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Slater S, Pugach O, Rogers T, Barker DC, Ross A, Tworek C, Ridgeway W, Dart L, Engstrom MC. Changes in Retail Tobacco Product Availability Following a Chicago City Ordinance Restricting Sales of Menthol and Other Flavored Tobacco Products Near Schools. Health Educ Behav 2023; 50:693-702. [PMID: 37165868 DOI: 10.1177/10901981231168872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In April 2016, the City of Chicago implemented an ordinance restricting the sale of all flavored (including menthol) tobacco products (FTPs), including electronic cigarettes, at retailers located within 500 feet of any public, private, or alternative elementary, middle ("primary"), or high ("secondary") school. We examined changes in retail availability of FTPs from before to after policy implementation among policy-affected retailers compared with retailers not subject to the policy. METHOD Observational data were collected in June to September 2015 (Wave 1; pre-policy) and November to December 2016 (Wave 2; post-policy) from a panel of 194 randomly selected policy-area stores (located within 500 feet of a school), and a panel of 199 randomly selected comparison-area stores (located more than 500 feet from a school). Using generalized estimation equation regression, we assessed differences in FTP availability changes across study areas. RESULTS We observed a statistically significant policy effect on FTP availability (Area × Wave interaction, p < .05); however, more than half of policy-area retailers continued to display at least one FTP after policy implementation (87.11% at Wave 1, 57.73% at Wave 2, p < .05). Similar reductions were seen for the availability of flavored cigarillos/little cigars and menthol cigarettes, while policy effects varied across store types. DISCUSSION FTP availability reductions appear to be associated with policy implementation, but FTPs remained readily available at retailers subject to the policy. This study contributes to the evidence base indicating that policies with exclusions or exemptions for certain flavors, products, store types, or retailer locations have a limited effect on retail availability of FTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Todd Rogers
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Ashley Ross
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Cindy Tworek
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Leah Dart
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Martha C Engstrom
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Pappalardo AA, Martin MA, Weinstein S, Pugach O, Mosnaim GS. Improving Adherence in Urban Youth With Asthma: Role of Community Health Workers. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2022; 10:3186-3193. [PMID: 36058514 PMCID: PMC10091238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asthma Action at Erie Trial is a comparative effectiveness trial comparing a community health worker (CHW) versus certified asthma educator (AE-C) intervention in low-income minority children. OBJECTIVES Determine whether asthma medication possession, adherence, technique, and triggers differ in children receiving an asthma CHW compared with an AE-C intervention. METHODS Children with uncontrolled asthma were randomized to receive 10 CHW home visits or 2 AE-C sessions in a clinic over 1 year. Asthma medication possession and inhaler technique were observed; adherence was measured using self-report, dose counters, and electronic monitors. Environmental triggers were captured by self-report, observation, and objective measurement. Mixed effects linear and logistic regression models were estimated for continuous and binary outcomes. RESULTS Children (n = 223) were mainly Hispanic (85%) and ages 5 to 16 years. Quick-relievers (82%), spacers (72%), and inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-containing medications (44%) were tracked. Of those with uncontrolled asthma, 35% lacked an ICS prescription (n = 201). Children in the CHW arm were more likely to have an ICS prescription at 12 months (odds ratio 2.39; 95% CI 0.99-5.79). Inhaler technique improved 9.8% in the CHW arm at 6 months (95% CI 4.20-15.32). The ICS adherence improved in the CHW arm at 12 months, with a 16.0% (95% CI 2.3-29.7; P = .02) difference between arms. Differences in trigger exposure over time were not observed between arms. CONCLUSIONS The CHW services were associated with improved ICS adherence and inhaler technique, compared with AE-C services. More information is needed to determine the necessary dosage of intervention to sustain adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Pappalardo
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
| | - Molly A Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Sally Weinstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Department of Biostatistics, Corevitas, LLC, Waltham, Mass
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Ill
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3
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Gordon HS, Pugach O, Solanki P, Gopal RK. A brief pre-visit educational video improved patient engagement after telehealth visits; results from a randomized controlled trial. PEC Innov 2022; 1:100080. [PMID: 37213724 PMCID: PMC10194152 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2022.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective To test an intervention designed to improve patient engagement in telehealth visits by encouraging patients to use active communication behaviors. Methods US Veterans with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving primary care using telehealth were randomized 1:1 to receive both a pre-visit educational video and pamphlet (intervention) or pamphlet alone (control) prior to their scheduled telehealth visit. Data were collected before and after the intervention from the medical record and at telephone interviews (questionnaires). Analyses compared the intervention and control groups using bivariate statistics and multiple regression. Results There were no statistically significant differences in baseline Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) between intervention and control groups (P > 0.05). Patient's ratings of physicians' communication and post-visit empathy were higher (P ≤ 0.05) in the intervention group than control group and after adjusting for baseline values the intervention group reported higher scores on post-visit therapeutic alliance with the provider and higher patient engagement, compared with the control group, P = 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively, but post-visit HbA1c was not statistically different. Conclusions The educational video was useful as pre-visit preparation for patients prior to a primary care telehealth visit. Innovation This study showed the efficacy of a pre-visit video to improve patient engagement and therapeutic alliance after telehealth visits.ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier: NCT02522494.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S. Gordon
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center and VA Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA
- Section of Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Corresponding author at: 820 S. Damen Ave (151), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pooja Solanki
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center and VA Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ravi K. Gopal
- Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered & Value-Driven Care, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Zenk SN, Pugach O, Chriqui JF, Wing C, Raymond D, Tarlov E, Sheridan B, Jones KK, Slater SJ. Active living-oriented zoning codes and cardiometabolic conditions across the lifespan. Transl Behav Med 2022; 12:595-600. [PMID: 35192715 PMCID: PMC9132202 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environments that make it easier for people to incorporate physical activity into their daily life may help to reduce high rates of cardiometabolic conditions. Local zoning codes are a policy and planning tool to create more walkable and bikeable environments. This study evaluated relationships between active living-oriented zoning code environments and cardiometabolic conditions (body mass index, hyperlipidemia, hypertension). The study used county identifiers to link electronic health record and other administrative data for a sample of patients utilizing primary care services between 2012 and 2016 with county-aggregated zoning code data and built environment data. The analytic sample included 7,441,991 patients living in 292 counties in 44 states. Latent class analysis was used to summarize municipal- and unincorporated county-level data on seven zoning provisions (e.g., sidewalks, trails, street connectivity, mixed land use), resulting in classes that differed in strength of the zoning provisions. Based on the probability of class membership, counties were categorized as one of four classes. Linear and logistic regression models estimated cross-sectional associations with each cardiometabolic condition. Models were fit separately for youth (aged 5-19), adults (aged 20-59), and older adults (aged 60+). Little evidence was found that body mass index in youth, adults, or older adults or the odds of hyperlipidemia or hypertension in adults or older adults differed according to the strength of active living-oriented zoning. More research is needed to identify the health impacts of zoning codes and whether alterations to these codes would improve population health over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N Zenk
- National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, USA,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA,Correspondence to: SN Zenk,
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Methodology Research Core, Institute of Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jamie F Chriqui
- Methodology Research Core, Institute of Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL, USA,Health Policy and Administration Division, UIC, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Coady Wing
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Tarlov
- Department of Health Population Nursing Science, College of Nursing, UIC, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Kelly K Jones
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandy J Slater
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy at Concordia University in Mequon, Mequon, WI, USA
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Weinstein SM, Pugach O, Rosales G, Mosnaim GS, Orozco K, Pappalardo AA, Martin MA. Psychosocial Moderators and Outcomes of a Randomized Effectiveness Trial for Child Asthma. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 46:673-687. [PMID: 33616185 PMCID: PMC8291673 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychosocial factors play a role in child asthma morbidity and disparities, but their impact on asthma intervention effectiveness is less understood. This study examined how child, parent, and family psychosocial factors moderated asthma response to, and changed in response to, 2 community asthma interventions among urban minority youth. METHODS Asthma Action at Erie was a randomized comparative effectiveness trial examining a community health worker (CHW) home intervention versus certified asthma educator (AE-C) services for children aged 5-16 with uncontrolled asthma (N = 223; mean age = 9.37, SD = 3.02; 85.2% Hispanic). Asthma control was assessed via the Asthma Control Test (ACT)/childhood ACT and activity limitation. Baseline child/parent depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, family chaos, and social support were examined as treatment moderators. We also tested intervention effects on psychosocial outcomes. RESULTS For parents with higher baseline depression symptoms, youth in the CHW group had greater ACT improvement by 24 months (7.49 points) versus AE-C (4.76 points) and 51% reduction in days of limitation by 6 months versus AE-C (ß = -0.118; p = .0145). For higher parent PTSD symptoms, youth in CHW had 68% fewer days of limitation at 24 months versus AE-C (ß = -0.091; p = .0102). Psychosocial outcomes did not vary by group, but parent depression, parent and child PTSD symptoms, and social support improved for all. CONCLUSIONS CHW intervention was associated with improved asthma control among families with higher parent strain. Findings have implications for utilizing tailored CHW home interventions to optimize asthma outcomes in at-risk families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Genesis Rosales
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Asthma, NorthShore University Health System
| | - Kimberly Orozco
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Andrea A Pappalardo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Molly A Martin
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago
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Martin MA, Pugach O, Mosnaim G, Weinstein S, Rosales G, Roy A, Pappalardo AA, Walton S. Community Health Worker Asthma Interventions for Children: Results From a Clinically Integrated Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Trial (2016‒2019). Am J Public Health 2021; 111:1328-1337. [PMID: 34111359 PMCID: PMC8355214 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To compare asthma control for children receiving either community health worker (CHW) or certified asthma educator (AE-C) services. Methods. The Asthma Action at Erie Trial is a comparative effectiveness trial that ran from 2016 to 2019 in Cook County, Illinois. Participants (aged 5‒16 years with uncontrolled asthma) were randomized to 10 home visits from clinically integrated asthma CHWs or 2 in-clinic sessions from an AE-C. Results. Participants (n = 223) were mainly Hispanic (85%) and low-income. Both intervention groups showed significant improvement in asthma control scores over time. Asthma control was maintained after interventions ended. The CHW group experienced a greater improvement in asthma control scores. One year after intervention cessation, the CHW group had a 42% reduction in days of activity limitation relative to the AE-C group (b = 0.58; 95% confidence interval = 0.35, 0.96). Conclusions. Both interventions were associated with meaningful improvements in asthma control. Improvements continued for 1 year after intervention cessation and were stronger with the CHW intervention. Public Health Implications. Clinically integrated asthma CHW and AE-C services that do not provide home environmental remediation equipment may improve and sustain asthma control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Martin
- Molly A. Martin is with the Department of Pediatrics and the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Oksana Pugach and Genesis Rosales are with the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Giselle Mosnaim is with Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL. Sally Weinstein is with the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Angkana Roy is with Erie Family Health Center, Chicago. Andrea A. Pappalardo is with the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Surrey Walton is with the College of Pharmacy at the University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Molly A. Martin is with the Department of Pediatrics and the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Oksana Pugach and Genesis Rosales are with the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Giselle Mosnaim is with Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL. Sally Weinstein is with the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Angkana Roy is with Erie Family Health Center, Chicago. Andrea A. Pappalardo is with the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Surrey Walton is with the College of Pharmacy at the University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Giselle Mosnaim
- Molly A. Martin is with the Department of Pediatrics and the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Oksana Pugach and Genesis Rosales are with the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Giselle Mosnaim is with Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL. Sally Weinstein is with the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Angkana Roy is with Erie Family Health Center, Chicago. Andrea A. Pappalardo is with the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Surrey Walton is with the College of Pharmacy at the University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Sally Weinstein
- Molly A. Martin is with the Department of Pediatrics and the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Oksana Pugach and Genesis Rosales are with the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Giselle Mosnaim is with Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL. Sally Weinstein is with the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Angkana Roy is with Erie Family Health Center, Chicago. Andrea A. Pappalardo is with the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Surrey Walton is with the College of Pharmacy at the University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Genesis Rosales
- Molly A. Martin is with the Department of Pediatrics and the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Oksana Pugach and Genesis Rosales are with the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Giselle Mosnaim is with Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL. Sally Weinstein is with the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Angkana Roy is with Erie Family Health Center, Chicago. Andrea A. Pappalardo is with the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Surrey Walton is with the College of Pharmacy at the University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Angkana Roy
- Molly A. Martin is with the Department of Pediatrics and the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Oksana Pugach and Genesis Rosales are with the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Giselle Mosnaim is with Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL. Sally Weinstein is with the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Angkana Roy is with Erie Family Health Center, Chicago. Andrea A. Pappalardo is with the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Surrey Walton is with the College of Pharmacy at the University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Andrea A Pappalardo
- Molly A. Martin is with the Department of Pediatrics and the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Oksana Pugach and Genesis Rosales are with the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Giselle Mosnaim is with Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL. Sally Weinstein is with the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Angkana Roy is with Erie Family Health Center, Chicago. Andrea A. Pappalardo is with the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Surrey Walton is with the College of Pharmacy at the University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Surrey Walton
- Molly A. Martin is with the Department of Pediatrics and the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Oksana Pugach and Genesis Rosales are with the Institute for Health and Research Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Giselle Mosnaim is with Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL. Sally Weinstein is with the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Angkana Roy is with Erie Family Health Center, Chicago. Andrea A. Pappalardo is with the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Surrey Walton is with the College of Pharmacy at the University of Illinois at Chicago
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Abstract
Between 2013 and 2016, the Chicago Park District renovated 327 playgrounds in need of repair across Chicago through a $44 million investment. This study evaluated whether short-term and longer-term impacts of renovations on park use and park-based moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) differed by neighborhood income level and neighborhood concentration of Black residents. A total of 39 parks with renovated playgrounds and 39 matched comparison parks with playgrounds that needed repair but not selected for renovation in year 1 were studied. Three waves of observational data were collected at each park: baseline, 12 months post-renovation, and 24 months post-renovation. Difference-in-differences mixed-effects Poisson regression models estimated renovation effects. The effects of renovations differed by the income level and concentration of Black residents in the neighborhoods where parks were located. In low-income neighborhoods, renovations were associated with reductions in park use and park-based MVPA over the longer term. In contrast, renovations were associated with short- and longer-term increases in park use and park-based MVPA in medium-income neighborhoods and with longer-term increases in MVPA in high-income neighborhoods. Renovations were generally not associated with any changes in park use or park-based MVPA in high-percent Black neighborhoods, but they were associated with increased park use and park-based MVPA in low-percent Black neighborhoods. This study suggests playground renovations in Chicago may have had unintended consequences, increasing neighborhood income and racial disparities in park use and park-based MVPA. Future playground renovation efforts may need to allocate more resources for renovating the broader park where in disrepair, more intensely involve neighborhood residents, and employ complementary strategies such as additional park programming to ensure renovations benefit all neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N Zenk
- Department of Population Health Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Angela Odoms-Young
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa M Powell
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Health Policy and Administration Division, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandy J Slater
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,School of Pharmacy, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, WI, USA.
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Kotini-Shah P, Del Rios M, Khosla S, Pugach O, Vellano K, McNally B, Vanden Hoek T, Chan PS. Sex differences in outcomes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States. Resuscitation 2021; 163:6-13. [PMID: 33798627 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 1000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) occur each day in the United States. Although sex differences exist for other cardiovascular conditions such as stroke and acute myocardial infarction, they are less well understood for OHCA. Specifically, the extent to which neurological and survival outcomes after OHCA differ between men and women remains poorly characterized in the U.S. METHODS AND RESULTS Within the national Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) registry, we identified 326,138 adults with an OHCA from 2013 to 2019. Using multivariable logistic regression, we evaluated for sex differences in rates of survival to hospital admission, survival to hospital discharge, and favorable neurological survival (i.e., without severe neurological disability), adjusted for demographics, cardiac arrest characteristics and bystander interventions. Overall, 117,281 (36%) patients were women. Median age was 62 and 65 years for men and women, respectively. An initial shockable rhythm (25.1% vs 14.7%, standardized difference of 0.26) and an arrest in a public location (22.2% vs. 11.3%; standardized difference of 0.30) were more common in men, but there were no meaningful sex differences in rates of witnessed arrests, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intra-venous access, or use of mechanical devices for delivering cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Overall, the unadjusted rates of all survival outcomes were similar between men and women: survival to hospital admission (27.0% for men vs. 27.9% for women, standardized difference of -0.02), survival to hospital discharge (10.5% for men vs. 8.6% for women, standardized difference of 0.07), and favorable neurological survival (9.0% for men vs. 6.6% for women, standardized difference of 0.09). After multivariable adjustment, however, men were less likely to survive to hospital admission (adjusted OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.77), survive to hospital discharge (adjusted OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.80, 0.85), or have favorable neurological survival (adjusted OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.91). CONCLUSIONS Compared to women, men with OHCA have more favorable cardiac arrest characteristics but were less likely to survive to hospital admission, survive to discharge, nor have favorable neurological survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra Kotini-Shah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Marina Del Rios
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shaveta Khosla
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kimberly Vellano
- CARES: Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bryan McNally
- CARES: Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terry Vanden Hoek
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul S Chan
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and the University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, USA
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Lin J, Mauntel-Medici C, Maheswaran AB, Baghikar S, Pugach O, Stein EM, Martin MT, Nguyen H. Factors predicting staging and treatment initiation for patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: insurance a key predictor. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 44:148-157. [PMID: 33539524 PMCID: PMC8904194 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection affects over 2.4 million Americans and accounts for 18 000 deaths per year. Treatment initiation in this population continues to be low even after introduction of highly effective and shorter duration direct-acting antivirals. This study assesses factors that influence key milestones in the HCV care continuum. Methods Retrospective time-to-event analyses were performed to assess factors influencing liver fibrosis staging and treatment initiation among individuals confirmed with chronic HCV infection at University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System between 1 August 2015 and 24 October 2016 and followed through 28 January 2018. Cox regression models were utilized for multivariable analyses. Results Individuals tested at the liver clinic (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.03; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–3.46) and at the federally qualified health center (HR = 3.51; 95% CI: 2.19–5.64) had higher instantaneous probability of being staged compared with individuals tested at the emergency department (ED) or inpatient setting. And probability of treatment initiation increased with advancing liver fibrosis especially for Medicaid beneficiaries (HR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.35–1.99). Conclusions The study demonstrates a need for improving access for patients with early stages of the disease in order to reduce HCV-related morbidity and mortality, especially those tested at nontraditional care locations such as the ED or the inpatient setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Cammeo Mauntel-Medici
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Anjana Bairavi Maheswaran
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sara Baghikar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Ellen M Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michelle T Martin
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hai Nguyen
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
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Marinello S, Leider J, Pugach O, Powell LM. The impact of the Philadelphia beverage tax on employment: A synthetic control analysis. Econ Hum Biol 2021; 40:100939. [PMID: 33232891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of obesity and other diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have continued to rise for decades in the United States. In addition to adverse health consequences, these diseases have led to substantial economic costs in the form of medical expenses and productivity losses. To address the rise in NCDs, excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are increasingly proposed and implemented as a policy tool for improving dietary intake and population health. To date, few empirical studies have evaluated the potential unintended economic effects of these taxes. In this paper, we examine the impact of the Philadelphia, PA, sweetened beverage tax (applied to both SSBs and artificially sweetened beverages) on employment in key industries that sell sweetened beverages as well as on net total employment. Drawing on monthly employment count data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics from January 2012 through June 2019, we conducted a synthetic control analysis of total, private sector, limited-service restaurant, and convenience store employment. The synthetic controls reproduced nearly identical pre-tax employment trends to Philadelphia and had similar values of important predictors. In the post-tax period, Philadelphia employment was not lower, on average, than the synthetic control employment for each outcome. Placebo tests suggested a null effect of the tax, and the results were robust to changes in predictors and control site criteria. Overall, we did not find that the sweetened beverage tax resulted in job losses up to two and a half years after the tax was implemented. These findings are consistent with other peer-reviewed modeling and empirical papers on the employment and unemployment effects of sweetened beverage taxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Marinello
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor Street, M/C 923, Chicago, IL, 60612-4394, USA; Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608-1264, USA.
| | - Julien Leider
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608-1264, USA
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608-1264, USA
| | - Lisa M Powell
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor Street, M/C 923, Chicago, IL, 60612-4394, USA; Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608-1264, USA
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11
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Martin M, Pugach O, Avenetti D, Lee H, Salazar S, Rosales G, Songthangtham N. Oral Health Behaviors in Very Young Children in Low-Income Urban Areas in Chicago, Illinois, 2018-2019. Prev Chronic Dis 2020; 17:E152. [PMID: 33274700 PMCID: PMC7735487 DOI: 10.5888/pcd17.200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Because most data on oral health do not include infants and toddlers, we aimed to describe the oral health behaviors of low-income children younger than 3 years and determine factors associated with child tooth brushing. Methods We obtained data from the Coordinated Oral Health Promotion Chicago study, which included 420 families with children aged 6 to 36 months and their caregivers in Cook County, Illinois. We assessed child frequency of brushing from caregiver reports and objectively determined child dental plaque scores. Significant factors associated with tooth brushing frequency and dental plaque score were identified using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator variable selection. Results Mean child age was 21.5 (SD, 6.9) months, and only 45% of caregivers brushed their children’s teeth twice per day or more. The mean plaque score was 1.9 (SD, 0.6), indicating high levels of plaque. Child brushing frequency was higher when children were older; used the correct toothpaste amount; brushed for a longer duration; and when caregivers brushed their own teeth more frequently, had more help with the overall care of the child’s teeth, and had family to help. Child brushing frequency was lower for caregivers with more interference from activities of daily life. Children whose caregivers had more adult help with child brushing had better plaque scores; worse plaque scores were seen in children with higher sugary beverage and food consumption and lower household incomes. Conclusion The tooth brushing behaviors of young children are strongly associated with those of their parents and with the level of family support for brushing. Interventions to improve brushing in young children should focus on the entire family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Martin
- College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood St, M/C 856, Chicago, IL 60612.
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David Avenetti
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,College of Dentistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Helen Lee
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,College of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shojanny Salazar
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Genesis Rosales
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nattanit Songthangtham
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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12
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Chriqui JF, Leider J, Schermbeck RM, Sanghera A, Pugach O. Changes in Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) Practices at Participating Childcare and Education Centers in the United States Following Updated National Standards, 2017-2019. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2818. [PMID: 32942598 PMCID: PMC7551123 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) updated meal pattern standards took effect in October 2017. The aim of this quasi-experimental, pre-post study is to identify changes in food and beverage practices of CACFP-participating centers due to implementation of updated CACFP meal patterns over a 21-month period. Eight hundred and fifty-eight centers located in 47 states and the District of Columbia completed a survey (primarily electronic) at both time points (67.6% follow-up response rate). Multivariable logistic regressions with robust standard errors assessed changes over time, accounting for repeated observations within each site. From baseline to follow-up, centers reported the increased familiarity and implementation, albeit with time, money, and staffing-related challenges. Significant improvements were seen in not serving sugary cereals or flavored milk, in serving 100% whole grains, and serving processed meats less than once a week. While CACFP-participating centers reported making significant progress in meeting the updated meal pattern standards and suggested best practices within 15-19 months of their effective date, reported compliance and adherence to the standards and best practices was not universal. USDA, state agencies, and technical assistance providers should work to provide centers with additional guidance to help them with implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie F. Chriqui
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA; (J.L.); (R.M.S.); (A.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Julien Leider
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA; (J.L.); (R.M.S.); (A.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Rebecca M. Schermbeck
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA; (J.L.); (R.M.S.); (A.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Anmol Sanghera
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA; (J.L.); (R.M.S.); (A.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA; (J.L.); (R.M.S.); (A.S.); (O.P.)
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13
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Freeman VL, Naylor KB, Boylan EE, Booth BJ, Pugach O, Barrett RE, Campbell RT, McLafferty SL. Spatial access to primary care providers and colorectal cancer-specific survival in Cook County, Illinois. Cancer Med 2020; 9:3211-3223. [PMID: 32130791 PMCID: PMC7196057 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial access to primary care has been associated with late-stage and fatal breast cancer, but less is known about its relation to outcomes of other screening-preventable cancers such as colorectal cancer. This population-based retrospective cohort study examined whether spatial access to primary care providers associates with colorectal cancer-specific survival. METHODS Approximately 26 600 incident colorectal cancers diagnosed between 2000 and 2008 in adults residing in Cook County, Illinois were identified through the state cancer registry and georeferenced to the census tract of residence at diagnosis. An enhanced two-step floating catchment area method measured tract-level access to primary care physicians (PCPs) in the year of diagnosis using practice locations obtained from the American Medical Association. Vital status and underlying cause of death were determined using the National Death Index. Fine-Gray proportional subdistribution hazard models analyzed the association between tract-level PCP access scores and colorectal cancer-specific survival after accounting for tract-level socioeconomic status, case demographics, tumor characteristics, and other factors. RESULTS Increased tract-level access to PCPs was associated with a lower risk of death from colorectal cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 95% confidence interval [CI]) = 0.87 [0.79, 0.96], P = .008, highest vs lowest quintile), especially among persons diagnosed with regional-stage tumors (HR, 95% CI = 0.80 [0.69, 0.93], P = .004, highest vs lowest quintile). CONCLUSIONS Spatial access to primary care providers is a predictor of colorectal cancer-specific survival in Cook County, Illinois. Future research is needed to determine which areas within the cancer care continuum are most affected by spatial accessibility to primary care such as referral for screening, accessibility of screening and diagnostic testing, referral for treatment, and access to appropriate survivorship-related care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent L. Freeman
- Division of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA
- University of Illinois Cancer CenterUniversity of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences SystemChicagoILUSA
| | - Keith B. Naylor
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Emma E. Boylan
- Division of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Benjamin J. Booth
- Office of Community Health SystemsWashington State Department of HealthOlympiaWAUSA
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Division of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA
- Institute of Health Research and PolicySchool of Public HealthUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Richard E. Barrett
- Department of SociologyCollege of Liberal and SciencesUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Richard T. Campbell
- Institute of Health Research and PolicySchool of Public HealthUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Sara L. McLafferty
- Department of Geography and Geographic Information ScienceUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
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Martin MA, Zimmerman LJ, Rosales GF, Lee HH, Songthangtham N, Pugach O, Sandoval AS, Avenetti D, Alvarez G, Gansky SA. Design and sample characteristics of COordinated Oral health Promotion (CO-OP) Chicago: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 92:105919. [PMID: 31899372 PMCID: PMC7309222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2019.105919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
COordinated Oral health Promotion (CO-OP) Chicago is a two-arm cluster-randomized trial with a wait-list control. The primary aim is to evaluate the efficacy of an oral health community health worker (CHW) intervention to improve oral health behaviors in low-income, urban children under the age of three years. Exploratory aims will determine cost-effectiveness, and if any CHW intervention impact on child tooth brushing behaviors varies when CHWs are based out of a medical clinic compared to a community setting. This paper describes progress toward achieving these aims. Participating families were recruited from community social service centers and pediatric primary care medical clinics in Cook County, Illinois. Sites were cluster-randomized to CHW intervention or usual services (a wait-list control). The intervention is oral health support from CHWs delivered in four visits to individual families over one year. The trial sample consists of 420 child/caregiver dyads enrolled at the 20 participating sites over 11 months. Participant demographics varied across the sites, but primary outcomes values at baseline did not. Data on brushing frequency, plaque, and other oral health behaviors are collected at three timepoints: baseline, 6-, and 12-months. The primary analysis will assess differences in caregiver-reported child brushing frequency and observed plaque score between the two arms at 12-months. The trial is currently in the active intervention phase. The trial's cluster-randomized controlled design takes a real-world approach by integrating into existing health and social service agencies and collecting data in participant homes. Results will address an important child health disparity. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03397589. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: University of Illinois at Chicago Protocol Record 2017-1090. National Institutes of Dental & Craniofacial Research of the National Institutes of Health (NIDCR) Protocol Number: 17-074-E. NCT03397589.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Martin
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 1853 W Polk St, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, United States.
| | - Lacey J Zimmerman
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 1853 W Polk St, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Genesis F Rosales
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, United States
| | - Helen H Lee
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 1853 W Polk St, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, United States
| | - Nattanit Songthangtham
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, United States
| | - Oksana Pugach
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, United States
| | - Anna S Sandoval
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, United States
| | - David Avenetti
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, 801 S Paulina St, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Gizelle Alvarez
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, United States
| | - Stuart A Gansky
- University of California, Box# 1361, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
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15
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Avenetti D, Lee HH, Pugach O, Rosales G, Sandoval A, Martin M. Tooth Brushing Behaviors and Fluoridated Toothpaste Use Among Children Younger Than Three Years Old in Chicago. J Dent Child (Chic) 2020; 87:31-38. [PMID: 32151308 PMCID: PMC7133388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To describe toothbrushing frequency/duration and toothpaste use among young children in an urban, vulnerable population in Chicago, Ill., USA. Methods: Caregivers of children younger than three years old were recruited from university and community pediatric dental clinics. Caregivers completed a 37-item questionnaire in English or Spanish about predictors/covariates (demographics, child/caregiver oral health, access to dental care) and primary outcomes (child toothbrushng behaviors, toothpaste use). Models employed generalized logit and ordinal logistic regression. Results: A total of 148 caregivers completed the survey. The average child age was 18.8 months (±7.4 SD). Approximately 41 percent of children brushed once a day or less, and 19 percent of caregivers did not regularly assist. Almost all children used toothpaste (96 percent), but 36 percent of caregivers did not know if it contained fluoride. Increased child brushing frequency was associated with older child age, higher caregiver brushing frequency, history of a child dental visit, and caregiver assistance (P<0.05). Children with a history of dental visits were seven times more likely to brush for 30 seconds or more, and receiving caregiver assistance was associated with brushing longer than two minutes (P <0.05). Conclusion: Most children brushed at least once daily and nearly all of them used toothpaste. Access to dental care, parental involvement, and parental oral health were associated with favorable child toothbrushing behaviors. Toothbrushing duration, frequency, and encouraging family assistance are modifiable protective factors and opportunities for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Avenetti
- Dr. Avenetti is a clinical associate professor and graduate program director, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA;,
| | - Helen H Lee
- Dr. Lee is an assistant professor, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Dr. Pugach is a biostatistician, Methodology Research Core, and Mses, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
| | - Genesis Rosales
- Rosales, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
| | - Anna Sandoval
- Sandoval are research specialists, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
| | - Molly Martin
- Dr. Martin is an associate professor, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
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16
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Lee HH, Ochoa N, Moragne-O'Neal N, Rosales GF, Pugach O, Shadamoro A, Martin MA. Can an Instrument Validated to Assess Parent-Child Interactions in the Laboratory Setting Be Applied to Home-Based Observations? Front Pediatr 2020; 8:550922. [PMID: 33520881 PMCID: PMC7845142 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.550922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Toothbrushing Observations Scale (TBOS) was developed in a laboratory setting to measure child and parent behaviors during toothbrushing. However, we required an instrument to assess home based behaviors. We assessed the feasibility of applying TBOS to observations of parents and their child (<3 years of age) in urban homes. Methods: Sample consisted of 36 families recruited from university and community pediatric dental/medical clinics and a Women, Infants, and Children center in Chicago as part of a pilot study for a larger clinical trial. The average age of children in our sample was 20.7 months. Most of the parent participants were mothers (90%), and 75% of the parents identified as Hispanic. Parent-child dyads were video-recorded during home-based toothbrushing activities and footage was reviewed by two independent TBOS coders. Results: The TBOS instrument consists of 12 parent and 18 child items. We were able to code five parent and ten child items. Conclusion: The feasibility of applying the TBOS measure to our study population was somewhat limited by factors related to home-based observations and the young age of children in our study. Instruments need to be validated across natural settings, such as the home, to increase the quality and accuracy of human behavioral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nadia Ochoa
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nia Moragne-O'Neal
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Genesis F Rosales
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Molly A Martin
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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17
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Weinstein SM, Orozco K, Pugach O, Rosales G, Songthangtham N, Martin MA. Parent Nativity and Child Asthma Control in Families of Mexican Heritage: The Effects of Parent Depression and Social Support. Acad Pediatr 2020; 20:967-974. [PMID: 32407888 PMCID: PMC7483789 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has repeatedly demonstrated that parent foreign nativity has a protective effect on child asthma outcomes among Mexican Americans, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. The current study explored parent depression as a mediator and social support as a moderator of the parent nativity-child asthma control pathway. METHODS Data come from the baseline sample of a trial (NCT02481986) testing community interventions for 223 children aged 5 to 16 with uncontrolled asthma. We focused on parent/child dyads of Mexican heritage (N = 165; mean age = 9.08, standard deviation = 2.94; 57.3% with Mexico-born parent). Asthma control was defined using the child and adult versions of the Asthma Control Test (ACT). Psychosocial factors included parent depression symptoms and social (instrumental, informational, and emotional) support. RESULTS Mexican-born parents had fewer depressive symptoms (β^ = -2.03, SE^ = 0.24) and children with better asthma control (β^ = 1.78, SE^ = 0.24) than US-born parents, P < .0001. Analyses suggested partial mediation of the nativity-ACT path via parent depression (P < .001). An interaction between Instrumental Support and Nativity was marginally significant (β^ = -0.10, SE^ = 0.05, P = .07), with protective effects only observed at higher support levels. Last, among Mexico-born parents, the protective nativity effects on ACT declined with increasing residential years in the United States through 12 years. CONCLUSIONS This study is novel in identifying parent depression as one mechanism underlying the effects of parent nativity on child asthma control, but results suggest that the health advantages may depend on availability of support. Providing resources for parent depression and instrumental support (transportation, childcare) can optimize asthma interventions in this population.
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18
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Marinello S, Pipito AA, Leider J, Pugach O, Powell LM. The impact of the Oakland sugar-sweetened beverage tax on bottled soda and fountain drink prices in fast-food restaurants. Prev Med Rep 2019; 17:101034. [PMID: 32089991 PMCID: PMC7026275 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tax pass-through to bottled regular soda was 82% one year post-tax and significant. Price increases of bottled diet soda were similar to regular soda but not significant. Tax pass-through was not significant for fountain drink prices.
Beverage taxes are increasingly being implemented as an intervention aimed at reducing the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and their associated adverse health outcomes. Whether these taxes achieve public health objectives depends, in part, on the extent to which beverage prices increase, known as tax pass-through. Fast-food restaurants are a significant source of SSBs and an environment where the effect of beverage taxes is less understood. This study evaluates the impact of an SSB tax on prices of beverage products sold in fast-food restaurants in Oakland, CA, which implemented a 1-cent per ounce excise tax on SSBs containing 25 or more calories per 12 fluid ounces in 2017. A pre-post intervention difference-in-differences (DID) research design with Sacramento, CA, serving as a comparison site was used to estimate the effect of the tax on fast-food restaurant beverage prices. A panel of fast-food restaurants were audited 1-month pre-tax and 6- and 12-months post-tax. DID regression models with restaurant and product fixed effects were used to estimate tax pass-through to prices of bottled regular (N = 150 observations from 39 restaurants) and diet (N = 106 observations from 32 restaurants) soda and fountain drinks (N = 501 observations from 73 restaurants). Statistically significant (p < 0.05) pass-through of 82% was found for bottled regular soda one year after the tax was implemented. This effect represents an 8% increase in prices from baseline. No statistically significant changes in prices were found in either time period for taxed and untaxed fountain drinks and untaxed bottled diet soda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Marinello
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor Street, M/C 923, Chicago, IL, 60612-4394, USA
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608-1264, USA
- Corresponding author at: Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor Street, M/C 923, Chicago, IL, 60612-4394, USA.
| | - Andrea A. Pipito
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608-1264, USA
| | - Julien Leider
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608-1264, USA
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608-1264, USA
| | - Lisa M. Powell
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor Street, M/C 923, Chicago, IL, 60612-4394, USA
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608-1264, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Asthma is a highly prevalent childhood chronic disease, with particularly high rates among poor and minority youth. Psychosocial factors have been linked to asthma severity but remain poorly understood. This study examined (1) relationships between parent and child depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, family functioning, and child asthma control in a sample of urban minority youth with uncontrolled asthma and (2) family functioning as a pathway linking parent depression and asthma outcomes. METHODS Data were drawn from the baseline cohort of a randomized trial testing community interventions for children aged 5 to 16 with uncontrolled asthma (N = 223; mean age = 9.37, SD = 3.02; 85.2% Hispanic). Asthma control was defined by using the Asthma Control Test and Childhood Asthma Control Test, activity limitation, and previous-12-month asthma severity. Psychosocial measures included parent and child depression and PTSD symptoms, family chaos, and parent social support. RESULTS Parent and child depression symptoms, but not PTSD, were associated with worse asthma control (β = -.20 [SE = 0.06] and β = -.12 [SE = -.03]; P < .001). Family chaos corresponded to worse asthma control, even when controlling for parent and child depression (β = -.33; [SE = 0.15]; P < .05), and was a mediator of the parent depression-asthma path. Emotional triggers of asthma also mediated the parent depression-asthma relationship. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight family chaos as a mechanism underlying the relationship between parent depression and child asthma control. Addressing parent and child depression, family routines, and predictability may optimize asthma outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Surrey M. Walton
- Pharmacy Systems Outcomes and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
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Del Rios M, Weber J, Pugach O, Nguyen H, Campbell T, Islam S, Stein Spencer L, Markul E, Bunney EB, Vanden Hoek T. Large urban center improves out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival. Resuscitation 2019; 139:234-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mosnaim GS, Weinstein SM, Pugach O, Rosales G, Roy A, Walton S, Martin MA. Design and baseline characteristics of a low-income urban cohort of children with asthma: The Asthma Action at Erie Trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2019; 79:55-65. [PMID: 30772471 PMCID: PMC6541387 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the methodology of a randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of integrated asthma community health workers (CHW) and a certified asthma educator (AE-C) to improve asthma outcomes in low-income minority children in Chicago. METHODS Child/caregiver dyads were randomized to CHW home visits or education in the clinic from an AE-C. Intervention was delivered in the first year after enrollment. Data collection occured at baseline, 6-, 12-, 18, and 24-months. The co-primary outcomes included asthma control using the Asthma Control Test/childhood Asthma Control Test (ACT/cACT) and activity limitation over the past 14 days. RESULTS A total of 223 participants ages 5-16 years were randomized. The majority of children were in the 5-11 year old range (78.9%). Most caregivers (96.9%) and 44% of children were female. Approximately 85% of caregivers and children reported Hispanic ethnicity and 62.3% reported a household income of ≤ $59,000. Over half (55.7%) had uncontrolled asthma as measured by ACT/cACT; 13.9% had a normal ACT/cACT score but were uncontrolled using the Asthma Control Questionnaire and 20.2% were controlled on both measures but had received oral steroids in the past year for asthma. CONCLUSION The Asthma Action at Erie Trial successfully recruited a largely Hispanic cohort of children with uncontrolled or high-risk asthma to study the differential effects of clinic-based AE-C and home-based CHW interventions. Strengths of the trial include its comparative effectivness design that integrates interventionists and intervention delivery into a clinical setting. Categorizing asthma control in community settings for research purposes presents unique challenges. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION University of Illinois at Chicago Protocol Record R01HL123797, Asthma Action at Erie TrialClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02481986 "ClinicalTrials.gov Registration" register@clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle S Mosnaim
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States.
| | - Sally M Weinstein
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Oksana Pugach
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Genesis Rosales
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Angkana Roy
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Surrey Walton
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Molly A Martin
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
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22
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Martin M, Rosales G, Sandoval A, Lee H, Pugach O, Avenetti D, Alvarez G, Diaz A. What really happens in the home: a comparison of parent-reported and observed tooth brushing behaviors for young children. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:35. [PMID: 30791896 PMCID: PMC6385429 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most studies of tooth brushing behaviors rely on self-report or demonstrations of behaviors conducted in clinical settings. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of objective assessment of tooth brushing behaviors in the homes of high-risk children under three years old. We compared parent self-report to observations to determine the accuracy of self-report in this population. Methods Forty-five families were recruited from dental and medical clinics and a community social service agency. Research staff asked questions about oral health behaviors and observed tooth brushing in the homes. Brushing was also video-recorded. Video-recordings were coded for brushing behaviors by staff that did not collect the primary data; these abstracted data were compared to those directly observed in homes. Results Most families were Hispanic (76%) or Black (16%) race/ethnicity. The majority of parents had a high school education (42%) or less (24%). The mean age of children was 21 months. About half of parents reported brushing their child’s teeth twice a day (58%). All parents tried to have their children brush, but three children refused. For brushing duration, 70% of parents reported differently than was observed. The average duration of brushing was 62.4 s. Parent report of fluoride in toothpaste frequently did not match observations; 39% said they used toothpaste with fluoride while 71% actually did. Sixty-eight percent of parents reported using a smear of toothpaste, while 61% actually did. Brushing occurred in a variety of locations and routines varied. Abstracted data from videos were high in agreement for some behaviors (rinse with water, floss used, brushing location, and parent involvement: Kappa 0.74–1.0). Behaviors related to type of brushing equipment (brushes and toothpaste), equipment storage, and bathroom organization and clutter had poor to no agreement. Conclusions Observation and video-recording of brushing routines and equipment are feasible and acceptable to families. Observed behaviors are more accurate than self-report for most components of brushing and serve to highlight some of the knowledge issues facing parents, such as the role of fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Martin
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Room 547, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA.
| | - Genesis Rosales
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Room 547, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - Anna Sandoval
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Room 547, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - Helen Lee
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Room 547, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - Oksana Pugach
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Room 547, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - David Avenetti
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Room 547, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - Gizelle Alvarez
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Room 547, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - Anabelen Diaz
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Room 547, M/C 275, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
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Buscemi J, Pugach O, Springfield S, Jang J, Tussing-Humphreys L, Schiffer L, Stolley MR, Fitzgibbon ML. Associations between fiber intake and Body Mass Index (BMI) among African-American women participating in a randomized weight loss and maintenance trial. Eat Behav 2018; 29:48-53. [PMID: 29510372 PMCID: PMC6637407 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION African-American women are at increased risk for obesity, and therefore it is important to identify dietary factors that have the potential to prevent weight gain within this population. The purpose of the current study was to examine associations between daily fiber intake and Body Mass Index (BMI) over the course of an 18-month weight loss intervention for African-American women. METHODS Anthropometric measures and the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire were administered at baseline, 6-month, and 18-month follow-up between 2008 and 2010. A mixed-effects linear regression model with random intercept and time slope was used to model associations between fiber consumption and BMI controlling for time trend. RESULTS Associations between fiber consumption and BMI were significantly different over time (β̂Fiber∗Time=-0.07,p-value=0.003). There was no association between fiber intake and BMI at baseline; however, there was a significant inverse relation between fiber consumption and BMI at 6 months, and the association was even stronger at 18 months. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study suggest that dietary fiber consumption may be particularly important within weight loss interventions tailored for African-American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Buscemi
- DePaul University, 2219 N Kenmore Ave, Chicago, IL 60614, United States.
| | - Oksana Pugach
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 486 Westside Research Office Bldg., 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608
| | - Sparkle Springfield
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, 1215 Welch Rd., Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Jiyeong Jang
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 486 Westside Research Office Bldg., 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608
| | - Lisa Tussing-Humphreys
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 486 Westside Research Office Bldg., 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608
| | - Linda Schiffer
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 486 Westside Research Office Bldg., 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608
| | - Melinda R. Stolley
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Medicine, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Marian L. Fitzgibbon
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 486 Westside Research Office Bldg., 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608
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24
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Freeman VL, Boylan EE, Pugach O, Mclafferty SL, Tossas-Milligan KY, Watson KS, Winn RA. A geographic information system-based method for estimating cancer rates in non-census defined geographical areas. Cancer Causes Control 2017; 28:1095-1104. [PMID: 28825153 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-017-0941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To address locally relevant cancer-related health issues, health departments frequently need data beyond that contained in standard census area-based statistics. We describe a geographic information system-based method for calculating age-standardized cancer incidence rates in non-census defined geographical areas using publically available data. METHODS Aggregated records of cancer cases diagnosed from 2009 through 2013 in each of Chicago's 77 census-defined community areas were obtained from the Illinois State Cancer Registry. Areal interpolation through dasymetric mapping of census blocks was used to redistribute populations and case counts from community areas to Chicago's 50 politically defined aldermanic wards, and ward-level age-standardized 5-year cumulative incidence rates were calculated. RESULTS Potential errors in redistributing populations between geographies were limited to <1.5% of the total population, and agreement between our ward population estimates and those from a frequently cited reference set of estimates was high (Pearson correlation r = 0.99, mean difference = -4 persons). A map overlay of safety-net primary care clinic locations and ward-level incidence rates for advanced-staged cancers revealed potential pathways for prevention. CONCLUSIONS Areal interpolation through dasymetric mapping can estimate cancer rates in non-census defined geographies. This can address gaps in local cancer-related health data, inform health resource advocacy, and guide community-centered cancer prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent L Freeman
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, 1603 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. .,University of Illinois at Chicago Cancer Center, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, 914 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. .,Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois School of Public Health, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Emma E Boylan
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, 1603 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, 1603 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois School of Public Health, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sara L Mclafferty
- Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, School of Earth, Society, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 605 E. Springfield Ave, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Katherine Y Tossas-Milligan
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, 1603 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,University of Illinois at Chicago Cancer Center, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, 914 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Karriem S Watson
- University of Illinois at Chicago Cancer Center, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, 914 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Robert A Winn
- University of Illinois at Chicago Cancer Center, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, 914 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Pugach O, Cannon DS, Weiss RB, Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ. Classification Tree Analysis as a Method for Uncovering Relations Between CHRNA5A3B4 and CHRNB3A6 in Predicting Smoking Progression in Adolescent Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:410-416. [PMID: 27613882 PMCID: PMC5896442 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prior research suggests the CHRNA5A3B4 and CHRNB3A6 gene clusters have independent effects on smoking progression in young smokers. Here classification tree analysis uncovers conditional relations between these genes. METHODS Conditional classification tree and random forest analyses were employed to predict daily smoking at 6-year follow-up in a longitudinal sample of young smokers (N = 480) who had smoked at least one puff at baseline and were of European ancestry. Potential predictors included gender, lifetime smoking, Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS), and five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tagging CHRNB3A6 and CHRNA5A3B4 Haplotypes A, B, and C. Conditional random forest analysis was used to calculate variable importance. RESULTS The classification tree identified NDSS, the CHRNB3A6 SNP rs2304297, and the CHRNA5A3B4 Haplotype C SNP rs6495308 as predictive of year 6 daily smoking with the baseline NDSS identified as the strongest predictor. The CHRNB3A6 protective effect was contingent on a lower level of baseline NDSS, whereas the CHRNA5A3B4 Haplotype C protective effect was seen at a higher level of baseline NDSS. A CHRNA5A3B4 Haplotype C protective effect also was observed in participants with low baseline NDSS who had no CHRNB3A6 rs2304297 minor allele. CONCLUSIONS The protective effects of CHRNA5A3B4 Haplotype C and CHRNB3A6 on smoking progression are conditional on different levels of baseline cigarette use. Also, duplicate dominant epistasis between SNPs indicated the minor allele of either SNP afforded comparable protective effects in the absence of a minor allele at the other locus. Possible mechanisms underlying these conditional relations are discussed. IMPLICATIONS The substantive contributions of this paper are the demonstration of a difference in the protective effects of CHRNB3A6 and CHRNA5A3B4 Haplotype C in young smokers attributable to level of cigarette use, as well as observation of duplicate dominant epistasis between the two markers. The methodological contribution is demonstrating that classification tree and random forest statistical methods can uncover conditional relations among genetic effects not detected with more common regression methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Dale S Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Robert B Weiss
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL
| | - Robin J Mermelstein
- Institute for Health Research and Policy and Psychology Department, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
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26
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Arwood MJ, Deng J, Drozda K, Pugach O, Nutescu EA, Schmidt S, Duarte JD, Cavallari LH. Anticoagulation endpoints with clinical implementation of warfarin pharmacogenetic dosing in a real-world setting: A proposal for a new pharmacogenetic dosing approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:675-683. [PMID: 28032893 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Achieving therapeutic anticoagulation efficiently with warfarin is important to reduce thrombotic and bleeding risks and is influenced by genotype. Utilizing data from a diverse population of 257 patients who received VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotype-guided warfarin dosing, we aimed to examine genotype-associated differences in anticoagulation endpoints and derive a novel pharmacogenetic nomogram to more optimally dose warfarin. We observed significant differences across patients with 0, 1, or ≥2 reduced-function VKORC1 or CYP2C9 alleles, respectively, in time to achieve therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) (7.8 ± 5.8, 7.2 ± 4.7, and 5.4 ± 4.6 days, P = 0.0004) and mean percentage of time in therapeutic range in the first 28 days (22.2, 27.8, and 32.2%, P = 0.0127) with use of existing pharmacogenetic algorithms. These data suggest that more aggressive dosing is necessary for patients with 0 to 1 VKORC1/CYP2C9 variants to more efficiently achieve therapeutic anticoagulation. Herein, we provide a novel kinetic/pharmacodynamic-derived dosing nomogram optimized for a heterogeneous patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Arwood
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - J Deng
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - K Drozda
- Genomics and Targeted Therapy, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - O Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - E A Nutescu
- Personalized Medicine Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomic Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - S Schmidt
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - J D Duarte
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - L H Cavallari
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Cannon DS, Mermelstein RJ, Medina TR, Pugach O, Hedeker D, Weiss RB. CYP2A6 Effects on Subjective Reactions to Initial Smoking Attempt. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:637-41. [PMID: 26541911 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In very novice smokers, CYP2A6 genotypes that reduce nicotine metabolism to an intermediate rate may increase smoking risk, relative to both normal and slow rates. The present study examined the hypothesis that intermediate metabolism variants are associated with greater pleasurable effects of the initial smoking attempt than either normal or slow metabolism variants. METHODS Participants were novice smokers (N = 261, 65% female) of European descent. Predicted nicotine metabolic rate based on CYP2A6 diplotypes (CYP2A6 Diplotype Predicted Rate [CDPR]) was partitioned into Normal, Intermediate, and Slow categories using a metabolism metric. Subjective reactions to the initial smoking attempt were assessed by the Pleasurable Smoking Experiences (PSE) scale, which was collected within 3 years of the initial smoking attempt. The effect of CDPR on PSE was tested using a generalized linear model in which CDPR was dummy coded and Intermediate CDPR was the reference condition. Gender was included in the model as a control for higher PSE scores by males. RESULTS Lower PSE scores were associated with Normal CDPR, β = -0.34, P = .008, and Slow CDPR, β = -0.52, P = .001, relative to Intermediate CDPR. CONCLUSIONS Intermediate CDPR-enhanced pleasurable effects of the initial smoking attempt relative to other CYP2A6 variants. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the risk effect of Intermediate CDPR on early smoking is a function of optimal pleasurable effects. IMPLICATIONS This study supports our recent hypothesis that CYP2A6 diplotypes that encode intermediate nicotine metabolism rate are associated with enhanced pleasurable events following the initial smoking attempt, compared with diplotypes that encode either normal or slow metabolism. This hypothesis was offered to account for our unexpected previous finding of enhanced smoking risk in very novice smokers associated with intermediate metabolism rate. Our new finding encourages further investigation of time-dependent relations between CYP2A6 effects and smoking motives, and it encourages laboratory study of the mechanisms underlying the initial smoking enhancement in novice smokers associated with intermediate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale S Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT;
| | - Robin J Mermelstein
- Institute for Health Research and Policy and Psychology Department, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Tait R Medina
- Institute for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert B Weiss
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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Pugach O, Hedeker D, Mermelstein R. A Bivariate Mixed-Effects Location-Scale Model with application to Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data. Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol 2014; 14:194-212. [PMID: 25541578 DOI: 10.1007/s10742-014-0126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A bivariate mixed-effects location-scale model is proposed for estimation of means, variances, and covariances of two continuous outcomes measured concurrently in time and repeatedly over subjects. Modeling the two outcomes jointly allows examination of BS and WS association between the outcomes and whether the associations are related to covariates. The variance-covariance matrices of the BS and WS effects are modeled in terms of covariates, explaining BS and WS heterogeneity. The proposed model relaxes assumptions on the homogeneity of the within-subject (WS) and between-subject (BS) variances. Furthermore, the WS variance models are extended by including random scale effects. Data from a natural history study on adolescent smoking are used for illustration. 461 students, from 9th and 10th grades, reported on their mood at random prompts during seven consecutive days. This resulted in 14,105 prompts with an average of 30 responses per student. The two outcomes considered were a subject's positive affect and a measure of how tired and bored they were feeling. Results showed that the WS association of the outcomes was negative and significantly associated with several covariates. The BS and WS variances were heterogeneous for both outcomes, and the variance of the random scale effects were significantly different from zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago ; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Robin Mermelstein
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago ; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago
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Gordon HS, Pugach O, Berbaum ML, Ford ME. Examining patients' trust in physicians and the VA healthcare system in a prospective cohort followed for six-months after an exacerbation of heart failure. Patient Educ Couns 2014; 97:173-179. [PMID: 25088616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of several characteristics with patients' trust in physician and the healthcare system. METHODS A prospective cohort of patients were followed after an exacerbation of heart failure at one of two veterans affairs (VA) hospitals. Patients rated pre-visit and post-visit trust in physician and in the VA healthcare system at follow-up outpatient visits. The associations of trust in physician and VA with covariates were analyzed using multivariate mixed-effects regression. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, post-visit trust in physician was significantly higher than pre-visit trust (P<0.001), but was not significantly different by race. Trust in VA did not change significantly over time (P>0.20), but was significantly lower for Black patients (P<0.001). High self-efficacy to communicate was independently associated with both trust in physician and VA (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Trust in physician improved over the course of each visit. Trust in VA was not associated with time, but was lower among Black patients. Trust was higher when ratings of communication were higher. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Trust in physician improved at each visit and was independently associated with communication. Interventions designed to improve communication should be tested for their ability to improve trust in physician and trust in the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Gordon
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Center of Innovation for Management of Complex Chronic Healthcare, and Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Michael L Berbaum
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Marvella E Ford
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
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30
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Rimkus L, Ohri-Vachaspati P, Powell LM, Zenk SN, Quinn CM, Barker DC, Pugach O, Resnick EA, Chaloupka FJ. Development and Reliability Testing of a Fast-Food Restaurant Observation Form. Am J Health Promot 2014; 30:9-18. [PMID: 24819996 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.130731-quan-389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a reliable observational data collection instrument to measure characteristics of the fast-food restaurant environment likely to influence consumer behaviors, including product availability, pricing, and promotion. DESIGN The study used observational data collection. SETTING Restaurants were in the Chicago Metropolitan Statistical Area. SUBJECTS A total of 131 chain fast-food restaurant outlets were included. MEASURES Interrater reliability was measured for product availability, pricing, and promotion measures on a fast-food restaurant observational data collection instrument. ANALYSIS Analysis was done with Cohen's κ coefficient and proportion of overall agreement for categorical variables and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for continuous variables. RESULTS Interrater reliability, as measured by average κ coefficient, was .79 for menu characteristics, .84 for kids' menu characteristics, .92 for food availability and sizes, .85 for beverage availability and sizes, .78 for measures on the availability of nutrition information,.75 for characteristics of exterior advertisements, and .62 and .90 for exterior and interior characteristics measures, respectively. For continuous measures, average ICC was .88 for food pricing measures, .83 for beverage prices, and .65 for counts of exterior advertisements. CONCLUSION Over 85% of measures demonstrated substantial or almost perfect agreement. Although some measures required revision or protocol clarification, results from this study suggest that the instrument may be used to reliably measure the fast-food restaurant environment.
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Rimkus L, Powell LM, Zenk SN, Han E, Ohri-Vachaspati P, Pugach O, Barker DC, Resnick EA, Quinn CM, Myllyluoma J, Chaloupka FJ. Development and reliability testing of a food store observation form. J Nutr Educ Behav 2013; 45:540-548. [PMID: 23726894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a reliable food store observational data collection instrument to be used for measuring product availability, pricing, and promotion. DESIGN Observational data collection. SETTING A total of 120 food stores (26 supermarkets, 34 grocery stores, 54 gas/convenience stores, and 6 mass merchandise stores) in the Chicago metropolitan statistical area. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Inter-rater reliability for product availability, pricing, and promotion measures on a food store observational data collection instrument. ANALYSIS Cohen's kappa coefficient and proportion of overall agreement for dichotomous variables and intra-class correlation coefficient for continuous variables. RESULTS Inter-rater reliability, as measured by average kappa coefficient, was 0.84 for food and beverage product availability measures, 0.80 for interior store characteristics, and 0.70 for exterior store characteristics. For continuous measures, average intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.82 for product pricing measures; 0.90 for counts of fresh, frozen, and canned fruit and vegetable options; and 0.85 for counts of advertisements on the store exterior and property. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The vast majority of measures demonstrated substantial or almost perfect agreement. Although some items may require revision, results suggest that the instrument may be used to reliably measure the food store environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Rimkus
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
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Pugach O, Hedeker D, Richmond MJ, Sokolovsky A, Mermelstein R. Modeling mood variation and covariation among adolescent smokers: application of a bivariate location-scale mixed-effects model. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 16 Suppl 2:S151-8. [PMID: 24052502 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) are useful for understanding both between- and within-subject dynamic changes in smoking and mood. Modeling 2 moods (positive affect [PA] and negative affect [NA], PA and NA) simultaneously will better enable researchers to explore the association between mood variables and what influences them at both the momentary and subject level. METHODS The EMA component of a natural history study of adolescent smoking was analyzed with a bivariate location-scale mixed-effects model. The proposed model separately estimates the between- and within-subject variances and jointly models the 2 mood constructs. A total of 461 adolescents completed the baseline EMA wave, which resulted in 14,105 random prompts. Smoking level, represented by the number of smoking events on EMA, entered the model as 2 predictors: one that compared nonsmokers during the EMA week to 1-cigarette smokers, and the second one that estimated the effect of smoking level on mood among smokers. RESULTS Results suggest that nonsmokers had more consistent positive and negative moods compared to 1-cigarette smokers. Among those who smoked, both moods were more consistent at higher smoking levels. The effects of smoking level were greater for NA than for PA. The within-subject association between mood constructs was negative and strongest among 1-cigarette smokers; the within-subject association between positive and negative moods was negatively associated with smoking. CONCLUSIONS Mood variation and association between mood constructs varied across smoking levels. The most infrequent smokers were characterized with more inconsistent moods, whereas mood was more consistent for subjects with higher smoking levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Houser-Marko L, Curry SJ, Mermelstein RJ, Emery S, Pugach O. A comparison of mandated versus volunteer adolescent participants in youth tobacco cessation programs. Addict Behav 2011; 36:937-40. [PMID: 21550728 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A national evaluation of community-based youth cessation programs delivered in group format provided the opportunity to compare mandated and volunteer program participants on demographics, smoking patterns, other health behaviors and motivation to quit. A total of 857 youth participants completed surveys prior to the start of their treatment program. Mandated youth comprised 24% of the sample (n=202). Both bivariate and multivariate comparisons were conducted. Mandated participants reported lower levels of stress, higher extrinsic motivation and lower intrinsic motivation to quit, and were more likely to be in the earlier (precontemplation) stage of readiness to quit. Mandated and volunteer smokers did not differ in their smoking patterns, school-related smoking behaviors, or binge drinking. Rates of smoking, school problems, and binge drinking were higher among cessation program participants than in general samples of youth. Programs with mixed voluntary-mandatory participation may benefit from extra attention to motivational issues.
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Curry SJ, Sporer AK, Pugach O, Campbell RT, Emery S. Use of tobacco cessation treatments among young adult smokers: 2005 National Health Interview Survey. Am J Public Health 2007; 97:1464-9. [PMID: 17600243 PMCID: PMC1931476 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2006.103788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We compared use of smoking cessation treatments and factors associated with treatment use among young adult smokers and other adult smokers. METHODS We used data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey core and cancer control supplement. The sample consisted of 6511 current smokers, of whom 759 were aged 18-24 years. Our analyses were weighted to account for differential sampling probabilities and nonresponse rates. We compared continuous measures using the t test; logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios and confidence intervals. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify correlates of treatment use. RESULTS Behavioral treatment use was infrequent among all smokers (4%-5%). Young adult smokers were less likely than other smokers to use pharmacotherapy (18% vs 32%). Correlates of pharmacotherapy use for young adult smokers were receiving advice from a health care provider, heavier smoking, and higher educational attainment. Compared with other smokers, young adult smokers were less likely to have received advice to quit from a health care provider (49% vs 60%). CONCLUSIONS Evidence-based tobacco cessation treatments are underused by young adult smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Curry
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
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