Cecal volvulus following appendectomy in a teenage patient: A case report

Patients mimicking appendicitis symptoms in a rural setting or those post-appendectomy, indicating cecal volvulus, should always be considered. Swift action can prevent catastrophic consequences.

Abstract

We present a case of a 14-year-old female who initially underwent open appendectomy for acute appendicitis and subsequently experienced symptoms of abdominal distention, vomiting, and fever. Her condition deteriorated following the appendectomy, despite a prior appendectomy for similar symptoms at a different facility. A computed tomography (CT) scan identified cecal volvulus as the underlying issue. This led to the performance of a laparotomy, cecopexy, and decompressive ileostomy. After six weeks, ileostomy closure was successfully carried out, and the patient currently enjoys good health. This case highlights the significance of considering uncommon factors as potential contributors to postoperative complications in young patients.

COVID 19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infection among Health Care Workers

Background Mass vaccination is considered the primary strategy for reducing the impact of COVID-19, and it has been implemented globally. Objective To study the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection and breakthrough infection among the HCWs who were fully vaccinated for at least 14 days and investigated the relation between neutralizing antibody response and breakthrough infection. Method This study was a retrospective cohort study among health care workers at Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital from December 2021 to October 2022. The interviews with semi structured questionnaire were conducted in person or over phone. Out of 1450 participants 137 fully vaccinated HCWs without breakthrough infection were randomly selected for the prospective serological cohort. Result Out of 1079 participants' majority (51.8%) were of age 25-34 years. Two thirds (66.7%) were females. More than half of participant (54.7%) had infection with SARS-CoV-2 at least once whereas more than one third people (35%) had reported SARS-CoV-2 infection 14 days after receiving full vaccination. Infection after vaccination had less moderate and sever/critical illness and less need for hospitalization as compared to infection before vaccination. Staffs who were directly involved in patient care had higher chance of breakthrough infection compared to those not involved directly in patient care. Those who had prior infection or booster dose had relatively higher antibody level and participants with low level of antibody had higher chance for breakthrough infection (35.3%) than participants with moderate to high level of antibody (11.9%). Conclusion Vaccinations significantly decreased severe diseases and the need for hospitalizations. Breakthrough infection was higher among the health care workers involved in direct patient care and with low level of antibody.

Cross-cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Nepali Version of Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire

Background Revised developmental coordination disorder questionnaire (DCDQ'07) is the best available population-based screening tool to identify developmental coordination disorder and being a parent reported tool, it needs to be available in Nepali language for its application in Nepali population. Objective The objective of this study was to cross-culturally adapt developmental coordination disorder questionnaire into Nepali (DCDQ-NP). The psychometric properties of Nepali version of Developmental coordination disorder questionnaire were established. Method The adaptation was done following Beaton's guideline and the psychometric properties was studied in the community sample of 165 parents of school going children of 5-15 years. Fifty parents were asked to refill the questionnaire after the two weeks period. The study determines internal consistency, test retest reliability, floor and ceiling effect and construct validity. Result Significant cultural adaptation was required to obtain relevant Nepali version. The Nepali version of Developmental coordination disorder questionnaire demonstrates high internal consistency (α = 0.912), excellent test-retest reliability (IC = 0.901) and the floor and ceiling effect were acceptable. Principal component analysis showed three factor structure accounting 62% of variance. Conclusion The developmental coordination disorder questionnaire into Nepali were successfully translated and culturally adapted preserving its original concept. It showed good psychometric properties in a Nepali population. The adapted questionnaire shall be of significance in carry out further research in developmental coordination disorder in Nepal.

Post-tonsillectomy Hemorrhage in Patients Receiving Ketorolac Analgesic

Background Ketorolac, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is thought to have less sedation as well as postoperative nausea and vomiting in comparison to opioids, but with higher risk of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage as reported in some of the literatures. There is no consensus till date in the use of ketorolac in the management of pain following tonsil and adenoid related surgeries. Objective To find out the incidence of hemorrhage following tonsil and adenoid related surgeries in patients receiving ketorolac in postoperative period. Method This is a retrospective chart review of patients undergoing tonsil and adenoid related surgeries who had received ketorolac during April, 2013 to May, 2019 at department of ENT-HNS, Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS), Lalitpur, Nepal. Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage rate was calculated in pediatric and adult patients. Result During the study period, 103 patients (male - 50 and female - 53) received ketorolac in postoperative period. Tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy were performed in 71and 32 patients respectively. Forty-five patients were < 18 years whereas 58 were ≥ 18 years. Most common indication for surgery was recurrent tonsillitis (66/103) followed by adenotonsillar hypertrophy (31/103). Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage was observed in 15 patients; among them, four out 45 were < 18 years and 11 out of 58 ≥ 18 years. All five patients out of 15, who required surgical intervention for post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage, were ≥ 18 years and were operated for recurrent tonsillitis. Rest of the patients (10/15) were managed conservatively. None of the patients required blood transfusion. Conclusion Ketorolac is not associated with increased risk of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage in children and can safely be administered. Whereas in adults, recurrent tonsillitis being the most common indication for tonsillectomy, it should be used cautiously.

Diagnostic yield and repeat biopsies in rectal and nonrectal colorectal adenocarcinoma: Are we hedging on rectal biopsies?

Patients with rectal cancer undergo more repeat biopsies compared to those with nonrectal colon cancer prior to management. We investigated the factors driving the higher frequency of repeat biopsies in patients with rectal cancer. We compared clinicopathologic features of diagnostic and nondiagnostic (in regard to invasion) rectal (n = 64) and colonic (n = 57) biopsies from colorectal cancer patients and characterized corresponding resections. Despite similar diagnostic yield, repeat biopsy was more common in rectal carcinoma, especially in patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy (p < 0.05). The presence of desmoplasia (odds ratio 12.9, p < 0.05) was a strong predictor of making a diagnosis of invasion in both rectal and nonrectal colon cancer biopsies. Diagnostic biopsies had more desmoplasia, intramucosal carcinoma component and marked inflammation, and less low-grade dysplasia component (p < 0.05). Diagnostic yield of biopsy was higher for tumors with high-grade tumor budding, mucosal involvement by high-grade dysplasia/intramucosal carcinoma without low-grade dysplasia and diffuse surface desmoplasia irrespective of tumor location. Sample size, amount of benign tissue, appearance, and T stage did not affect diagnostic yield. Repeat biopsy of rectal cancer is primarily driven by management implications. Diagnostic yield in colorectal cancer biopsies is multifactorial and is not due to differing pathologists' diagnostic approach per tumor site. For rectal tumors, a multidisciplinary strategic approach is warranted to avoid repeat biopsy when unnecessary.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Medical Ethics among Doctors and Nurses in Pokhara Valley, Nepal

Background Medical ethics is defined as the ethical obligations of medical professionals towards their patients, colleagues, and society. The inadequacy and non-uniformity of this topic has been associated with rising cases of professional misconduct and medical negligence all over the world. Objective To assess and compare the status of knowledge, attitude and practice of medical ethics among medical doctors and nurses in three major hospitals of Pokhara valley. Method This was a cross-sectional study conducted from 15th Mar 2018 to 13th Apr 2018; in which 124 doctors and 103 nurses were asked to fill up medical ethics related questionnaire. The data was entered in SPSS file and the association of variables was determined by Chi-square and statistical significance was considered if the p-value < 0.05. Result The study showed that 56.5%, 8.1%, and 13.7% of doctors were aware of the Hippocratic oath, Nuremberg Code, and Helsinki declaration respectively compared to only 1% of nurses. There was a significant difference in opinions on various questions related to medical ethics with p-value < 0.05 in 12 out of 22 questions. Only a few (12.1% doctors vs. 25.2% nurses) stood in support of the physicianassisted dying. Conclusion The study showed that there was inadequate as well as a non-uniform level of knowledge of three major codes of medical ethics and principles related to it which resulted in significant disparity in the attitude and practice of medical ethics among doctors and nurses in Pokhara valley.

Demographics and Awareness of Diabetic Retinopathy among Diabetic Patients Attending Department of Ophthalmology at Dhulikhel Hospital

Background Diabetes mellitus is considered as a major public health concern globally. Poor management of diabetes may lead to several serious complications including endstage renal disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, and cardiovascular complications. Among them diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness in Nepal. Objective To assess the demographics and level of awareness among individuals with diabetes about diabetic retinopathy during their visit to Department of Ophthalmology at Dhulikhel Hospital. Method A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted involving all consecutive cases of diabetes mellitus who attended eye clinic with the principal investigator and co-investigator from March 2021 to August 2021. Detailed demographics of the participants, their level of awareness regarding diabetic retinopathy and associated complications were documented. This was followed by a detailed ocular examination intending to screen for the presence of features of diabetic retinopathy. Result A total of 260 patients with a mean age of 54 years ± 12.20 (range of 24 - 85 years) were included. The male to female ratio was 2.2:1. Among them, 65.4% of the patients had diabetes mellitus for less than 5 years duration. Diabetic retinopathy was found in 18.46% of the cases. Awareness of diabetic ocular complications was significantly higher among literate population (p = 0.054), among those who have positive family history of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.529) and those who had undergone prior fundus evaluation (p = 0.000). Conclusion From result of this study, we can emphasize that there is a necessity for health education in order to increase the awareness and knowledge about diabetic retinopathy to lower the burden of sight threatening complications related with the issue.

Revisiting Strategies for Maternal Health Care in the Face of COVID-19 Pandemic

Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain of coronavirus causing COVID-19, first identified in Wuhan City, China towards the end of 2019. At present, there is no evidence that pregnant women are more likely to be severely ill, need ICU care, or die from the illness in comparison to non-pregnant adults. Evidences suggest that vertical transmission, might be possible. We searched and retrieved the published literature from PubMed and Google Scholar using various keywords. We further searched the official webpages of various organizations for the updated information. Pregnant individuals in particular are encouraged to take all available precautions to optimize health and avoid exposure to COVID-19. Adequate Testing should be prioritized in pregnant women admitted with suspected COVID-19. When a pregnancy is complicated by critical illness, the pregnant patient should ideally be cared for at a Level III or IV hospital. In the face of COVID-19, antenatal fetal surveillance and ultrasonography should continue as medically indicated when possible and elective ultrasound examinations should not be performed. Maternal immunizations continue to be an essential component of prenatal care and Obgyns should screen all pregnant individuals for mental health issues. Although the most commonly reported sign in COVID-19 is fever, nevertheless, other causes of intrapartum fever should not be overlooked. Cesarean delivery should be based on obstetric indications and not COVID-19 status alone. Infants born to patients with known COVID-19 should be considered infants with suspected COVID-19. The suspected or confirmed COVID-19 mother and infant can be allowed to remain together with enhanced precautions and suspected or confirmed maternal COVID-19 is not a contraindication to breastfeeding. If both the mother and the infant are healthy, it may be prudent to expedite discharge, so as to limit the risk of inadvertent exposure and infection. The Ob-gyns should commit to providing necessary care, although modifications to health care delivery approaches may be necessary.

Gaming Disorder among Medical College Students during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown

Background The frequent lockdown in Nepal during COVID-19 pandemic had brought various kinds of complexities such as stress among college students. This situation had created uncertainty of future academic career of undergraduate students in medical colleges. Some previously published literature showed gaming as a coping mechanism against stress. Objective To assess the gaming behavior of Medical college students during lockdown in COVID-19 pandemic. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted during lockdown period of July to August 2020. A total of 412 college students were enrolled. Online Google forms were shared to all the eligible students through email, viber and messenger with the help of class representative. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS version 20.0. Result The prevalence of gaming disorder was 8.5% among 260 internet gaming users. About 69.2% of the participants reported that their gaming behavior had increased due to stress of COVID-19 pandemic. Gender and spending more time online per day showed significant associations with greater scores on the internet gaming disorder. Conclusion During lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic, the gaming behavior of medical college students has increased.

Online Learning in the Face of COVID-19 Pandemic: Assessment of Students' Satisfaction at Chitwan Medical College of Nepal

Background Online learning can play a vital role in the process of teaching and learning during Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, learners' satisfaction is extremely important in effective implementation of the online learning, especially at institutions where it is newly adopted. Objective To assess satisfaction towards online learning and its predictors among students at Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur. Method A web-based cross-sectional survey was undertaken among 434 undergraduate and postgraduate students from various academic programs who had participated in the online classes started during this COVID-19 pandemic. A structured questionnaire consisting of 31 items (5-point Likert scale) covering four major student satisfaction domains (learners' dimensions, technological characteristics, instructors' characteristics and course management and coordination) was distributed to the students using Google Form. Result More than half (53.5%) of the students were satisfied with the online learning, while 29.7% gave neutral views. Bivariate analyses found that all four domains scores were positively correlated with each other as well as with the students' overall satisfaction towards learning. In multivariate analysis, female gender [aOR: 2.72, p = 0.013], WiFi as internet modality for learning [aOR: 3.36, p = 0.001) and learners' dimension score [aOR: 1.27, p<0.001] were the significant predictors of students' satisfaction. Conclusion Although recently adopted, the satisfaction of the students towards online classes appears good, and prioritizing the identified predictors and working on the weak links could assist in enhancing students' satisfaction and better outcomes.

Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) Traceable to Household Fuel Consumption and its Impact on Health

Energy is an essential and obligatory prerequisite of life. Indoor air pollution is one of the biggest environmental problems in the world being specifically concentrated in resource limited settings. Inspite of the availability of cleaner fuel technologies, people in resource limited setting still depend on traditional fuel to meet their basic needs resulting even in premature deaths. In Nepal people in rural areas are the pre-dominant users of biomass fuel, there is limited research focusing on rural areas particularly; women as they spend most of their time in kitchen. Reports were extensively searched for literature using preset keywords in English language peer-reviewed journals databases PubMed and Google Scholar published between the years 2005 to 2020. Citation details were examined, titles and abstracts screened for eligibility and if relevant, full text was also reviewed in greater detail. Findings were then presented primarily under two bold themes: Household fuel consumption: existing theories and evidence; and health impact of indoor air pollution. Several health effects were reported of indoor air pollution including respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrine system disruption and pregnancy complications. These exposures almost double the health risks predominantly among children and women of rural communities as they are directly involved in household activities causing air pollution. Based on our review of evidence, women and children of rural households were the major victims. Further, determinants of household fuel consumption and health effects should be considered while formulating policies in regard to promoting accessibility of clean fuels and reducing household air pollutants.

The effect of metformin in EML4-ALK+ lung cancer alone and in combination with crizotinib in cell and rodent models

Cell based studies have suggested that the diabetes drug metformin may combine with the anaplastic lymphoma kinase receptor (ALK) inhibitor crizotinib to increase ALK positive lung cancer cell killing and overcome crizotinib resistance. We therefore tested metformin alone and in combination with crizotinib in vivo, by employing a xenograft mouse model of ALK positive lung cancer. We found that 14 days of daily oral metformin (100 mg/kg) alone had a moderate but statistically significant effect on tumour growth suppression, but in combination with crizotinib, produced no greater tumour suppression than crizotinib (25 mg/kg) alone. We also reassessed the effect of metformin on EML₄-ALK positive lung cancer (H3122) cell viability. Although metformin alone did have a moderate effect on cell viability (30% suppression) this was only at a clinically irrelevant concentration (5 mM) and there was no additive effect with cytotoxic concentrations of crizotinib. Moreover, metformin did not overcome crizotinib resistance in our resistant cells. Nevertheless, we were able to show that metformin induces a G1-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis alone and in combination with crizotinib. Also, consistent with earlier work, the addition of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to EML₄-ALK positive cancer cells reduced cell killing by crizotinib. We therefore hypothesised that the effect of metformin in vivo was not due to direct cytotoxicity on cancer cells, but by modulation of IGF-1 expression. We therefore measured levels of IGF-1 in plasma taken from mice treated with metformin, but found no difference between the drug treatment and control groups. We further hypothesised that the effect of metformin could be due to modulation of thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1), which metformin has been proposed to regulatein vivo, but again we found no difference between the experimental groups. Finally, we investigated the potential for liver and kidney toxicity, as well as CYP3A based interactions, from the combination of metformin with crizotinib.

Meta-analysis of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing mycotic aneurysms

Background

Mycotic aneurysms are a serious complication of infective endocarditis and bloodstream infection with high mortality and morbidity. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MRI) play major roles in detecting mycotic aneurysms, but their accuracy is not well established warranting this meta-analysis.

Purpose

We aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of CT and MRI for mycotic aneurysms in this meta-analysis.

Methods

Pubmed, Cochrane and Embase were searched from 1 January 1980–30 June 2019 for diagnostic studies reporting both sensitivity and specificity of CT and/or MRI for detecting mycotic aneurysms, and pooled using random effects models and Meta-DiSc 1.4 software.

Results

Amongst 1507 articles searched, 15 studies with 622 scans for 249 mycotic aneurysms included. CT was performed in 13 studies and MRI in 5 studies, looking at aortic and cerebral mycotic aneurysm in 12 and 3 studies respectively. The pooled sensitivities and specificities for all mycotic aneurysms with 95% confidence intervals were for CT 0.82 (0.77–0.87) and 0.93 (0.89–0.95) respectively, and for MRI 0.79 (0.61–0.91) and 0.89 (0.81–0.95) (Figure). CT or MRI had pooled sensitivities and specificities of 0.84 (0.78–0.89) and 0.92 (0.89–0.95) for aortic and 0.71 (0.54–0.85) and 0.90 (0.83–0.95) for cerebral mycotic aneurysms. Heterogeneity and publication bias was observed in some pooled analysis.

Conclusion

CT and MRI had moderately high diagnostic accuracy for mycotic aneurysms. Sensitivity was numerically higher for detecting aortic than cerebral mycotic aneurysms, with similar specificity. Study heterogeneity, publication bias and modest sample size from the literature were important limitations, warranting larger and higher quality studies.

Forrest plots for CT and MRI pooled data

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): National Heart Foundation of New Zealand - Overseas Clinical and Research Fellowship

Diagnostic utility of ultrasonography and computerized tomography in gall bladder perforation: A case report

Gall bladder (GB) perforation can be misdiagnosed as any other more common cause of acute abdomen. We present a case of a 72-year-female who had presented to the emergency department with an acute abdomen. The clinical presentation and the biochemical markers had pointed towards acute pancreatitis. However, the ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen and the pelvis suggested GB perforation which was confirmed by the multislice computerized tomography scan. Following this the patient underwent open cholecystectomy and was successfully managed. The invaluable contributions from the radiological modalities led to the successful management of the patient.

Translation with Cross-cultural Adaptation of Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children into Nepali and its Psychometric Properties

Background Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life questionnaire for children primary caregiver version is the widely used condition specific outcome measure which assesses the wellbeing of the child. It has been translated to many languages and shows excellent psychometric properties. Availability in Nepali would facilitate the use in clinical practice and research in Nepali population. Objective The objective of this study was translation with cross-culturally adaption of Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life questionnaire for children primary caregiver version into Nepali and assess its psychometric properties. Method Cross-cultural adaptation was performed using forward and backward translation protocol. Pretesting was done on six participants to confirm that the original concept was preserved. The Nepali version of questionnaire was administered twice for data collection. The feasibility, sensitivity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability was determined. Result Culturally adapted Nepali version showed good feasibility only the domain "Access to service" had a highest missing score related to use of the special equipment, attending kindergarten and applying for respite care. Floor and ceiling effect were < 15% in all the domains except in few items of "Pain and impact of disability" and "Social well being and acceptance". Test retest reliability (0.82 - 0.91) and internal consistency (0.68 - 0.84) was good. There were weak association of domains with the gross motor functional classification system level. Conclusion Cross-culturally adapted Nepali Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life questionnaire for children primary caregiver was developed. It demonstrates good psychometric properties confirming to assess quality of life of children with Cerebral palsy in Nepal.

Prevalence of Smoking among Medical Students in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Introduction:

Tobacco smoking is one of the most important preventable risk factors for non-communicable diseases. It has been seen that medical students have a higher frequency of smoking compared to the general population. This study aims to determine the prevalence of smoking among third-year medical students in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Nepal.

Methods:

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the hospital’s third-year undergraduate medical students over a four-month period (October 2019 to January 2020). Ethical clearance was received from the Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital. The whole sampling technique was used to collect data. The Global Health Professional Students Survey questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was done in the statistical package for social sciences.

Results:

The prevalence of current smoking among selected medical students of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital is 34 (30.1%), majority male 26 (23%). Fifty-six (49.4%) of them had ever smoked cigarettes in their life, and 27 (23.9%) had their first cigarette in late adolescence. The number of students who used other forms of tobacco was comparatively lower i.e. 6 (5.3%). Many of the students 53 (46.9%) were exposed to second-hand smoke both at home and in public, while 18 (15.9) exposed only at public places, and 6 (5.3%) only at home.

Conclusions:

Our study has concluded that there is a notable prevalence of smoking among the participants. This points to the need for specific training sessions in their clinical years about smoking cessation for themselves and regarding counseling for patients.

Inhibition of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Alone and in Combination with Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) Inhibition Suppresses Tumor Growth in a Mouse Model of ALK-Positive Lung Cancer

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small-cell lung cancer most commonly arises through EML4 (Echinoderm Microtuble Like 4)-ALK chromosomal fusion. We have previously demonstrated that combination of the ALK inhibitor crizotinib with the MEK inhibitor selumetinib was highly effective at reducing cell viability of ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (H3122) cells. In this study, we further investigated the efficacy of crizotinib and selumetinib combination therapy in an in vivo xenograft model of ALK-positive lung cancer. Crizotinib decreased tumor volume by 52% compared with control, and the drug combination reduced tumor growth compared with crizotinib. In addition, MEK inhibition alone reduced tumor growth by 59% compared with control. Crizotinib and selumetinib alone and in combination were nontoxic at the dose of 25 mg/kg, with values for ALT (<80 U/l) and creatinine (<2 mg/dl) within the normal range. Our results support the combined use of crizotinib with selumetinib in ALK-positive lung cancer but raise the possibility that a sufficient dose of an MEK inhibitor alone may be as effective as adding an MEK inhibitor to an ALK inhibitor. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study contains in vivo evidence supporting the use of combination MEK inhibitors in ALK+ lung cancer research, both singularly and in combination with ALK inhibitors. Contrary to previously published reports, our results suggest that it is possible to gain much of the benefit from combination treatment with an MEK inhibitor alone, at a tolerable dose.

Prevalence of Depression among Medical Students of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Introduction:

Depression is one of the major problems encountered by medical students. This may cause a negative effect on cognitive functioning and learning of students resulting in poor health care and service delivery in future. The presence of this major problem is necessary to be evaluated. Enough recent data regarding its prevalence is not available in our country. Thus, the main aim of this study is to find the prevalence of depression among medical students of a tertiary care teaching hospital.

Methods:

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students of a tertiary care teaching hospital over a four-month period (July to October 2019) among undergraduate medical students. Ethical clearance was received from the Institutional Review Committee of the same tertiary teaching hospital. Random sampling technique was used to collect data to meet the calculated sample size. Data analysis was done in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data.

Results:

The prevalence of depression among selected medical students of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital is 59 (27.2%) at 95% Confidence Interval (21.28-33.12%). Thirty (14%) of the participants were mildly depressed, 21 (10%) moderately depressed while 8 (4%) were severely depressed according to Beck's Depression Index II.

Conclusions:

Prevalence of depression among medical students is relatively significant as found in similar studies done in other centres. Thus appropriate programs and strategies should be implemented to avoid depression from causing a negative effect on cognitive functioning and learning of students and create a favorable environment for students to talk about their mental health issues.

A Female with Right-Sided Thoracic Kidney with Bochdalek Hernia: A Case Report

The thoracic kidney is the rarest form of an ectopic kidney that usually present on the left thoraxand twice more common in males. No case has been reported from Nepal and very few cases arereported worldwide. We report a 24 years-old female with right thoracic kidney with Bochdalekhernia diagnosed incidentally. We have included clinico-radiological and surgical findings of thecase with a review of the literature.

Permcath - A Vascular Access for Hemodialysis, Our Experience in Last Two Years

Background The double lumen tunneled catheter (Permcath) is mostly used as an alternative access, not as a temporary access in End Stage Renal Disease patients requiring hemodialysis. If there is no possibility of other access modalities, failed or unable to create native arteriovenous fistula (AVF), Permcath can be a very good alternative. Objective To find the indications, complications and results of Permcath insertion. Method We reviewed the results of 92 Permcath inserted under ultrasound guidance in two different hospitals, 45 in Sahid Dharma Bhakta National Transplant Center (SDNTC), Bhaktapur and 47 in Nidan Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Lalitpur from April 2016 to April 2018 retrospectively. Result We had inserted 55 Permcath (59.78%) in right internal jugular vein (IJV), 25 (27.17%) in left internal jugular vein and 12(13.04%) in femoral vein. In terms of major complications, two (2.17%) patients had profound hypotension, bradycardia and cardiac arrest due to left internal jugular vein tear. Three patients (3.26%) died within a week due to septicemia and 23 patients (25%) died with multiple causes within one year. Of the cases, till now in 39 cases (42.39%) Permcath has been removed. Major reasons of removal of Permcath are post renal transplant in 18 cases (19.57%), Arterio Venous Fistula maturation in 13 cases (14.13%), Infection in six patients (6.52%) and non functioning Permcath in two patients (2.17%). Conclusion Permcath remains a reliable method for short term vascular access, hence can be used as a bridge to renal transplant or arteriovenous fistula maturation.

Next generation sequencing reveals packaging of host RNAs by brome mosaic virus

Although RNA viruses evolved the mechanisms of specific encapsidation, miss-packaging of cellular RNAs has been reported in such RNA virus systems as flock house virus or cucumber necrosis virus. To find out if brome mosaic virus (BMV), a tripartite RNA virus, can package cellular RNAs, BMV was propagated in barley and in Nicotiana benthamiana hosts, purified by cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient ultracentrifugation followed by nuclease treatment to remove any contaminating cellular (host) RNAs. The extracted virion RNA was then sequenced by using next-generation sequencing (NGS RNA-Seq) with the Illumina protocol. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the content of host RNAs ranging from 0.07% for BMV extracted from barley to 0.10% for the virus extracted from N. benthamiana. The viruses from two sources appeared to co-encapsidate different patterns of host-RNAs, including ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), messenger RNAs (mRNAs) but also mitochondrial and plastid RNAs and, interestingly, transposable elements, both transposons and retrotransposons. Our data reveal that BMV virions can carry host RNAs, having a potential to mediate horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in plants.

Prevalence of Malnutrition in a Rural Residential Sanskrit School in Baglung, Nepal

INTRODUCTION

Under-nutrition is a condition in which there is inadequate consumption, poor absorption or excessive loss of nutrients. Nepal still faces high chronic as well as acute under-nutrition in children. The following study was conducted a Sanskrit school in rural Baglung to find the prevalence of malnutrition among the children which could reflect the nutritional status of the community.

METHODS

Out of 60 students admitted to the school, only 43 were present at the time when we collected our data. Weight was measured with a standard weighing scale and standing height with a measuring tape attached to the wall. Data were filled up in proforma, entered in Microsoft Excel 2013 and were analyzed and indicators calculated with SPSS version 20 using WHO Child Growth Reference data for 5-19 years and macros.

RESULTS

Stunting (Z score < -2) was found in 53.5% of the study group and severe stunting (Z score < -3) was found in 25.6%. 12.5% of the 8 children under 10 years in our study had weight-for-age < -2 Z score which indicates underweight. No one was severely underweight. In our study, 2.3% had severe thinness (Z-score < -3), 14% had thinness (Z-score < -2). No one was overweight or obese.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of malnutrition was high among the students of the rural Sanskrit school where the study was conducted.

In vivo dual-delivery of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor through composites prepared by microfluidics for diabetes therapy

Oral delivery of proteins is still a challenge in the pharmaceutical field. Nanoparticles are among the most promising carrier systems for the oral delivery of proteins by increasing their oral bioavailability. However, most of the existent data regarding nanosystems for oral protein delivery is from in vitro studies, lacking in vivo experiments to evaluate the efficacy of these systems. Herein, a multifunctional composite system, tailored by droplet microfluidics, was used for dual delivery of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (iDPP4) in vivo. Oral delivery of GLP-1 with nano- or micro-systems has been studied before, but the simultaneous nanodelivery of GLP-1 with iDPP4 is a novel strategy presented here. The type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model, induced through the combined administration of streptozotocin and nicotinamide, a non-obese model of T2DM, was used. The combination of both drugs resulted in an increase in the hypoglycemic effects in a sustained, but prolonged manner, where the iDPP4 improved the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-1. Four hours after the oral administration of the system, blood glucose levels were decreased by 44%, and were constant for another 4 h, representing half of the glucose area under the curve when compared to the control. An enhancement of the plasmatic insulin levels was also observed 6 h after the oral administration of the dual-drug composite system and, although no statistically significant differences existed, the amount of pancreatic insulin was also higher. These are promising results for the oral delivery of GLP-1 to be pursued further in a chronic diabetic model study.

Choices, Shift and Continuation of Temporary Contraceptive Methods among Women of Reproductive age in Western Development Region of Nepal

Aims: Global family planning programs have been in existence in the developing world. Modern techniques of temporary contraceptives have been proved to be useful tool for limiting births. This study is intended to identify the use pattern, associated factors with the choice, shift and continuity of temporary methods of contraception.Methods: This is descriptive cross-sectional study, incorporating qualitative aspects. Out of sixteen districts six were selected proportionately by using simple random methods from each ecological zone of the Western Development Regions, Nepal. Focus group discussion was accomplished among the different level family planning service providers.Results: User of Depo-Provera and pills were seen more in comparison to other temporary contraceptive. There are different reasons behind choosing of temporary contraceptive method such as Pills make regularity in menstruation, Norplant is useful for prolonged period, Depo-Provera is useful for three months and confidently used for a long time without any risk, motivation by friends/relatives. Reasons in changing the contraceptives includes associated side effects, lack of availability, irregularity in menstruation, choosing the another best method, excessive bleeding, difficult to use, pressure from family and husband to give birth, misunderstanding and stress in the family, traditional belief and lack of education.Conclusions: For proper choice of modern contraceptive methods promotion, education and knowledge about associated factors related to use of these method is needed. Continuous information on contraceptives focusing particularly on the side effects and trained health care providers are essential. 

Knowledge and Preventive Practices related to Avian Influenza among Poultry Workers of Kamalamai Municipality, Sindhuli, Nepal

BACKGROUND

Avian influenza (AI) is currently a threat to global health. Prevention and control of AI depends on the knowledge and preventive practices of the poultry workers as well as of general population. This study aims to assess knowledge and preventive practices related to AI among poultry workers.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study was carried out among poultry workers of Kamalamai Municipality, Sindhuli. Data was collected from randomly selected 122 respondents through face-to-face interview. The collected data was entered in Epi-data version 3.1 and analyzed in terms of descriptive statistics (proportion, 95% CI, mean and standard deviation) by using SPSS, version 20. A scoring system was used to assess knowledge and preventive practices.

RESULTS

Out of total, 93.4% (95% CI, 87.6- 96.6%) of the respondents had heard about AI. More than half (54.9%) of the respondents had poor knowledge on AI. Only 5.3% of respondents had good preventive practice against AI. 30.3% respondents had good knowledge and good practice and 24.6% had poor knowledge as well as poor practice. 20.5% of the respondents had good practice but poor knowledge, whereas, 24.6% had good knowledge but poor practice towards prevention.

CONCLUSIONS

The knowledge and practice of AI among poultry workers were low. The groups should be targeted for appropriate intervention based on whether they lack knowledge or practice or both.

Microbiological and Clinical Profile of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates in Kathmandu University Hospital

BACKGROUND

Treatment of patients infected by multidrug resistant bacteria is a major challenge. Immunocompromised status, prolonged hospital stay, malignancy, diabetes are some of the risk factors for emergence of multidrug resistance. Our study focused on microbiological and clinical profile of multidrug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study conducted between June 2014-May 2015 in Kathmandu University Hospital. Urine sample from outpatients and inpatients from which Escherichia coli isolated was included. Specimen collection, culture, identification tests were done following guidelines given by American Society for Microbiology.

RESULTS

Total number of urine samples received during the study were 3,554. Escherichia coli isolates were 645(18.14%) and 245(37.98%) were Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producer. Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producers were found more among inpatients 148(60.41%) [p<0.001], patients with underlying urological abnormalities 38 (15.51%) [p=0.0039], pregnant ladies 46(18.77%) [p=0.0028], diabetic patients 27 (11.02%) [p=0.0084], patients who received prior antibiotic therapy 155 (63.26%) [p=0.0043] than Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase non-producer. Malignancy was seen more among Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producer having patients 5 (2.04%) [p=0.031] and all these isolates were more resistant to fluoroquinolones 168(68.57%), Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 239 (97.55%) [p=0.0633], aminoglycosides [p=0.0001] but only 2(0.80%) were resistant to carbapenems.

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetes, pregnancy, malignancy, prior antibiotic therapy, underlying urological abnormalities were found associated with emergence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producer in urine samples. Proper antibiotic usage may help to overcome the problem of emergence of antibiotic resistance.

Assessment of knowledge and practice of community pharmacy personnel on diabetes mellitus management in Kathmandu district: a cross sectional descriptive study

Background

Pharmacists are the most reachable healthcare professionals to many chronically ill patients. It has been found that pharmacists see patients with diabetes up to five times more often than any other healthcare provider. Therefore, to provide quality health care to patients it is important that they have appropriate knowledge and practice on diabetes mellitus management. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practice of diabetes mellitus management among community pharmacy personnel involved in retail community pharmacies of Kathmandu.

Methods

Three hundred and fifteen community pharmacies, selected by systematic random sampling were surveyed by using pre-validated self-administered questionnaires. The first set of questionnaire evaluated the community pharmacy personnel’s diabetes knowledge based on a pre-validated 20-item questionnaire. The second set of questionnaire documented about the practice of community pharmacy personnel on diabetes mellitus management which contained 22 questions. Data was entered in EPI Data and analyzed by using SPSS version 20.

Results

This survey demonstrated that 76.5 % respondents had poor knowledge and 86.4 % had negative practice on diabetes mellitus (DM) management. Only 26.2 % respondents had good knowledge as well as good practice. 31.4 % of respondents had poor knowledge as well as poor practice on DM management.

Conclusions

Laws and regulations regarding community pharmacy personnel need to be implemented. There should be more advanced and experiment based training. Additionally, the provision for further education curriculum in pharmacy education should be implemented which should intensively include disease and proper management. Guidelines covering diabetes care should be distributed and implemented throughout community pharmacies.

Bacteriological Profile of Neonatal Sepsis in Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit of Central Paediatric Referral Hospital in Nepal

BACKGROUND

Sepsis is one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Because of difference in local epidemiology and possible variation with time, regular monitoring and updates on pathogen and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern is important for prevention and treatment.

METHODS

A retrospective descriptive study was carried out among cases of neonatal sepsis admitted in neonatal intermediate care unit of Kanti Children's hospital from August 2014 to August 2015. The data was collected from medical records of neonatal intermediate care unit and microbiology department and analyzed using SPSS version 20.

RESULTS

There were 644 admissions, among which 210 (32%)were suspected of having neonatal sepsis. Thirty(14%) of the suspected cases had positive blood culture. Proportions of late and early onset were 25 (83.3%) and 5(17.7%) respectively.In blood culture Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism(80%),followed by Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (6.66%), Acinetobacter (6.66%), Enterobacter species(3.33%) and Morgonellamorgoni (3.33.5%).Gram positive organisms were isolated in all cases of early onset sepsis and in 84% of late onset sepsis. Most of the isolated organisms showed sensitivity to amikacin, cloxacillin, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin.

CONCLUSIONS

This study has indicated possible emergence of Staphylococcus aureus as the dominant cause of neonatal sepsis. Cloxacillin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin have high proportion of efficacy against the commonly isolated bacteria in neonatal sepsis.

Association of Maternal Factors with Low Birth Weight in Selected Hospitals of Nepal

BACKGROUND

The high prevalence of low birth weight remains a major public health problem around the world. Nepal has prevalence of it as high as 21%. Because of poor dietary intake, majorities of Nepalese women have low body mass index and are anaemic that results in poor pregnancy outcome.

METHODS

This hospital based case-control study was carried out in four hospitals of Nepal from August 2012 to September 2013. It sought the association of factors to low birth weight like maternal height, weight, and body mass index, food intake, past history of low birth weight, and preterm delivery. Total sample of 1533 were taken, among them 511 were cases and 1022 were controls.

RESULTS

Total of 1533 mothers were interviewed across four hospitals. The study revealed mean height, weight and body mass index of mothers were 150cm (SD:6.6), 49kg (SD:6.8), and 21.5kg/m (SD:3) respectively. On crude odds analysis, mothers with height <145cm had 1.5 times (CI:1.1-2.1), weight <45kg had 2.4 times (CI:1.9-3.1), body mass index <18.5kg/m 2 2 had 2.2 times (CI:1.6-2.9), food taken <2 times had 2 times (CI:1.4-2.9) higher chance of delivering low birth weight babies respectively. On adjusted OR analysis, height <145cm (AOR=0.5, CI:0.3-0.9); weight <45kg (AOR=0.5, CI:0.3-1.0) history of low birth weight (AOR=5.1, CI:2.1-12.8) were associated to current low birth weight.

CONCLUSIONS

The study concluded that the chances of delivering low birth weight were higher among mothers who are thin, short, low body mass index, less food intake, had history on low birth weight and preterm birth. Among them, a past history on low birth weight was the strongest predictor in this study.

Community Based Nutrition Education for Promoting Nutritional Status of Children under Three Years of Age in Rural Areas of Mahottari District of Nepal

Introduction: Maternal and child mortality have declined significantly in Nepal to the extent that Nepal is on track to meet the Millennium Development Goals for maternal and child mortality. Similar improvements have not been seen in general nutrition status of them. Objective of this study was to evaluate a nutrition-education intervention designed to improve nutritional status (reduce stunting, wasting and underweight) of children. Materials and Methods: It was an intervention with separate sample pretest posttest design. Two groups of Village Development Committee (VDC) from Mahottari district were recruited as interventional and control areas. The intervention was a 12-months nutrition education program and comprised of twelve times with 2-3 hour nutrition lectures and discussion classless conducted by the Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHVs). Results: The Present study found that number of underweight children increased by 7.6% in control group while it decreased by 17.7% in intervention group from baseline to endline in both groups. So, intervention programme was able to decrease the number of underweight children significantly. Study shows that wasting status of children increased by 11.4% in control group from baseline to endline period. While in intervention group wasting status of children decreased by more than 5% from baseline to endline period. Conclusion: Nutrition education intervention was effective to reduce wasting and underweight but did not reduce the stunting status of children. Stunting reflects failure to receive adequate nutrition over a long period of time and is affected by recurrent and chronic illness. Findings suggested that nutrition programme of longer duration should be implemented to control the stunting status of children. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v34i3.10286   J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2014;34(3):181-187

Anaesthetic Management of Patients with Takayasu's Arteritis for Open Cholecystectomy

Takayasu's arteritis is a well known yet rare form of large vessel vasculitis.1 This inflammatory disease often affects the ascending aorta and aortic arch, causing obstruction of the aorta and its major arteries.2 Anaesthetic management for these patients is complicated by severe hypertension, end-organ dysfunction, stenosis of major blood vessles and difficulties in monitoring blood pressure.1 We present two patients who underwent open cholecystectomy under neuraxial anaesthesia. We have discussed about various perioperative issues and their management.

Occurrence of dental caries in primary and permanent dentition, oral health status and treatment needs among 12-15 year old school children of Jorpati VDC, Kathmandu

Dental caries occurrence, distribution, oral health status and corresponding treatment needs in 12 - 15 year old children are useful tools for evaluation of oral health. Dental caries status along with its treatment needs was recorded according to World Health Organization (WHO) index (1997) in 366 children from five schools within Jorpati Village Development Committee (VDC), Kathmandu. Dental caries was diagnosed in 156 (42.6%) children, out of which 122 (78.21%) had caries in permanent teeth, 26 (16.67%) had caries in primary teeth, and 8 (5.13%) had caries in both dentition. The age wise distribution of dental caries showed the highest prevalence among 12 year old students (23.8%) and the lowest among 15 year olds (3.8%). Among the female students (177), 43.5% showed presence of dental caries, while the prevalence among male students (179) was 41.8%.Out of the total number of teeth affected by dental caries (336), 273 (81.25%) were permanent teeth and 63 (18.75%) were primary teeth. The intra arch distribution of dental caries in permanent as well as primary dentition was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Restorative treatment (89.38%) was the main need in permanent dentition, and endodontic treatment (60.32%) in primary dentition. Chronologic enamel hypoplasia was found in 14 (3.83%) of the total population, and 62 (16.94%) required oral prophylaxis. These findings are significant as they can initiate further research in this area, which may help establish reliable baseline data for implementation of preventive oral health programs.

Health status and related behavior of children in a private and a public school of a village in Kathmandu district

Children spend around 25% of their time of 260 days in a year in school. Hence early detection of abnormalities in health enables timely corrective measures to be taken. A descriptive study related to health of primary class students was carried out from June to September 2013 in a village which lies inside Kathmandu valley. Health status and related behavior was assessed in 69 students from a public school and 125 students from a private school who belonged to class 1 to 5. The results did not show significant difference between the variables in private and public school.

Clinico-epidemiological characteristics of central retinal vein occlusion in a tertiary level eye care center of Nepal

BACKGROUND

Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is one of the common retinal disorders causing severe visual impairment.

OBJECTIVE

To study the clinical profile, risk factors and visual outcome in central retinal vein occlusion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seventy-four eyes of 74 patients with central retinal vein occlusion were retrospectively enrolled during the period of one year. All the patients in the study were classified with regard to their ischemic status into two groups, ischemic CRVO and non-ischemic CRVO. The demographic pattern of the patients was recorded. The other parameters studied were visual acuity, history of glaucoma, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. The patients were followed up at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after treatment.

RESULTS

The majority of the patients (n = 49, 66.2 %) had the ischemic type of CRVO, whereas, 25 (33.8 %) of them had the non-ischemic type. The CRVO was more commonly observed in males in both the groups. Hypertension was the most common risk factor associated with CRVO. The visual improvement was significantly better in non-ischemic CRVO (RR = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.01 - 0.31, p = 0.000).

CONCLUSION

The CRVO was more common in males than in females. It was associated with systemic hypertension. The ischemic type of the CRVO was more prevalent than the non-ischemic one in this study. Visual outcome was better in the non-ischemic CRVO.

Implementation status of self-assessment/peer-group discussion program: a bottom-up approach of monitoring/supervision in improving quality of health services

BACKGROUND

Monitoring/supervision is an essential component for improving the quality of health services including rational use of medicines. A new bottom-up approach of monitoring/supervision consisting of self-assessment/ peer-group discussion was found to be effective in improving prescribing practices. The new strategy significantly improved the prescribing practices based on standard treatment guidelines. The government has implemented it as a Program in primary health care services of Nepal. This article aims to share the implementation status of the self-assessment/peer-group discussion Program for improving the prescribing practices of common health problems and availability of drugs in the district health system.

METHODS

Concurrent mixed research design was applied for data collection. The data were collected at different levels of health care system using in-depth interviews, participatory observations and documentary analysis.

RESULTS

The Management Division, Department of Health Services implemented the Program in 2009-10 and the PHC Revitalization Division, DoHs is the implementation division since 2010-11. The Program comprised revision of participant's and trainer's manuals, training of trainers and prescribers, finalisation of health conditions and indicators, distribution of carbon copy prescription pads, and conduction of peer-group discussions.The Program was implemented in number of districts.

CONCLUSIONS

The government made the policy decision to implement the Program for monitoring prescribing practices and the availability of free drugs in districts. However, it has covered only few districts and needs escalation to cover all 75 districts of the country.

Toxic shock syndrome following inguinal hernia repair: a rare condition

A 25-year-old man developed fulminant multisystem failure 28 hours after elective repair of an inguinal hernia. Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) was diagnosed. The patient recovered fully with supportive care in ICU, antibiotics, and IV human immunoglobin . To the best of our knowledge, only one case of TSS following inguinal hernia repair have ever been previously published. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2013, Vol-9, No-2, 57-59 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v9i2.9689

Normal Echocardiographic Parameters of Healthy Adult Individuals working in National Heart Centre

Background Studies evaluating potential differences in normal cardiac dimensions and body mass indices of various ethnic populations using 2D echocardiography have reported variations based on gender and ethnicity. Currently, accepted echocardiographic reference values are from US studies, and the limited information is available on Nepalese population. The purpose of this study was to derive population-based reference values for two-dimensional (2D) guided M-mode echocardiographic dimensions and left ventricular mass of adult Nepalese that can be applied in epidemiologic studies, clinical trials and clinical practice. Methods 97 individuals were randomly selected, out of 502 staffs working in our hospital, who were over 18 years of age and were free of cardiovascular disease. Subjects underwent M-mode and 2D echocardiogram with color Doppler study. Reference values were derived for end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular internal dimensions, left ventricular wall thickness, left atrial dimension, aorta, LV mass. Measurements were described by mean, standard deviation and 95% reference range. Results Echocardiographic measurements were within standard normal limits. The measurements of aorta, left atrium, inter-ventricular septum, left ventricle in systole and diastole, left posterior wall and left ventricular mass, adjusted or not for body surface area, were significantly higher in males. Several echocardiographic measurements, adjusted or not for anthropometric measurements, had different mean and range than the reference limits in US-based studies. Conclusion The means and range for the measurements of left atrium volume, left ventricular diastolic dimension and left ventricular mass found in this survey were lower than those indicated by the international literature and accepted as normal limits. The results of this study strongly indicate the need for a larger scale study to further establish ethnic-specific and gender-specific echocardiographic reference values for the Nepalese population. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v9i1.8339 Nepalese Heart Journal Vol.9(1) 2012 pp.3-6

Improving private drug sellers' practices for managing common health problems in Nepal

BACKGROUND

In most Asian countries, 50 - 90% of pharmaceutical sales are made in private drug outlets, by personnel with some training in drugs but not for the treatment of common health problems. The objective of the study was to determine effects of focused training for private drug sellers to improve practices in treating acute respiratory infections and diarrhoea in children, and anaemia in pregnancy in Nepal.

METHODS

Randomized controlled, four way nested design study incorporating four interventions for drug retailers in both hill and terai districts. One group received mailed printed educational materials followed by mailed feedback; a second received small group training followed by feedback; a third received small group training only; and a fourth, the control group, received no intervention. Surrogate customer method was used to assess practices. Outcomes were measured using multivariate linear regression.

RESULTS

A significant increase in the asking of key history questions, recommendation ( prescribing by drug retailers) of cotrimoxazole, and advice-giving for pneumonia; a significant increase in ORS recommendation, and advice giving for diarrhoea including the avoidance of antidiarrhoeals; and a significant increase in asking key history questions and recommending appropriate products in pregnancy cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Training intervention as well as training followed by practice feedback was effective in improving the management of common illnesses and pregnancy by private drug sellers.

Changes in expression of c-Fos protein following cocaine-cue extinction learning

Extinguishing abnormally strengthened learned responses to cues associated with drugs of abuse remains a key tactic for alleviating addiction. To assist in developing pharmacotherapies to augment exposure therapy for relapse prevention, investigation into neurobiological underpinnings of drug-cue extinction learning is needed. We used regional analyses of c-Fos and GluR2 protein expression to delineate neural activity and plasticity that may be associated with cocaine-cue extinction learning. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine paired with a light cue, and later underwent a single 2h extinction session for which cocaine was withheld but response-contingent cues were presented (cocaine-cue extinction). Control groups consisted of rats yoked to animals self-administering cocaine and receiving saline non-contingently followed by an extinction session, or rats trained to self-administer cocaine followed by a no-extinction session for which levers were retracted, and cocaine and cues were withheld. Among 11 brain sites examined, extinction training increased c-Fos expression in basolateral amygdala and prelimbic prefrontal cortex of cocaine-cue extinguished rats relative to both control conditions. In dorsal subiculum and infralimbic prefrontal cortex, extinction training increased c-Fos expression in both cocaine-cue and saline-cue extinguished rats relative to the no-extinction control condition. GluR2 protein expression was not altered in any site examined after extinction or control training. Findings suggest that basolateral amygdala and prelimbic prefrontal cortex neurons are activated during acquisition of cocaine-cue extinction learning, a process that is independent of changes in GluR2 abundance. Other sites are implicated in processing the significance of cues that are present early in extinction training.

Risk factors associated with low birth weight

BACKGROUND

Babies with a birth weight of less than 2500 grams, irrespective of the period of their gestation are termed as Low Birth Weight (LBW) babies. Despite consistent efforts to improve the quality of maternal and child health, more than twenty million low birth-weight (LBW) babies are born every year throughout the world. Though, the health situation of Nepal has improved substantially over the years, the low birth-weight (LBW) rate still high. The present study was to explore the effects of various maternal risk factors associated with low birth-weight of institutionally delivered newborns.

METHODS

A cross sectional hospital based study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology ward of Janakpur Zonal Hospital, Janakpur, Nepal from December 2009 to January 2010. Altogether 306 respondents were taken and respondents were mothers who have delivered newborns in hospital.

RESULTS

A total of 1426 birth occurred during the study period (December 2009 to January 2010), of which 306 met the study criteria. Among which 66 (21.56%) were low birth weight (LBW) and 240 were normal birth weight (NBW). Overall mean birth weight was found to be 2.75 ± 0.639 kg. Out of total 21.56% newborns were weighing less than 2.50 kg and mean birth weight was 1.96 ± 0.409 kg. The study also shows that majority 73 (86%) of the research centers didn't start the research yet.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that there are several factors interplaying which lead to LBW babies. Socio-demographic factors (maternal age, educational level and economic status) and antenatal care are more important.