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Khwarg J, Lee S, Jang IJ, Kang WH, Lee HJ, Kim KY, Jeong KS, Won C, Choi YW, Ha DC, Jung R, Han MG, Jung WT, Nam KY, Kim Y, Yu KS, Oh J. Pharmacokinetic Comparison Between a Fixed-Dose Combination of Atorvastatin/Omega-3-Acid Ethyl Esters and the Corresponding Loose Combination in Healthy Korean Male Subjects. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:395-406. [PMID: 38352172 PMCID: PMC10861834 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s435885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Statins are widely used in combination with omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of patients with dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of atorvastatin and omega-3-acid ethyl esters between fixed-dose combination (FDC) and loose combination in healthy subjects. Methods A randomized, open-label, single-dose, 2-sequence, 2-treatment, 4-period replicated crossover study was performed. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the 2 sequences and alternately received four FDC soft capsules of atorvastatin/omega-3-acid ethyl esters (10/1000 mg) or a loose combination of atorvastatin tablets (10 mg × 4) and omega-3-acid ethyl ester soft capsules (1000 mg× 4) for four periods, each period accompanied by a high-fat meal. Serial blood samples were collected for PK analysis of atorvastatin, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). PK parameters were calculated by a non-compartmental analysis. The geometric mean ratio (GMR) and its 90% confidence interval (CI) of the FDC to the loose combination were calculated to compare PK parameters. Results A total of 43 subjects completed the study as planned. The GMR (90% CI) of FDC to loose combination for maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the time-concentration curve from zero to the last measurable point (AUClast) were 1.0931 (1.0054-1.1883) and 0.9885 (0.9588-1.0192) for atorvastatin, 0.9607 (0.9068-1.0178) and 0.9770 (0.9239-1.0331) for EPA, and 0.9961 (0.9127-1.0871) and 0.9634 (0.8830-1.0512) for DHA, respectively. The intra-subject variability for Cmax and AUClast of DHA was 30.8% and 37.5%, respectively, showing high variability. Both the FDC and the loose combination were safe and well tolerated. Conclusion The FDC of atorvastatin and omega-3-acid ethyl esters showed comparable PK characteristics to the corresponding loose combination, offering a convenient therapeutic option for the treatment of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Khwarg
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jin Jang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ho Kang
- R&D Center, Korea United Pharm. Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Chongho Won
- Caleb Multilab, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Woong Choi
- R&D Center, Korea United Pharm.Inc., Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Chul Ha
- R&D Center, Korea United Pharm.Inc., Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - RaeHoon Jung
- R&D Center, Korea United Pharm.Inc., Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gu Han
- R&D Center, Korea United Pharm.Inc., Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Tae Jung
- Global R&D, Korea United Pharm. Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Yeol Nam
- Global R&D, Korea United Pharm. Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - YeSeul Kim
- Global R&D, Korea United Pharm. Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseong Oh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Pofelski A, Liu C, Reisbick S, Han MG, Zhu Y. Vanadium Dioxide Metal Insulator Transition Characterization with In-situ Radio Frequency Excitation Using Ultrafast Transmission Electron Microscopy. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1687. [PMID: 37613833 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Pofelski
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - C Liu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - S Reisbick
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - M G Han
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Y Zhu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
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Na YG, Byeon JJ, Kim MK, Han MG, Cho CW, Baek JS, Lee HK, Shin YG. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling To Predict the Antiplatelet Effect of the Ticagrelor-Loaded Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System in Rats. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1079-1089. [PMID: 32053381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ticagrelor (TCG) has been used as an antiplatelet agent for acute coronary syndrome patients. The aim of this research was to establish a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of TCG and to apply the model for predicting the PD response of the TCG-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (TCG-SME) in rats. Pure TCG and TCG-SME (2, 5, and 10 mg/kg of TCG) were orally administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Plasma samples were collected at scheduled time-points and then analyzed for TCG plasma concentrations and antiplatelet effects. The inhibition of platelet aggregation of TCG was measured as a PD response. The PK profiles of pure TCG and TCG-SME could be well-explained with a two-compartment PK model. The accuracy of the PK model was assessed with a goodness-of-fit plot and conditional weight residual error (CWRES). Also, the visual predictive check was investigated based on the predictions. A population PK/PD model for pure TCG was established as an indirect response Emax model linked to the two-compartment PK model of pure TCG. The PK/PD model proposed a suitable fitting to link the plasma concentration of TCG simultaneously with platelet aggregation. Based on the PK data of TCG-SME, as well as the established PK/PD model of pure TCG, the PD profiles of TCG-SME were simulated. TCG-SME was more effective in inducing the antiplatelet effect than pure TCG at equivalent doses of TCG. The accuracy of the simulation was verified by comparing the simulated PD profile with the profile observed in rats. The observations were close to the model simulations. In addition, the values of CWRES were almost within ±2. In conclusion, the PK/PD modeling approach can provide a way for predicting mathematically the PD responses from PK profiles of other TCG formulations and a conceptual prediction for future clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Guk Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Byeon
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ki Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gu Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong-Weon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Suep Baek
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, 346 Hwangjo-gil, Dogye-eup, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do 25949, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Ki Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Young G Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Na YG, Pham TMA, Byeon JJ, Kim MK, Han MG, Baek JS, Lee HK, Cho CW. Development and evaluation of TPGS/PVA-based nanosuspension for enhancing dissolution and oral bioavailability of ticagrelor. Int J Pharm 2020; 581:119287. [PMID: 32243963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed ticagrelor-dispersed nanosuspension (TCG-NSP) to enhance the dissolution and oral bioavailability of ticagrelor (TCG) through a statistical design approach. TCG, a reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist, is classified as a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class IV drug with low solubility and permeability, resulting in low oral bioavailability. Nanosuspension (NSP) is an efficient pharmaceutical technique for overcoming the disadvantages. First, we optimized TCG-NSP consisting of D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which exhibited homogeneously dispersed TCG particle (233 nm) and low precipitation (3%). Characterization studies demonstrated that TCG-NSP provided amorphous TCG particles and supersaturation effect, resulting in higher dissolution than a commercial product. In addition, everted gut sac and pharmacokinetic studies confirmed that TCG-NSP improved the gastrointestinal permeation of TCG by 2.8-fold compared to commercial product, thereby enhancing the oral bioavailability (2.2-fold). These results suggested that TCG-NSP could be successfully used as an efficient pharmaceutical formulation to achieve the enhanced dissolution and oral bioavailability of TCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Guk Na
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Mai Anh Pham
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Byeon
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ki Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gu Han
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Suep Baek
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, 346 Hwangjo-gil, Dogye-eup, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do 25949, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Ki Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheong-Weon Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Na YG, Byeon JJ, Wang M, Huh HW, Kim MK, Bang KH, Han MG, Lee HK, Cho CW. Statistical approach for solidifying ticagrelor loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system with enhanced dissolution and oral bioavailability. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2019; 104:109980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Son GH, Na YG, Huh HW, Wang M, Kim MK, Han MG, Byeon JJ, Lee HK, Cho CW. Systemic Design and Evaluation of Ticagrelor-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Enhancing Bioavailability and Antiplatelet Activity. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E222. [PMID: 31071977 PMCID: PMC6572397 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticagrelor (TGL), a P2Y12 receptor antagonist, is classified as biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class IV drug due to its poor solubility and permeability, resulting in low oral bioavailability. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are an efficient delivery system for the improvement of bioavailability of BCS class IV drugs. Hence, we prepared TGL-loaded NLC (TGL-NLC) to enhance the oral bioavailability and antiplatelet activity of TGL with a systemic design approach. The optimized TGL-NLC with Box-Behnken design showed a small particle size of 87.6 nm and high encapsulation efficiency of 92.1%. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) were performed to investigate the characteristics of TGL-NLC. Furthermore, TGL-NLC exhibited biocompatible cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cells. Cellular uptake of TGL-NLC was 1.56-fold higher than that of raw TGL on Caco-2 cells. In pharmacokinetic study, the oral bioavailability of TGL-NLC was 254.99% higher than that of raw TGL. In addition, pharmacodynamic study demonstrated that the antiplatelet activity of TGL-NLC was superior to that of raw TGL, based on enhanced bioavailability of TGL-NLC. These results suggest that TGL-NLC can be applied for efficient oral absorption and antiplatelet activity of TGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Ho Son
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
- Present affiliation: Korea United Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 25-23, Nojangongdan-gil. Jeondong-myeon, Sejong 30011, Korea.
| | - Young-Guk Na
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Hyun Wook Huh
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Miao Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Min-Ki Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Min-Gu Han
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Jin-Ju Byeon
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Hong-Ki Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Cheong-Weon Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
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Wang X, Mostovoy M, Han MG, Horibe Y, Aoki T, Zhu Y, Cheong SW. Unfolding of vortices into topological stripes in a multiferroic material. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:247601. [PMID: 24996108 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.247601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiferroic hexagonal RMnO(3) (R=rare earths) crystals exhibit dense networks of vortex lines at which six domain walls merge. While the domain walls can be readily moved with an applied electric field, the vortex cores so far have been impossible to control. Our experiments demonstrate that shear strain induces a Magnus-type force pulling vortices and antivortices in opposite directions and unfolding them into a topological stripe domain state. We discuss the analogy between this effect and the current-driven dynamics of vortices in superconductors and superfluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - M Mostovoy
- Zernile Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M G Han
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Y Horibe
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - T Aoki
- JEOL USA, Inc., Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, USA
| | - Y Zhu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - S-W Cheong
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Abstract
To investigate whether tick-borne encephalitis viruses (TBEVs) are present in South Korea, Korean ixodid ticks were tested for TBEV RNA. Ticks (n = 2460) were collected from wild and domestic animals or by flagging at forest and grassland in 12 regions of five provinces in 2005-06. Four species in two genera were identified, yielding 197 sample pools (1-20 ticks per pool); from these, 12 envelope protein gene fragments of TBEV were amplified by reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR). Ten of the 2104 adult ticks (0.4%) and two of the 356 nymph ticks (0.2%) were positive for the envelope (E) gene of TBEV. Twelve TBEV RNA-positive samples were detected in Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the E genes of the TBEV isolates were clustered with the Western European subtype (98% identity). This study suggests that TBEVs may exist in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Kim
- Division of Arboviruses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, National Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea
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Han MG, Wang Q, Smiley JR, Chang KO, Saif LJ. Self-assembly of the recombinant capsid protein of a bovine norovirus (BoNV) into virus-like particles and evaluation of cross-reactivity of BoNV with human noroviruses. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:778-85. [PMID: 15695679 PMCID: PMC548067 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.2.778-785.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
None of the enteric caliciviruses except Po/Sapo/GIII/Cowden/80/US replicates in cell culture, which complicates efforts to develop control strategies or to study viral replication. To develop serological assays for bovine noroviruses (BoNVs) and to determine the cross-reactivity of BoNV with human noroviruses, we generated two recombinant baculoviruses, rCV186-OH and rJNCV, to express the capsid genes of Bo/CV186-OH/00/US (Norovirus genogroup III [GIII], genotype 2 [GIII/2]). rCV186-OH expressed the expected 57-kDa capsid protein, but rJNCV expressed a truncated capsid protein of 35 kDa. Sequence analysis of rJNCV identified a single nucleotide deletion in the P domain of the capsid gene, which introduced a stop codon at amino acid 323. The recombinant capsid protein produced by rCV186-OH but not that produced by rJNCV self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) similar to native BoNV. An antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and antigen-capture ELISA (Ag-ELISA) detected serum antibody and antigen, respectively, from calves infected with Bo/CV186-OH/00/US but not antibodies or antigens to other enteric viruses. In other tests of the GIII/2 BoNV Ag-ELISA, no cross-reactivity was observed with VLPs from one GI and four GII human noroviruses and porcine sapovirus Cowden strain. Because, like human noroviruses, BoNVs do not grow in cell culture, the BoNV VLPs will be useful in the serological assays described for the detection of BoNV antibody and antigen. Consistent with the phylogenetic analysis of the capsid genes of bovine and human noroviruses (M. G. Han, J. R. Smiley, C. Thomas, and L. J. Saif, J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:5214-5224, 2004), the results suggest that GIII/2 BoNV does not share significant antigenic relationships with the five characterized human noroviruses tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Han
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Han MG, Kweon CH, Mo IP, Kim SJ. Pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy of a thymidine kinase gene deleted infectious laryngotracheitis virus expressing the green fluorescent protein gene. Arch Virol 2002; 147:1017-31. [PMID: 12021870 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-001-0794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The deletion of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of herpesviruses causes a reduction in their virulence. However, the effects of the TK gene in infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, we constructed a TK gene-deleted recombinant ILTV expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene as a marker. The GFP gene was inserted in place of the TK gene in both virulent and low virulence strains of ILTV. The GFP gene in the recombinants was expressed in chicken kidney cells, LMH cells and in the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken eggs. The recombinants produced cytopathic effects in chicken kidney cells and LMH cells and formed pocks in the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken eggs. The growth rate of the recombinant in chicken kidney cells was similar to that of wild type viruses. The recombinants showed a reduction of virulence compared to that of parental viruses and induced protection against virulent ILTV in specific pathogen free chickens. The recombinant expressing GFP gene may be a candidate for a genetically engineered vaccine and provide a means to study growth kinetics and mechanism of latent infection and reactivation of ILTV. In this study, we confirmed that the TK gene is directly related to virulence of ILTV. This is the first report to show the evidence that the TK gene is a major gene related to virulence of ILTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Han
- Avian Disease Division, Animal Disease Research Department, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Kyunggi, Korea
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Abstract
Korean field strains of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) were analyzed by comparison of nucleotide sequences of thymidine kinase (TK) and glycoprotein G (gG) genes and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) patterns. Main differences among TK gene sequence were found in both amino acid at 252 and mRNA polyadenylation signals. In virulent strains, amino acid 252 of TK gene was methionine but was threonine in low virulence and vaccine strains. The mRNA polyadenylation signals of TK gene were identified at 24bp downstream from the stop codon in virulent strains, but not in low virulence and vaccine strains. The gG gene of all virulent strains showed the same nucleotide sequence except for N87278 which had a gG gene sequence identical to that of vaccine strains. The virulent ILTV strains differed from low virulence and vaccine strains in PCR-RFLP patterns of TK and gG genes. The RFLP patterns of TK and gG genes of low virulence ILTV strains were identical to those of vaccine strains. In the case of N87278, the PCR-RFLP patterns of TK and gG genes were identical to those of virulent and vaccine strains of ILTV, respectively. From these results, ILTV field strains were classified into three groups according to sequences of TK and gG genes and PCR-RFLP, and the virulent ILTV strains could be discriminated from low virulence and vaccine strains by PCR-RFLP of TK gene. And it was suspected that N87278 might be produced by in vivo recombination between virulent and vaccine strains of ILTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Han
- Avian Disease Division, Animal Disease Research Department, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Kyunggi 430-824, Korea.
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Okada T, Matsumoto H, Nakao T, Nagaoka Y, Yamada C, Shino T, Yoshino M, Hidaka H, Han MG, Ootani M, Shimizu T. [Relationship of renal lesions with urinary protein excretion in patients with overt diabetic nephropathy]. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 1999; 41:475-85. [PMID: 10502941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship of renal lesions with the degrees of proteinuria in 57 type 2 diabetic patients with overt proteinuria (urinary protein excretion rate (UP) >> 0.5 g/day). Creatinine clearance (Ccr) ranged from 25.4 to 131.0 ml/min/1.73 m2. Kidney specimens were obtained and the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy was made in all patients. The degree of each of the following histologic changes were evaluated: diffuse or nodular lesion, the type of nodular change, mesangiolysis, arteriolar hyalinosis and interstitial damage. We divided the patients into the following 4 groups according to Ccr and UP: group A with Ccr >> 60 and UP >> 3 g/day (n = 10), group B with Ccr >> 60 and UP < 3 g/day (n = 10), group C with Ccr < 60 and UP >> 3 g/day (n = 23) and group D with Ccr < 60 and UP < 3 g/day (n = 14), and compared the histologic parameters among the 4 groups. Diffuse index in group A was greater than those in group B (p = 0.05), while those in groups C and D were not different. Nodular index, percentage of patients with nodular lesion did not differ among the 4 groups, however the percentage of glomeruli with complicated nodules (nodular lesion with mesangiolysis and/or microaneurysm) in group C was greater than those in group D (p < 0.05). Hyalinosis index did not differ between group A and B, nor between group C and D, respectively. Interstitial index in group A and B did not differ, however that in group C was greater than in group D (p < 0.05). In addition, the rate of Ccr decrease between renal biopsy and after 12 months was significantly greater in group A and C than in group B and D, respectively (both p < 0.01). These results suggest that 1) mesangial expansion was associated with the degree of proteinuria in patients with slight impaired renal function, 2) tubulointerstitial involvement was associated with the degree of proteinuria in patients with advanced impaired renal function, and 3) these structural changes might be associated with decrease in renal function in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okada
- Division of Nephrology, Tokyo Medical University, Japan
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Abstract
The diagnosis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection in the laboratory is rather fastidious because of difficulties in virus propagation. The feasibility of virus propagation in vivo is also limited by the handling of a number of samples at the same time. In this study, the detection of PEDV by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is described. The RT-PCR could detect up to 10(4) TCID50/ml of PEDV and did not show any cross reaction with transmissible gastroenteritis virus or porcine rotavirus. Using this method, the detection of PEDV in experimentally inoculated piglets was possible as early as one day after inoculation. These results suggest that the RT-PCR could be applicable for a rapid diagnosis of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kweon
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Rural Development Administration, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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