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Bhangu A, Ademuyiwa AO, Aguilera ML, Alexander P, Al-Saqqa SW, Borda-Luque G, Costas-Chavarri A, Drake TM, Ntirenganya F, Fitzgerald JE, Fergusson SJ, Glasbey J, Ingabire JCA, Ismaïl L, Salem HK, Kojo ATT, Lapitan MC, Lilford R, Mihaljevic AL, Morton D, Mutabazi AZ, Nepogodiev D, Adisa AO, Ots R, Pata F, Pinkney T, Poškus T, Qureshi AU, Ramos-De la Medina A, Rayne S, Shaw CA, Shu S, Spence R, Smart N, Tabiri S, Harrison EM, Khatri C, Mohan M, Jaffry Z, Altamini A, Kirby A, Søreide K, Recinos G, Cornick J, Modolo MM, Iyer D, King S, Arthur T, Nahar SN, Waterman A, Walsh M, Agarwal A, Zani A, Firdouse M, Rouse T, Liu Q, Correa JC, Talving P, Worku M, Arnaud A, Kalles V, Kumar B, Kumar S, Amandito R, Quek R, Ansaloni L, Altibi A, Venskutonis D, Zilinskas J, Poskus T, Whitaker J, Msosa V, Tew YY, Farrugia A, Borg E, Bentounsi Z, Gala T, Al-Slaibi I, Tahboub H, Alser OH, Romani D, Shu S, Major P, Mironescu A, Bratu M, Kourdouli A, Ndajiwo A, Altwijri A, Alsaggaf MU, Gudal A, Jubran AF, 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Ibraheem A, Abdulaziz H, Kamal Ismail M, Hamdy Madkor M, Abdelaty M, Mahmoud Abdel-Kader S, Mohamed Salah O, Eldafrawy M, Zaki Eldeeb A, Mahmoud Eid M, Attia A, Salah El-Dien K, Shwky A, Badenjki MA, Soliman A, Mahmoud Al Attar S, Sayed F, Abdel Sabour F, Azizeldine MG, Shawqi M, Hashim A, Aamer A, Abdelraouf AM, Abdelshakour M, Ibrahim A, Mahmoud B, Ali Mahmoud M, Qenawy M, Rashed AM, Dahy A, Sayed M, Shamsedine AW, Mohamed B, Hasan A, Saad MM, Abdul Bassit K, Khalid Abd El-Latif N, Elzahed N, El Kashash A, Bekhet NM, Hafez S, Gad A, Maher ME, Abd El-Sameea A, Hafez M, Sabe A, Ahmed A, Shahine A, Dawood K, Gaafar S, Husseiny R, Aboelmagd O, Soliman A, Mesbah N, Emadeldin H, Al Meligy A, Bekhet AH, Hasan D, Alhady K, Sabe AK, Elnajjar MA, Aboelella M, Hamsho W, Hassan I, Saad H, Abdelazim G, Mahmoud H, Wael N, Kandil AM, Magdy A, Said Elkholy S, Adel BE, Dabbour K, Elsherbiney S, Mattar O, Khaled AbdRabou A, Aly MYM, Geuoshy A, Elnagar A, Ahmed S, Abdelmotaleb I, Saleh AA, Mohammed 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Ali THA, Rekhis S, Rommaneh M, Sam ZH, Pugliesi TB, Pardo G, Blanco R. Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2018; 18:516-525. [PMID: 29452941 PMCID: PMC5910057 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. METHODS This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. FINDINGS Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p<0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05-2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p<0·001). INTERPRETATION Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication. FUNDING DFID-MRC-Wellcome Trust Joint Global Health Trial Development Grant, National Institute of Health Research Global Health Research Unit Grant.
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