1
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Carnell GW, Billmeier M, Vishwanath S, Suau Sans M, Wein H, George CL, Neckermann P, Del Rosario JMM, Sampson AT, Einhauser S, Aguinam ET, Ferrari M, Tonks P, Nadesalingam A, Schütz A, Huang CQ, Wells DA, Paloniemi M, Jordan I, Cantoni D, Peterhoff D, Asbach B, Sandig V, Temperton N, Kinsley R, Wagner R, Heeney JL. Glycan masking of a non-neutralising epitope enhances neutralising antibodies targeting the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1118523. [PMID: 36911730 PMCID: PMC9995963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The accelerated development of the first generation COVID-19 vaccines has saved millions of lives, and potentially more from the long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most successful vaccine candidates have used the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as an immunogen. As expected of RNA viruses, new variants have evolved and quickly replaced the original wild-type SARS-CoV-2, leading to escape from natural infection or vaccine induced immunity provided by the original SARS-CoV-2 spike sequence. Next generation vaccines that confer specific and targeted immunity to broadly neutralising epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein against different variants of concern (VOC) offer an advance on current booster shots of previously used vaccines. Here, we present a targeted approach to elicit antibodies that neutralise both the ancestral SARS-CoV-2, and the VOCs, by introducing a specific glycosylation site on a non-neutralising epitope of the RBD. The addition of a specific glycosylation site in the RBD based vaccine candidate focused the immune response towards other broadly neutralising epitopes on the RBD. We further observed enhanced cross-neutralisation and cross-binding using a DNA-MVA CR19 prime-boost regime, thus demonstrating the superiority of the glycan engineered RBD vaccine candidate across two platforms and a promising candidate as a broad variant booster vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Carnell
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Billmeier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sneha Vishwanath
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Suau Sans
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Wein
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte L George
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Neckermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander T Sampson
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernest T Aguinam
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Tonks
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angalee Nadesalingam
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Schütz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Chloe Qingzhou Huang
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Minna Paloniemi
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Jordan
- Applied Science & Technologies, ProBioGen AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Volker Sandig
- Applied Science & Technologies, ProBioGen AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Kinsley
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,DIOSynVax, Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,DIOSynVax, Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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Wells DA, Cantoni D, Mayora-Neto M, Di Genova C, Sampson A, Ferrari M, Carnell G, Nadesalingam A, Smith P, Chan A, Raddi G, Castillo-Olivares J, Baxendale H, Temperton N, Heeney JL. Human seasonal coronavirus neutralisation and COVID-19 severity. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4820-4829. [PMID: 35705514 PMCID: PMC9349487 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), responsible for the global coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, spread rapidly around the world causing high morbidity and mortality. However, there are four known, endemic seasonal coronaviruses in humans (HCoVs), and whether antibodies for these HCoVs play a role in severity of COVID‐19 disease has generated a lot of interest. Of these seasonal viruses NL63 is of particular interest as it uses the same cell entry receptor as SARS‐CoV‐2. We use functional, neutralizing assays to investigate cross‐reactive antibodies and their relationship with COVID‐19 severity. We analyzed the neutralization of SARS‐CoV‐2, NL63, HKU1, and 229E in 38 COVID‐19 patients and 62 healthcare workers, and a further 182 samples to specifically study the relationship between SARS‐CoV‐2 and NL63. We found that although HCoV neutralization was very common there was little evidence that these antibodies neutralized SARS‐CoV‐2. Despite no evidence in cross‐neutralization, levels of NL63 neutralizing antibodies become elevated after exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2 through infection or following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wells
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3-0ES, Cambridge
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Medway
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Medway
| | - Cecilia Di Genova
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Medway
| | - Alexander Sampson
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3-0ES, Cambridge
| | - George Carnell
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angalee Nadesalingam
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Smith
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Chan
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Medway
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3-0ES, Cambridge
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3
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Cantoni D, Mayora-Neto M, Nadesalingam A, Wells DA, Carnell GW, Ohlendorf L, Ferrari M, Palmer P, Chan ACY, Smith P, Bentley EM, Einhauser S, Wagner R, Page M, Raddi G, Baxendale H, Castillo-Olivares J, Heeney J, Temperton N. Neutralisation Hierarchy of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Using Standardised, Quantitative Neutralisation Assays Reveals a Correlation With Disease Severity; Towards Deciphering Protective Antibody Thresholds. Front Immunol 2022; 13:773982. [PMID: 35330908 PMCID: PMC8940306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.773982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of SARS-CoV-2 variants has made the pursuit to define correlates of protection more troublesome, despite the availability of the World Health Organisation (WHO) International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin sera, a key reagent used to standardise laboratory findings into an international unitage. Using pseudotyped virus, we examine the capacity of convalescent sera, from a well-defined cohort of healthcare workers (HCW) and Patients infected during the first wave from a national critical care centre in the UK to neutralise B.1.1.298, variants of interest (VOI) B.1.617.1 (Kappa), and four VOCs, B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta), including the B.1.617.2 K417N, informally known as Delta Plus. We utilised the WHO International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin to report neutralisation antibody levels in International Units per mL. Our data demonstrate a significant reduction in the ability of first wave convalescent sera to neutralise the VOCs. Patients and HCWs with more severe COVID-19 were found to have higher antibody titres and to neutralise the VOCs more effectively than individuals with milder symptoms. Using an estimated threshold for 50% protection, 54 IU/mL, we found most asymptomatic and mild cases did not produce titres above this threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Angalee Nadesalingam
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David A Wells
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George W Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Ohlendorf
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Palmer
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Y Chan
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Smith
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M Bentley
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark Page
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Gianmarco Raddi
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Baxendale
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
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4
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Palmer P, Del Rosario JMM, da Costa KAS, Carnell GW, Huang CQ, Heeney JL, Temperton NJ, Wells DA. AutoPlate: Rapid Dose-Response Curve Analysis for Biological Assays. Front Immunol 2022; 12:681636. [PMID: 35222351 PMCID: PMC8866857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.681636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 has emphasised that biological assay data must be analysed quickly to develop safe, effective and timely vaccines/therapeutics. For viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the primary way of measuring immune correlates of protection is through assays such as the pseudotype microneutralisation (pMN) assay, thanks to its safety and versatility. However, despite the presence of existing tools for data analysis such as PRISM and R the analysis of these assays remains cumbersome and time-consuming. We introduce an open-source R Shiny web application and R library (AutoPlate) to accelerate data analysis of dose-response curve immunoassays. Using example data from influenza studies, we show that AutoPlate improves on available analysis software in terms of ease of use, flexibility and speed. AutoPlate (https://philpalmer.shinyapps.io/AutoPlate/) is a tool for the use of laboratories and wider scientific community to accelerate the analysis of biological assays in the development of viral vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Palmer
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Marie M Del Rosario
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom.,Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kelly A S da Costa
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - George W Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Q Huang
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - David A Wells
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Castillo-Olivares J, Wells DA, Ferrari M, Chan ACY, Smith P, Nadesalingam A, Paloniemi M, Carnell GW, Ohlendorf L, Cantoni D, Mayora-Neto M, Palmer P, Tonks P, Temperton NJ, Peterhoff D, Neckermann P, Wagner R, Doffinger R, Kempster S, Otter AD, Semper A, Brooks T, Albecka A, James LC, Page M, Schwaeble W, Baxendale H, Heeney JL. Analysis of Serological Biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Convalescent Samples From Severe, Moderate and Mild COVID-19 Cases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748291. [PMID: 34867975 PMCID: PMC8640495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision monitoring of antibody responses during the COVID-19 pandemic is increasingly important during large scale vaccine rollout and rise in prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOC). Equally important is defining Correlates of Protection (CoP) for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. Data from epidemiological studies and vaccine trials identified virus neutralising antibodies (Nab) and SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific (notably RBD and S) binding antibodies as candidate CoP. In this study, we used the World Health Organisation (WHO) international standard to benchmark neutralising antibody responses and a large panel of binding antibody assays to compare convalescent sera obtained from: a) COVID-19 patients; b) SARS-CoV-2 seropositive healthcare workers (HCW) and c) seronegative HCW. The ultimate aim of this study is to identify biomarkers of humoral immunity that could be used to differentiate severe from mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Some of these biomarkers could be used to define CoP in further serological studies using samples from vaccination breakthrough and/or re-infection cases. Whenever suitable, the antibody levels of the samples studied were expressed in International Units (IU) for virus neutralisation assays or in Binding Antibody Units (BAU) for ELISA tests. In this work we used commercial and non-commercial antibody binding assays; a lateral flow test for detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG/IgM; a high throughput multiplexed particle flow cytometry assay for SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S), Nucleocapsid (N) and Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) proteins); a multiplex antigen semi-automated immuno-blotting assay measuring IgM, IgA and IgG; a pseudotyped microneutralisation test (pMN) and an electroporation-dependent neutralisation assay (EDNA). Our results indicate that overall, severe COVID-19 patients showed statistically significantly higher levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralising antibodies (average 1029 IU/ml) than those observed in seropositive HCW with mild or asymptomatic infections (379 IU/ml) and that clinical severity scoring, based on WHO guidelines was tightly correlated with neutralisation and RBD/S antibodies. In addition, there was a positive correlation between severity, N-antibody assays and intracellular virus neutralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Wells
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Y. Chan
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Smith
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angalee Nadesalingam
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Minna Paloniemi
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George W. Carnell
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Ohlendorf
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Palmer
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Tonks
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J. Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Neckermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Kempster
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amanda Semper
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Brooks
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Albecka
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leo C. James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Page
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelm Schwaeble
- Complement Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Baxendale
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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6
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Nadesalingam A, Cantoni D, Wells DA, Aguinam ET, Ferrari M, Smith P, Chan A, Carnell G, Ohlendorf L, Einhauser S, George C, Wagner R, Temperton N, Castillo-Olivares J, Baxendale H, Heeney JL. Paucity and discordance of neutralising antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in vaccinated immunodeficient patients and health-care workers in the UK. Lancet Microbe 2021; 2:e416-e418. [PMID: 34223399 PMCID: PMC8238451 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Medway, UK
| | - David A Wells
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Ernest T Aguinam
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Peter Smith
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Andrew Chan
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - George Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Luis Ohlendorf
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte George
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Medway, UK
| | | | - Helen Baxendale
- Clinical Immunology Department, Royal Papworth NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
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7
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Carnell GW, Ciazynska KA, Wells DA, Xiong X, Aguinam ET, McLaughlin SH, Mallery D, Ebrahimi S, Ceron-Gutierrez L, Asbach B, Einhauser S, Wagner R, James LC, Doffinger R, Heeney JL, Briggs JAG. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Stabilized in the Closed State Induces Potent Neutralizing Responses. J Virol 2021; 95:e0020321. [PMID: 33963055 PMCID: PMC8274612 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00203-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in use or advanced development are based on the viral spike protein (S) as their immunogen. S is present on virions as prefusion trimers in which the receptor binding domain (RBD) is stochastically open or closed. Neutralizing antibodies have been described against both open and closed conformations. The long-term success of vaccination strategies depends upon inducing antibodies that provide long-lasting broad immunity against evolving SARS-CoV-2 strains. Here, we have assessed the results of immunization in a mouse model using an S protein trimer stabilized in the closed state to prevent full exposure of the receptor binding site and therefore interaction with the receptor. We compared this with other modified S protein constructs, including representatives used in current vaccines. We found that all trimeric S proteins induced a T cell response and long-lived, strongly neutralizing antibody responses against 2019 SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern P.1 and B.1.351. Notably, the protein binding properties of sera induced by the closed spike differed from those induced by standard S protein constructs. Closed S proteins induced more potent neutralizing responses than expected based on the degree to which they inhibit interactions between the RBD and ACE2. These observations suggest that closed spikes recruit different, but equally potent, immune responses than open spikes and that this is likely to include neutralizing antibodies against conformational epitopes present in the closed conformation. We suggest that closed spikes, together with their improved stability and storage properties, may be a valuable component of refined, next-generation vaccines. IMPORTANCE Vaccines in use against SARS-CoV-2 induce immune responses against the spike protein. There is intense interest in whether the antibody response induced by vaccines will be robust against new variants, as well as in next-generation vaccines for use in previously infected or immunized individuals. We assessed the use as an immunogen of a spike protein engineered to be conformationally stabilized in the closed state where the receptor binding site is occluded. Despite occlusion of the receptor binding site, the spike induces potently neutralizing sera against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. Antibodies are raised against a different pattern of epitopes to those induced by other spike constructs, preferring conformational epitopes present in the closed conformation. Closed spikes, or mRNA vaccines based on their sequence, can be a valuable component of next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W. Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - David A. Wells
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoli Xiong
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest T. Aguinam
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Donna Mallery
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Soraya Ebrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lourdes Ceron-Gutierrez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Leo C. James
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A. G. Briggs
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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8
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Del Rosario JMM, da Costa KAS, Asbach B, Ferrara F, Ferrari M, Wells DA, Mann GS, Ameh VO, Sabeta CT, Banyard AC, Kinsley R, Scott SD, Wagner R, Heeney JL, Carnell GW, Temperton NJ. Exploiting Pan Influenza A and Pan Influenza B Pseudotype Libraries for Efficient Vaccine Antigen Selection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:741. [PMID: 34358157 PMCID: PMC8310092 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an influenza hemagglutinin (HA) pseudotype library encompassing Influenza A subtypes HA1-18 and Influenza B subtypes (both lineages) to be employed in influenza pseudotype microneutralization (pMN) assays. The pMN is highly sensitive and specific for detecting virus-specific neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses and can be used to assess antibody functionality in vitro. Here we show the production of these viral HA pseudotypes and their employment as substitutes for wildtype viruses in influenza neutralization assays. We demonstrate their utility in detecting serum responses to vaccination with the ability to evaluate cross-subtype neutralizing responses elicited by specific vaccinating antigens. Our findings may inform further preclinical studies involving immunization dosing regimens in mice and may help in the creation and selection of better antigens for vaccine design. These HA pseudotypes can be harnessed to meet strategic objectives that contribute to the strengthening of global influenza surveillance, expansion of seasonal influenza prevention and control policies, and strengthening pandemic preparedness and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Marie M. Del Rosario
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (J.M.M.D.R.); (K.A.S.d.C.); (F.F.); (G.S.M.); (S.D.S.)
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
| | - Kelly A. S. da Costa
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (J.M.M.D.R.); (K.A.S.d.C.); (F.F.); (G.S.M.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (B.A.); (R.W.)
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (J.M.M.D.R.); (K.A.S.d.C.); (F.F.); (G.S.M.); (S.D.S.)
- Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - David A. Wells
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Gurdip Singh Mann
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (J.M.M.D.R.); (K.A.S.d.C.); (F.F.); (G.S.M.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Veronica O. Ameh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi P.M.B. 2373, Bene State, Nigeria;
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa;
| | - Claude T. Sabeta
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa;
- OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Rebecca Kinsley
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Simon D. Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (J.M.M.D.R.); (K.A.S.d.C.); (F.F.); (G.S.M.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (B.A.); (R.W.)
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - George W. Carnell
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Nigel J. Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (J.M.M.D.R.); (K.A.S.d.C.); (F.F.); (G.S.M.); (S.D.S.)
- DIOSynVax, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (M.F.); (D.A.W.); (R.K.); (J.L.H.); (G.W.C.)
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9
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Nichols HJ, Arbuckle K, Sanderson JL, Vitikainen EIK, Marshall HH, Thompson FJ, Cant MA, Wells DA. A double pedigree reveals genetic but not cultural inheritance of cooperative personalities in wild banded mongooses. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1966-1975. [PMID: 34176203 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Personality traits, such as the propensity to cooperate, are often inherited from parents to offspring, but the pathway of inheritance is unclear. Traits could be inherited via genetic or parental effects, or culturally via social learning from role models. However, these pathways are difficult to disentangle in natural systems as parents are usually the source of all of these effects. Here, we exploit natural 'cross fostering' in wild banded mongooses to investigate the inheritance of cooperative behaviour. Our analysis of 800 adult helpers over 21 years showed low but significant genetic heritability of cooperative personalities in males but not females. Cross fostering revealed little evidence of cultural heritability: offspring reared by particularly cooperative helpers did not become more cooperative themselves. Our results demonstrate that cooperative personalities are not always highly heritable in wild, and that the basis of behavioural traits can vary within a species (here, by sex).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel J Nichols
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kevin Arbuckle
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Jennifer L Sanderson
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Emma I K Vitikainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harry H Marshall
- Centre for Research in Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Faye J Thompson
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Michael A Cant
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - David A Wells
- Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
Some human traits arise via organic evolution while others are acquired from the prevailing culture via a process of social learning. A mainstream interpretation is that evolution amounts to a change in the relative frequency of gene variants in a population and that culture coevolves at arm's length. Matters look different if one starts instead from the view that organisms are modified during evolution because of changes in gene expression as much as changes in the relative frequency of gene variants. Gene expression, i.e. generation of the product encoded by a gene, is not under genetic control, for it requires location- and time-specific triggers, which cannot be provided by genes. The genes present in an individual are present in every cell, hence at all locations in the individual's body and at all times during the individual's life. The necessary location- and time-specific triggers are provided internally by developmental events and conditions, or externally by environmental events and conditions, i.e. non-genetically. Socially-learned traits, having no special connection with genes, may nevertheless influence evolution, as for any trait. Like organic traits generally, socially-learned traits can be positively or negatively selected, for they similarly influence survival and reproduction. Like learned traits generally, they can play an important role in evolution by providing repeated selective pressure. The resulting evolutionary change typically affects an associated trait (e.g. adult ability to digest the sugar contained in milk), not the socially-learned trait itself (e.g. dairying), which continues under the influence of cultural processes of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wells
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Rd, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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11
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Wells DA, Cant MA, Thompson FJ, Marshall HH, Vitikainen EIK, Hoffman JI, Nichols HJ. Extra-group paternity varies with proxies of relatedness in a social mammal with high inbreeding risk. Behav Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Behavioral mechanisms for avoiding inbreeding are common in the natural world and are believed to have evolved as a response to the negative consequences of inbreeding. However, despite a fundamental role in fitness, we have a limited understanding of the cues that individuals use to assess inbreeding risk, as well as the extent to which individual inbreeding behavior is repeatable. We used piecewise structural equation modeling of 24 years of data to investigate the causes and consequences of within- versus extra-group paternity in banded mongooses. This cooperatively breeding mammal lives in tight-knit social groups that often contain closely related opposite-sex breeders, so inbreeding can be avoided through extra-group mating. We used molecular parentage assignments to show that, despite extra-group paternity resulting in outbred offspring, within-group inbreeding occurs frequently, with around 16% litters being moderately or highly inbred. Additionally, extra-group paternity appears to be plastic, with females mating outside of their social group according to individual proxies (age and immigration status) and societal proxies (group size and age) of within-group inbreeding risk but not in direct response to levels of within-group relatedness. While individual repeatability in extra-group paternity was relatively low, female cobreeders showed high repeatability, suggesting a strong constraint arising from the opportunities for extra-group mating. The use of extra-group paternity as an inbreeding avoidance strategy is, therefore, limited by high costs, opportunity constraints, and the limited reliability of proxies of inbreeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wells
- Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Postfach, Bielefeld, Germany
- School of Natural Science and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael A Cant
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Faye J Thompson
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Harry H Marshall
- Centre for Research in Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Emma I K Vitikainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph I Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Postfach, Bielefeld, Germany
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Hazel J Nichols
- Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Postfach, Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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12
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Wells DA. Throughput Considerations for a Sample-Multiplexed LC-MS/MS Assay: Is the Ability to Double the Injection Throughput Always a Time Saver? Clin Chem 2020; 66:1125-1127. [PMID: 32808005 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Wells DA, Cant MA, Hoffman JI, Nichols HJ. Inbreeding depresses altruism in a cooperative society. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1460-1467. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wells
- Department of Animal Behaviour University of Bielefeld Postfach 100131 Bielefeld33501Germany
- School of Natural Science and Psychology Liverpool John Moores University LiverpoolL3 3AFUK
| | - Michael A. Cant
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter PenrynTR10 9FEUK
| | - Joseph I. Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behaviour University of Bielefeld Postfach 100131 Bielefeld33501Germany
- British Antarctic Survey High Cross, Madingley Road CambridgeCB3 OETUnited Kingdom
| | - Hazel J. Nichols
- Department of Animal Behaviour University of Bielefeld Postfach 100131 Bielefeld33501Germany
- Department of Biosciences Swansea University SwanseaSA2 8PPUK
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14
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Sheppard CE, Marshall HH, Inger R, Thompson FJ, Vitikainen EIK, Barker S, Nichols HJ, Wells DA, McDonald RA, Cant MA. Decoupling of Genetic and Cultural Inheritance in a Wild Mammal. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1846-1850.e2. [PMID: 29804813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cultural inheritance, the transmission of socially learned information across generations, is a non-genetic, "second inheritance system" capable of shaping phenotypic variation in humans and many non-human animals [1-3]. Studies of wild animals show that conformity [4, 5] and biases toward copying particular individuals [6, 7] can result in the rapid spread of culturally transmitted behavioral traits and a consequent increase in behavioral homogeneity within groups and populations [8, 9]. These findings support classic models of cultural evolution [10, 11], which predict that many-to-one or one-to-many transmission erodes within-group variance in culturally inherited traits. However, classic theory [10, 11] also predicts that within-group heterogeneity is preserved when offspring each learn from an exclusive role model. We tested this prediction in a wild mammal, the banded mongoose (Mungos mungo), in which offspring are reared by specific adult carers that are not their parents, providing an opportunity to disentangle genetic and cultural inheritance of behavior. We show using stable isotope analysis that young mongooses inherit their adult foraging niche from cultural role models, not from their genetic parents. As predicted by theory, one-to-one cultural transmission prevented blending inheritance and allowed the stable coexistence of distinct behavioral traditions within the same social groups. Our results confirm that cultural inheritance via role models can promote rather than erode behavioral heterogeneity in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Sheppard
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Harry H Marshall
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK; Centre for Research in Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Richard Inger
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Faye J Thompson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Emma I K Vitikainen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Sam Barker
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Hazel J Nichols
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - David A Wells
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Robbie A McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Michael A Cant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
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15
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Wells DA, Cant MA, Nichols HJ, Hoffman JI. A high-quality pedigree and genetic markers both reveal inbreeding depression for quality but not survival in a cooperative mammal. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2271-2288. [PMID: 29603504 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inbreeding depression, the reduced fitness of offspring of closely related parents, is commonplace in both captive and wild populations and has important consequences for conservation and mating system evolution. However, because of the difficulty of collecting pedigree and life-history data from wild populations, relatively few studies have been able to compare inbreeding depression for traits at different points in the life cycle. Moreover, pedigrees give the expected proportion of the genome that is identical by descent (IBDg ) whereas in theory with enough molecular markers realized IBDg can be quantified directly. We therefore investigated inbreeding depression for multiple life-history traits in a wild population of banded mongooses using pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients (fped ) and standardized multilocus heterozygosity (sMLH) measured at 35-43 microsatellites. Within an information theoretic framework, we evaluated support for either fped or sMLH as inbreeding terms and used sequential regression to determine whether the residuals of sMLH on fped explain fitness variation above and beyond fped . We found no evidence of inbreeding depression for survival, either before or after nutritional independence. By contrast, inbreeding was negatively associated with two quality-related traits, yearling body mass and annual male reproductive success. Yearling body mass was associated with fped but not sMLH, while male annual reproductive success was best explained by both fped and residual sMLH. Thus, our study not only uncovers variation in the extent to which different traits show inbreeding depression, but also reveals trait-specific differences in the ability of pedigrees and molecular markers to explain fitness variation and suggests that for certain traits, genetic markers may capture variation in realized IBDg above and beyond the pedigree expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wells
- Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,School of Natural Science and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael A Cant
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Hazel J Nichols
- School of Natural Science and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph I Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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Wangen JR, Eidenschink Brodersen L, Stolk TT, Wells DA, Loken MR. Assessment of normal erythropoiesis by flow cytometry: important considerations for specimen preparation. Int J Lab Hematol 2013; 36:184-96. [PMID: 24118926 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The extension of quantitative flow cytometric studies to the erythroid lineage in patients with suspected myelodysplastic syndrome has prompted a reassessment of cell surface antigen expression during normal erythropoiesis. Erythropoiesis in normal and pathologic bone marrows was studied to determine the expected antigenic relationships of maturing erythroid cells. METHODS A total of 200 bone marrow specimens were evaluated by multidimensional flow cytometry (MDF). Samples were prepared using either NH4 Cl lysis or Ficoll density gradient separation. RESULTS Normal erythroid development is described as a two-step process observable with the intensity relationships between CD235a, CD71, CD45, CD105, CD34, CD117, and CD36. The variability of these intensities (CV) was determined. A comparison of processing techniques determined lysis is the optimal analytic technique for the analysis of early-stage erythroid cells. Nucleic acid staining with DRAQ5 revealed that Ficoll allows for the analysis of reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes otherwise eliminated by lysis. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate while lysis alters the light scatter characteristics of erythroid precursors, it did not alter quantitative antigen expression or nucleic acid content. The expected variability in antigen intensities is defined. These studies provide a basis for a comparison of erythroid development between normal individuals and those with erythroid dysplasia associated with myelodysplastic syndromes.
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Westers TM, Ireland R, Kern W, Alhan C, Balleisen JS, Bettelheim P, Burbury K, Cullen M, Cutler JA, Della Porta MG, Dräger AM, Feuillard J, Font P, Germing U, Haase D, Johansson U, Kordasti S, Loken MR, Malcovati L, te Marvelde JG, Matarraz S, Milne T, Moshaver B, Mufti GJ, Ogata K, Orfao A, Porwit A, Psarra K, Richards SJ, Subirá D, Tindell V, Vallespi T, Valent P, van der Velden VHJ, de Witte TM, Wells DA, Zettl F, Béné MC, van de Loosdrecht AA. Standardization of flow cytometry in myelodysplastic syndromes: a report from an international consortium and the European LeukemiaNet Working Group. Leukemia 2012; 26:1730-41. [PMID: 22307178 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FC) is increasingly recognized as an important tool in the diagnosis and prognosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, validation of current assays and agreement upon the techniques are prerequisites for its widespread acceptance and application in clinical practice. Therefore, a working group was initiated (Amsterdam, 2008) to discuss and propose standards for FC in MDS. In 2009 and 2010, representatives from 23, mainly European, institutes participated in the second and third European LeukemiaNet (ELN) MDS workshops. In the present report, minimal requirements to analyze dysplasia are refined. The proposed core markers should enable a categorization of FC results in cytopenic patients as 'normal', 'suggestive of', or 'diagnostic of' MDS. An FC report should include a description of validated FC abnormalities such as aberrant marker expression on myeloid progenitors and, furthermore, dysgranulopoiesis and/or dysmonocytopoiesis, if at least two abnormalities are evidenced. The working group is dedicated to initiate further studies to establish robust diagnostic and prognostic FC panels in MDS. An ultimate goal is to refine and improve diagnosis and prognostic scoring systems. Finally, the working group stresses that FC should be part of an integrated diagnosis rather than a separate technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Westers
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wells
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the association between prone positioning and sudden infant death syndrome SIDS) it is recommended that young infants be placed on their backs (supine). However, the supine position might not be the most appropriate position for infants and children hospitalised with acute respiratory distress. Positioning patients has been proposed as a non-invasive way of increasing oxygenation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress. But, because of substantial differences in respiratory mechanics between adults and children and the risk of SIDS in young infants, a specific review of positioning for infants and young children with acute respiratory distress is warranted. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of different body positions in hospitalised infants and children with acute respiratory distress. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2004); MEDLINE (January 1966 to October Week 3, 2004); EMBASE (1980 to week 24, 2004); and CINAHL (1982 to October Week 3, 2004). SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised or systematically-allocated controlled clinical trials comparing two or more positions in the management of infants and children hospitalised with acute respiratory distress. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted from each study independently by two authors. Differences were resolved by consensus or referral to a third author. Continuous outcomes were analysed using a weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval. No bivariate outcomes were available. All but one included study reported crossover data therefore this data was used for meta-analysis. Fixed-effect models were used unless heterogeneity was significant (p value equal to or less than 0.1), in which case a random-effects model was used. MAIN RESULTS Forty-nine papers were selected for this review of which 21 studies (22 publications) were included. These studies compared prone, supine, lateral, elevated, and flat positions. Prone positioning was significantly more beneficial than supine positioning in terms of oxygen saturation, partial pressure of arterial oxygen, oxygenation index, thoraco-abdominal synchrony, and episodes of desaturation. There were no statistically significant differences between any other positions. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The prone position was significantly superior to the supine position in terms of oxygenation. However, as most patients included in the meta-analysis were ventilated, preterm infants the benefits of prone positioning may be most relevant to these infants. In addition, although placing infants and children in the prone position may improve respiratory function, the association of sudden infant death with prone positioning means that infants should only be placed in this position if continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wells
- Nursing Department, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Hawkesbury and Hainsworth St, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2145.
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Noel JG, Wells DA, Guo X, Kong F, Lovell GJ, Ogle CK. Thermal injury increases the number of eosinophil progenitors in rat spleen and bone marrow. Inflammation 2001; 25:339-49. [PMID: 11820461 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012836001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of thermal injury upon myelopoiesis. IL-3, GM-CSF, and IL-5 were used to stimulate myeloid colony formation. IL-3 induces early myeloid progenitors and a more developed myeloid progenitor, the granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (GM-CFU), to multiply and develop into mature myeloid cells. GM-CSF induces GM-CFU to become mature myeloid cells, while IL-5 induces eosinophil progenitors to become mature eosinophils. Stem Cell Factor (SCF) + IL-6 and FLT3 ligand, which have no effect on colony formation by themselves, were used to enhance the effects of IL-3 and GM-CSF, respectively. We found that thermal injury increased the number of early myeloid progenitors and GM-CFU in the spleen with either IL-3 or GM-CSF as a stimulant. Thermal injury increased the number of early myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow when GM-CSF, but not IL-3, was used to stimulate colony growth. Also, thermal injury increased the numbers of eosinophil progenitors in rat spleen and bone marrow and increased splenic levels of IL-5 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Noel
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Ogle CK, Kong F, Guo X, Wells DA, Aosasa S, Noel G, Horseman N. The effect of burn injury on suppressors of cytokine signalling. Shock 2000; 14:392-8; discussion 398-9. [PMID: 11028562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The newly identified suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins act as intracellular inhibitors of several cytokine signal transduction pathways. Their expression is induced by cytokine activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak/STAT) pathway, and they act as a negative feedback loop by subsequently inhibiting the Jak/STAT pathway either by direct interaction with activated Jaks or with the receptors. In this study we investigated the expression and translation of SOCS proteins after burn injury. Thermal injury increased the expression of SOCS3 compared with sham at 4 h, 24 h, and 10 days after thermal injury in the liver. SOCS3 protein was increased at 4 and 24 h after thermal injury in the liver. Expression of SOCS1 mRNA was not detected in sham or burn liver. SOCS2 mRNA and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS) mRNA were detected at the same levels for both sham and burn at all time points in the liver. In the spleen there was a trend towards an increase in SOCS1 mRNA at all time points; thermal injury significantly decreased SOCS2 mRNA compared with sham at 4 h, SOCS3 mRNA was significantly increased at 24 h compared with 10 days, and CIS mRNA was detected at the same levels for both sham and burn at all time points. In conclusion, thermal injury causes elevations in SOCS3 within 4 h after a burn, reaching a maximum at 24 h post injury. Levels continue to be elevated for up to 10 days post injury. SOCS3 may be very important in regulating the balance between immunosuppression and inflammation after thermal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Ogle
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Pauwels A, Wells DA, Covaci A, Schepens PJ. Improved sample preparation method for selected persistent organochlorine pollutants in human serum using solid-phase disk extraction with gas chromatographic analysis. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1999; 723:117-25. [PMID: 10080639 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An improved solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed to isolate and concentrate trace levels of selected POPs (persistent organochlorine pollutants) in human serum prior to GC-MS in SIM mode or GC-ECD quantitation. The extraction involves denaturation of serum proteins with formic acid, SPE using C18 Empore disk cartridges, followed by elimination of lipid interferences using a sulfuric acid wash of the eluate. Use of the SPE disk improved assay throughput and gave a cleaner analytical matrix compared with previously reported solid-phase and liquid-liquid extraction techniques. The extraction method provided consistent recoveries at three fortification levels using 13C12 PCB 149 as internal standard. Recoveries ranged from 48 to 140% for organochlorine pesticides (6.25, 12.5 and 25 ng/ml) and 71 to 126% for polychlorinated biphenyls (0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 ng/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pauwels
- University of Antwerp (UIA), Toxicological Center (Pharmaceutical Sciences), Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Abstract
Patients with unexplained cytopenias often present a diagnostic dilemma with minimal morphologic or cytogenetic changes to identify the underlying disease process. We have used multidimensional flow cytometry in a study of patients with cytopenias and found that this technology established, changed, or refined the diagnosis in 17/121 patients. Using the flow cytometric technique of CD45 and right angle light scatter (SSC) gating with two additional markers in a three-color analysis, eight of 121 patients were found to have hairy cell leukemia (HCL), in the absence of definitive morphologic findings of HCL. Two additional patients were found to have non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Myeloid abnormalities, myelodysplasia (MDS) or acute leukemia was detected in seven of 56 patients with unexplained pancytopenia. Six of 65 patients identified with cytopenias resulting from lymphoid neoplasms had been referred for bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with a presumptive diagnosis of MDS, with subsequent deferral of BMT upon correct diagnosis. The screening technique is incorporated into an extensive immunophenotyping scheme to identify hematopoietic abnormalities using multidimensional flow cytometry (MDF). HCL cells (detected as low as 1.3%) reside in the same position as normal monocytes in the CD45 and SSC plots but could be distinguished from monocytes based on the expression of HLA-DR without CD11b, and expression of CD19. Further phenotyping of the abnormal population confirmed immunoglobulin light chain restriction, CD11c, and CD25 expression. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was detected as aberrant mature lymphocytes expressing B lymphoid markers, CD5 and light chain restriction. Myeloid abnormalities were identified in the myeloblast or maturing myeloid cell fractions. The flow cytometric scheme described can be used in primary diagnosis. The technique is definitive, sensitive, and stresses the importance of distinguishing lymphoid from myeloid etiology of cytopenias.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wells
- HematoLogics, Inc., Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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26
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Wells DA, Sale GE, Shulman HM, Myerson D, Bryant EM, Gooley T, Loken MR. Multidimensional flow cytometry of marrow can differentiate leukemic from normal lymphoblasts and myeloblasts after chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. Am J Clin Pathol 1998; 110:84-94. [PMID: 9661926 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/110.1.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial bone marrow aspirates from patients previously given a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who had undergone chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation (BMT), or both were analyzed by multidimensional flow cytometry (MDF) to detect residual disease (lower limit of detection 0.3%). Correlation between the results of morphologic examination and MDF showed concordant results on 100 of 118 specimens. The MDF-positive, morphologic examination-negative specimens were positive by cytogenetic examination or were obtained from patients in whom the ALL eventually relapsed. Similar correlations between MDF and the results of cytogenetic examination were obtained. Leukemic cells were detected in 29 of 62 patients before BMT and 12 of 52 after BMT Normal regenerating lymphoblasts were identified and quantified by MDF in patients without detectable leukemic lymphoblasts. Patients with leukemic lymphoblasts found by MDF in specimens obtained immediately before BMT were 3.28 times more likely to experience relapse after BMT compared with MDF-negative patients, even when leukemic lymphoblasts were undetectable by histopathologic examination, cytogenetic examination, or both. All patients who had undergone BMT with leukemic lymphoblasts found by MDF, with or without morphologic or cytogenetic confirmation, experienced relapse according to conventional criteria within 42 days of the MDF analysis. The detection of residual disease before overt relapse may provide information for early intervention, while definitive recognition of normal recovering blasts may prevent unnecessary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wells
- Department of Pathology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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Sievers EL, Lange BJ, Buckley JD, Smith FO, Wells DA, Daigneault-Creech CA, Shults KE, Bernstein ID, Loken MR. Prediction of relapse of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia by use of multidimensional flow cytometry. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88:1483-8. [PMID: 8841024 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/88.20.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients receiving therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) enter an interval in which leukemic blast cells cannot be detected by light microscopy (i.e., morphologic remission). However, many of these patients experience a subsequent relapse. Multidimensional flow cytometry, which allows the discrimination of antigens expressed on normal and malignant cells, can detect small numbers of cancer cells in bone marrow or peripheral blood specimens. This technique enables the detection of one leukemic blast cell among 10(3) to 10(2) normal regenerating hematopoietic cells. PURPOSE We determined whether the presence of residual leukemic blast cells, identified in the bone marrow of pediatric patients with AML by use of multidimensional flow cytometry, would be predictive of subsequent leukemic relapse. METHODS Multidimensional flow cytometry was performed on 205 marrow specimens collected throughout the course of treatment from 39 patients who had achieved morphologic remission. The analyses employed monoclonal antibodies directed against CD45 in combination with mixed pairs of monoclonal antibodies directed against 10 other antigens. A time-varying Cox regression analysis that controlled for sample time intervals, age, sex, morphologic classification of disease, and white blood cell count at diagnosis was used to relate the multidimensional flow cytometric results to the risk of relapse after achieving remission. Reported P values are two-sided. RESULTS Thirty-five of the 39 patients had bone marrow specimens available from the time that first morphologic remission was achieved. Leukemic blast cells were detected in the specimens from 19 (54%) of these 35 patients. Twenty-five of the 35 patients did not receive an allogeneic (i.e., from a different genetic background) bone marrow transplant during first morphologic remission, and 13 of 14 with residual leukemic cells experienced a relapse at a median time of 153 days after diagnosis (range, 48-863 days). Nine of the 11 patients who did not receive an allogeneic bone marrow transplant and lacked evidence of leukemic blast cells at first morphologic remission relapsed at a median time of 413 days after diagnosis (range, 321-794 days). Among the 10 individuals who received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant during first morphologic remission, five were positive for leukemic blast cells and five were negative; one of these patients (positive for leukemic blast cells) experienced a relapse 265 days after diagnosis, and three others died of transplant-related complications. The estimated risk of relapse during intervals of multidimensional flow cytometric positivity (i.e., intervals of remission for which the immediately preceding cytometry measurement was positive) was 2.8 times greater than that during negative intervals (95% confidence interval = 1.1-7.0; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Multidimensional flow cytometry identifies residual leukemia in more than half of the patients with AML who are in morphologic remission. The detection of leukemic blast cells in these patients by multidimensional flow cytometry is predictive of a more rapid relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Sievers
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Abstract
Immunoelectron microscopy with anti-nucleolin defined substructures within the multiple nucleoli of biosynthetically active stage II-III oocytes and within the nucleoli of relatively quiescent stage VI oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Dense fibrillar components (DFCs) of nucleoli from stage II-III oocytes consisted of nucleolonemas that radiated from a continuous DFC sheath surrounding fibrillar centers (FCs). Discernible granular regions (GRs) were absent in these same nucleoli. Conversely, stage VI oocyte nucleoli displayed compacted DFCs and prominent GRs. Immunofluorescence microscopy then tracked fibrillarin, nucleolin, and condensed DNA through oogenesis and into progesterone-induced meiotic maturation and nuclear breakdown. In stage II-III oocyte nucleoli, fibrillarin was enriched near the FC-DFC boundaries, while nucleolin was distributed throughout these same DFCs. Both proteins were enriched within the compacted DFCs of stage VI oocyte nucleoli. Staining with (DAPI) 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole showed condensed DNA within nucleolar FCs of both stage II-III and stage VI oocyte. Upon nuclear breakdown, we found fibrillarin and nucleolin in small particles and in the surrounding cytoplasm. Although we saw no trace of fibrillarin or nucleolin in nuclear remnants prepared just minutes later, DAPI-stained particles remained within these preparations, thus suggesting that FCs were at least slow to disassemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1806, USA
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McSweeney PA, Wells DA, Shults KE, Nash RA, Bensinger WI, Buckner CD, Loken MR. Tumor-specific aneuploidy not detected in CD19+ B-lymphoid cells from myeloma patients in a multidimensional flow cytometric analysis. Blood 1996; 88:622-32. [PMID: 8695810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy and lg light chain restriction were used as separate, independent tumor specific markers to study 26 patients with multiple myeloma to determine whether bone marrow B cells, as defined by CD19 expression, are clonally related to myeloma plasma cells. Specimens were characterized using multidimensional flow cytometry to identify the presence of clonality in both the B lymphoid and plasma cell populations using both surface and cytoplasmic staining with antibodies specific for kappa or lambda lg light chain In none of the patients with multiple myeloma were CD19+ cells found to be clonally restricted to kappa or lambda. The monoclonal plasma cells (MPC) were found to be uniformly negative for CD10, CD19, and CD34, while the CD19+ B lymphoid cells present within the samples expressed normal intensities and relationships of these antigens, which allowed them to serve as internal positive controls. Combined analysis of call surface antigen expression and DNA content allowed plasma cell populations to be characterized for aneuploidy without interference from normal bone marrow cells. The MPC, detected on the basis of bright CD38 expression (CD38+2), demonstrated DNA aneuploidy in 65% of cases (DNA index range of 0.9 to 1.3). These aneuploid DNA distributions had typical cell cycle profiles (including G1,S and G2+M) expected of a proliferating population. In all cases, DNA aneuploidy was confined almost entirely to the CD38+2, CD19- malignant plasma cells, while cells expressing CD19 were diploid. These results support the concept that myeloma is a disease process mediated by self-replicating, late compartments of B-cell ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A McSweeney
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Abstract
Psychiatric patients frequently experience serious symptoms and demonstrate disturbed behaviors in the very early postdischarge period. Based on 25 years of clinical experience, the author reviews symptoms and behaviors that can occur and notes that they should most often be viewed as adjustment reactions rather than as exacerbations of the primary illness. A team approach to management of early postdischarge reactions that uses a psychiatrist and psychiatric nurse is effective. Interventions include forewarning inpatients that problems may occur and helping them identify potential problems. Social skills training, learning therapies, and family counseling help patients prepare to cope. Accompanying patients home on passes during hospitalization is helpful, as is inviting them to visit the hospital during their first days at home. Scheduling initial office visits within three days of discharge is another way of easing a difficult transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wells
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY
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Wells DA, Hawi AA, Digenis GA. Isolation and identification of the major urinary metabolite of N-methylpyrrolidinone in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos 1992; 20:124-6. [PMID: 1346987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D A Wells
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0082
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Abstract
Flow cytometric reticulocyte enumeration measures the fluorescence intensity of the reticulocyte population, the reticulocyte mean channel fluorescence. Reticulocyte mean channel fluorescence, used as an indicator of reticulocyte maturation, is directly proportional to the amount of intracellular RNA. Other factors, such as iron stores, may affect reticulocyte mean channel fluorescence. Iron status in normal controls, patients with anemia of chronic disease, and pregnant women was evaluated by hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell indices, iron, total iron-binding capacity, and ferritin. Reticulocyte mean channel fluorescence was significantly elevated (P less than 0.0001) to 85.6 +/- 4.6 (mean +/- 1 standard deviation) in iron-deficient anemic patients and to 81.1 +/- 8.4 in iron-depleted patients compared to healthy individuals (69.7 +/- 2.6). The reticulocyte mean channel fluorescence in anemia of chronic disease was 71.3 +/- 5.8 and was not significantly different from that of normal controls. Reticulocyte mean channel fluorescence showed significant correlations with total iron-binding capacity (P less than 0.0001, r = 0.62) and ferritin (P less than 0.0001, r = 0.40). A possible explanation for these findings, describing differences in cytoplasmic levels of transferrin receptor mRNA, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wells
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Abstract
Vigilance is necessary to identify psychiatric patients with significant physical illness. Amyloidosis is an uncommon disease with symptoms that overlap those of depression. A clinical and pathological review of amyloidosis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wells
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York
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Wells DA, Thomas HF, Digenis GA. Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and 4-(methylamino)butanoic acid in the Salmonella/microsome assay. J Appl Toxicol 1988; 8:135-9. [PMID: 3288686 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2550080211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The industrial solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) and its hydrolysis product, 4-(methylamino)butanoic acid (N-MeGABA), were examined for mutagenicity and cytotoxicity in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. In order to detect a broad range of possible mutagenic endpoints, the following strains were used in the assay: base-pair substitution strains TA100, TA102 and TA104; frameshift strains TA97 and TA98; and repair proficient strains TA2638, UTH8413 and UTH8414. In the standard plate incorporation assay, six log-linear doses of each compound were tested; doses ranged from 0.01 to 1000 mumol/plate for NMP, and 0.01 to 316 mumol/plate for N-MeGABA. Neither compound was detectably mutagenic when tested in the presence and absence of metabolic activation by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9. NMP did show significant responses with strains TA102 and TA104 that were less than two-fold over background, but no clear dose-response relationships were evident. A preincubation modification of the assay was also performed, using strains TA98 and TA104. Mutagenic activity was not observed for NMP, while N-MeGABA showed significant responses with TA104 but dose-related mutagenicity was not established. Preincubation testing revealed both NMP and N-MeGABA to be cytotoxic to the test population of Salmonella at the highest treatment doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wells
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Wells DA, Digenis GA. Disposition and metabolism of double-labeled [3H and 14C] N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos 1988; 16:243-9. [PMID: 2898341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The disposition of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) was studied in the rat using tritium-labeled ([4-3H]NMP) and carbon-14-labeled ([methyl-14C]NMP and [ring-14C]NMP) radioisomers. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a single intravenous dose (45 mg/kg) of 5.0 microCi of 3H or 14C for single-labeled disposition studies or 5.0 microCi of 3H and 2.5 microCi of 14C for double-labeled studies (2:1 ratio, 3H:14C). Plasma levels of intact NMP were analyzed by HPLC through 6 hr after dosing and suggested a rapid distribution phase followed by a slow elimination phase. The half-life for the terminal elimination phase from plasma was about 7 hr for both 14C-isomers and 9.9 hr for the 3H-isomer. The major route of excretion of radioactivity was via the urine and accounted for about 70% of the dose within 12 hr. After 24 hr, cumulative excretion in urine represented about 80% of the dose. The 2:1 ratio of administered 3H:14C was maintained in urine through 6 hr. Measurement of radioactivity in tissues at 6 hr showed the liver and intestines to contain the highest accumulations of radioactivity, representing approximately 2% and 3% of the dose, respectively. Tissue distribution of radioactivity was similar for all three radiolabeled isomers and showed that NMP was extensively distributed to all major organs. Radiomonitored HPLC analyses of urine revealed the presence of one major and two minor metabolites. The major metabolite, representing 70-75% of the administered dose of radioactivity, was found to retain all three radiolabeled positions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wells
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0082
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Abstract
The tissue distribution and excretion of 14C-labelled povidone (polyvinylpyrrolidone; K-30; average mol wt 40,000) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats given a single oral dose. The major pathway of elimination of radioactivity was in the faeces, in which 90.8% of the administered dose was recovered after 12 hr and 98.4% after 48 hr. Amounts of radioactivity in major tissues and in the blood were not significantly different from those in untreated controls. A minor amount of radioactivity, representing 0.04% of the administered dose, was detected in the urine after 6 hr. Dialysis studies of [14C]povidone suggested that the absorbed species was a low-molecular-weight (less than 3500) oligomer. It was concluded that an oral dose of [14C]povidone is not significantly absorbed in the rat.
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Wells DA, Garbolas GA, Digenis GA. Analysis of the radiochemical purity of [4C]chloroform and dibromo[1,2-14C2]ethane by radiomonitored high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)91501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wells DA, Chaney JE, Digenis GA. Synthesis of [4-3H]-2-pyrrolidinone, [4-3H]-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and N-[14C-methyl]-2-pyrrolidinone. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580220409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wells DA. Trimming MAG's middle age spread. J Med Assoc Ga 1975; 64:77. [PMID: 1123575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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