1
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Davola ME, Cormier O, Vito A, El-Sayes N, Collins S, Salem O, Revill S, Ask K, Wan Y, Mossman K. Oncolytic BHV-1 Is Sufficient to Induce Immunogenic Cell Death and Synergizes with Low-Dose Chemotherapy to Dampen Immunosuppressive T Regulatory Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041295. [PMID: 36831636 PMCID: PMC9953776 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) can switch immunologically "cold" tumors "hot", making them sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Many therapeutic platforms combine multiple modalities such as oncolytic viruses (OVs) and low-dose chemotherapy to induce ICD and improve prognostic outcomes. We previously detailed many unique properties of oncolytic bovine herpesvirus type 1 (oBHV) that suggest widespread clinical utility. Here, we show for the first time, the ability of oBHV monotherapy to induce bona fide ICD and tumor-specific activation of circulating CD8+ T cells in a syngeneic murine model of melanoma. The addition of low-dose mitomycin C (MMC) was necessary to fully synergize with ICI through early recruitment of CD8+ T cells and reduced infiltration of highly suppressive PD-1+ Tregs. Cytokine and gene expression analyses within treated tumors suggest that the addition of MMC to oBHV therapy shifts the immune response from predominantly anti-viral, as evidenced by a high level of interferon-stimulated genes, to one that stimulates myeloid cells, antigen presentation and adaptive processes. Collectively, these data provide mechanistic insights into how oBHV-mediated therapy modalities overcome immune suppressive tumor microenvironments to enable the efficacy of ICI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Davola
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Olga Cormier
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alyssa Vito
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Susan Collins
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Omar Salem
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Spencer Revill
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-525-9140 (ext. 23542)
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2
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Silver R, Silva M, Maloney M, Brate A, El-Sayes N, Ozay E, Parwanda D, Bartlett C, Sharei A, Loughhead S, Gilbert J, Bridgen D. 761P Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes expressing membrane-bound IL-2 and IL-12 exhibit enhanced proliferation, function, and persistence without requiring exogenous IL-2 support. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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3
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El-Sayes N, Walsh S, Vito A, Reihani A, Ask K, Wan Y, Mossman K. IFNAR blockade synergizes with oncolytic VSV to prevent virus-mediated PD-L1 expression and promote antitumor T cell activity. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 25:16-30. [PMID: 35399605 PMCID: PMC8971726 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapies have shown excellent promise in a variety of cancers by promoting antitumor immunity. However, the effects of oncolytic virus-mediated type I interferon (IFN-I) production on antitumor immunity remain unclear. Recent reports have highlighted immunosuppressive functions of IFN-I in the context of checkpoint inhibitor and cell-based therapies. In this study, we demonstrate that oncolytic virus-induced IFN-I promotes the expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells and leukocytes in a IFN receptor (IFNAR)-dependent manner. Inhibition of IFN-I signaling using a monoclonal IFNAR antibody decreased IFN-I-induced PD-L1 expression and promoted tumor-specific T cell effector responses when combined with oncolytic virotherapy. Furthermore, IFNAR blockade improved therapeutic response to oncolytic virotherapy in a manner comparable with PD-L1 blockade. Our study highlights a critical immunosuppressive role of IFN-I on antitumor immunity and uses a combination strategy that improves the response to oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader El-Sayes
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Walsh
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssa Vito
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amir Reihani
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author. Karen Mossman, Department of Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 5026, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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4
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El-Sayes N, Vito A, Salem O, Workenhe ST, Wan Y, Mossman K. A Combination of Chemotherapy and Oncolytic Virotherapy Sensitizes Colorectal Adenocarcinoma to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in a cDC1-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1754. [PMID: 35163675 PMCID: PMC8915181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy has shown great promise in the treatment of cancers with a high mutational burden, such as mismatch repair-deficient colorectal carcinoma (dMMR CRC). However, many patients fail to respond to immune checkpoint therapy. Using a mouse model of dMMR CRC, we demonstrated that tumors can be further sensitized to immune checkpoint therapy by using a combination of low-dose chemotherapy and oncolytic HSV-1. This combination induced the infiltration of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells into the tumor and the upregulation of gene signatures associated with the chemoattraction of myeloid cell subsets. When combined with immune checkpoint therapy, the combination promoted the infiltration of activated type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) into the tumor. Furthermore, we found this combination strategy to be dependent on cDC1s, and its therapeutic efficacy to be abrogated in cDC1-deficient Batf3-/- mice. Thus, we demonstrated that the adjuvanticity of dMMR CRCs can be improved by combining low-dose chemotherapy and oncolytic HSV-1 in a cDC1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader El-Sayes
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (N.E.-S.); (O.S.); (Y.W.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alyssa Vito
- Department of Clinical Translation, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada;
| | - Omar Salem
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (N.E.-S.); (O.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Samuel Tekeste Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (N.E.-S.); (O.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Karen Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (N.E.-S.); (O.S.); (Y.W.)
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5
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Vito A, El-Sayes N, Salem O, Wan Y, Mossman KL. Response to FEC Chemotherapy and Oncolytic HSV-1 Is Associated with Macrophage Polarization and Increased Expression of S100A8/A9 in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215590. [PMID: 34771752 PMCID: PMC8582648 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We have previously reported that a combination of clinical chemotherapies and oncolytic HSV-1 works to sensitize tumors to respond to immune checkpoint blockade. We further showed that this therapeutic platform worked via the upregulation of B cells and the concomitant control of immunosuppressive myeloid cells. In this manuscript, we sought to further dissect the mechanism of myeloid cell regulation and differentiation and to identify a therapeutically driven gene signature that is associated with the switch in the myeloid phenotype. This work not only impacts triple-negative breast cancer but all solid tumor phenotypes as we aim to better understand the underlying immunology associated with responses to immune checkpoint therapies in these typically refractory disease types. Abstract The era of immunotherapy has seen an insurgence of novel therapies driving oncologic research and the clinical management of the disease. We have previously reported that a combination of chemotherapy (FEC) and oncolytic virotherapy (oHSV-1) can be used to sensitize otherwise non-responsive tumors to immune checkpoint blockade and that tumor-infiltrating B cells are required for the efficacy of our therapeutic regimen in a murine model of triple-negative breast cancer. In the studies herein, we have performed gene expression profiling using microarray analyses and have investigated the differential gene expression between tumors treated with FEC + oHSV-1 versus untreated tumors. In this work, we uncovered a therapeutically driven switch of the myeloid phenotype and a gene signature driving increased tumor cell killing.
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Vito A, Salem O, El-Sayes N, MacFawn IP, Portillo AL, Milne K, Harrington D, Ashkar AA, Wan Y, Workenhe ST, Nelson BH, Bruno TC, Mossman KL. Immune checkpoint blockade in triple negative breast cancer influenced by B cells through myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:859. [PMID: 34253827 PMCID: PMC8275624 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer holds a dismal clinical outcome and as such, patients routinely undergo aggressive, highly toxic treatment regimens. Clinical trials for TNBC employing immune checkpoint blockade in combination with chemotherapy show modest prognostic benefit, but the percentage of patients that respond to treatment is low, and patients often succumb to relapsed disease. Here, we show that a combination immunotherapy platform utilizing low dose chemotherapy (FEC) combined with oncolytic virotherapy (oHSV-1) increases tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, in otherwise immune-bare tumors, allowing 60% of mice to achieve durable tumor regression when treated with immune checkpoint blockade. Whole-tumor RNA sequencing of mice treated with FEC + oHSV-1 shows an upregulation of B cell receptor signaling pathways and depletion of B cells prior to the start of treatment in mice results in complete loss of therapeutic efficacy and expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Additionally, RNA sequencing data shows that FEC + oHSV-1 suppresses genes associated with myeloid-derived suppressor cells, a key population of cells that drive immune escape and mediate therapeutic resistance. These findings highlight the importance of tumor-infiltrating B cells as drivers of antitumor immunity and their potential role in the regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Vito
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Omar Salem
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ian P MacFawn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana L Portillo
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Katy Milne
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Ali A Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brad H Nelson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tullia C Bruno
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karen L Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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7
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Farrukh H, El-Sayes N, Mossman K. Mechanisms of PD-L1 Regulation in Malignant and Virus-Infected Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094893. [PMID: 34063096 PMCID: PMC8124996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), a receptor on T cells, and its ligand, PD-L1, have been a topic of much interest in cancer research. Both tumour and virus-infected cells can upregulate PD-L1 to suppress cytotoxic T-cell killing. Research on the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has led to the development of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) as promising cancer therapies. Although effective in some cancer patients, for many, this form of treatment is ineffective due to a lack of immunogenicity in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Despite the development of therapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, the mechanisms and pathways through which these proteins are regulated are not completely understood. In this review, we discuss the latest research on molecules of inflammation and innate immunity that regulate PD-L1 expression, how its expression is regulated during viral infection, and how it is modulated by different cancer therapies. We also highlight existing research on the development of different combination therapies with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. This information can be used to develop better cancer immunotherapies that take into consideration the pathways involved in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, so these molecules do not reduce their efficacy, which is currently seen with some cancer therapies. This review will also assist in understanding how the TME changes during treatment, which will provide further rationale for combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadia Farrukh
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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8
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Vito A, Rathmann S, Mercanti N, El-Sayes N, Mossman K, Valliant J. Combined Radionuclide Therapy and Immunotherapy for Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4843. [PMID: 34063642 PMCID: PMC8124136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of the disease with poor clinical outcomes and limited therapeutic options. Immune checkpoint blockade (CP) has surged to the forefront of cancer therapies with widespread clinical success in a variety of cancer types. However, the percentage of TNBC patients that benefit from CP as a monotherapy is low, and clinical trials have shown the need for combined therapeutic modalities. Specifically, there has been interest in combining CP therapy with radiation therapy where clinical studies primarily with external beam have suggested their therapeutic synergy, contributing to the development of anti-tumor immunity. Here, we have developed a therapeutic platform combining radionuclide therapy (RT) and immunotherapy utilizing a radiolabeled biomolecule and CP in an E0771 murine TNBC tumor model. Survival studies show that while neither monotherapy is able to improve therapeutic outcomes, the combination of RT + CP extended overall survival. Histologic analysis showed that RT + CP increased necrotic tissue within the tumor and decreased levels of F4/80+ macrophages. Flow cytometry analysis of the peripheral blood also showed that RT + CP suppressed macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressive cells, both of which actively contribute to immune escape and tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Vito
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (A.V.); (N.E.-S.)
| | - Stephanie Rathmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Natalie Mercanti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (A.V.); (N.E.-S.)
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (A.V.); (N.E.-S.)
| | - John Valliant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.M.)
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9
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Banerjee A, El-Sayes N, Budylowski P, Jacob RA, Richard D, Maan H, Aguiar JA, Demian WL, Baid K, D'Agostino MR, Ang JC, Murdza T, Tremblay BJM, Afkhami S, Karimzadeh M, Irving AT, Yip L, Ostrowski M, Hirota JA, Kozak R, Capellini TD, Miller MS, Wang B, Mubareka S, McGeer AJ, McArthur AG, Doxey AC, Mossman K. Experimental and natural evidence of SARS-CoV-2-infection-induced activation of type I interferon responses. iScience 2021; 24:102477. [PMID: 33937724 PMCID: PMC8074517 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are our first line of defense against virus infection. Recent studies have suggested the ability of SARS-CoV-2 proteins to inhibit IFN responses. Emerging data also suggest that timing and extent of IFN production is associated with manifestation of COVID-19 severity. In spite of progress in understanding how SARS-CoV-2 activates antiviral responses, mechanistic studies into wild-type SARS-CoV-2-mediated induction and inhibition of human type I IFN responses are scarce. Here we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a type I IFN response in vitro and in moderate cases of COVID-19. In vitro stimulation of type I IFN expression and signaling in human airway epithelial cells is associated with activation of canonical transcriptions factors, and SARS-CoV-2 is unable to inhibit exogenous induction of these responses. Furthermore, we show that physiological levels of IFNα detected in patients with moderate COVID-19 is sufficient to suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication in human airway cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinjay Banerjee
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Corresponding author
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rajesh Abraham Jacob
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Daniel Richard
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hassaan Maan
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Aguiar
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wael L. Demian
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kaushal Baid
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Michael R. D'Agostino
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jann Catherine Ang
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Tetyana Murdza
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | - Sam Afkhami
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mehran Karimzadeh
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Zhejiang University – University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lily Yip
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, UnityHealth, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Hirota
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Robert Kozak
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Terence D. Capellini
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Matthew S. Miller
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Bo Wang
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Allison J. McGeer
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Andrew G. McArthur
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Andrew C. Doxey
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Corresponding author
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10
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Workenhe ST, Nguyen A, Bakhshinyan D, Wei J, Hare DN, MacNeill KL, Wan Y, Oberst A, Bramson JL, Nasir JA, Vito A, El-Sayes N, Singh SK, McArthur AG, Mossman KL. De novo necroptosis creates an inflammatory environment mediating tumor susceptibility to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Commun Biol 2020; 3:645. [PMID: 33149194 PMCID: PMC7643076 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01362-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies using monoclonal antibodies to block inhibitory checkpoints are showing durable remissions in many types of cancer patients, although the majority of breast cancer patients acquire little benefit. Human melanoma and lung cancer patient studies suggest that immune checkpoint inhibitors are often potent in patients that already have intratumoral T cell infiltrate; although it remains unknown what types of interventions can result in an intratumoral T cell infiltrate in breast cancer. Using non-T cell-inflamed mammary tumors, we assessed what biological processes and downstream inflammation can overcome the barriers to spontaneous T cell priming. Here we show a specific type of combination therapy, consisting of oncolytic virus and chemotherapy, activates necroptosis and limits tumor growth in autochthonous tumors. Combination therapy activates proinflammatory cytokines; intratumoral influx of myeloid cells and cytotoxic T cell infiltrate in locally treated and distant autochthonous tumors to render them susceptible to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Workenhe et al. show in mice that a combination of oncolytic HSV-1 virus and Mitomycin-C activates an inflammatory response, through necroptosis induction, that renders tumours susceptible to immune checkpoint inhibitors. These findings informs on the potential role of necroptosis in immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jiarun Wei
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David N Hare
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly L MacNeill
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jonathan L Bramson
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jalees A Nasir
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssa Vito
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew G McArthur
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,David Braley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecosystem comprised of many different cell types, abnormal vasculature and immunosuppressive cytokines. The irregular growth kinetics with which tumors grow leads to increased oxygen consumption and, in turn, hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia has been associated with poor clinical outcome, increased tumor heterogeneity, emergence of resistant clones and evasion of immune detection. Additionally, hypoxia-driven cell death pathways have traditionally been thought of as tolerogenic processes. However, as researchers working in the field of immunotherapy continue to investigate and unveil new types of immunogenic cell death (ICD), it has become clear that, in some instances, hypoxia may actually induce ICD within a tumor. In this review, we will discuss hypoxia-driven immune escape that drives poor prognostic outcomes, the ability of hypoxia to induce ICD and potential therapeutic targets amongst hypoxia pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Vito
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (A.V.); (N.E.-S.)
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (A.V.); (N.E.-S.)
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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12
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Fergusson DA, Wesch NL, Leung GJ, MacNeil JL, Conic I, Presseau J, Cobey KD, Diallo JS, Auer R, Kimmelman J, Kekre N, El-Sayes N, Krishnan R, Keller BA, Ilkow C, Lalu MM. Assessing the Completeness of Reporting in Preclinical Oncolytic Virus Therapy Studies. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2019; 14:179-187. [PMID: 31276026 PMCID: PMC6586991 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Irreproducibility of preclinical findings could be a significant barrier to the "bench-to-bedside" development of oncolytic viruses (OVs). A contributing factor is the incomplete and non-transparent reporting of study methodology and design. Using the NIH Principles and Guidelines for Reporting Preclinical Research, a core set of seven recommendations, we evaluated the completeness of reporting of preclinical OV studies. We also developed an evidence map identifying the current trends in OV research. A systematic search of MEDLINE and Embase identified all relevant articles published over an 18 month period. We screened 1,554 articles, and 236 met our a priori-defined inclusion criteria. Adenovirus (43%) was the most commonly used viral platform. Frequently investigated cancers included colorectal (14%), skin (12%), and breast (11%). Xenograft implantation (61%) in mice (96%) was the most common animal model. The use of preclinical reporting guidelines was listed in 0.4% of articles. Biological and technical replicates were completely reported in 1% of studies, statistics in 49%, randomization in 1%, blinding in 2%, sample size estimation in 0%, and inclusion/exclusion criteria in 0%. Overall, completeness of reporting in the preclinical OV therapy literature is poor. This may hinder efforts to interpret, replicate, and ultimately translate promising preclinical OV findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A. Fergusson
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, BLUEPRINT Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Neil L. Wesch
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, BLUEPRINT Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Garvin J. Leung
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, BLUEPRINT Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jenna L. MacNeil
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, BLUEPRINT Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Isidora Conic
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, BLUEPRINT Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Justin Presseau
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, BLUEPRINT Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kelly D. Cobey
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rebecca Auer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | | | - Natasha Kekre
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Ramya Krishnan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Brian A. Keller
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Carolina Ilkow
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Manoj M. Lalu
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, BLUEPRINT Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Abstract
Among the many immunotherapies being developed and tested both preclinically and clinically, oncolytic viruses (OVs) are gaining traction as a forerunner in the search for potent new therapeutic agents, with a genetically engineered herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of melanoma. The great potential of OVs to fight cancer is driving different approaches to improve OV-based therapy, with genetic modification of OVs to enhance host antitumor immunity being one of the most promising approaches. In this chapter we describe possible modifications in the OV genome that could increase its antitumor activity and immunostimulatory capacity, together with different methods to achieve these goals. Finally, we present different analyses to verify the desired genetic modification and evaluate its impact on host antitumor immunity in preliminary stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Davola
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssa Vito
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jiarun Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel Workenhe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Louise Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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