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Lander N. mSphere of Influence: Compartmentalized cAMP signals in American trypanosomes. mSphere 2024; 9:e0063523. [PMID: 38315033 PMCID: PMC10900897 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00635-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Noelia Lander works on cell signaling in American trypanosomes and studies the role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) microdomains in environmental sensing and differentiation. In this mSphere of Influence, Dr. Lander reflects on three research articles in different eukaryotic models that had impacted on the way she thinks about the regulation of cAMP signals in Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. The articles "FRET biosensor uncovers cAMP nano-domains at β-adrenergic targets that dictate precise tuning of cardiac contractility" (N. C. Surdo, M. Berrera, A. Koschinski, M. Brescia, et al., Nat Commun 8:15031, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15031), "Cyclic AMP signaling and glucose metabolism mediate pH taxis by African trypanosomes" (S. Shaw, S. Knüsel, D. Abbühl, A. Naguleswaran, et al., Nat Commun 13:603, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28293-w), and "Encystation stimuli sensing is mediated by adenylate cyclase AC2-dependent cAMP signaling in Giardia" (H. W. Shih, G. C. M. Alas, and A. R. Paredez, Nat Commun 14:7245, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43028-1) influenced her current hypothesis that cAMP signals are generated in response to environmental cues leading to changes in membrane fluidity at the flagellar tip and the contractile vacuole complex of T. cruzi, structures where cAMP mediates key cellular processes for developmental progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Lander
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Chiurillo MA, Ahmed M, González C, Raja A, Lander N. Gene editing of putative cAMP and Ca 2+ -regulated proteins using an efficient cloning-free CRISPR/Cas9 system in Trypanosoma cruzi. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12999. [PMID: 37724511 PMCID: PMC10841170 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, must adapt to a diversity of environmental conditions that it faces during its life cycle. The adaptation to these changes is mediated by signaling pathways that coordinate the cellular responses to the new environmental settings. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Calcium (Ca2+ ) signaling pathways regulate critical cellular processes in this parasite, such as differentiation, osmoregulation, host cell invasion and cell bioenergetics. Although the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology prompted reverse genetics approaches for functional analysis in T. cruzi, it is still necessary to expand the toolbox for genome editing in this parasite, as for example to perform multigene analysis. Here we used an efficient T7RNAP/Cas9 strategy to tag and delete three genes predicted to be involved in cAMP and Ca2+ signaling pathways: a putative Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK), Flagellar Member 6 (FLAM6) and Cyclic nucleotide-binding domain/C2 domain-containing protein (CC2CP). We endogenously tagged these three genes and determined the subcellular localization of the tagged proteins. Furthermore, the strategy used to knockout these genes allows us to presume that TcCC2CP is an essential gene in T. cruzi epimastigotes. Our results will open new venues for future research on the role of these proteins in T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Chiurillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Milad Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - César González
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Aqsa Raja
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Noelia Lander
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Chiurillo MA, Carlson J, Bertolini MS, Raja A, Lander N. Dual localization of receptor-type adenylate cyclases and cAMP response protein 3 unveils the presence of two putative signaling microdomains in Trypanosoma cruzi. mBio 2023; 14:e0106423. [PMID: 37477489 PMCID: PMC10470820 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01064-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, a leading cause of disability and premature death in the Americas. This parasite spends its life between a triatomine insect and a mammalian host, transitioning between developmental stages in response to microenvironmental changes. Among the second messengers driving differentiation in T. cruzi, cAMP has been shown to mediate metacyclogenesis and response to osmotic stress, but this signaling pathway remains largely unexplored in this parasite. Adenylate cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to cAMP. They comprise a multigene family encoding putative receptor-type ACs in T. cruzi. Using protein sequence alignment, we classified them into five groups and chose a representative member from each group to study their localization (TcAC1-TcAC5). We expressed an HA-tagged version of each protein in T. cruzi and performed immunofluorescence analysis. A peculiar dual localization of TcAC1 and TcAC2 was observed in the flagellar distal domain and in the contractile vacuole complex (CVC), and their enzymatic activity was confirmed by gene complementation in yeast. Furthermore, TcAC1 overexpressing parasites showed an increased metacyclogenesis, a defect in host cell invasion, and a reduced intracellular replication, highlighting the importance of this protein throughout T. cruzi life cycle. These mutants were more tolerant to hypoosmotic stress and showed a higher adhesion capacity during in vitro metacyclogenesis, whereas the wild-type phenotype was restored after disrupting TcAC1 localization. Finally, TcAC1 was found to interact with cAMP response protein 3 (TcCARP3), co-localizing with this protein in the flagellar tip and CVC. IMPORTANCE We identified three components of the cAMP signaling pathway (TcAC1, TcAC2, and TcCARP3) with dual localization in Trypanosoma cruzi: the flagellar distal domain and the CVC, structures involved in cell adhesion and osmoregulation, respectively. We found evidence on the role of TcAC1 in both cellular processes, as well as in metacyclogenesis. Our data suggest that TcACs act as signal sensors and transducers through cAMP synthesis in membrane microdomains. We propose a model in which TcACs sense the harsh conditions in the triatomine hindgut (nutrient deprivation, acidic pH, osmotic stress, ionic composition, hydrophobic interactions) and become active. Synthesis of cAMP then triggers cell adhesion prior completion of metacyclogenesis, while mediating a response to osmotic stress in the parasite. These results shed light into the mechanisms driving cAMP-mediated cell differentiation in T. cruzi, while raising new questions on the activation of TcACs and the role of downstream components of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Chiurillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua Carlson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mayara S. Bertolini
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Aqsa Raja
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Noelia Lander
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Chiurillo MA, Ahmed M, González C, Raja A, Lander N. Gene editing of putative cAMP and Ca 2+ -regulated proteins using an efficient cloning-free CRISPR/Cas9 system in Trypanosoma cruzi. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.09.548290. [PMID: 37502958 PMCID: PMC10369910 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.09.548290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi , the agent of Chagas disease, must adapt to a diversity of environmental conditions that it faces during its life cycle. The adaptation to these changes is mediated by signaling pathways that coordinate the cellular responses to the new environmental settings. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Calcium (Ca 2+ ) signaling pathways regulate critical cellular processes in this parasite, such as differentiation, osmoregulation, host cell invasion and cell bioenergetics. Although the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology prompted reverse genetics approaches for functional analysis in T. cruzi , it is still necessary to expand the toolbox for genome editing in this parasite, as for example to perform multigene analysis. Here we used an efficient T7RNAP/Cas9 strategy to tag and delete three genes predicted to be involved in cAMP and Ca 2+ signaling pathways: a putative Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ( CAMK ), Flagellar Member 6 ( FLAM6 ) and Cyclic nucleotide-binding domain/C2 domain-containing protein ( CC2CP ). We endogenously tagged these three genes and determined the subcellular localization of the tagged proteins. Furthermore, the strategy used to knockout these genes allow us to presume that TcCC2CP is an essential gene in T. cruzi epimastigotes. Our results will open new venues for future research on the role of these proteins in T. cruzi .
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Teixeira TL, Chiurillo MA, Lander N, Rodrigues CC, Onofre TS, Ferreira ÉR, Yonamine CM, Santos JDG, Mortara RA, da Silva CV, da Silveira JF. Ablation of the P21 Gene of Trypanosoma cruzi Provides Evidence of P21 as a Mediator in the Control of Epimastigote and Intracellular Amastigote Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:799668. [PMID: 35252026 PMCID: PMC8895596 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.799668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
P21 is an immunomodulatory protein expressed throughout the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that P21 plays an important role in the invasion of mammalian host cells and establishment of infection in a murine model. P21 functions as a signal transducer, triggering intracellular cascades in host cells and resulting in the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and parasite internalization. Furthermore, in vivo studies have shown that P21 inhibits angiogenesis, induces inflammation and fibrosis, and regulates intracellular amastigote replication. In this study, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system for P21 gene knockout and investigated whether the ablation of P21 results in changes in the phenotypes associated with this protein. Ablation of P21 gene resulted in a lower growth rate of epimastigotes and delayed cell cycle progression, accompanied by accumulation of parasites in G1 phase. However, P21 knockout epimastigotes were viable and able to differentiate into metacyclic trypomastigotes, which are infective to mammalian cells. In comparison with wild-type parasites, P21 knockout cells showed a reduced cell invasion rate, demonstrating the role of this protein in host cell invasion. However, there was a higher number of intracellular amastigotes per cell, suggesting that P21 is a negative regulator of amastigote proliferation in mammalian cells. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated the direct correlation between P21 and the replication of intracellular amastigotes, which underlies the chronicity of T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaise Lara Teixeira
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chiurillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Noelia Lander
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | | | - Thiago Souza Onofre
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Éden Ramalho Ferreira
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Miyagui Yonamine
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Claudio Vieira da Silva, ; José Franco da Silveira,
| | - José Franco da Silveira
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Claudio Vieira da Silva, ; José Franco da Silveira,
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Cassar S, Lander N, Mazzoli E, Salmon J, Symington N. Empowering the future generation of teachers to promote optimal academic outcomes through physical activity: Transform-Ed! J Sci Med Sport 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Barnett L, Lander N, Mazzoli E, Salmon J. Development and reliability of the Physical Literacy in Children Questionnaire (PL-C Quest): a self-report scale to assess children’s perceived physical literacy. J Sci Med Sport 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chiurillo MA, Lander N. The long and winding road of reverse genetics in Trypanosoma cruzi. Microb Cell 2021; 8:203-207. [PMID: 34527719 PMCID: PMC8404153 DOI: 10.15698/mic2021.09.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are early divergent protists with distinctive features among eukaryotic cells. Together with Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi has been one of the most studied members of the group. This protozoan parasite is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a leading cause of heart disease in the Americas, for which there is no vaccine or satisfactory treatment available. Understanding T. cruzi biology is crucial to identify alternative targets for antiparasitic interventions. Genetic manipulation of T. cruzi has been historically challenging. However, the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has significantly improved the ability to generate genetically modified T. cruzi cell lines. Still, the system alone is not sufficient to answer all biologically relevant questions. In general, current genetic methods have limitations that should be overcome to advance in the study of this peculiar parasite. In this brief historic overview, we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the molecular strategies that have been developed to genetically modify T. cruzi, emphasizing the future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Chiurillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Noelia Lander
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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Thomas S, Barnett LM, Papadopoulos N, Lander N, McGillivray J, Rinehart N. How Do Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Affect Motor Competence in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared to Typically Developing Children: A Pilot Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:3443-3455. [PMID: 34351537 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Older children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have high levels of motor impairment, however we are unsure if similar patterns exist in young children. This study aimed to investigate motor competence in four-to-seven-year-old children with (n = 17) and without (n = 17) ASD. A series of ANOVAS indicated children with ASD performed significantly poorer on all measures of motor competence, except MABC-2 manual dexterity and ball skills subscales. Results indicate that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) may influence motor competence, regardless of diagnosis. Establishing appropriate levels of engagement in moderate-to-vigorous PA and SB during early school years is important for the development of all children and may be an important early intervention avenue for motor impairment in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thomas
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - L M Barnett
- School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - N Papadopoulos
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - N Lander
- School of Education, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - J McGillivray
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - N Rinehart
- School of Educational Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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Dave N, Cetiner U, Arroyo D, Fonbuena J, Tiwari M, Barrera P, Lander N, Anishkin A, Sukharev S, Jimenez V. A novel mechanosensitive channel controls osmoregulation, differentiation, and infectivity in Trypanosoma cruzi. eLife 2021; 10:67449. [PMID: 34212856 PMCID: PMC8282336 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of Chagas disease undergoes drastic morphological and biochemical modifications as it passes between hosts and transitions from extracellular to intracellular stages. The osmotic and mechanical aspects of these cellular transformations are not understood. Here we identify and characterize a novel mechanosensitive channel in Trypanosoma cruzi (TcMscS) belonging to the superfamily of small-conductance mechanosensitive channels (MscS). TcMscS is activated by membrane tension and forms a large pore permeable to anions, cations, and small osmolytes. The channel changes its location from the contractile vacuole complex in epimastigotes to the plasma membrane as the parasites develop into intracellular amastigotes. TcMscS knockout parasites show significant fitness defects, including increased cell volume, calcium dysregulation, impaired differentiation, and a dramatic decrease in infectivity. Our work provides mechanistic insights into components supporting pathogen adaptation inside the host, thus opening the exploration of mechanosensation as a prerequisite for protozoan infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noopur Dave
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, United States
| | - Ugur Cetiner
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Daniel Arroyo
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, United States
| | - Joshua Fonbuena
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, United States
| | - Megna Tiwari
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, United States
| | - Patricia Barrera
- Departmento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Histologia y Embriologia IHEM-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Noelia Lander
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Sergei Sukharev
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Veronica Jimenez
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, United States
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dos Santos GRRM, Leite ACR, Lander N, Chiurillo MA, Vercesi AE, Docampo R. Trypanosoma cruzi Letm1 is involved in mitochondrial Ca 2+ transport, and is essential for replication, differentiation, and host cell invasion. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21685. [PMID: 34085343 PMCID: PMC10437107 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100120rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leucine zipper-EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 1 (Letm1) is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein involved in Ca2+ and K+ homeostasis in mammalian cells. Here, we demonstrate that the Letm1 orthologue of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is important for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release. The results show that both mitochondrial Ca2+ influx and efflux are reduced in TcLetm1 knockdown (TcLetm1-KD) cells and increased in TcLetm1 overexpressing cells, without alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Remarkably, TcLetm1 knockdown or overexpression increases or does not affect mitochondrial Ca2+ levels in epimastigotes, respectively. TcLetm1-KD epimastigotes have reduced growth, and both overexpression and knockdown of TcLetm1 cause a defect in metacyclogenesis. TcLetm1-KD also affected mitochondrial bioenergetics. Invasion of host cells by TcLetm1-KD trypomastigotes and their intracellular replication is greatly impaired. Taken together, our findings indicate that TcLetm1 is important for Ca2+ homeostasis and cell viability in T cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Catarina Rezende Leite
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Noelia Lander
- Center of Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Miguel Angel Chiurillo
- Center of Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Aníbal Eugênio Vercesi
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Lander N, Chiurillo MA, Docampo R. Signaling pathways involved in environmental sensing in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:819-828. [PMID: 33034088 PMCID: PMC8032824 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a unicellular parasite and the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. The parasite has a digenetic life cycle alternating between mammalian and insect hosts, where it faces a variety of environmental conditions to which it must adapt in order to survive. The adaptation to these changes is mediated by signaling pathways that coordinate the cellular responses to the new environmental settings. Major environmental changes include temperature, nutrient availability, ionic composition, pH, osmolarity, oxidative stress, contact with host cells and tissues, host immune response, and intracellular life. Some of the signaling pathways and second messengers potentially involved in the response to these changes have been elucidated in recent years and will be the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Lander
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Miguel A. Chiurillo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium ion (Ca2+) uptake is important for buffering cytosolic Ca2+ levels, for regulating cell bioenergetics, and for cell death and autophagy. Ca2+ uptake is mediated by a mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) and the discovery of this channel in trypanosomes has been critical for the identification of the molecular nature of the channel in all eukaryotes. However, the trypanosome uniporter, which has been studied in detail in Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, and T. brucei, the agent of human and animal African trypanosomiasis, has lineage-specific adaptations which include the lack of some homologues to mammalian subunits, and the presence of unique subunits. Here, we review newly emerging insights into the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in trypanosomes, the composition of the uniporter, its functional characterization, and its role in general physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
| | - Anibal E Vercesi
- Departamento de Patologia Clinica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guozhong Huang
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Noelia Lander
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Miguel A Chiurillo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Mayara Bertolini
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Chiurillo MA, Lander N, Vercesi AE, Docampo R. IP3 receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from acidocalcisomes regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics and prevents autophagy in Trypanosoma cruzi. Cell Calcium 2020; 92:102284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Taylor MC, Lander N, Yoshida N. Editorial: Unravelling T. cruzi Biology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:382. [PMID: 32850482 PMCID: PMC7399052 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Craig Taylor
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Noelia Lander
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Faktorová D, Nisbet RER, Fernández Robledo JA, Casacuberta E, Sudek L, Allen AE, Ares M, Aresté C, Balestreri C, Barbrook AC, Beardslee P, Bender S, Booth DS, Bouget FY, Bowler C, Breglia SA, Brownlee C, Burger G, Cerutti H, Cesaroni R, Chiurillo MA, Clemente T, Coles DB, Collier JL, Cooney EC, Coyne K, Docampo R, Dupont CL, Edgcomb V, Einarsson E, Elustondo PA, Federici F, Freire-Beneitez V, Freyria NJ, Fukuda K, García PA, Girguis PR, Gomaa F, Gornik SG, Guo J, Hampl V, Hanawa Y, Haro-Contreras ER, Hehenberger E, Highfield A, Hirakawa Y, Hopes A, Howe CJ, Hu I, Ibañez J, Irwin NAT, Ishii Y, Janowicz NE, Jones AC, Kachale A, Fujimura-Kamada K, Kaur B, Kaye JZ, Kazana E, Keeling PJ, King N, Klobutcher LA, Lander N, Lassadi I, Li Z, Lin S, Lozano JC, Luan F, Maruyama S, Matute T, Miceli C, Minagawa J, Moosburner M, Najle SR, Nanjappa D, Nimmo IC, Noble L, Novák Vanclová AMG, Nowacki M, Nuñez I, Pain A, Piersanti A, Pucciarelli S, Pyrih J, Rest JS, Rius M, Robertson D, Ruaud A, Ruiz-Trillo I, Sigg MA, Silver PA, Slamovits CH, Jason Smith G, Sprecher BN, Stern R, Swart EC, Tsaousis AD, Tsypin L, Turkewitz A, Turnšek J, Valach M, Vergé V, von Dassow P, von der Haar T, Waller RF, Wang L, Wen X, Wheeler G, Woods A, Zhang H, Mock T, Worden AZ, Lukeš J. Publisher Correction: Genetic tool development in marine protists: emerging model organisms for experimental cell biology. Nat Methods 2020; 17:551. [PMID: 32296171 PMCID: PMC7200595 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drahomíra Faktorová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - R Ellen R Nisbet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | | | - Elena Casacuberta
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisa Sudek
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Andrew E Allen
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manuel Ares
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Aresté
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Balestreri
- The Marine Biological Association, Plymouth and School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Patrick Beardslee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Sara Bender
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David S Booth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - François-Yves Bouget
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7621, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Susana A Breglia
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Colin Brownlee
- The Marine Biological Association, Plymouth and School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gertraud Burger
- Department of Biochemistry and Robert-Cedergren Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Heriberto Cerutti
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rachele Cesaroni
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A Chiurillo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Thomas Clemente
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Duncan B Coles
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | - Jackie L Collier
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Cooney
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kathryn Coyne
- University of Delaware College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, Lewes, DE, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Christopher L Dupont
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Elin Einarsson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pía A Elustondo
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,AGADA Biosciences Inc., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Fernan Federici
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Fondo de Desarrollo de Areas Prioritarias, Center for Genome Regulation and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Veronica Freire-Beneitez
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | | | - Kodai Fukuda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Paulo A García
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter R Girguis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fatma Gomaa
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sebastian G Gornik
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jian Guo
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA.,Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Vladimír Hampl
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Yutaka Hanawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Esteban R Haro-Contreras
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Hehenberger
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrea Highfield
- The Marine Biological Association, Plymouth and School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Yoshihisa Hirakawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Amanda Hopes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Ian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jorge Ibañez
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Fondo de Desarrollo de Areas Prioritarias, Center for Genome Regulation and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Nicholas A T Irwin
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuu Ishii
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Natalia Ewa Janowicz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Adam C Jones
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ambar Kachale
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Konomi Fujimura-Kamada
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Binnypreet Kaur
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Eleanna Kazana
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicole King
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Noelia Lander
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Imen Lassadi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zhuhong Li
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Lozano
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7621, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Fulei Luan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Tamara Matute
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Fondo de Desarrollo de Areas Prioritarias, Center for Genome Regulation and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Cristina Miceli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Jun Minagawa
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mark Moosburner
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sebastián R Najle
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, CONICET, and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Deepak Nanjappa
- University of Delaware College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, Lewes, DE, USA
| | - Isabel C Nimmo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luke Noble
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Institute de Biologie de l'ENS, Département de biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Anna M G Novák Vanclová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Mariusz Nowacki
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isaac Nuñez
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Fondo de Desarrollo de Areas Prioritarias, Center for Genome Regulation and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Arnab Pain
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Center for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Angela Piersanti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Sandra Pucciarelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Jan Pyrih
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua S Rest
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mariana Rius
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Albane Ruaud
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Fondo de Desarrollo de Areas Prioritarias, Center for Genome Regulation and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica Microbiologia i Estadıśtica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monika A Sigg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pamela A Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudio H Slamovits
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - G Jason Smith
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | | | - Rowena Stern
- The Marine Biological Association, Plymouth and School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Estienne C Swart
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anastasios D Tsaousis
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | - Lev Tsypin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Turkewitz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jernej Turnšek
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matus Valach
- Department of Biochemistry and Robert-Cedergren Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Vergé
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7621, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Peter von Dassow
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Fondo de Desarrollo de Areas Prioritarias, Center for Genome Regulation and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Instituto Milenio de Oceanografia de Chile, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Ross F Waller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Glen Wheeler
- The Marine Biological Association, Plymouth and School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - April Woods
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Alexandra Z Worden
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA. .,Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, Marine Ecology Division, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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17
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dos SANTOS GR, Leite ACR, Lander N, Chiurillo MA, Docampo R, Vercesi AE. Knockdown of Letm1 Protein Affects Mitochondrial Calcium Homeostasis and Cell Viability in
Trypanosoma cruzi. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.09378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lander N, Cruz-Bustos T, Docampo R. A CRISPR/Cas9-riboswitch-Based Method for Downregulation of Gene Expression in Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:68. [PMID: 32175288 PMCID: PMC7056841 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Few genetic tools were available to work with Trypanosoma cruzi until the recent introduction of the CRISPR/Cas9 technique for gene knockout, gene knock-in, gene complementation, and endogenous gene tagging. Riboswitches are naturally occurring self-cleaving RNAs (ribozymes) that can be ligand-activated. Results from our laboratory recently demonstrated the usefulness of the glmS ribozyme from Bacillus subtilis, which has been shown to control reporter gene expression in response to exogenous glucosamine, for gene silencing in Trypanosoma brucei. In this work we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system for endogenously tagging T. cruzi glycoprotein 72 (TcGP72) and vacuolar proton pyrophosphatase (TcVP1) with the active (glmS) or inactive (M9) ribozyme. Gene tagging was confirmed by PCR and protein downregulation was verified by western blot analyses. Further phenotypic characterization was performed by immunofluorescence analysis and quantification of growth in vitro. Our results indicate that the method was successful in silencing the expression of both genes without the need of glucosamine in the medium, suggesting that T. cruzi produces enough levels of endogenous glucosamine 6-phosphate to stimulate the glmS ribozyme activity under normal growth conditions. This method could be useful to obtain knockdowns of essential genes in T. cruzi and to validate potential drug targets in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Lander
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Teresa Cruz-Bustos
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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19
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Abstract
Chagas disease is a vector-borne tropical disease affecting millions of people worldwide, for which there is no vaccine or satisfactory treatment available. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and considered endemic from North to South America. This parasite has unique metabolic and structural characteristics that make it an attractive organism for basic research. The genetic manipulation of T. cruzi has been historically challenging, as compared to other pathogenic protozoans. However, the use of the prokaryotic CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing has significantly improved the ability to generate genetically modified T. cruzi cell lines, becoming a powerful tool for the functional study of proteins in different stages of this parasite's life cycle, including infective trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 method that we adapted to T. cruzi, it has been possible to perform knockout, complementation and in situ tagging of T. cruzi genes. In our system we cotransfect T. cruzi epimastigotes with an expression vector containing the Cas9 sequence and a single guide RNA, together with a donor DNA template to promote DNA break repair by homologous recombination. As a result, we have obtained homogeneous populations of mutant epimastigotes using a single resistance marker to modify both alleles of the gene. Mitochondrial Ca2+ transport in trypanosomes is critical for shaping the dynamics of cytosolic Ca2+ increases, for the bioenergetics of the cells, and for viability and infectivity. In this chapter we describe the most effective methods to achieve genome editing in T. cruzi using as example the generation of mutant cell lines to study proteins involved in calcium homeostasis. Specifically, we describe the methods we have used for the study of three proteins involved in the calcium signaling cascade of T. cruzi: the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (TcIP3R), the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (TcMCU) and the calcium-sensitive pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (TcPDP), using CRISPR/Cas9 technology as an approach to establish their role in the regulation of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Lander
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Miguel A Chiurillo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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20
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Lander N, Chiurillo MA. State-of-the-art CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Genome Editing in Trypanosomatids. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:981-991. [PMID: 31211904 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized biology. This prokaryotic defense system against foreign DNA has been repurposed for genome editing in a broad range of cell tissues and organisms. Trypanosomatids are flagellated protozoa belonging to the order Kinetoplastida. Some of its most representative members cause important human diseases affecting millions of people worldwide, such as Chagas disease, sleeping sickness and different forms of leishmaniases. Trypanosomatid infections represent an enormous burden for public health and there are no effective treatments for most of the diseases they cause. Since the emergence of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, the genetic manipulation of these parasites has notably improved. As a consequence, genome editing is now playing a key role in the functional study of proteins, in the characterization of metabolic pathways, in the validation of alternative targets for antiparasitic interventions, and in the study of parasite biology and pathogenesis. In this work we review the different strategies that have been used to adapt the CRISPR/Cas9 system to Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, and Leishmania spp., as well as the research progress achieved using these approaches. Thereby, we will present the state-of-the-art molecular tools available for genome editing in trypanosomatids to finally point out the future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Lander
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Miguel A Chiurillo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
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21
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Chiurillo MA, Lander N, Bertolini MS, Vercesi AE, Docampo R. Functional analysis and importance for host cell infection of the Ca 2+-conducting subunits of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1676-1690. [PMID: 31091170 PMCID: PMC6727756 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-03-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here that Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, possesses two unique paralogues of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex TcMCU subunit that we named TcMCUc and TcMCUd. The predicted structure of the proteins indicates that, as predicted for the TcMCU and TcMCUb paralogues, they are composed of two helical membrane-spanning domains and contain a WDXXEPXXY motif. Overexpression of each gene led to a significant increase in mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, while knockout (KO) of either TcMCUc or TcMCUd led to a loss of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, without affecting the mitochondrial membrane potential. TcMCUc-KO and TcMCUd-KO epimastigotes exhibited reduced growth rate in low-glucose medium and alterations in their respiratory rate, citrate synthase activity, and AMP/ATP ratio, while trypomastigotes had reduced ability to efficiently infect host cells and replicate intracellularly as amastigotes. By gene complementation of KO cell lines or by a newly developed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in approach, we also studied the importance of critical amino acid residues of the four paralogues on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. In conclusion, the results predict a hetero-oligomeric structure for the T. cruzi MCU complex, with structural and functional differences, as compared with those in the mammalian complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Chiurillo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083, Brazil
| | - Noelia Lander
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083, Brazil
| | - Mayara S Bertolini
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083, Brazil
| | - Anibal E Vercesi
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083, Brazil
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083, Brazil.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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22
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Lerchner J, Sartori MR, Volpe POL, Lander N, Mertens F, Vercesi AE. Direct determination of anaerobe contributions to the energy metabolism of Trypanosoma cruzi by chip calorimetry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3763-3768. [PMID: 31093698 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a chip calorimetric technique that allows the investigation of biological material under anoxic conditions in a micro-scale and in real time. Due to the fast oxygen exchange through the sample flow channel wall, the oxygen concentration inside the samples could be switched between atmospheric oxygen partial pressure to an oxygen concentration of 0.5% within less than 2 h. Using this technique, anaerobic processes in the energy metabolism of Trypanosoma cruzi could be studied directly. The comparison of the calorimetric and respirometric response of T. cruzi cells to the treatment with the mitochondrial inhibitors oligomycin and antimycin A and the uncoupler FCCP revealed that the respiration-related heat rate is superimposed by strong anaerobic contributions. Calorimetric measurements under anoxic conditions and with glycolytic inhibitors showed that anaerobic metabolic processes contribute from 30 to 40% to the overall heat production rate. Similar basal and antimycin A heat rates with cells under anoxic conditions indicated that the glycolytic rates are independent of the oxygen concentration which confirms the absence of the "Pasteur effect" in Trypanosomes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lerchner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Marina R Sartori
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Pedro O L Volpe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Noelia Lander
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Florian Mertens
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Anibal E Vercesi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil
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Negreiros RS, Lander N, Huang G, Cordeiro CD, Smith SA, Morrissey JH, Docampo R. Inorganic polyphosphate interacts with nucleolar and glycosomal proteins in trypanosomatids. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:973-994. [PMID: 30230089 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a polymer of three to hundreds of phosphate units bound by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds and present from bacteria to humans. Most polyP in trypanosomatids is concentrated in acidocalcisomes, acidic calcium stores that possess a number of pumps, exchangers, and channels, and are important for their survival. In this work, using polyP as bait we identified > 25 putative protein targets in cell lysates of both Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei. Gene ontology analysis of the binding partners found a significant over-representation of nucleolar and glycosomal proteins. Using the polyphosphate-binding domain (PPBD) of Escherichia coli exopolyphosphatase (PPX), we localized long-chain polyP to the nucleoli and glycosomes of trypanosomes. A competitive assay based on the pre-incubation of PPBD with exogenous polyP and subsequent immunofluorescence assay of procyclic forms (PCF) of T. brucei showed polyP concentration-dependent and chain length-dependent decrease in the fluorescence signal. Subcellular fractionation experiments confirmed the presence of polyP in glycosomes of T. brucei PCF. Targeting of yeast PPX to the glycosomes of PCF resulted in polyP hydrolysis, alteration in their glycolytic flux and increase in their susceptibility to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Negreiros
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Noelia Lander
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Guozhong Huang
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ciro D Cordeiro
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Stephanie A Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James H Morrissey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Lander N, Chiurillo MA, Bertolini MS, Storey M, Vercesi AE, Docampo R. Calcium-sensitive pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase is required for energy metabolism, growth, differentiation, and infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17402-17417. [PMID: 30232153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate cells, mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) leads to Ca2+-mediated stimulation of an intramitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP). This enzyme dephosphorylates serine residues in the E1α subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), thereby activating PDH and resulting in increased ATP production. Although a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle for the E1α subunit of PDH from nonvertebrate organisms has been described, the Ca2+-mediated PDP activation has not been studied. In this work, we investigated the Ca2+ sensitivity of two recombinant PDPs from the protozoan human parasites Trypanosoma cruzi (TcPDP) and T. brucei (TbPDP) and generated a TcPDP-KO cell line to establish TcPDP's role in cell bioenergetics and survival. Moreover, the mitochondrial localization of the TcPDP was studied by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated endogenous tagging. Our results indicate that TcPDP and TbPDP both are Ca2+-sensitive phosphatases. Of note, TcPDP-KO epimastigotes exhibited increased levels of phosphorylated TcPDH, slower growth and lower oxygen consumption rates than control cells, an increased AMP/ATP ratio and autophagy under starvation conditions, and reduced differentiation into infective metacyclic forms. Furthermore, TcPDP-KO trypomastigotes were impaired in infecting cultured host cells. We conclude that TcPDP is a Ca2+-stimulated mitochondrial phosphatase that dephosphorylates TcPDH and is required for normal growth, differentiation, infectivity, and energy metabolism in T. cruzi Our results support the view that one of the main roles of the MCU is linked to the regulation of intramitochondrial dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Lander
- From the Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083, Brazil and
| | - Miguel A Chiurillo
- From the Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083, Brazil and
| | - Mayara S Bertolini
- From the Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083, Brazil and
| | - Melissa Storey
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Anibal E Vercesi
- From the Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083, Brazil and
| | - Roberto Docampo
- From the Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083, Brazil and .,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
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Lander N, Chiurillo MA, Bertolini MS, Docampo R, Vercesi AE. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex in trypanosomes. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:656-663. [PMID: 29286188 PMCID: PMC5980684 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a conserved mechanism for mitochondrial calcium uptake in trypanosomatids was crucial for the molecular identification of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), a long-sought channel present in most eukaryotic organisms. Since then, research efforts to elucidate the role of MCU and its regulatory elements in different biological models have multiplied. MCU is the pore-forming subunit of a multimeric complex (the MCU complex or MCUC) and its predicted structure in trypanosomes is simpler than in mammalian cells, lacking two of its subunits and probably possessing other unidentified components. MCU protein has been characterized in Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agents of African and American trypanosomiasis, respectively. Contrary to its mammalian homolog, TbMCU was found to be essential for cell growth and survival, while its paralog MCUb is an essential protein in T. cruzi. These findings could be further exploited for chemotherapeutic purposes. The emergence of new molecular tools for the genetic manipulation of trypanosomatids has been determinant for the functional characterization of the MCUC components in these organisms. However, further research has to be done to determine the role of each component in intracellular calcium signaling and cell bioenergetics. In this mini-review we summarize the original results on mitochondrial calcium uptake in trypanosomes, how did they contribute to the molecular identification of the MCU, and the functional characterization of the MCUC subunits that has so far been studied in these peculiar eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Lander
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel A. Chiurillo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara S. Bertolini
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Aníbal E. Vercesi
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Busanello ENB, Marques AC, Lander N, de Oliveira DN, Catharino RR, Oliveira HCF, Vercesi AE. Pravastatin Chronic Treatment Sensitizes Hypercholesterolemic Mice Muscle to Mitochondrial Permeability Transition: Protection by Creatine or Coenzyme Q 10. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:185. [PMID: 28424622 PMCID: PMC5380726 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are efficient cholesterol-lowering medicines utilized worldwide. However, 10% of patients suffer from adverse effects specially related to skeletal muscle function. Pro- or anti-oxidant effects of statins have been reported. Here we hypothesized that statins induce muscle mitochondrial oxidative stress leading to mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) which may explain statin muscle toxicity. Thus, our aims were to investigate the effects of statin chronic treatment on muscle mitochondrial respiration rates, MPT and redox state indicators in the context of hypercholesterolemia. For this purpose, we studied muscle biopsies of the hypercholesterolemic LDL receptor knockout mice (LDLr-/-) treated with pravastatin during 3 months. Plantaris, but not soleus muscle of treated mice showed significant inhibition of respiration rates induced by ADP (–14%), oligomycin (–20%) or FCCP (–40%). Inhibitions of respiratory rates were sensitive to EGTA (Ca2+ chelator), cyclosporin A (MPT inhibitor), ruthenium red (inhibitor of mitochondria Ca2+ uptake) and coenzyme Q10 (antioxidant), indicating that pravastatin treatment favors Ca2+ induced MPT. Diet supplementation with creatine (antioxidant) also protected treated mice against pravastatin sensitization to Ca2+ induced MPT. Among several antioxidant enzymes analyzed, only catalase activity was increased by 30% in plantaris muscle of pravastatin treated mice. Oxidized lipids, but not proteins biomarkers were identified in treated LDLr-/- plantaris muscle. Taken together, the present results suggest that chronic pravastatin administration to a model of familial hypercholesterolemia promotes mitochondrial dysfunctions in plantaris muscle that can be counteracted by antioxidants administered either in vitro (CoQ10) or in vivo (creatine). Therefore, we propose that inhibition of muscle mitochondrial respiration by pravastatin leads to an oxidative stress that, in the presence of calcium, opens the permeability transition pore. This mitochondrial oxidative stress caused by statin treatment also signals for cellular antioxidant system responses such as catalase upregulation. These results suggest that the detrimental effects of statins on muscle mitochondria could be prevented by co-administration of a safe antioxidant such as creatine or CoQ10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela N B Busanello
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Marques
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noelia Lander
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diogo N de Oliveira
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Catharino
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C F Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de BiologiaUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anibal E Vercesi
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
To achieve the C-terminal tagging of endogenous proteins in T. cruzi we use the Cas9/pTREX-n vector (Lander et al., 2015) to insert a specific tag sequence (3xHA or 3xc-Myc) at the 3' end of a specific gene of interest (GOI). Chimeric sgRNA targeting the 3' end of the GOI is PCR-amplified and cloned into Cas9/pTREX-n vector. Then a DNA donor molecule to induce DNA repair by homologous recombination is amplified. This donor sequence contains the tag sequence and a marker for antibiotic resistance, plus 100 bp homology arms corresponding to regions located right upstream of the stop codon and downstream of the Cas9 target site at the GOI locus. Vectors pMOTag23M (Oberholzer et al., 2006) or pMOHX1Tag4H (Lander et al., 2016b) are used as PCR templates for DNA donor amplification. Epimastigotes co-transfected with the sgRNA/Cas9/pTREX-n construct and the DNA donor cassette are then cultured for 5 weeks with antibiotics for selection of double resistant parasites. Endogenous gene tagging is finally verified by PCR and Western blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Lander
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chiurillo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083, Brazil
| | - Aníbal E Vercesi
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083, Brazil
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083, Brazil.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Lander N, Chiurillo MA, Storey M, Vercesi AE, Docampo R. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated endogenous C-terminal Tagging of Trypanosoma cruzi Genes Reveals the Acidocalcisome Localization of the Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25505-25515. [PMID: 27793988 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.749655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for genetic manipulation of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, have been highly inefficient, and no endogenous tagging of genes has been reported to date. We report here the use of the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated gene 9) system for endogenously tagging genes in this parasite. The utility of the method was established by tagging genes encoding proteins of known localization such as TcFCaBP (flagellar calcium binding protein) and TcVP1 (vacuolar proton pyrophosphatase), and two proteins of undefined or disputed localization, the TcMCU (mitochondrial calcium uniporter) and TcIP3R (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor). We confirmed the flagellar and acidocalcisome localization of TcFCaBP and TcVP1 by co-localization with antibodies to the flagellum and acidocalcisomes, respectively. As expected, TcMCU was co-localized with the voltage-dependent anion channel to the mitochondria. However, in contrast to previous reports and our own results using overexpressed TcIP3R, endogenously tagged TcIP3R showed co-localization with antibodies against VP1 to acidocalcisomes. These results are also in agreement with our previous reports on the localization of this channel to acidocalcisomes of Trypanosoma brucei and suggest that caution should be exercised when overexpression of tagged genes is done to localize proteins in T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Lander
- From the Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083, Brazil and
| | - Miguel A Chiurillo
- From the Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083, Brazil and
| | - Melissa Storey
- the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Anibal E Vercesi
- From the Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083, Brazil and
| | - Roberto Docampo
- From the Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083, Brazil and .,the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Lander N, Chiurillo MA, Docampo R. Genome Editing by CRISPR/Cas9: A Game Change in the Genetic Manipulation of Protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:679-90. [PMID: 27315329 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing by CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated gene 9) system has been transformative in biology. Originally discovered as an adaptive prokaryotic immune system, CRISPR/Cas9 has been repurposed for genome editing in a broad range of model organisms, from yeast to mammalian cells. Protist parasites are unicellular organisms producing important human diseases that affect millions of people around the world. For many of these diseases, such as malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and cryptosporidiosis, there are no effective treatments or vaccines available. The recent adaptation of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to several protist models will be playing a key role in the functional study of their proteins, in the characterization of their metabolic pathways, and in the understanding of their biology, and will facilitate the search for new chemotherapeutic targets. In this work we review recent studies where the CRISPR/Cas9 system was adapted to protist parasites, particularly to Apicomplexans and trypanosomatids, emphasizing the different molecular strategies used for genome editing of each organism, as well as their advantages. We also discuss the potential usefulness of this technology in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Lander
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chiurillo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083, Brazil
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083, Brazil.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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Telford D, Keegan R, Barnett L, Rudd J, Telford R, Olive L, Edwards L, Lander N, Keegan S. Physical literacy development in Australian youth: A current concern. J Sci Med Sport 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lander N, Hanna L, Brown H, Telford A, Morgan P, Salmon J, Barnett L. Physical literacy development in Australian youth: A current concern. J Sci Med Sport 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lander N, Barnett L, Brown H, Telford A. Factors influencing Physical Education teacher's instruction, assessment and confidence when teaching Fundamental Movement Skill. J Sci Med Sport 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ulrich PN, Lander N, Kurup SP, Reiss L, Brewer J, Soares Medeiros LC, Miranda K, Docampo R. The acidocalcisome vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 catalyzes the synthesis of polyphosphate in insect-stages of Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 61:155-65. [PMID: 24386955 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphate is a polymer of inorganic phosphate found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Polyphosphate typically accumulates in acidic, calcium-rich organelles known as acidocalcisomes, and recent research demonstrated that vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 catalyzes its synthesis in yeast. The human pathogens Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi possess vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 homologs. We demonstrate that T. cruzi vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 localizes to acidocalcisomes of epimastigotes by immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy and that the recombinant catalytic region of the T. cruzi enzyme is a polyphosphate kinase. RNA interference of the T. brucei enzyme in procyclic form parasites reduced short chain polyphosphate levels and resulted in accumulation of pyrophosphate. These results suggest that this trypanosome enzyme is an important component of a polyphosphate synthase complex that utilizes ATP to synthesize and translocate polyphosphate to acidocalcisomes in insect stages of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Ulrich
- Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
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Lander N, Ulrich PN, Docampo R. Trypanosoma brucei vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 (TbVtc4) is an acidocalcisome polyphosphate kinase required for in vivo infection. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:34205-34216. [PMID: 24114837 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.518993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP) is an anionic polymer of orthophosphate groups linked by high energy bonds that typically accumulates in acidic, calcium-rich organelles known as acidocalcisomes. PolyP synthesis in eukaryotes was unclear until it was demonstrated that the protein named Vtc4p (vacuolar transporter chaperone 4) is a long chain polyP kinase that localizes to the yeast vacuole. Here, we report that TbVtc4 (Vtc4 ortholog of Trypanosoma brucei) encodes, in contrast, a short chain polyP kinase that localizes to acidocalcisomes. The subcellular localization of TbVtc4 was demonstrated by fluorescence and electron microscopy of cell lines expressing TbVtc4 in its endogenous locus fused to an epitope tag and by purified polyclonal antibodies against TbVtc4. Recombinant TbVtc4 was expressed in bacteria, and polyP kinase activity was assayed in vitro. The in vitro growth of conditional knock-out bloodstream form trypanosomes (TbVtc4-KO) was significantly affected relative to the parental cell line. This mutant had reduced polyP kinase activity and short chain polyP content and was considerably less virulent in mice. The wild-type phenotype was recovered when an ectopic copy of the TbVtc4 gene was expressed in the presence of doxycycline. The mutant also exhibited a defect in volume recovery under osmotic stress conditions in vitro, underscoring the relevance of polyP in osmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Lander
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Paul N Ulrich
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.
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35
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Rodríguez E, Lander N, Ramirez JL. Molecular and biochemical characterisation of Trypanosoma cruzi phosphofructokinase. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:745-8. [PMID: 19820836 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterisation of the gene encoding Trypanosoma cruzi CL Brener phosphofructokinase (PFK) and the biochemical properties of the expressed enzyme are reported here. In contradiction with previous reports, the PFK genes of CL Brener and YBM strain T. cruzi were found to be similar to their Leishmania mexicana and Trypanosoma brucei homologs in terms of both kinetic properties and size, with open reading frames encoding polypeptides with a deduced molecular mass of 53,483. The predicted amino acid sequence contains the C-terminal glycosome-targeting tripeptide SKL; this localisation was confirmed by immunofluorescence assays. In sequence comparisons with the genes of other eukaryotes, it was found that, despite being an adenosine triphosphate-dependent enzyme, T. cruzi PFK shows significant sequence similarity with inorganic pyrophosphate-dependent PFKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Rodríguez
- Centro de Biotecnología, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas, Venezuela
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Chiurillo MA, Lander N, Rojas M, Sayegh M, Ramirez JL. Development of Y-SNP typing assay for forensic application in Venezuelan population. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Peña CP, Lander N, Rodríguez E, Crisante G, Añez N, Ramírez JL, Chiurillo MA. Molecular analysis of surface glycoprotein multigene family TrGP expressed on the plasma membrane of Trypanosoma rangeli epimastigotes forms. Acta Trop 2009; 111:255-62. [PMID: 19433050 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma rangeli, a non-pathogenic hemoflagelate that in Central and South America infects humans, shares with Trypanosoma cruzi reservoirs and triatomine vectors, as well as geographical distribution. Recently, we have described in T. rangeli a truncated gene copy belonging to the group II of the trans-sialidase superfamily (TrGP). This superfamily, collectively known in T. cruzi as gp85/TS, includes members that are involved in host cell invasion and infectivity. To confirm the presence of this superfamily in the genome of T. rangeli and obtain a better knowledge of its characteristics, we designed a PCR and RT-PCR cloning strategy to allow sequence analysis of both genomic and transcribed copies. We identified two full-length copies of TrGP, some pseudogenes, and N- and C-terminal sequences of several genes. We also analyzed the expression and cellular localization of these proteins in epimastigote forms of a Venezuelan T. rangeli isolate using polyclonal antibodies made against a recombinant peptide from the N-terminal region of a TrGP member. We confirmed that TrGP is a multigenic family that shares many features with T. cruzi gp85/TS, including the telomeric location of some of its members, and by immunofluorescence analysis that its location is at the surface of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Peña
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Dr. Yunis-Turbay, Decanato de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
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Lander N, Chiurillo M, Rojas M, Ramírez J. Analysis of variable regions of mtDNA in Venezuelan population. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lander N, Rojas MG, Chiurillo MA, Ramírez JL. Haplotype diversity in human mitochondrial DNA hypervariable regions I-III in the city of Caracas (Venezuela). Forensic Sci Int Genet 2008; 2:e61-4. [PMID: 19083830 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to expand the database of variable DNA for forensic identification purposes in Venezuela, we analyzed the sequence polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable regions (HVR) I-III from 100 unrelated individuals from the city of Caracas, using PCR amplification and fluorescent-based capillary electrophoresis sequencing method. Dominant haplogroups corresponded to Native Americans followed by African ones. The inclusion of HVR III although useful for sub-haplogroup assignation, added little to the discrimination capacity of our database.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lander
- Centro de Biotecnología, Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Caracas, Venezuela
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Borjas L, Bernal LP, Chiurillo MA, Tovar F, Zabala W, Lander N, Ramírez JL. Usefulness of 12 Y-STRs for forensic genetics evaluation in two populations from Venezuela. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2007; 10:107-12. [PMID: 17981491 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of allele frequencies and haplotypes for 12 STRs loci, (DYS19, DYS389I/II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385a/b, DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439) on the Y-chromosome from two Venezuelan populations were determined in 173 DNA samples of unrelated males living in Caracas (62) and Maracaibo (111). Some parameters of forensic importance were calculated. AMOVA and genetic distances between these populations were estimated. The results confirmed Y-STR genotypes as useful markers for forensic genetics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Borjas
- Unidad de Genética Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We determined the perceptions and motivations of autologous donors to establish their regard for this process and the new blood system established in 1999 in Canada. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were surveyed before and after orthopaedic, cardiac, urological or gynecological procedures. RESULTS Patients (n = 100; 57 men and 43 women) ranged in age from 19 to 83 years. Most had finished high school, and 21 had a university degree. Eighty-four had undergone previous surgery and 27 a previous transfusion. Fifty-one had been blood donors and 17 had been autologous donors. Specialists suggested donation to 78 of the patients. Seventy-two participated because they knew that their blood would be there. Three had a mistrust of the blood provider. Sixty-six believed that there is still a risk of receiving contaminated blood. Sixty-nine thought any risk was > or = 1 in 100,000; however, 16 thought the risk was < 1 in 1000. Postsurgery, 83 were happy to have donated their blood and 77 would do it again. Many felt that it improved their outcome. Most felt an increased sense of safety. Eighty-three patients were confident that the Canadian blood system had improved, but 17 were unsure. CONCLUSIONS Concern about the safety of the allogeneic blood supply still drives the wish to autodonate. The process gives patients a sense of control and security. A large proportion of people felt that the Canadian blood system had improved, as determined by this 2003 study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Banning
- Department of Psychology, the Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Bernal LP, Borjas L, Zabala W, Portillo MG, Fernández E, Delgado W, Tovar F, Lander N, Chiurillo MA, Ramírez JL, García O. Genetic variation of 15 STR autosomal loci in the Maracaibo population from Venezuela. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 161:60-3. [PMID: 16143477 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 07/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Allele frequencies for 15 short tandem repeats (STRs) autosomal loci (D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818 and FGA, included in the AmpFLSTR Identifiler, Applied Biosystems) were studied in the city of Maracaibo, Venezuela and were compared with other published Latin-American populations for the same loci. Population and forensic parameters were estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennie Pineda Bernal
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Unidad de Genética Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4007, Venezuela.
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Lander N, Tovar F, Chiurillo MA, Ramírez JL. A New Allele of the Short Tandem Repeat Locus D21S11 in a Venezuelan Population*. J Forensic Sci 2006; 51:695. [PMID: 16696726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Lander
- Centro de Biotecnología, Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA) MCT, Caracas 1080, Venezuela
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Chiurillo MA, Morales A, Mendes AM, Lander N, Tovar F, Fuentes A, Ramírez JL. Genetic profiling of a central Venezuelan population using 15 STR markers that may be of forensic importance. Forensic Sci Int 2003; 136:99-101. [PMID: 12969630 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The AmpFlSTR Identifiler kit has recently been accepted for use in DNA databasing of forensic samples in the FBI's National DNA Index System. In the present study, we used this kit to analyze the allele distribution of 15 short tandem repeat markers (STR) in individuals living in Caracas city, Venezuela. The allele frequencies of two of these STR, D2S1338 and D19S433, have not previously been reported for this or any other Latin American population. The results indicate that for the population here studied, the 15 STR tested are useful markers for paternity testing and forensic casework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Chiurillo
- Decanato de Medicina, Universidad Centro Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
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Abstract
Preoperative autologous blood donation in Canada has increased in the last decade due to concerns about allogeneic blood safety. As economic policies necessitate the validation of autologous blood donation, it is important to assess potential changes. This study examines the motivations and perceptions of patients participating in a Canadian autologous blood donation programme. The study was conducted at the Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus. Questionnaires were developed and then administered to 100 consecutive adult autologous blood donors. The questionnaires assessed patient demographics, motivation for participation and perceptions about blood safety. Autologous donation was presented to 82% of patients as an option by their physicians. However, 59% of all patients felt that they were motivated to donate by their own fears. Patients (87%) also felt that directed blood donation should be offered due to their perception that directed donation is safer. Three-quarters of patients would be willing to pay for autologous donation. Patients are concerned about the safety of allogeneic blood and they are motivated to seek other alternatives despite the fact that allogeneic blood is very safe. These perceptions and motivations must be taken into account as health care policy changes are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Moltzan
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medicine, and Psychiatry, University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Xanthine N-carbinols, potential metabolites of caffeine and other methylxanthines, have been synthesized, characterized, and derivatized. Such intermediates, the initial metabolites arising from the cytochrome P-450 oxidation of the nitrogen-bound methyl groups, may be viewed as biological N-carbinols capable of alkylating proteins and nucleic acids. Evaluation of these compounds against Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA100, has demonstrated that, in contrast to caffeine, 7-hydroxymethyltheophylline and the 3,7-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-methylxanthine mixture did exhibit cytotoxicity. There was no evidence of mutagenesis and it is possible that the Ames assay system is not applicable to N-carbinols.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lander
- College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Mechoulam R, Feigenbaum JJ, Lander N, Segal M, Järbe TU, Hiltunen AJ, Consroe P. Enantiomeric cannabinoids: stereospecificity of psychotropic activity. Experientia 1988; 44:762-4. [PMID: 3416993 DOI: 10.1007/bf01959156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The 1,1-dimethylheptyl homolog of (-)-(3R,4R)-7-hydroxy-delta-6- tetrahydrocannabinol (compound II) is highly psychotropic in mice, rats and pigeons. The (+)-(3S,4S) enantiomer (III) was found to be psychotropically inactive at doses up to several thousand times those of the ED50 of (II).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mechoulam
- Brettler Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Levchuk JW, Nolly RJ, Lander N. Method for testing the sterility of total nutrient admixtures. Am J Hosp Pharm 1988; 45:1311-21. [PMID: 3137813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A test for determining the sterility of a total nutrient admixture (TNA) containing equal quantities of 10% fat emulsion (Liposyn II), 8.5% amino acids injection, and 50% dextrose injection using the USP membrane filtration procedure was developed and evaluated. Membrane filter selection was determined by analysis of flow rates, membrane fluid compatibility, bubble point stability, and rinse fluid requirements. Microbial challenges employing five organisms (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and both soybean casein digest and fluid thioglycollate media were used to confirm the ability of the test to detect low-level microbial contamination. A polyvinylidene fluoride membrane was determined to be the most appropriate of the membrane types studied because of its superior flow rate and membrane-fluid compatibility. Bubble point testing revealed no detrimental effects on the membrane. The potential problem of haziness caused by retention of the TNA by the membrane with subsequent release in the culture media (which could result in false-positive growth determinations) was diminished by using a sterile 0.1% peptone solution rinse and careful observation techniques. Performance of the sterility test by six hospital pharmacists required an average of 14.2 minutes. Sterility testing of alternate TNAs compounded with Intralipid and Nutralipid was not feasible because of prolonged filtration times. The basic USP membrane filtration procedure for large-volume injections can be used by hospital pharmacists for testing the sterility of TNAs. When fat emulsions are used in compounding, sterility-testing procedures specific to the emulsion product used should be developed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Levchuk
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163
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Järbe TU, Hiltunen AJ, Lander N, Mechoulam R. Cannabimimetic activity (delta 1-THC cue) of cannabidiol monomethyl ether and two stereoisomeric hexahydrocannabinols in rats and pigeons. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986; 25:393-9. [PMID: 3020594 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Animals (rats and pigeons) trained to discriminate between the presence and absence of the effects of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 1-THC; 3 and 0.56 mg/kg, respectively) were tested for generalization with graded doses of delta 1-THC as well as with two 7-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol epimers which differ in the stereochemistry at the C-1 position only, and a cannabidiol (CBD)-like compound, cannabidiol monomethyl ether (CBDM). delta 1-THC produced dose/time related effects in both rats and pigeons. Both 7-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinols generalized with delta 1-THC in both species. Greater cannabimimetic activity was observed when the substituent at the C-1 position was equatorial (as in compound NL-105) than when the substituent was axial (compound NL-106) (for chemical structures see Fig. 1, below). Thus in the absence of other substituents the planarity at the C-1 position determines cannabimimetic activity. CBDM induced only vehicle appropriate responding at the doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg in both species; 30% delta 1-THC appropriate responding occurred with 17.5 mg/kg (only tested in pigeons), a dose which also appeared to excert rate depressant effects. Thus, like CBD, CBDM has a low degree of cannabimimetic activity.
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