumpler
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Göcz
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Skrapits
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Takács
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Farkas
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márton Papp
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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Göcz B, Takács S, Skrapits K, Rumpler É, Solymosi N, Póliska S, Colledge WH, Hrabovszky E, Sárvári M. Estrogen differentially regulates transcriptional landscapes of preoptic and arcuate kisspeptin neuron populations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:960769. [PMID: 36093104 PMCID: PMC9454256 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.960769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin neurons residing in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (KPRP3V) and the arcuate nucleus (KPARC) mediate positive and negative estrogen feedback, respectively. Here, we aim to compare transcriptional responses of KPRP3V and KPARC neurons to estrogen. Transgenic mice were ovariectomized and supplemented with either 17β-estradiol (E2) or vehicle. Fluorescently tagged KPRP3V neurons collected by laser-capture microdissection were subjected to RNA-seq. Bioinformatics identified 222 E2-dependent genes. Four genes encoding neuropeptide precursors (Nmb, Kiss1, Nts, Penk) were robustly, and Cartpt was subsignificantly upregulated, suggesting putative contribution of multiple neuropeptides to estrogen feedback mechanisms. Using overrepresentation analysis, the most affected KEGG pathways were neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and dopaminergic synapse. Next, we re-analyzed our previously obtained KPARC neuron RNA-seq data from the same animals using identical bioinformatic criteria. The identified 1583 E2-induced changes included suppression of many neuropeptide precursors, granins, protein processing enzymes, and other genes related to the secretory pathway. In addition to distinct regulatory responses, KPRP3V and KPARC neurons exhibited sixty-two common changes in genes encoding three hormone receptors (Ghsr, Pgr, Npr2), GAD-65 (Gad2), calmodulin and its regulator (Calm1, Pcp4), among others. Thirty-four oppositely regulated genes (Kiss1, Vgf, Chrna7, Tmem35a) were also identified. The strikingly different transcriptional responses in the two neuron populations prompted us to explore the transcriptional mechanism further. We identified ten E2-dependent transcription factors in KPRP3V and seventy in KPARC neurons. While none of the ten transcription factors interacted with estrogen receptor-α, eight of the seventy did. We propose that an intricate, multi-layered transcriptional mechanism exists in KPARC neurons and a less complex one in KPRP3V neurons. These results shed new light on the complexity of estrogen-dependent regulatory mechanisms acting in the two functionally distinct kisspeptin neuron populations and implicate additional neuropeptides and mechanisms in estrogen feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Göcz
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Erik Hrabovszky, ; Miklós Sárvári, ; Balázs Göcz,
| | - Szabolcs Takács
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Skrapits
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Rumpler
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - William H. Colledge
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Erik Hrabovszky, ; Miklós Sárvári, ; Balázs Göcz,
| | - Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Erik Hrabovszky, ; Miklós Sárvári, ; Balázs Göcz,
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Skrapits K, Sárvári M, Farkas I, Göcz B, Takács S, Rumpler É, Váczi V, Vastagh C, Rácz G, Matolcsy A, Solymosi N, Póliska S, Tóth B, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Culler MD, Allet C, Cotellessa L, Prévot V, Giacobini P, Hrabovszky E. The cryptic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal system of human basal ganglia. eLife 2021; 10:67714. [PMID: 34128468 PMCID: PMC8245125 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human reproduction is controlled by ~2000 hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of additional ~150,000–200,000 GnRH-synthesizing cells in the human basal ganglia and basal forebrain. Nearly all extrahypothalamic GnRH neurons expressed the cholinergic marker enzyme choline acetyltransferase. Similarly, hypothalamic GnRH neurons were also cholinergic both in embryonic and adult human brains. Whole-transcriptome analysis of cholinergic interneurons and medium spiny projection neurons laser-microdissected from the human putamen showed selective expression of GNRH1 and GNRHR1 autoreceptors in the cholinergic cell population and uncovered the detailed transcriptome profile and molecular connectome of these two cell types. Higher-order non-reproductive functions regulated by GnRH under physiological conditions in the human basal ganglia and basal forebrain require clarification. The role and changes of GnRH/GnRHR1 signaling in neurodegenerative disorders affecting cholinergic neurocircuitries, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Skrapits
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Farkas
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Göcz
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Takács
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Rumpler
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Váczi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vastagh
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Rácz
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Matolcsy
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Blanka Tóth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Cecile Allet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Ludovica Cotellessa
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Prévot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Balla B, Sárvári M, Kósa JP, Kocsis-Deák B, Tobiás B, Árvai K, Takács I, Podani J, Liposits Z, Lakatos P. Long-term selective estrogen receptor-beta agonist treatment modulates gene expression in bone and bone marrow of ovariectomized rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:185-194. [PMID: 30685384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gonadal hormones including 17β-estradiol exert important protective functions in skeletal homeostasis. However, numerous details of ovarian hormone deficiency in the common bone marrow microenvironment have not yet been revealed and little information is available on the tissue-specific acts either, especially those via estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the bone-related gene expression changes after ovariectomy (OVX) and long-term ERβ agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN) administration. We found that OVX produced strong and widespread changes of gene expression in both femoral bone and bone marrow. In the bone out of 22 genes, 20 genes were up- and 2 were downregulated after OVX. It is noteworthy that DPN restored mRNA expression of 10 OVX-induced changes (Aldh2, Col1a1, Daam1, Fgf12, Igf1, Il6r, Nfkb1, Notch1, Notch2 and Psen1) suggesting a modulatory role of ERβ in bone physiology. In bone marrow, out of 37 categorized genes, transcription of 25 genes were up- and 12 were downregulated indicating that the marrow is highly responsive to gonadal hormones. DPN modestly affected transcription, only expression of two genes (Nfatc1 and Tgfb1) was restored by DPN action. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was the most affected gene cluster following the interventions in bone and bone marrow, as demonstrated by canonical variates analysis (CVA). We suggested that our results contribute to a deeper understanding of alterations in gene expression of bone and bone marrow niche elicited by ERβ and selective ERβ analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Balla
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János P Kósa
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Kocsis-Deák
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Tobiás
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Árvai
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Takács
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Podani
- Biological Institute, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lakatos
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Sárvári M, Kalló I, Hrabovszky E, Solymosi N, Liposits Z. Ovariectomy Alters Gene Expression of the Hippocampal Formation in Middle-Aged Rats. Endocrinology 2017; 158:69-83. [PMID: 27805868 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian hormones regulate the transcriptome of the hippocampus and modulate its functions. During menopause this complex signaling declines, leading to impaired learning and memory. This study was undertaken to clarify the effects of long-term, surgical ovariectomy (OVX) on the rat hippocampal transcriptome. At age of 13 months, intact control and ovariectomized groups were formed. All animals were killed 5 weeks after gonadectomy; hippocampal formations were dissected and processed for transcriptome analysis. Microarray and polymerase chain reaction studies identified 252 and 61 genes, respectively, whose expression was altered in the lack of ovarian hormones. Pathway analysis revealed impact on neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, endocannabinoid, and estrogen signaling, among others. Network and interaction analyses of proteins encoded by OVX-regulated genes revealed upregulation of growth/troph/transcription factor signaling assembly (Mdk, Fgf1, Igf2, Ngf, Ngfr, Ntf3, Ntrk1, Otx2, Hif1a, Esr1, Nr4a3), peptides/peptide receptors (Cartpt, Kl, Ttr, Gnrhr), neurotransmission (Grm1, Gria4, Gls, Slc18a2, Kcnj6), and genes serving immune functions (C3, Ccl2, Itgam, Il1b). Downregulated clusters included neuropeptides and their receptors (Adcyap1, Cbln2, Cck, Cckbr, Crhr1 and 2, Oprd1, Nts, Penk, Sstr1, Vip), neurotransmitter signaling (Htr2c, Chrna3, Chrm4, Grm8, Hrh3, Slc17a6), and potassium channels (Kcnk9, Kcnj9, Kcnma1, Kcnc2). Several transcription factors (Rxra, Thrb), solute carriers and defense molecules (Apitd1, Bcl2, C1ql3, Ilr3a, Sod1, Sncb) also underwent downregulation. The findings indicate that surgical gonadectomy carried out at middle-age robustly changes the hippocampal transcriptome that alters neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, immune modulation, causing cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Kalló
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd-Health and Veterinary Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; and
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Sárvári M, Kalló I, Hrabovszky E, Solymosi N, Rodolosse A, Liposits Z. Long-Term Estrogen Receptor Beta Agonist Treatment Modifies the Hippocampal Transcriptome in Middle-Aged Ovariectomized Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:149. [PMID: 27375434 PMCID: PMC4901073 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) robustly activates transcription of a broad array of genes in the hippocampal formation of middle-aged ovariectomized rats via estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ, and G protein-coupled ER). Selective ERβ agonists also influence hippocampal functions, although their downstream molecular targets and mechanisms are not known. In this study, we explored the effects of long-term treatment with ERβ agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN, 0.05 mg/kg/day, sc.) on the hippocampal transcriptome in ovariectomized, middle-aged (13 month) rats. Isolated hippocampal formations were analyzed by Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarray and quantitative real-time PCR. Four hundred ninety-seven genes fulfilled the absolute fold change higher than 2 (FC > 2) selection criterion. Among them 370 genes were activated. Pathway analysis identified terms including glutamatergic and cholinergic synapse, RNA transport, endocytosis, thyroid hormone signaling, RNA degradation, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, and mRNA surveillance. PCR studies showed transcriptional regulation of 58 genes encoding growth factors (Igf2, Igfb2, Igf1r, Fgf1, Mdk, Ntf3, Bdnf), transcription factors (Otx2, Msx1), potassium channels (Kcne2), neuropeptides (Cck, Pdyn), peptide receptors (Crhr2, Oprm1, Gnrhr, Galr2, Sstr1, Sstr3), neurotransmitter receptors (Htr1a, Htr2c, Htr2a, Gria2, Gria3, Grm5, Gabra1, Chrm5, Adrb1), and vesicular neurotransmitter transporters (Slc32a1, Slc17a7). Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed networking of clusters associated with the regulation of growth/troph factor signaling, transcription, translation, neurotransmitter and neurohormone signaling mechanisms and potassium channels. Collectively, the results reveal the contribution of ERβ-mediated processes to the regulation of transcription, translation, neurogenesis, neuromodulation, and neuroprotection in the hippocampal formation of ovariectomized, middle-aged rats and elucidate regulatory channels responsible for DPN-altered functional patterns. These findings support the notion that selective activation of ERβ may be a viable approach for treating the neural symptoms of E2 deficiency in menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Kalló
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annie Rodolosse
- Functional Genomics Core, Institute for Research in Biomedicine Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary
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8
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Molnár CS, Sárvári M, Vastagh C, Maurnyi C, Fekete C, Liposits Z, Hrabovszky E. Altered Gene Expression Profiles of the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus of Male Mice Suggest Profound Developmental Changes in Peptidergic Signaling. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:369-82. [PMID: 26338351 DOI: 10.1159/000439430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) regulate important homeostatic and endocrine functions and also play critical roles in pubertal development. The altered peptidergic and aminoacidergic neurotransmission accompanying pubertal maturation of the ARC is not fully understood. Here we studied the developmental shift in the gene expression profile of the ARC of male mice. RNA samples for quantitative RT-PCR studies were isolated from the ARC of 14-day-old infantile and 60-day-old adult male mice with laser capture microdissection. The expression of 18 neuropeptide, 15 neuropeptide receptor, 4 sex steroid receptor and 6 classic neurotransmitter marker mRNAs was compared between the two time points. The adult animals showed increased mRNA levels encoding cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcripts, galanin-like peptide, dynorphin, kisspeptin, proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin and galanin and a reduced expression of mRNAs for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, substance P, agouti-related protein, neurotensin and growth hormone-releasing hormone. From the neuropeptide receptors tested, melanocortin receptor-4 showed the most striking increase (5-fold). Melanocortin receptor-3 and the Y1 and Y5 neuropeptide Y receptors increased 1.5- to 1.8-fold, whereas δ-opioid receptor and neurotensin receptor-1 transcripts were reduced by 27 and 21%, respectively. Androgen receptor, progesterone receptor and α-estrogen receptor transcripts increased by 54-72%. The mRNAs of glutamic acid decarboxylases-65 and -67, vesicular GABA transporter and choline acetyltransferase remained unchanged. Tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA increased by 44%, whereas type-2 vesicular glutamate transporter mRNA decreased by 43% by adulthood. Many of the developmental changes we revealed in this study suggest a reduced inhibitory and/or enhanced excitatory neuropeptidergic drive on fertility in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla S Molnár
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Sárvári M, Kalló I, Hrabovszky E, Solymosi N, Rodolosse A, Vastagh C, Auer H, Liposits Z. Hippocampal Gene Expression Is Highly Responsive to Estradiol Replacement in Middle-Aged Female Rats. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2632-45. [PMID: 25924104 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the hippocampus, estrogens are powerful modulators of neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. In women, menopause is associated with increased risk of memory disturbances, which can be attenuated by timely estrogen therapy. In animal models of menopause, 17β-estradiol (E2) replacement improves hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. Here, we explored the effect of E2 replacement on hippocampal gene expression in a rat menopause model. Middle-aged ovariectomized female rats were treated continuously for 29 days with E2, and then, the hippocampal transcriptome was investigated with Affymetrix expression arrays. Microarray data were analyzed by Bioconductor packages and web-based softwares, and verified with quantitative PCR. At standard fold change selection criterion, 156 genes responded to E2. All alterations but 4 were transcriptional activation. Robust activation (fold change > 10) occurred in the case of transthyretin, klotho, claudin 2, prolactin receptor, ectodin, coagulation factor V, Igf2, Igfbp2, and sodium/sulfate symporter. Classification of the 156 genes revealed major groups, including signaling (35 genes), metabolism (31 genes), extracellular matrix (17 genes), and transcription (16 genes). We selected 33 genes for further studies, and all changes were confirmed by real-time PCR. The results suggest that E2 promotes retinoid, growth factor, homeoprotein, neurohormone, and neurotransmitter signaling, changes metabolism, extracellular matrix composition, and transcription, and induces protective mechanisms via genomic effects. We propose that these mechanisms contribute to effects of E2 on neurogenesis, neural plasticity, and memory functions. Our findings provide further support for the rationale to develop safe estrogen receptor ligands for the maintenance of cognitive performance in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology (M.S., I.K., E.H., C.V., Z.L.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics (I.K., Z.L.), Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Veterinary Science (N.S.), Szent István University, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; Functional Genomics Core (A.R.), Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; and Functional Genomics Consulting (H.A.), 08780 Palleja, Spain
| | - Imre Kalló
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology (M.S., I.K., E.H., C.V., Z.L.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics (I.K., Z.L.), Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Veterinary Science (N.S.), Szent István University, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; Functional Genomics Core (A.R.), Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; and Functional Genomics Consulting (H.A.), 08780 Palleja, Spain
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology (M.S., I.K., E.H., C.V., Z.L.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics (I.K., Z.L.), Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Veterinary Science (N.S.), Szent István University, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; Functional Genomics Core (A.R.), Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; and Functional Genomics Consulting (H.A.), 08780 Palleja, Spain
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology (M.S., I.K., E.H., C.V., Z.L.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics (I.K., Z.L.), Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Veterinary Science (N.S.), Szent István University, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; Functional Genomics Core (A.R.), Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; and Functional Genomics Consulting (H.A.), 08780 Palleja, Spain
| | - Annie Rodolosse
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology (M.S., I.K., E.H., C.V., Z.L.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics (I.K., Z.L.), Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Veterinary Science (N.S.), Szent István University, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; Functional Genomics Core (A.R.), Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; and Functional Genomics Consulting (H.A.), 08780 Palleja, Spain
| | - Csaba Vastagh
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology (M.S., I.K., E.H., C.V., Z.L.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics (I.K., Z.L.), Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Veterinary Science (N.S.), Szent István University, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; Functional Genomics Core (A.R.), Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; and Functional Genomics Consulting (H.A.), 08780 Palleja, Spain
| | - Herbert Auer
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology (M.S., I.K., E.H., C.V., Z.L.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics (I.K., Z.L.), Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Veterinary Science (N.S.), Szent István University, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; Functional Genomics Core (A.R.), Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; and Functional Genomics Consulting (H.A.), 08780 Palleja, Spain
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology (M.S., I.K., E.H., C.V., Z.L.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics (I.K., Z.L.), Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Veterinary Science (N.S.), Szent István University, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; Functional Genomics Core (A.R.), Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; and Functional Genomics Consulting (H.A.), 08780 Palleja, Spain
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10
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Vastagh C, Rodolosse A, Solymosi N, Farkas I, Auer H, Sárvári M, Liposits Z. Differential Gene Expression in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons of Male and Metestrous Female Mice. Neuroendocrinology 2015; 102:44-59. [PMID: 25925152 DOI: 10.1159/000430818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons play a pivotal role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in a sex-specific manner. We hypothesized that the differences seen in reproductive functions of males and females are associated with a sexually dimorphic gene expression profile of GnRH neurons. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared the transcriptome of GnRH neurons obtained from intact metestrous female and male GnRH-green fluorescent protein transgenic mice. About 1,500 individual GnRH neurons from each sex were sampled with laser capture microdissection followed by whole-transcriptome amplification for gene expression profiling. Under stringent selection criteria (fold change >1.6, adjusted p value 0.01), Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 PM array analysis identified 543 differentially expressed genes. Sexual dimorphism was most apparent in gene clusters associated with synaptic communication, signal transduction, cell adhesion, vesicular transport and cell metabolism. To validate microarray results, 57 genes were selected, and 91% of their differential expression was confirmed by real-time PCR. Similarly, 88% of microarray results were confirmed with PCR from independent samples obtained by patch pipette harvesting and pooling of 30 GnRH neurons from each sex. We found significant differences in the expression of genes involved in vesicle priming and docking (Syt1, Cplx1), GABAergic (Gabra3, Gabrb3, Gabrg2) and glutamatergic (Gria1, Grin1, Slc17a6) neurotransmission, peptide signaling (Sstr3, Npr2, Cxcr4) and the regulation of intracellular ion homeostasis (Cacna1, Cacnb1, Cacng5, Kcnq2, Kcnc1). CONCLUSION The striking sexual dimorphism of the GnRH neuron transcriptome we report here contributes to a better understanding of the differences in cellular mechanisms of GnRH neurons in the two sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Vastagh
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Sárvári M, Deli L, Kocsis P, Márk L, Maász G, Hrabovszky E, Kalló I, Gajári D, Vastagh C, Sümegi B, Tihanyi K, Liposits Z. Estradiol and isotype-selective estrogen receptor agonists modulate the mesocortical dopaminergic system in gonadectomized female rats. Brain Res 2014; 1583:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Sárvári M, Kocsis P, Deli L, Gajári D, Dávid S, Pozsgay Z, Hegedűs N, Tihanyi K, Liposits Z. Ghrelin modulates the fMRI BOLD response of homeostatic and hedonic brain centers regulating energy balance in the rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97651. [PMID: 24830778 PMCID: PMC4022590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexigenic gut-brain peptide, ghrelin and its G-protein coupled receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1A) are pivotal regulators of hypothalamic feeding centers and reward processing neuronal circuits of the brain. These systems operate in a cooperative manner and receive a wide array of neuronal hormone/transmitter messages and metabolic signals. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was employed in the current study to map BOLD responses to ghrelin in different brain regions with special reference on homeostatic and hedonic regulatory centers of energy balance. Experimental groups involved male, ovariectomized female and ovariectomized estradiol-replaced rats. Putative modulation of ghrelin signaling by endocannabinoids was also studied. Ghrelin-evoked effects were calculated as mean of the BOLD responses 30 minutes after administration. In the male rat, ghrelin evoked a slowly decreasing BOLD response in all studied regions of interest (ROI) within the limbic system. This effect was antagonized by pretreatment with GHS-R1A antagonist JMV2959. The comparison of ghrelin effects in the presence or absence of JMV2959 in individual ROIs revealed significant changes in the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens of the telencephalon, and also within hypothalamic centers like the lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial nucleus, paraventricular nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus. In the female rat, the ghrelin effects were almost identical to those observed in males. Ovariectomy and chronic estradiol replacement had no effect on the BOLD response. Inhibition of the endocannabinoid signaling by rimonabant significantly attenuated the response of the nucleus accumbens and septum. In summary, ghrelin can modulate hypothalamic and mesolimbic structures controlling energy balance in both sexes. The endocannabinoid signaling system contributes to the manifestation of ghrelin's BOLD effect in a region specific manner. In females, the estradiol milieu does not influence the BOLD response to ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Pál Kocsis
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Deli
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Gajári
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Dávid
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Pozsgay
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Hegedűs
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Tihanyi
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Farkas I, Vastagh C, Sárvári M, Liposits Z. Ghrelin decreases firing activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in an estrous cycle and endocannabinoid signaling dependent manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78178. [PMID: 24124622 PMCID: PMC3790731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexigenic peptide, ghrelin is known to influence function of GnRH neurons, however, the direct effects of the hormone upon these neurons have not been explored, yet. The present study was undertaken to reveal expression of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) in GnRH neurons and elucidate the mechanisms of ghrelin actions upon them. Ca2+-imaging revealed a ghrelin-triggered increase of the Ca2+-content in GT1-7 neurons kept in a steroid-free medium, which was abolished by GHS-R-antagonist JMV2959 (10µM) suggesting direct action of ghrelin. Estradiol (1nM) eliminated the ghrelin-evoked rise of Ca2+-content, indicating the estradiol dependency of the process. Expression of GHS-R mRNA was then confirmed in GnRH-GFP neurons of transgenic mice by single cell RT-PCR. Firing rate and burst frequency of GnRH-GFP neurons were lower in metestrous than proestrous mice. Ghrelin (40nM-4μM) administration resulted in a decreased firing rate and burst frequency of GnRH neurons in metestrous, but not in proestrous mice. Ghrelin also decreased the firing rate of GnRH neurons in males. The ghrelin-evoked alterations of the firing parameters were prevented by JMV2959, supporting the receptor-specific actions of ghrelin on GnRH neurons. In metestrous mice, ghrelin decreased the frequency of GABAergic mPSCs in GnRH neurons. Effects of ghrelin were abolished by the cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1) antagonist AM251 (1µM) and the intracellularly applied DAG-lipase inhibitor THL (10µM), indicating the involvement of retrograde endocannabinoid signaling. These findings demonstrate that ghrelin exerts direct regulatory effects on GnRH neurons via GHS-R, and modulates the firing of GnRH neurons in an ovarian-cycle and endocannabinoid dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Farkas
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Csaba Vastagh
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
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Sárvári M, Hrabovszky E, Kalló I, Solymosi N, Likó I, Berchtold N, Cotman C, Liposits Z. Menopause leads to elevated expression of macrophage-associated genes in the aging frontal cortex: rat and human studies identify strikingly similar changes. J Neuroinflammation 2012. [PMID: 23206327 PMCID: PMC3558453 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The intricate interactions between the immune, endocrine and central nervous systems shape the innate immune response of the brain. We have previously shown that estradiol suppresses expression of immune genes in the frontal cortex of middle-aged ovariectomized rats, but not in young ones reflecting elevated expression of these genes in middle-aged, ovarian hormone deficient animals. Here, we explored the impact of menopause on the microglia phenotype capitalizing on the differential expression of macrophage-associated genes in quiescent and activated microglia. Methods We selected twenty-three genes encoding phagocytic and recognition receptors expressed primarily in microglia, and eleven proinflammatory genes and followed their expression in the rat frontal cortex by real-time PCR. We used young, middle-aged and middle-aged ovariectomized rats to reveal age- and ovariectomy-related alterations. We analyzed the expression of the same set of genes in the postcentral and superior frontal gyrus of pre- and postmenopausal women using raw microarray data from our previous study. Results Ovariectomy caused up-regulation of four classic microglia reactivity marker genes including Cd11b, Cd18, Cd45 and Cd86. The change was reversible since estradiol attenuated transcriptional activation of the four marker genes. Expression of genes encoding phagocytic and toll-like receptors such as Cd11b, Cd18, C3, Cd32, Msr2 and Tlr4 increased, whereas scavenger receptor Cd36 decreased following ovariectomy. Ovarian hormone deprivation altered the expression of major components of estrogen and neuronal inhibitory signaling which are involved in the control of microglia reactivity. Strikingly similar changes took place in the postcentral and superior frontal gyrus of postmenopausal women. Conclusions Based on the overlapping results of rat and human studies we propose that the microglia phenotype shifts from the resting toward the reactive state which can be characterized by up-regulation of CD11b, CD14, CD18, CD45, CD74, CD86, TLR4, down-regulation of CD36 and unchanged CD40 expression. As a result of this shift, microglial cells have lower threshold for subsequent activation in the forebrain of postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Utca 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary.
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15
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Farkas I, Sárvári M, Aller M, Okada N, Okada H, Likó I, Liposits Z. Estrogen receptor alpha and beta differentially mediate C5aR agonist evoked Ca2+-influx in neurons through L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:631-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Sárvári M, Hrabovszky E, Kalló I, Solymosi N, Tóth K, Likó I, Széles J, Mahó S, Molnár B, Liposits Z. Estrogens regulate neuroinflammatory genes via estrogen receptors α and β in the frontal cortex of middle-aged female rats. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:82. [PMID: 21774811 PMCID: PMC3161870 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogens exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the brain mainly via estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ). These receptors are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. This study was aimed at the elucidation of the effects of ERα and ERβ agonists on the expression of neuroinflammatory genes in the frontal cortex of aging female rats. Methods To identify estrogen-responsive immunity/inflammation genes, we treated middle-aged, ovariectomized rats with 17β-estradiol (E2), ERα agonist 16α-lactone-estradiol (16α-LE2) and ERβ agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN), or vehicle by Alzet minipump delivery for 29 days. Then we compared the transcriptomes of the frontal cortex of estrogen-deprived versus ER agonist-treated animals using Affymetrix Rat230 2.0 expression arrays and TaqMan-based quantitative real-time PCR. Microarray and PCR data were evaluated by using Bioconductor packages and the RealTime StatMiner software, respectively. Results Microarray analysis revealed the transcriptional regulation of 21 immunity/inflammation genes by 16α-LE2. The subsequent comparative real-time PCR study analyzed the isotype specific effects of ER agonists on neuroinflammatory genes of primarily glial origin. E2 regulated the expression of sixteen genes, including down-regulation of complement C3 and C4b, Ccl2, Tgfb1, macrophage expressed gene Mpeg1, RT1-Aw2, Cx3cr1, Fcgr2b, Cd11b, Tlr4 and Tlr9, and up-regulation of defensin Np4 and RatNP-3b, IgG-2a, Il6 and ER gene Esr1. Similar to E2, both 16α-LE2 and DPN evoked up-regulation of defensins, IgG-2a and Il6, and down-regulation of C3 and its receptor Cd11b, Ccl2, RT1-Aw2 and Fcgr2b. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that E2, 16α-LE2 and DPN modulate the expression of neuroinflammatory genes in the frontal cortex of middle-aged female rats via both ERα and ERβ. We propose that ERβ is a promising target to suppress regulatory functions of glial cells in the E2-deprived female brain and in various neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
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Sárvári M, Kalló I, Hrabovszky E, Solymosi N, Tóth K, Likó I, Molnár B, Tihanyi K, Liposits Z. Estradiol replacement alters expression of genes related to neurotransmission and immune surveillance in the frontal cortex of middle-aged, ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3847-62. [PMID: 20534718 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) modulates a wide range of functions of the frontal cerebral cortex. From the onset of menopause, declining levels of E2 can cause cognitive disturbances and changes in behavior that can be counterbalanced by hormone replacement. To study the effect of E2 replacement on the cortical transcriptome in a rodent model with low serum E2 level, we treated middle-aged, ovariectomized rats with E2 or vehicle using osmotic minipumps for 4 wk. Six animals for each group were selected, and samples of their frontal cortex were subjected to expression profiling using oligonucleotide microarrays. The explored E2-regulated genes were related to neurotransmission (Adora2a, Cartpt, Drd1a, Drd2, Gjb2, Nts, and Tac1), immunity (C3, C4b, Cd74, Fcgr2b, Mpeg1, and RT1-Aw2), signal transduction (Igf2, Igfbp2, Igfbp6, Rgs9, and Sncg), transport (Abca1, Hba-a2, Slc13a3, and Slc22a8), extracellular matrix (Col1a2, Col3a1, Fmod, and Lum), and transcription (Irf7 and Nupr1). Seventy-four percent of the transcriptional changes identified by microarray were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. The genes identified by expression profiling indicated that chronic E2 replacement significantly altered the transcriptome of the frontal cortex. The genomic effects of E2 influenced dopaminergic and peptidergic neurotransmission, immune surveillance, adenosine and insulin-like growth factor signaling and transport processes, among other functions. Identification of these novel E2-regulated mechanisms highlights the wide range of genomic responses of the aging female frontal cerebral cortex subjected to hormone replacement. Some of the genomic effects identified in this study may underlie the beneficial effects of E2 on cognition, behavior, and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Sárvári M, Hrabovszky E, Kalló I, Galamb O, Solymosi N, Likó I, Molnár B, Tihanyi K, Szombathelyi Z, Liposits Z. Gene expression profiling identifies key estradiol targets in the frontal cortex of the rat. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1161-76. [PMID: 20068009 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol modulates a wide range of neural functions in the frontal cerebral cortex where subsets of neurons express estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta. Through these receptors, estradiol contributes to the maintenance of normal operation of the frontal cortex. During the decline of gonadal hormones, the frequency of neurological and psychiatric disorders increases. To shed light on the etiology of disorders related to declining levels of estrogens, we studied the genomic responses to estradiol. Ovariectomized rats were treated with a sc injection of estradiol. Twenty-four hours later, samples from the frontal cortices were dissected, and their mRNA content was analyzed. One hundred thirty-six estradiol-regulated transcripts were identified on Rat 230 2.0 Expression Array. Of the 136 estrogen-regulated genes, 26 and 36 genes encoded proteins involved in the regulation of transcription and signal transduction, respectively. Thirteen genes were related to the calcium signaling pathway. They comprised five genes coding for neurotransmitter receptors. Transcription of three neuropeptides, including cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, were up-regulated. Fifty-two genes were selected for validation, and 12 transcriptional changes were confirmed. These results provided evidence that estradiol evokes broad transcriptional response in the cortex. Modulation of key components of the calcium signaling pathway, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission, may explain the influence of estrogens on cognitive function and behavior. Up-regulation of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript contributes to the neuroprotective effects of estradiol. Identification of estradiol-regulated genes in the frontal cortex helps to understand the pathomechanism of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with altered levels of estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
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Sárvári M, Szego EM, Barabás K, Jávor A, Tóth S, Kovács Z, Abrahám IM. Genistein induces phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein in neonatal hypothalamus in vivo. J Neuroendocrinol 2009; 21:1024-8. [PMID: 19840237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the phytoestrogen, genistein and 17beta-oestradiol on cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in the neonatal female rat hypothalamus in vivo using western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Although CREB expression was insensitive to the compounds we tested, administration of genistein and 17beta-oestradiol induced rapid CREB phosphorylation (< 15 min) in the hypothalamus and its level remained elevated at 4 h. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis showed that genistein and 17beta-oestradiol had no effect on CREB phosphorylation in the magnocellular subdivision of paraventricular nucleus. By contrast, genistein induced a dose-dependent increase in CREB phosphorylation in the medial preoptic area (mPOA) and anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV). Administration of 17beta-oestradiol also caused a rapid, dose-dependent increase in CREB phosphorylation in the hypothalamus, mPOA and AVPV. These results demonstrate that genistein induces oestrogen-like rapid action on CREB phosphorylation in the neonatal central nervous system in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sárvári
- Richter Gedeon Ltd. Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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Kurko D, Boros A, Dezso P, Urbányi Z, Sárvári M, Nagy J, Szombathelyi Z, Szendrei GI. Flow cytometry-based method to analyze the change in Tau phosphorylation in a hGSK-3β and hTau over-expressing EcR-293 cell line. Neurochem Int 2006; 48:374-82. [PMID: 16420965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of insoluble aggregates of microtubule-associated protein Tau. In the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), accumulation of hyperphosphorylated Tau results in formation of paired helical filaments. One of the main candidate to hyperphosphorylate Tau in AD is glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta). Here we introduce a non-neuronal cell line, stably co-expressing human Tau and GSK-3beta proteins, where the effect of potential kinase inhibitors on Tau phosphorylation can be monitored. The aim of our study was to establish a new flow-cytometry-based method to quantitatively analyze the changing of Tau phosphorylation, which is a suitable alternative to the well-accepted but non-quantitative Western blot technique. Our results demonstrate that the flow cytometry-based method is a convenient tool to analyze the effect of GSK-3beta inhibitors on Tau phosphorylation. This new approach provides appropriate throughput for screening purposes in preclinical research for characterization of GSK-3beta inhibitors, as potential drug candidate to cure Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalma Kurko
- Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
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Abstract
In order to enhance the adaptability and yield stability of maize, the effect of nutrient supply and plant density on yield was studied on a calcareous chernozem soil in Debrecen, while the relationship between sowing date and the grain moisture content at harvest was investigated on a typical meadow soil in Hajdúböszörmény. In the plant density experiment, the plant densities applied were 45, 60, 75 and 90 thousand plants/ha. The optimal fertilizer rates for the maize hybrids were: N 40-120, P2O5 25-75, K2O 30-90 kg ha-1. The application of NPK fertilizers in a wet year increased the yield by 40-50%. Hybrids with good chilling resistance at germination can be sown as early as 10 April, when the soil temperature reaches 8-10°C. There was a significant correlation between sowing date and the grain moisture content at harvest. When hybrids with good chilling resistance at germination were sown early, the grain moisture content at harvest was reduced by 5-10%. A plant density higher than the optimum reduces yield and yield stability. The optimal plant densities determined in the experiment were 60, 75 and 90 thousand plants/ha for two, three and one hybrid, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sárvári
- 1 Department of Crop Production and Applied Ecology, Centre of Agricultural Sciences, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
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22
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Urbányi Z, Forrai E, Sárvári M, Likó I, Illés J, Pázmány T. Glycosaminoglycans inhibit neurodegenerative effects of serum amyloid P component in vitro. Neurochem Int 2005; 46:471-7. [PMID: 15769549 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid P component, a member of pentraxin serum protein family, has been suggested to contribute to the progression of neurodegeneration including Alzheimer's disease by binding to beta-amyloid fibrils leading to an increased stability of the deposits against proteolytic degradation and by inducing neuronal apoptosis. Here, we show that glycosaminoglycans inhibit both the serum amyloid P component-beta-amyloid interaction and the neurotoxic effect of serum amyloid P component. These effects correlate with the structure of glycosaminoglycans and show different structure-activity relationship in the case of the two different effects. While the efficacy of the inhibition on the serum amyloid P component-induced cell death increases with the uronic acid content, the inhibitory activity on the serum amyloid P component-beta-amyloid interaction decreases with the increasing uronic acid content of the glycosaminoglycans. The inhibitory effect of glycosaminoglycans on the interaction between the first component of the complement cascade (C1q) and beta-amyloid shows a similar structure-activity relationship as on the serum amyloid P component-beta-amyloid interaction. This suggests that glycosaminoglycans interfere with the binding site on beta-amyloid for serum amyloid P component and C1q. The functional consequence of this binding has been demonstrated by heparin which promotes the proteolysis of beta-amyloid in vitro in the presence of serum amyloid P component. Our results suggest that glycosaminoglycans might have therapeutical potential on the neurodegeneration reducing its progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Urbányi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiological Research, Gedeon Richter Ltd., PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary.
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23
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Sárvári M, Vágó I, Wéber CS, Nagy J, Gál P, Mák M, Kósa JP, Závodszky P, Pázmány T. Inhibition of C1q-beta-amyloid binding protects hippocampal cells against complement mediated toxicity. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 137:12-8. [PMID: 12667643 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of complement by beta-amyloid (A beta) contributes to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we show that C1-Inhibitor (C1-Inh) protects cultured rat hippocampal cells against beta-amyloid induced complement lysis indicating a classical pathway-mediated activation mechanism. We report on screening of compound libraries to identify compounds that inhibit C1q binding to beta-amyloid. Characterization of these compounds revealed that C1q possessed distinct binding sites for beta-amyloid and antibodies. One selected compound protected cultured hippocampal cells against complement-dependent beta-amyloid toxicity. These results provide evidence that complement has the potential to damage hippocampal cells, and C1q is a relevant target to suspend this deleterious mechanism in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sárvári
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Gyomroi u. 19-21, Budapest 10, POB27, 1103, Hungary
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24
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Abstract
Baculovirus-mediated abnormal protein trafficking was studied in infected caterpillars by using heterologous proteins. The gene for human complement C1r was expressed in larvae of Mamestra brassicae by a recombinant Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) vector. By following the time-course of recombinant C1r distribution among various tissues, cell types and cell organelles, we concluded that the dominant site of recombinant protein synthesis was the fat body, although some production in the haemocytes and midgut was also observed. Only about 4% of the cells of the infected organs expressed recombinant C1r, which was then secreted into the haemolymph. The tracheal and integumental cuticle was rich in recombinant protein from the fourth day after infection although epidermal cells did not synthesize recombinant C1r. The morphological picture suggested that the accumulation was a consequence of a trans-epithelial transport. This transport process was checked by following the fate of the 49 kDa haemolymph protein and injected ovalbumin in AcMNPV-infected Mamestra brassicae and in Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected Lymantria dispar larvae. Both proteins were able to pass the basal membrane of the epidermis and accumulated in the cuticle, while in control larvae neither was transported. The observed trans-epithelial transport points to the role of baculoviruses in directing recombinant, endo- and exo-genous proteins to cuticulated tissues. Based on these results we conclude that the permeability of basal membranes undergoes a characteristic change during the course of baculovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sárvári
- Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Abstract
The C1r subcomponent of the first component of complement is a complex, multidomain glycoprotein containing five regulatory or binding modules in addition to the serine protease domain. To reveal the functional role of the N-terminal regulatory domains, two deletion mutants of C1r were constructed. One mutant comprises the N-terminal half of domain I joined to the second half of the highly homologous domain III, resulting in one chimeric domain in the N-terminal region, instead of domains I-III. In the second mutant most of the N-terminal portion of domain I was deleted. Both deletion mutants were expressed in the baculovirus-insect cell expression system with yields typical of wild type C1r. Both mutants maintained the ability of the wild type C1r to dimerize. The folding and secretion of the recombinant proteins was not affected by these deletions, and C1-inhibitor binding was not impaired. The stability of the zymogen was significantly decreased however, indicating that the N-terminal region of the C1r molecule contains essential elements involved in the control of activation of the serine protease module. Tetramer formation with C1s in the presence of Ca2+ was abolished by both deletions. We suggest that the first domain of C1r is essential for tetramer formation, since the deletion of domain I from C1r impairs this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cseh
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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26
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Sárvári M, Csikós G, Sass M, Gál P, Schumaker VN, Závodszky P. Ecdysteroids increase the yield of recombinant protein produced in baculovirus insect cell expression system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 167:1154-61. [PMID: 2182025 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)90644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda cells are the hosts of wild type and recombinant virus in the baculovirus insect cell expression system. The expression of the foreign gene could be enhanced by the addition of ecdysteroids and increased amount of recombinant protein was secreted into the medium. The time and concentration dependence of this effect was followed in the case of 20-hydroxyecdysone-, makisterone and ecdysone. 20-hydroxyecdysone proved to be the most efficient, producing a three fold increase in the level of recombinant protein secreted into the medium, as it was measured by ELISA. This effect was also confirmed by tracing the L-(35S)methionine incorporation into the gene product. Makisterone was also effective in stimulation, while ecdysone proved to be ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sárvári
- Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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27
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Gál P, Sárvári M, Szilágyi K, Závodszky P, Schumaker VN. Expression of hemolytically active human complement component C1r proenzyme in insect cells using a baculovirus vector. Complement Inflamm 1989; 6:433-41. [PMID: 2557186 DOI: 10.1159/000463112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The gene of human C1r has been expressed in a baculovirus-insect-cell system via the pAc373 transplacement vector. The full-length cDNA copy was inserted into the pAc373 vector downstream from the strong polyhedrin promoter of the baculovirus, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV). Spodoptera frugiperda cells were cotransfected with the resultant plasmid, pAcC1r, and the wild-type AcNPV DNA. Recombinant viruses, which drove the expression of C1r protein, were selected by plaque morphology and ELISA. Insect cells infected with the recombinant virus produced and secreted human C1r protein, at a level of 1-2 mg/l of medium. The expressed C1r was isolated from the medium by chromatofocusing. On reducing gels only a single Coomassie-staining band was observed, and this band migrated at 80-83 kD characteristic of the unactivated C1r proenzyme. Its identification as C1r was immunologically confirmed on Western blots. C1 reconstituted from purified C1r expressed in insect cells together with human C1q and C1s proved biologically active in a hemolytic assay. Thus, the baculovirus-insect-cell system is capable of expressing and secreting a sophisticated, multifunctional human complement subcomponent in its biologically activatable form.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gál
- Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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28
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Vonderviszt F, Lakatos S, Gál P, Sárvári M, Závodszky P. A 'molten globule'-like unfolding intermediate of a four domain protein, the Fc fragment of the IgG molecule. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 148:92-8. [PMID: 3675596 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)91080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Fc fragment of human IgG1 can be trapped in a stable intermediate state during thermal denaturation. In this conformation the molecule is compact with a native-like secondary structure, however, the tertiary structure is perturbed as revealed by intrinsic fluorescence measurements, the near-UV CD spectra and by mapping of antigenic sites with monoclonal antibodies. Similar phenomena were recently described for a few globular proteins of small size, and termed 'the molten globule' state. Our observation is a unique example of this phenomenon for a four domain protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vonderviszt
- Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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