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Vishwanath S, Carnell GW, Ferrari M, Asbach B, Billmeier M, George C, Sans MS, Nadesalingam A, Huang CQ, Paloniemi M, Stewart H, Chan A, Wells DA, Neckermann P, Peterhoff D, Einhauser S, Cantoni D, Neto MM, Jordan I, Sandig V, Tonks P, Temperton N, Frost S, Sohr K, Ballesteros MTL, Arbabi F, Geiger J, Dohmen C, Plank C, Kinsley R, Wagner R, Heeney JL. A computationally designed antigen eliciting broad humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 and related sarbecoviruses. Nat Biomed Eng 2023:10.1038/s41551-023-01094-2. [PMID: 37749309 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The threat of spillovers of coronaviruses associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from animals to humans necessitates vaccines that offer broader protection from sarbecoviruses. By leveraging a viral-genome-informed computational method for selecting immune-optimized and structurally engineered antigens, here we show that a single antigen based on the receptor binding domain of the spike protein of sarbecoviruses elicits broad humoral responses against SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, WIV16 and RaTG13 in mice, rabbits and guinea pigs. When administered as a DNA immunogen or by a vector based on a modified vaccinia virus Ankara, the optimized antigen induced vaccine protection from the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 in mice genetically engineered to express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and primed by a viral-vector vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2. A vaccine formulation incorporating mRNA coding for the optimized antigen further validated its broad immunogenicity. Vaccines that elicit broad immune responses across subgroups of coronaviruses may counteract the threat of zoonotic spillovers of betacoronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Vishwanath
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George William Carnell
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina Billmeier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte George
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Suau Sans
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angalee Nadesalingam
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chloe Qingzhou Huang
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Minna Paloniemi
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hazel Stewart
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Chan
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Patrick Neckermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, UK
| | - Martin Mayora Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Tonks
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, UK
| | - Simon Frost
- DIOSynVax Ltd, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Microsoft Health Futures, Redmond, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca Kinsley
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- DIOSynVax Ltd, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ralf Wagner
- DIOSynVax Ltd, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- DIOSynVax Ltd, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Aguinam ET, Nadesalingam A, Chan A, Smith P, Paloniemi M, Cantoni D, Gronlund J, Gronlund H, Carnell GW, Castillo-Olivares J, Temperton N, Blacklaws B, Heeney JL, Baxendale H. Differential T-cell and Antibody Responses induced by mRNA versus adenoviral vectored COVID-19 vaccines in Patients with Immunodeficiencies. J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob 2023; 2:100091. [PMID: 37038555 PMCID: PMC10015741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Immunodeficient patients (IDPs) are at higher risk of contracting severe COVID-19 disease. Targeted vaccination strategies have been implemented to enhance vaccine-induced protection. In this population however, clinical effectiveness is variable and duration of protection unknown. Objective To understand the cellular and humoral immune responses to mRNA and adenoviral vectored COVID-19 vaccines in patients with immunodeficiency. Methods Immune responses to SARS-COV-2 spike were assessed after two doses of homologous ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 or BNT162b2 vaccines in 112 infection-naïve IDPs and 131 healthy health care workers (HCWs) as controls. Predictors of vaccine responsiveness were investigated. Results Immune responses to vaccination were low, and viral neutralisation by antibody not detected despite high titre binding responses in many IDPs. In those responding, the frequency of specific T-cell responses in IDPs was similar to controls whilst antibody responses were lower. Sustained vaccine specific differences were identified: T-cell responses were greater in ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 compared with BNT162b2 immunised IDPs and antibody binding and neutralisation was greater in all cohorts immunised with BNT162b2. The positive correlation between T-cell and antibody responses was weak and increased with subsequent vaccination. Conclusion Immunodeficient patients have impaired immune responses to mRNA and viral vector COVID-19 vaccines that appear influenced by vaccine formulation. Understanding the relative roles of T-cell and antibody mediated protection and potential of heterologous prime and boost immunization protocols is needed to optimise the vaccination approach in these high-risk groups.
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Key Words
- covid-19
- sars-cov-2
- vaccine
- chadox1-ncov-19
- bnt162b2
- immunodeficiency
- antibodies
- t-cells
- immunoglobulins
- healthcare workers
- ceft, peptides pool from human cytomegalovirus, epstein barr virus, influenza a virus and clostridium tetani
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- hcws, health care workers
- hcws-npi, health care workers with no prior covid-19 infection
- hcws-pi, health care workers with prior covid-19 infection
- hicc, humoral immune correlates of covid-19
- idps, immunodeficient patients
- iga, immunoglobulin a
- igg, immunoglobulin g
- iggrx, immunoglobulin replacement therapy
- pbmc, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- pmn, pseudovirus micro neutralisation
- pv1, post first vaccine dose
- pv2, post second vaccine dose
- rbd, receptor binding domain
- rph, royal papworth hospital
- rx, treatment
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- sid, secondary immunodeficiency
- vocs, variants of concern
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest T Aguinam
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Angalee Nadesalingam
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Chan
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Smith
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Minna Paloniemi
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, UK
| | | | | | - George W Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, UK
| | - Barbara Blacklaws
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen Baxendale
- Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridgeshire, UK,Correspondence to: Helen Baxendale, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,CB2 0AY, +44 (0)1223 639508
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3
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Nadesalingam A, Cantoni D, Aguinam ET, Chan AC, Paloniemi M, Ohlendorf L, George C, Carnell G, Lyall J, Ferrari M, Temperton N, Wagner R, Castillo-Olivares J, Baxendale H, Heeney JL. Vaccination and protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants in people with immunodeficiencies. Lancet Microbe 2023; 4:e58-e59. [PMID: 36332646 PMCID: PMC9625114 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angalee Nadesalingam
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Medway, UK
| | - Ernest T Aguinam
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Andrew Cy Chan
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Minna Paloniemi
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Luis Ohlendorf
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Charlotte George
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - George Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Jon Lyall
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Medway, UK
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Helen Baxendale
- Clinical Immunology Department, Royal Papworth NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK.
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Carnell GW, Billmeier M, Vishwanath S, Suau Sans M, Wein H, George CL, Neckermann P, Del Rosario JMM, Sampson AT, Einhauser S, Aguinam ET, Ferrari M, Tonks P, Nadesalingam A, Schütz A, Huang CQ, Wells DA, Paloniemi M, Jordan I, Cantoni D, Peterhoff D, Asbach B, Sandig V, Temperton N, Kinsley R, Wagner R, Heeney JL. Glycan masking of a non-neutralising epitope enhances neutralising antibodies targeting the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1118523. [PMID: 36911730 PMCID: PMC9995963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The accelerated development of the first generation COVID-19 vaccines has saved millions of lives, and potentially more from the long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most successful vaccine candidates have used the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as an immunogen. As expected of RNA viruses, new variants have evolved and quickly replaced the original wild-type SARS-CoV-2, leading to escape from natural infection or vaccine induced immunity provided by the original SARS-CoV-2 spike sequence. Next generation vaccines that confer specific and targeted immunity to broadly neutralising epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein against different variants of concern (VOC) offer an advance on current booster shots of previously used vaccines. Here, we present a targeted approach to elicit antibodies that neutralise both the ancestral SARS-CoV-2, and the VOCs, by introducing a specific glycosylation site on a non-neutralising epitope of the RBD. The addition of a specific glycosylation site in the RBD based vaccine candidate focused the immune response towards other broadly neutralising epitopes on the RBD. We further observed enhanced cross-neutralisation and cross-binding using a DNA-MVA CR19 prime-boost regime, thus demonstrating the superiority of the glycan engineered RBD vaccine candidate across two platforms and a promising candidate as a broad variant booster vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Carnell
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Billmeier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sneha Vishwanath
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Suau Sans
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Wein
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte L George
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Neckermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander T Sampson
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernest T Aguinam
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Tonks
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angalee Nadesalingam
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Schütz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Chloe Qingzhou Huang
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Minna Paloniemi
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Jordan
- Applied Science & Technologies, ProBioGen AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Volker Sandig
- Applied Science & Technologies, ProBioGen AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Kinsley
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,DIOSynVax, Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,DIOSynVax, Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Castillo-Olivares J, Wells DA, Ferrari M, Chan ACY, Smith P, Nadesalingam A, Paloniemi M, Carnell GW, Ohlendorf L, Cantoni D, Mayora-Neto M, Palmer P, Tonks P, Temperton NJ, Peterhoff D, Neckermann P, Wagner R, Doffinger R, Kempster S, Otter AD, Semper A, Brooks T, Albecka A, James LC, Page M, Schwaeble W, Baxendale H, Heeney JL. Analysis of Serological Biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Convalescent Samples From Severe, Moderate and Mild COVID-19 Cases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748291. [PMID: 34867975 PMCID: PMC8640495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision monitoring of antibody responses during the COVID-19 pandemic is increasingly important during large scale vaccine rollout and rise in prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOC). Equally important is defining Correlates of Protection (CoP) for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. Data from epidemiological studies and vaccine trials identified virus neutralising antibodies (Nab) and SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific (notably RBD and S) binding antibodies as candidate CoP. In this study, we used the World Health Organisation (WHO) international standard to benchmark neutralising antibody responses and a large panel of binding antibody assays to compare convalescent sera obtained from: a) COVID-19 patients; b) SARS-CoV-2 seropositive healthcare workers (HCW) and c) seronegative HCW. The ultimate aim of this study is to identify biomarkers of humoral immunity that could be used to differentiate severe from mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Some of these biomarkers could be used to define CoP in further serological studies using samples from vaccination breakthrough and/or re-infection cases. Whenever suitable, the antibody levels of the samples studied were expressed in International Units (IU) for virus neutralisation assays or in Binding Antibody Units (BAU) for ELISA tests. In this work we used commercial and non-commercial antibody binding assays; a lateral flow test for detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG/IgM; a high throughput multiplexed particle flow cytometry assay for SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S), Nucleocapsid (N) and Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) proteins); a multiplex antigen semi-automated immuno-blotting assay measuring IgM, IgA and IgG; a pseudotyped microneutralisation test (pMN) and an electroporation-dependent neutralisation assay (EDNA). Our results indicate that overall, severe COVID-19 patients showed statistically significantly higher levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralising antibodies (average 1029 IU/ml) than those observed in seropositive HCW with mild or asymptomatic infections (379 IU/ml) and that clinical severity scoring, based on WHO guidelines was tightly correlated with neutralisation and RBD/S antibodies. In addition, there was a positive correlation between severity, N-antibody assays and intracellular virus neutralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Wells
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Y. Chan
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Smith
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angalee Nadesalingam
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Minna Paloniemi
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George W. Carnell
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Ohlendorf
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Palmer
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Tonks
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J. Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Neckermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Kempster
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amanda Semper
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Brooks
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Albecka
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leo C. James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Page
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelm Schwaeble
- Complement Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Baxendale
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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6
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Kant R, Nguyen PT, Blomqvist S, Erdin M, Alburkat H, Suvanto M, Zakham F, Salminen V, Olander V, Paloniemi M, Huhti L, Lehtinen S, Luukinen B, Jarva H, Kallio-Kokko H, Kurkela S, Lappalainen M, Liimatainen H, Hannula S, Halkilahti J, Ikonen J, Ikonen N, Helve O, Gunell M, Vuorinen T, Plyusnin I, Lindh E, Ellonen P, Sironen T, Savolainen-Kopra C, Smura T, Vapalahti O. Incidence Trends for SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Beta Variants, Finland, Spring 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3137-3141. [PMID: 34708686 PMCID: PMC8632157 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.211631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Alpha and Beta variants became dominant in Finland in spring 2021 but had diminished by summer. We used phylogenetic clustering to identify sources of spreading. We found that outbreaks were mostly seeded by a few introductions, highlighting the importance of surveillance and prevention policies.
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7
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Mohanraj U, Jokinen M, Thapa RR, Paloniemi M, Vesikari T, Lappalainen M, Tarkka E, Nora-Krūkle Z, Vilmane A, Vettenranta K, Mangani C, Oikarinen S, Fan YM, Ashorn P, Väisänen E, Söderlund-Venermo M. Human Protoparvovirus DNA and IgG in Children and Adults with and without Respiratory or Gastrointestinal Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030483. [PMID: 33804173 PMCID: PMC7999311 DOI: 10.3390/v13030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Three human protoparvoviruses, bufavirus (BuV), tusavirus (TuV) and cutavirus (CuV), have recently been discovered in diarrheal stool. BuV has been associated with diarrhea and CuV with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, but there are hardly any data for TuV or CuV in stool or respiratory samples. Hence, using qPCR and IgG enzyme immunoassays, we analyzed 1072 stool, 316 respiratory and 445 serum or plasma samples from 1098 patients with and without gastroenteritis (GE) or respiratory-tract infections (RTI) from Finland, Latvia and Malawi. The overall CuV-DNA prevalences in stool samples ranged between 0-6.1% among our six patient cohorts. In Finland, CuV DNA was significantly more prevalent in GE patients above rather than below 60 years of age (5.1% vs 0.2%). CuV DNA was more prevalent in stools among Latvian and Malawian children compared with Finnish children. In 10/11 CuV DNA-positive adults and 4/6 CuV DNA-positive children with GE, no known causal pathogens were detected. Interestingly, for the first time, CuV DNA was observed in two nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with RTI and the rare TuV in diarrheal stools of two adults. Our results provide new insights on the occurrence of human protoparvoviruses in GE and RTI in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushanandini Mohanraj
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.J.); (R.R.T.); (E.V.); (M.S.-V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-469505437
| | - Maija Jokinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.J.); (R.R.T.); (E.V.); (M.S.-V.)
| | - Rajita Rayamajhi Thapa
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.J.); (R.R.T.); (E.V.); (M.S.-V.)
| | - Minna Paloniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (M.P.); (S.O.); (Y.-M.F.); (P.A.)
| | | | - Maija Lappalainen
- Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB), 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.L.); (E.T.)
| | - Eveliina Tarkka
- Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB), 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.L.); (E.T.)
| | - Zaiga Nora-Krūkle
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 1067 Riga, Latvia; (Z.N.-K.); (A.V.)
| | - Anda Vilmane
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 1067 Riga, Latvia; (Z.N.-K.); (A.V.)
| | | | - Charles Mangani
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre 3, Malawi;
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (M.P.); (S.O.); (Y.-M.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Yue-Mei Fan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (M.P.); (S.O.); (Y.-M.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Per Ashorn
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (M.P.); (S.O.); (Y.-M.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Elina Väisänen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.J.); (R.R.T.); (E.V.); (M.S.-V.)
| | - Maria Söderlund-Venermo
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.J.); (R.R.T.); (E.V.); (M.S.-V.)
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Väisänen E, Paloniemi M, Kuisma I, Lithovius V, Kumar A, Franssila R, Ahmed K, Delwart E, Vesikari T, Hedman K, Söderlund-Venermo M. Epidemiology of two human protoparvoviruses, bufavirus and tusavirus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39267. [PMID: 27966636 PMCID: PMC5155296 DOI: 10.1038/srep39267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Two human parvoviruses were recently discovered by metagenomics in Africa, bufavirus (BuV) in 2012 and tusavirus (TuV) in 2014. These viruses have been studied exclusively by PCR in stool and detected only in patients with diarrhoea, although at low prevalence. Three genotypes of BuV have been identified. We detected, by in-house EIA, BuV1-3 IgG antibodies in 7/228 children (3.1%) and 10/180 adults (5.6%), whereas TuV IgG was found in one child (0.4%). All children and 91% of the adults were Finnish, yet interestingly 3/6 adults of Indian origin were BuV-IgG positive. By competition EIA, no cross-reactivity between the BuVs was detected, indicating that the BuV genotypes represent distinct serotypes. Furthermore, we analysed by BuV qPCR stool and nasal swab samples from 955 children with gastroenteritis, respiratory illness, or both, and found BuV DNA in three stools (0.3%) and for the first time in a nasal swab (0.1%). This is the first study documenting the presence of BuV and TuV antibodies in humans. Although the seroprevalences of both viruses were low in Finland, our results indicate that BuV infections might be widespread in Asia. The BuV-specific humoral immune responses appeared to be strong and long-lasting, pointing to systemic infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Väisänen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Minna Paloniemi
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland.,Fimlab laboratories ltd, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Inka Kuisma
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Väinö Lithovius
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 5J1, Canada
| | - Rauli Franssila
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Klaus Hedman
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki 00290, Finland
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9
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Paloniemi M, Lappalainen S, Salminen M, Kätkä M, Kantola K, Hedman L, Hedman K, Söderlund-Venermo M, Vesikari T. Human bocaviruses are commonly found in stools of hospitalized children without causal association to acute gastroenteritis. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:1051-7. [PMID: 24590657 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) may be grouped into respiratory (HBoV1) and enteric (HBoV2-4) types. We examined this association of HBoV types and clinical symptoms in 955 children who had acute gastroenteritis (AGE, n = 172), acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI, n = 545) or symptoms of both (n = 238). Both nasal swab and stool specimens were studied for such patients. HBoV1 DNA was detected in 6.2 % of patients with ARTI and 9.2 % of patients with symptoms of both ARTI and AGE, but in only 1.7 % of patients with AGE alone. In about one half of the cases, HBoV1 was detected concomitantly in nasal swab and stool samples. HBoV2 was found in stool samples of patients with AGE (5.8 %), ARTI (5.1 %) and symptoms of both (5.5 %) but only rarely in nasal swabs. HBoV3 was found in the stools, but not in nasal swabs, in 0.6, 1.1 and 0.8 % of patients with, respectively, AGE, ARTI and both. HBoV4 was not found. All but one HBoV-positive stool sample of AGE patients contained a known gastroenteritis virus (rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus or enteric adenovirus) that was probably responsible for the symptoms of the respective case. Sera of 30 HBoV-positive patients were available, and IgM antibodies for HBoVs were found in ten cases and HBoV DNA in eight of these. CONCLUSIONS HBoV2 and HBoV3 were more commonly found in stool than in nasal swab samples, but the findings could not be causally linked with AGE. HBoV1 was commonly found in stool samples during ARTI, with or without gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Paloniemi
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, FM 3, 33520, Tampere, Finland,
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Hemming M, Räsänen S, Huhti L, Paloniemi M, Salminen M, Vesikari T. Major reduction of rotavirus, but not norovirus, gastroenteritis in children seen in hospital after the introduction of RotaTeq vaccine into the National Immunization Programme in Finland. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:739-46. [PMID: 23361964 PMCID: PMC7086648 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-1945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Universal rotavirus (RV) vaccination is expected to reduce hospitalizations for acute gastroenteritis (GE) of children by eliminating most of severe RVGE, but it does not have any effect on norovirus (NV), the second most common causative agent of GE in children. After the introduction of the RV vaccine into the National Immunization Programme (NIP) of Finland in 2009, we conducted a prospective 2-year survey of GE in children seen in Tampere University Hospital either as outpatients or inpatients and compared the results with a similar 2-year survey conducted prior to NIP in the years 2006-2008. Compared with the pre-NIP 2-year period, in 2009-2011, hospitalizations for RVGE were reduced by 76 % and outpatient clinic visits were reduced by 81 %. NVGE showed a slight decreasing trend and accounted for 34 % of all cases of GE seen in hospital in pursuance of RVGE having decreased to 26 % (down from 52 %). In cases admitted to the hospital ward, RV accounted for 28 % and NV accounted for 37 %.The impact of RV vaccination was reflected as a 57 % decrease in all hospital admissions and 62 % decrease in all outpatient clinic visits for GE of any cause. CONCLUSION RV vaccination in NIP has led to a major reduction of hospital admissions and clinic visits due to RVGE, but has had no effect on NVGE. After 2 years of NIP, NV has become the leading cause of acute GE in children seen in hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hemming
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Sirpa Räsänen
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland ,Health Services, City of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leena Huhti
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna Paloniemi
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Marjo Salminen
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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Väänänen HK, Paloniemi M, Vuori J. Purification and localization of human carbonic anhydrase. III. Typing of skeletal muscle fibers in paraffin embedded sections. Histochemistry 1985; 83:231-5. [PMID: 3930440 DOI: 10.1007/bf00953989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Three different isoenzymes of human carbonic anhydrase are now well characterized. Carbonic anhydrase I and II have been known for several years and are located in high amounts in red blood cells as well as in many other tissues. Carbonic anhydrase III, a protein showing CO2 hydratase and p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity was isolated from skeletal muscle some years ago. Earlier observations based on enzyme activity and radioimmunoassay studies have suggested that this protein is present in greater quantities in red skeletal muscles than in white ones. We have purified CA III from human soleus muscle and using obtained monospecific polyclonal antibody localized this protein in the same muscle fibers which show acid resistant ATPase activity. Using this protein as a marker for type I muscle fibers, fiber classification into type I and II could now be done also from paraffin embedded sections.
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