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Kumakura N, Singkaravanit-Ogawa S, Gan P, Tsushima A, Ishihama N, Watanabe S, Seo M, Iwasaki S, Narusaka M, Narusaka Y, Takano Y, Shirasu K. Guanosine-specific single-stranded ribonuclease effectors of a phytopathogenic fungus potentiate host immune responses. New Phytol 2024; 242:170-191. [PMID: 38348532 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Plants activate immunity upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Although phytopathogens have evolved a set of effector proteins to counteract plant immunity, some effectors are perceived by hosts and induce immune responses. Here, we show that two secreted ribonuclease effectors, SRN1 and SRN2, encoded in a phytopathogenic fungus, Colletotrichum orbiculare, induce cell death in a signal peptide- and catalytic residue-dependent manner, when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. The pervasive presence of SRN genes across Colletotrichum species suggested the conserved roles. Using a transient gene expression system in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), an original host of C. orbiculare, we show that SRN1 and SRN2 potentiate host pattern-triggered immunity responses. Consistent with this, C. orbiculare SRN1 and SRN2 deletion mutants exhibited increased virulence on the host. In vitro analysis revealed that SRN1 specifically cleaves single-stranded RNAs at guanosine, leaving a 3'-end phosphate. Importantly, the potentiation of C. sativus responses by SRN1 and SRN2, present in the apoplast, depends on ribonuclease catalytic residues. We propose that the pathogen-derived apoplastic guanosine-specific single-stranded endoribonucleases lead to immunity potentiation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Kumakura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Pamela Gan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ayako Tsushima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ishihama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Watanabe
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwasaki
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Kaga, Okayama, 716-1241, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Kaga, Okayama, 716-1241, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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2
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Ishii T, Tsuchida N, Hemelda NM, Saito K, Bao J, Watanabe M, Toyoda A, Matsubara T, Sato M, Toyooka K, Ishihama N, Shirasu K, Matsui H, Toyoda K, Ichinose Y, Hayashi T, Kawaguchi A, Noutoshi Y. Rhizoviticin is an alphaproteobacterial tailocin that mediates biocontrol of grapevine crown gall disease. ISME J 2024; 18:wrad003. [PMID: 38365227 PMCID: PMC10811719 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Tailocins are headless phage tail structures that mediate interbacterial antagonism. Although the prototypical tailocins, R- and F-pyocins, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other predominantly R-type tailocins have been studied, their presence in Alphaproteobacteria remains unexplored. Here, we report the first alphaproteobacterial F-type tailocin, named rhizoviticin, as a determinant of the biocontrol activity of Allorhizobium vitis VAR03-1 against crown gall. Rhizoviticin is encoded by a chimeric prophage genome, one providing transcriptional regulators and the other contributing to tail formation and cell lysis, but lacking head formation genes. The rhizoviticin genome retains a nearly intact early phage region containing an integrase remnant and replication-related genes critical for downstream gene transcription, suggesting an ongoing transition of this locus from a prophage to a tailocin-coding region. Rhizoviticin is responsible for the most antagonistic activity in VAR03-1 culture supernatant against pathogenic A. vitis strain, and rhizoviticin deficiency resulted in a significant reduction in the antitumorigenic activity in planta. We identified the rhizoviticin-coding locus in eight additional A. vitis strains from diverse geographical locations, highlighting a unique survival strategy of certain Rhizobiales bacteria in the rhizosphere. These findings advance our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of tailocins and provide a scientific foundation for employing rhizoviticin-producing strains in plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishii
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Natsuki Tsuchida
- Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Present address: Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Niarsi Merry Hemelda
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Biology, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Kirara Saito
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Present address: Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki 885-0091, Japan
| | - Jiyuan Bao
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Megumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takehiro Matsubara
- Okayama University Hospital Biobank, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, Technology Platform Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, Technology Platform Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ishihama
- Plant Immunity Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Plant Immunity Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Toyoda
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Ichinose
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Kawaguchi
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center (WARC), National Agricultural and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fukuyama, Hiroshima 721-8514, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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3
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Yonehara K, Kumakura N, Motoyama T, Ishihama N, Dallery J, O'Connell R, Shirasu K. Efficient multiple gene knockout in Colletotrichum higginsianum via CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and URA3-based marker recycling. Mol Plant Pathol 2023; 24:1451-1464. [PMID: 37522511 PMCID: PMC10576178 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic pathogen that causes anthracnose disease on crucifer hosts, including Arabidopsis thaliana. Despite the availability of genomic and transcriptomic information and the ability to transform both organisms, identifying C. higginsianum genes involved in virulence has been challenging due to recalcitrance to gene targeting and redundancy of virulence factors. To overcome these obstacles, we developed an efficient method for multiple gene disruption in C. higginsianum by combining CRISPR/Cas9 and a URA3-based marker recycling system. Our method significantly increased the efficiency of gene knockout via homologous recombination by introducing genomic DNA double-strand breaks. We demonstrated the applicability of the URA3-based marker recycling system for multiple gene targeting in the same strain. Using our technology, we successfully targeted two melanin biosynthesis genes, SCD1 and PKS1, which resulted in deficiency in melanization and loss of pathogenicity in the mutants. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods in analysing virulence factors in C. higginsianum, thus accelerating research on plant-fungus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuma Yonehara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohamaJapan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohamaJapan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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4
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Kato H, Nemoto K, Shimizu M, Abe A, Asai S, Ishihama N, Matsuoka S, Daimon T, Ojika M, Kawakita K, Onai K, Shirasu K, Yoshida M, Ishiura M, Takemoto D, Takano Y, Terauchi R. Recognition of pathogen-derived sphingolipids in Arabidopsis. Science 2022; 376:857-860. [PMID: 35587979 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In plants, many invading microbial pathogens are recognized by cell-surface pattern recognition receptors, which induce defense responses. Here, we show that the ceramide Phytophthora infestans-ceramide D (Pi-Cer D) from the plant pathogenic oomycete P. infestans triggers defense responses in Arabidopsis. Pi-Cer D is cleaved by an Arabidopsis apoplastic ceramidase, NEUTRAL CERAMIDASE 2 (NCER2), and the resulting 9-methyl-branched sphingoid base is recognized by a plasma membrane lectin receptor-like kinase, RESISTANT TO DFPM-INHIBITION OF ABSCISIC ACID SIGNALING 2 (RDA2). 9-Methyl-branched sphingoid base is specific to microbes and induces plant immune responses by physically interacting with RDA2. Loss of RDA2 or NCER2 function compromised Arabidopsis resistance against an oomycete pathogen. Thus, we elucidated the recognition mechanisms of pathogen-derived lipid molecules in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - K Nemoto
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami 024-0003, Japan
| | - M Shimizu
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami 024-0003, Japan
| | - A Abe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami 024-0003, Japan
| | - S Asai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - N Ishihama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - S Matsuoka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Daimon
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - M Ojika
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - K Kawakita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - K Onai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - K Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - M Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako 351-0198, Japan.,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - M Ishiura
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - D Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Y Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - R Terauchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami 024-0003, Japan
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5
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Ishihama N, Laohavisit A, Takizawa K, Shirasu K. Apoplastic Expression of CARD1-ecto Domain in Nicotiana benthamiana and Purification from the Apoplastic Fluids. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4387. [PMID: 35800094 PMCID: PMC9081474 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein expression and purification process is an essential initial step for biochemical analysis of a protein of interest. Traditionally, heterologous protein expression systems (such as E. coli, yeast, insect cells, and cell-free) are employed for plant protein expression, although a plant expression system is often desirable for plant proteins, to ensure proper post-translational modifications. Here, we describe a method to express and purify the ectodomain of one of the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase called CARD1/HPCA1, from Nicotiana benthamiana apoplastic fluid. First, we express His-tagged CARD1 ectodomain in the apoplastic space of N. benthamiana by the Agroinfiltration method. Then, we collect apoplastic fluids from the leaves and purify the His-tagged protein by Ni2+-affinity chromatography. In addition to plant-specific post-translational modifications, protein accumulated in the plant apoplastic space, rather than in the cytosolic space, should be kept under an oxidizing environment. Such an environment will help to maintain the property of intrinsic disulfide bonds in the protein of interest. Further, purification from the apoplastic fluids, rather than the total protein extract, will significantly reduce contaminants (for instance RuBisCO) during protein extraction, and simplify downstream processes. We envisage that our system will be useful for expressing various plant proteins, particularly the apoplastic or extracellular regions of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaori Takizawa
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
,Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
,
*For correspondence:
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6
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Ishihama N, Choi SW, Noutoshi Y, Saska I, Asai S, Takizawa K, He SY, Osada H, Shirasu K. Oxicam-type non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit NPR1-mediated salicylic acid pathway. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7303. [PMID: 34911942 PMCID: PMC8674334 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27489-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including salicylic acid (SA), target mammalian cyclooxygenases. In plants, SA is a defense hormone that regulates NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1), the master transcriptional regulator of immunity-related genes. We identify that the oxicam-type NSAIDs tenoxicam (TNX), meloxicam, and piroxicam, but not other types of NSAIDs, exhibit an inhibitory effect on immunity to bacteria and SA-dependent plant immune response. TNX treatment decreases NPR1 levels, independently from the proposed SA receptors NPR3 and NPR4. Instead, TNX induces oxidation of cytosolic redox status, which is also affected by SA and regulates NPR1 homeostasis. A cysteine labeling assay reveals that cysteine residues in NPR1 can be oxidized in vitro, leading to disulfide-bridged oligomerization of NPR1, but not in vivo regardless of SA or TNX treatment. Therefore, this study indicates that oxicam inhibits NPR1-mediated SA signaling without affecting the redox status of NPR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ishihama
- Plant Immunity Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Seung-Won Choi
- Plant Immunity Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ivana Saska
- Plant Immunity Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shuta Asai
- Plant Immunity Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kaori Takizawa
- Plant Immunity Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Plant Immunity Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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7
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Laohavisit A, Wakatake T, Ishihama N, Mulvey H, Takizawa K, Suzuki T, Shirasu K. Quinone perception in plants via leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases. Nature 2020; 587:92-97. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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8
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Nakano RT, Ishihama N, Wang Y, Takagi J, Uemura T, Schulze-Lefert P, Nakagami H. Apoplastic Fluid Preparation from Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves Upon Interaction with a Nonadapted Powdery Mildew Pathogen. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2139:79-88. [PMID: 32462579 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0528-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in the extracellular space (apoplast) play a crucial role at the interface between plant cells and their proximal environment. Consequently, it is not surprising that plants actively control the apoplastic proteomic profile in response to biotic and abiotic cues. Comparative quantitative proteomics of plant apoplastic fluids is therefore of general interest in plant physiology. We here describe an efficient method to isolate apoplastic fluids from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves inoculated with a nonadapted powdery mildew pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Thomas Nakano
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junpei Takagi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
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9
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Adachi H, Ishihama N, Nakano T, Yoshioka M, Yoshioka H. Nicotiana benthamiana MAPK-WRKY pathway confers resistance to a necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Plant Signal Behav 2016; 11:e1183085. [PMID: 27191816 PMCID: PMC4973789 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1183085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
MEK2-SIPK/WIPK cascade, a Nicotiana benthamiana mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, is an essential signaling pathway for plant immunity and involved in hypersensitive response (HR) accompanied by cell death. WRKY transcription factors as substrates of SIPK and WIPK have been isolated and implicated in HR cell death. Here, we show virus-induced gene silencing of WRKY genes compromised constitutively active MEK2-triggered cell death in N. benthamiana leaves. In general, HR cell death enhances susceptibility to necrotrophic pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea. However, the WRKY gene silencing elevated susceptibility to B. cinerea. These findings suggest that downstream WRKYs of MEK2-SIPK/WIPK cascade are required for cell death-dependent and -independent immunities in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Adachi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Takaaki Nakano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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10
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Adachi H, Nakano T, Miyagawa N, Ishihama N, Yoshioka M, Katou Y, Yaeno T, Shirasu K, Yoshioka H. WRKY Transcription Factors Phosphorylated by MAPK Regulate a Plant Immune NADPH Oxidase in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Cell 2015; 27:2645-63. [PMID: 26373453 PMCID: PMC4815087 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen attack sequentially confers pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) after sensing of pathogen patterns and effectors by plant immune receptors, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play pivotal roles in PTI and ETI as signaling molecules. Nicotiana benthamiana RBOHB, an NADPH oxidase, is responsible for both the transient PTI ROS burst and the robust ETI ROS burst. Here, we show that RBOHB transactivation mediated by MAPK contributes to R3a/AVR3a-triggered ETI (AVR3a-ETI) ROS burst. RBOHB is markedly induced during the ETI and INF1-triggered PTI (INF1-PTI), but not flg22-tiggered PTI (flg22-PTI). We found that the RBOHB promoter contains a functional W-box in the R3a/AVR3a and INF1 signal-responsive cis-element. Ectopic expression of four phospho-mimicking mutants of WRKY transcription factors, which are MAPK substrates, induced RBOHB, and yeast one-hybrid analysis indicated that these mutants bind to the cis-element. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated direct binding of the WRKY to the cis-element in plants. Silencing of multiple WRKY genes compromised the upregulation of RBOHB, resulting in impairment of AVR3a-ETI and INF1-PTI ROS bursts, but not the flg22-PTI ROS burst. These results suggest that the MAPK-WRKY pathway is required for AVR3a-ETI and INF1-PTI ROS bursts by activation of RBOHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Adachi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | | | | | - Miki Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuri Katou
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Yaeno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN CSRS, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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11
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Abstract
Plants activate signaling networks in response to diverse pathogen-derived signals, facilitating transcriptional reprogramming through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Identification of phosphorylation targets of MAPK and in vivo detection of the phosphorylated substrates are important processes to elucidate the signaling pathway in plant immune responses. We have identified a WRKY transcription factor, which is phosphorylated by defense-related MAPKs, SIPK and WIPK. Recent evidence demonstrated that some group I WRKY transcription factors, which contain a conserved motif in the N-terminal region, are activated by MAPK-dependent phosphorylation. In this chapter, we describe protocols for preparation of anti-phosphopeptide antibodies, detection of activated MAPKs using anti-phospho-MAPK antibody, and activated WRKY using anti-phospho-WRKY antibody, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ishihama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
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Mase K, Ishihama N, Mori H, Takahashi H, Kaminaka H, Kodama M, Yoshioka H. Ethylene-responsive AP2/ERF transcription factor MACD1 participates in phytotoxin-triggered programmed cell death. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2013; 26:868-79. [PMID: 23617414 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-12-0253-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To investigate plant programmed cell death (PCD), we developed the model system using phytotoxin AAL, which is produced by necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici, and AAL-sensitive Nicotiana umbratica. We previously reported that ethylene (ET) signaling plays a pivotal role in AAL-triggered cell death (ACD). However, downstream signaling of ET to ACD remains unclear. Here, we show that the modulator of AAL cell death 1 (MACD1), which is an APETALA2/ET response factor (ERF) transcription factor, participates in ACD and acts downstream of ET signaling during ACD. MACD1 is a transcriptional activator and MACD1 overexpression plants showed earlier ACD induction than control plants, suggesting that MACD1 positively regulates factors affecting cell death. To investigate the role of MACD1 in PCD, we used Arabidopsis thaliana and a structural analog of AAL, fumonisin B1 (FB1). FB1-triggered cell death was compromised in ET signaling and erf102 mutants. The loh2 mutants showed sensitivity to AAL, and the loh2-1/erf102 double mutant compromised ACD, indicating that ERF102 also participates in ACD. To investigate the PCD-associated genes regulated by ERF102, we compared our microarray data using ERF102 overexpression plants with the database of upregulated genes by AAL treatment in loh2 mutants, and found genes under the control of ERF102 in ACD.
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Mase K, Mizuno T, Ishihama N, Fujii T, Mori H, Kodama M, Yoshioka H. Ethylene signaling pathway and MAPK cascades are required for AAL toxin-induced programmed cell death. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2012; 25:1015-25. [PMID: 22512379 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-12-0036-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD), known as hypersensitive response cell death, has an important role in plant defense response. The signaling pathway of PCD remains unknown. We employed AAL toxin and Nicotiana umbratica to analysis plant PCD. AAL toxin is a pathogenicity factor of the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici. N. umbratica is sensitive to AAL toxin, susceptible to pathogens, and effective in Tobacco rattle virus-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). VIGS analyses indicated that AAL toxin-triggered cell death (ACD) is dependent upon the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase MEK2, which is upstream of both salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) responsible for ethylene (ET) synthesis. ET treatment of MEK2-silenced N. umbratica re-established ACD. In SIPK- and WIPK-silenced N. umbratica, ACD was compromised and ET accumulation was not observed. However, in contrast to the case of MEK2-silenced plants, ET treatment did not induce cell death in SIPK- and WIPK-silenced plants. This work showed that ET-dependent pathway and MAP kinase cascades are required in ACD. Our results suggested that MEK2-SIPK/WIPK cascades have roles in ET biosynthesis; however, SIPK and WIPK have other roles in ET signaling or another pathway leading to cell death by AAL toxin.
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Ishihama N, Yoshioka H. Post-translational regulation of WRKY transcription factors in plant immunity. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2012; 15:431-7. [PMID: 22425194 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved immune system to protect themselves against invading pathogens. Recent research has illustrated that signaling networks, after perception of diverse pathogen-derived signals, facilitate transcriptional reprogramming through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. WRKY proteins, which comprise a large family of plant transcription factors, are key players in plant immune responses. WRKY transcription factors participate in the control of defense-related genes either as positive or as negative regulators, and essentially are regulated at the transcriptional level. Emerging evidence emphasizes that group I WRKY transcription factors, which contain a conserved motif in the N-terminal region, are also activated by MAPK-dependent phosphorylation, underlining their importance in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ishihama
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Ishihama N, Yamada R, Yoshioka M, Katou S, Yoshioka H. Phosphorylation of the Nicotiana benthamiana WRKY8 transcription factor by MAPK functions in the defense response. Plant Cell 2011; 23:1153-70. [PMID: 21386030 PMCID: PMC3082260 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.081794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have pivotal roles in plant innate immunity. However, downstream signaling of plant defense-related MAPKs is not well understood. Here, we provide evidence that the Nicotiana benthamiana WRKY8 transcription factor is a physiological substrate of SIPK, NTF4, and WIPK. Clustered Pro-directed Ser residues (SP cluster), which are conserved in group I WRKY proteins, in the N-terminal region of WRKY8 were phosphorylated by these MAPKs in vitro. Antiphosphopeptide antibodies indicated that Ser residues in the SP cluster of WRKY8 are phosphorylated by SIPK, NTF4, and WIPK in vivo. The interaction of WRKY8 with MAPKs depended on its D domain, which is a MAPK-interacting motif, and this interaction was required for effective phosphorylation of WRKY8 in plants. Phosphorylation of WRKY8 increased its DNA binding activity to the cognate W-box sequence. The phospho-mimicking mutant of WRKY8 showed higher transactivation activity, and its ectopic expression induced defense-related genes, such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase 2 and NADP-malic enzyme. By contrast, silencing of WRKY8 decreased the expression of defense-related genes and increased disease susceptibility to the pathogens Phytophthora infestans and Colletotrichum orbiculare. Thus, MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of WRKY8 has an important role in the defense response through activation of downstream genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ishihama
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamada
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Miki Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinpei Katou
- International Young Researchers Empowerment Center, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Kanchiswamy CN, Takahashi H, Quadro S, Maffei ME, Bossi S, Bertea C, Zebelo SA, Muroi A, Ishihama N, Yoshioka H, Boland W, Takabayashi J, Endo Y, Sawasaki T, Arimura GI. Regulation of Arabidopsis defense responses against Spodoptera littoralis by CPK-mediated calcium signaling. BMC Plant Biol 2010; 10:97. [PMID: 20504319 PMCID: PMC3095362 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant Ca2+ signals are involved in a wide array of intracellular signaling pathways after pest invasion. Ca2+-binding sensory proteins such as Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) have been predicted to mediate the signaling following Ca2+ influx after insect herbivory. However, until now this prediction was not testable. RESULTS To investigate the roles CPKs play in a herbivore response-signaling pathway, we screened the characteristics of Arabidopsis CPK mutants damaged by a feeding generalist herbivore, Spodoptera littoralis. Following insect attack, the cpk3 and cpk13 mutants showed lower transcript levels of plant defensin gene PDF1.2 compared to wild-type plants. The CPK cascade was not directly linked to the herbivory-induced signaling pathways that were mediated by defense-related phytohormones such as jasmonic acid and ethylene. CPK3 was also suggested to be involved in a negative feedback regulation of the cytosolic Ca2+ levels after herbivory and wounding damage. In vitro kinase assays of CPK3 protein with a suite of substrates demonstrated that the protein phosphorylates transcription factors (including ERF1, HsfB2a and CZF1/ZFAR1) in the presence of Ca2+. CPK13 strongly phosphorylated only HsfB2a, irrespective of the presence of Ca2+. Furthermore, in vivo agroinfiltration assays showed that CPK3-or CPK13-derived phosphorylation of a heat shock factor (HsfB2a) promotes PDF1.2 transcriptional activation in the defense response. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal the involvement of two Arabidopsis CPKs (CPK3 and CPK13) in the herbivory-induced signaling network via HsfB2a-mediated regulation of the defense-related transcriptional machinery. This cascade is not involved in the phytohormone-related signaling pathways, but rather directly impacts transcription factors for defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidananda Nagamangala Kanchiswamy
- Global COE Program: Evolution and Biodiversity, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Plant Biology and Innovation Centre, University of Turin, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Hirotaka Takahashi
- Current Address: Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Cell-free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Stefano Quadro
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Germany
| | - Massimo E Maffei
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Plant Biology and Innovation Centre, University of Turin, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Bossi
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Plant Biology and Innovation Centre, University of Turin, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bertea
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Plant Biology and Innovation Centre, University of Turin, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Simon Atsbaha Zebelo
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Plant Biology and Innovation Centre, University of Turin, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Atsushi Muroi
- Global COE Program: Evolution and Biodiversity, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ishihama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Germany
| | - Junji Takabayashi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
| | - Yaeta Endo
- Cell-free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Cell-free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Gen-ichiro Arimura
- Global COE Program: Evolution and Biodiversity, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
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Tanaka S, Ishihama N, Yoshioka H, Huser A, O'Connell R, Tsuji G, Tsuge S, Kubo Y. The Colletotrichum orbiculare SSD1 mutant enhances Nicotiana benthamiana basal resistance by activating a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Plant Cell 2009; 21:2517-26. [PMID: 19706796 PMCID: PMC2751964 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.068023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant basal resistance is activated by virulent pathogens in susceptible host plants. A Colletotrichum orbiculare fungal mutant defective in the SSD1 gene, which regulates cell wall composition, is restricted by host basal resistance responses. Here, we identified the Nicotiana benthamiana signaling pathway involved in basal resistance by silencing the defense-related genes required for restricting the growth of the C. orbiculare mutant. Only silencing of MAP Kinase Kinase2 or of both Salicylic Acid Induced Protein Kinase (SIPK) and Wound Induced Protein Kinase (WIPK), two mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, allowed the mutant to infect and produce necrotic lesions similar to those of the wild type on inoculated leaves. The fungal mutant penetrated host cells to produce infection hyphae at a higher frequency in SIPK WIPK-silenced plants than in nonsilenced plants, without inducing host cellular defense responses. Immunocomplex kinase assays revealed that SIPK and WIPK were more active in leaves inoculated with mutant fungus than with the wild type, suggesting that induced resistance correlates with MAP kinase activity. Infiltration of heat-inactivated mutant conidia induced both SIPK and WIPK more strongly than did those of the wild type, while conidial exudates of the wild type did not suppress MAP kinase induction by mutant conidia. Therefore, activation of a specific MAP kinase pathway by fungal cell surface components determines the effective level of basal plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
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